CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Pacific War - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"248b05bd-cd29-4bda-b3a5-dd6c13ec3ca2","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Pacific_War","wgTitle":"Pacific War","wgCurRevisionId":1275980941,"wgRevisionId":1275980941,"wgArticleId":342641,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023","Webarchive template wayback links","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from April 2022","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2019","Articles containing Chinese-language text","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata", "Articles that may be too long from November 2024","All articles that may be too long","Use dmy dates from June 2022","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Articles containing Japanese-language text","Articles containing Latin-language text","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2023","All articles that may contain original research","Articles that may contain original research from June 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024","All articles that may have off-topic sections","Wikipedia articles that may have off-topic sections from June 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015","CS1: long volume value","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)","CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)","Commons category link from Wikidata","Pacific War","Military history of the Pacific Ocean"], "wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Pacific_War","wgRelevantArticleId":342641,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q184425","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands", "architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc", "skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima%2C_larger_-_edit1.jpg/1200px-Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima%2C_larger_-_edit1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="909"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima%2C_larger_-_edit1.jpg/800px-Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima%2C_larger_-_edit1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="606"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima%2C_larger_-_edit1.jpg/640px-Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima%2C_larger_-_edit1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="485"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Pacific War - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Pacific_War rootpage-Pacific_War skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Pacific+War" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Pacific+War" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Pacific+War" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Pacific+War" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Overview </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Overview subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Names_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Names of the war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Participants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Participants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Participants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Participants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Allies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Axis_powers_and_aligned_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axis_powers_and_aligned_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Axis powers and aligned states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axis_powers_and_aligned_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theaters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theaters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Theaters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theaters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Historical background </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Historical background subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conflict_between_China_and_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_between_China_and_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Conflict between China and Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_between_China_and_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tensions_between_Japan_and_the_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tensions_between_Japan_and_the_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Tensions between Japan and the West </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tensions_between_Japan_and_the_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_preparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_preparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Japanese preparations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_offensives,_1941–1942" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_offensives,_1941–1942"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Japanese offensives, 1941–1942 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Japanese_offensives,_1941–1942-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Japanese offensives, 1941–1942 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Japanese_offensives,_1941–1942-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Attack on Pearl Harbor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South-East_Asian_campaigns_of_1941–1942" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South-East_Asian_campaigns_of_1941–1942"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 South-East Asian campaigns of 1941–1942 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South-East_Asian_campaigns_of_1941–1942-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Philippines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threat_to_Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threat_to_Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Threat to Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threat_to_Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allies_re-group,_1942–1943" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allies_re-group,_1942–1943"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Allies re-group, 1942–1943 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Allies_re-group,_1942–1943-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Allies re-group, 1942–1943 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Allies_re-group,_1942–1943-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japanese_strategy_and_the_Doolittle_Raid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_strategy_and_the_Doolittle_Raid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Japanese strategy and the Doolittle Raid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_strategy_and_the_Doolittle_Raid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coral_Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coral_Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Coral Sea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coral_Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Midway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Midway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Midway </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Midway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Guinea_and_the_Solomons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Guinea_and_the_Solomons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 New Guinea and the Solomons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Guinea_and_the_Solomons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Guadalcanal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guadalcanal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Guadalcanal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guadalcanal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stalemate_in_China_and_Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stalemate_in_China_and_Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Stalemate in China and Southeast Asia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Stalemate_in_China_and_Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Stalemate in China and Southeast Asia subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Stalemate_in_China_and_Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China_1942–1943" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China_1942–1943"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 China 1942–1943 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China_1942–1943-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burma_1942–1943" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burma_1942–1943"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Burma 1942–1943 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burma_1942–1943-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allied_offensives,_1943–1944" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied_offensives,_1943–1944"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Allied offensives, 1943–1944 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Allied_offensives,_1943–1944-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Allied offensives, 1943–1944 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Allied_offensives,_1943–1944-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allied_offensives_on_New_Guinea_and_up_the_Solomons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied_offensives_on_New_Guinea_and_up_the_Solomons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Allied offensives on New Guinea and up the Solomons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allied_offensives_on_New_Guinea_and_up_the_Solomons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasion_of_the_Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_of_the_Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Invasion of the Gilbert and Marshall Islands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasion_of_the_Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cairo_Conference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cairo_Conference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Cairo Conference </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cairo_Conference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Submarine_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Submarine_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Submarine warfare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Submarine_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_offensives_in_Asia,_1944" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_offensives_in_Asia,_1944"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Japanese offensives in Asia, 1944 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Japanese_offensives_in_Asia,_1944-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Japanese offensives in Asia, 1944 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Japanese_offensives_in_Asia,_1944-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japanese_counteroffensives_in_China,_1944" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_counteroffensives_in_China,_1944"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Japanese counteroffensives in China, 1944 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_counteroffensives_in_China,_1944-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_offensive_in_India,_1944" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_offensive_in_India,_1944"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Japanese offensive in India, 1944 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_offensive_in_India,_1944-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beginning_of_the_end_in_the_Pacific,_1944" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginning_of_the_end_in_the_Pacific,_1944"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Beginning of the end in the Pacific, 1944 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beginning_of_the_end_in_the_Pacific,_1944-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Beginning of the end in the Pacific, 1944 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Beginning_of_the_end_in_the_Pacific,_1944-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marianas_and_Palaus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marianas_and_Palaus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Marianas and Palaus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marianas_and_Palaus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippine_Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippine_Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Philippine Sea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippine_Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leyte_Gulf,_1944" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leyte_Gulf,_1944"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Leyte Gulf, 1944 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leyte_Gulf,_1944-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines,_1944–1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines,_1944–1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Philippines, 1944–1945 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines,_1944–1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_stages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_stages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Final stages </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Final_stages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Final stages subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Final_stages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allied_offensives_in_Burma,_1944–1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied_offensives_in_Burma,_1944–1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Allied offensives in Burma, 1944–1945 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allied_offensives_in_Burma,_1944–1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iwo_Jima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iwo_Jima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Iwo Jima </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iwo_Jima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Okinawa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Okinawa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Okinawa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Okinawa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China,_1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China,_1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 China, 1945 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China,_1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Borneo,_1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Borneo,_1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Borneo, 1945 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Borneo,_1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landings_in_the_Japanese_home_islands_(1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landings_in_the_Japanese_home_islands_(1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Landings in the Japanese home islands (1945) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landings_in_the_Japanese_home_islands_(1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atomic_bombs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atomic_bombs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 Atomic bombs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atomic_bombs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_entry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_entry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.8 Soviet entry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_entry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surrender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.9 Surrender </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surrender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Casualties </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Casualties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allied" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Allied </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allied-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.2 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commonwealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonwealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.3 Commonwealth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commonwealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.4 Others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Axis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Axis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 War crimes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3.1 By Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_the_Allies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_the_Allies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3.2 By the Allies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_the_Allies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribunals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribunals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3.3 Tribunals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribunals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Pacific War</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" > 68 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A6" title="حرب المحيط الهادئ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب المحيط الهادئ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguasu_Py%27aguapy_%C3%91orair%C3%B5_(1937-1945)" title="Paraguasu Py'aguapy Ñorairõ (1937-1945) – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Paraguasu Py'aguapy Ñorairõ (1937-1945)" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0kinci_D%C3%BCnya_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99sind%C9%99_Sakit_okean_c%C9%99bh%C9%99si" title="İkinci Dünya müharibəsində Sakit okean cəbhəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İkinci Dünya müharibəsində Sakit okean cəbhəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%87%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ایکینجی دونیا ساواشیندا بؤیوک اوقیانوس جبهه‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایکینجی دونیا ساواشیندا بؤیوک اوقیانوس جبهه‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuda_Pasifik" title="Yuda Pasifik – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Yuda Pasifik" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A0i-p%C3%AAng-i%C3%BB%E2%81%BF_Chi%C3%A0n-cheng" title="Thài-pêng-iûⁿ Chiàn-cheng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thài-pêng-iûⁿ Chiàn-cheng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%8F_%D2%BB%D1%83%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B%D2%A1_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%85%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D1%85%D3%99%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%82%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Икенсе донъя һуғышының Тымыҡ океан хәрби хәрәкәттәр театры – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Икенсе донъя һуғышының Тымыҡ океан хәрби хәрәкәттәр театры" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%9E_%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Ціхаакіянскі тэатр ваенных дзеянняў Другой сусветнай вайны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ціхаакіянскі тэатр ваенных дзеянняў Другой сусветнай вайны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_(%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Тихоокеански театър (Втора световна война) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тихоокеански театър (Втора световна война)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_na_Pacifiku" title="Rat na Pacifiku – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rat na Pacifiku" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel_ar_Meurvor_Habask_(1937-1945)" title="Brezel ar Meurvor Habask (1937-1945) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezel ar Meurvor Habask (1937-1945)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_del_Pac%C3%ADfic" title="Guerra del Pacífic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra del Pacífic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh%C3%A1_sv%C4%9Btov%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka_v_Tichomo%C5%99%C3%AD" title="Druhá světová válka v Tichomoří – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Druhá světová válka v Tichomoří" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillehavskrigen" title="Stillehavskrigen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stillehavskrigen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazifikkrieg" title="Pazifikkrieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pazifikkrieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5da_Vaiksel_ookeanil" title="Sõda Vaiksel ookeanil – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõda Vaiksel ookeanil" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%95%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Πόλεμος του Ειρηνικού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πόλεμος του Ειρηνικού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_del_Pac%C3%ADfico_(1937-1945)" title="Guerra del Pacífico (1937-1945) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra del Pacífico (1937-1945)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifika_Fronto" title="Pacifika Fronto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pacifika Fronto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazifikoko_Gerra" title="Pazifikoko Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pazifikoko Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="جنگ اقیانوس آرام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ اقیانوس آرام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_du_Pacifique" title="Guerre du Pacifique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre du Pacifique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%9C%ED%8F%89%EC%96%91_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="태평양 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="태평양 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakin_Pacific" title="Yakin Pacific – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yakin Pacific" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B2%D6%85%D5%BE%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Խաղաղօվկիանոսյան պատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խաղաղօվկիանոսյան պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="प्रशांत युद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रशांत युद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_na_Pacifiku" title="Rat na Pacifiku – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rat na Pacifiku" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Pasifik" title="Perang Pasifik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Pasifik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_del_Pacifico_(1941-1945)" title="Guerra del Pacifico (1941-1945) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra del Pacifico (1941-1945)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%98" title="המערכה באסיה ובאוקיינוס השקט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המערכה באסיה ובאוקיינוס השקט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Pasifik" title="Perang Pasifik – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Perang Pasifik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellum_Pacificum" title="Bellum Pacificum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bellum Pacificum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klus%C4%81_oke%C4%81na_kar%C5%A1" title="Klusā okeāna karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Klusā okeāna karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazifikkrich" title="Pazifikkrich – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pazifikkrich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karas_Ramiajame_vandenyne" title="Karas Ramiajame vandenyne – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karas Ramiajame vandenyne" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gera_de_la_Pasifica_(1937-1945)" title="Gera de la Pasifica (1937-1945) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Gera de la Pasifica (1937-1945)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82" title="പസഫിക് യുദ്ധം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പസഫിക് യുദ്ധം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Pasifik" title="Perang Pasifik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Pasifik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azi%C3%AB_in_de_Tweede_Wereldoorlog" title="Azië in de Tweede Wereldoorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Azië in de Tweede Wereldoorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="प्रशान्त युद्ध – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रशान्त युद्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="太平洋戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="太平洋戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillehavskrigen" title="Stillehavskrigen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stillehavskrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinch_okeanidagi_urush" title="Tinch okeanidagi urush – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tinch okeanidagi urush" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%81%D9%84_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="بحر الکاہل جنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بحر الکاہل جنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="د ارام سمندر جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ارام سمندر جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_na_Pacyfiku" title="Wojna na Pacyfiku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna na Pacyfiku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_do_Pac%C3%ADfico" title="Guerra do Pacífico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra do Pacífico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_din_Pacific_(Al_Doilea_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial)" title="Războiul din Pacific (Al Doilea Război Mondial) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul din Pacific (Al Doilea Război Mondial)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Тихоокеанский театр военных действий Второй мировой войны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тихоокеанский театр военных действий Второй мировой войны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_e_Paq%C3%ABsorit" title="Lufta e Paqësorit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta e Paqësorit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojna_v_Pacifiku" title="Vojna v Pacifiku – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vojna v Pacifiku" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojna_za_Tihi_ocean" title="Vojna za Tihi ocean – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vojna za Tihi ocean" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="شەڕی پاسفیک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەڕی پاسفیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Рат на Пацифику – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рат на Пацифику" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_na_Pacifiku" title="Rat na Pacifiku – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rat na Pacifiku" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Pasifik" title="Perang Pasifik – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Perang Pasifik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyynenmeren_sota_toisessa_maailmansodassa" title="Tyynenmeren sota toisessa maailmansodassa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tyynenmeren sota toisessa maailmansodassa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillahavskriget" title="Stillahavskriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stillahavskriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digmaang_Pasipiko" title="Digmaang Pasipiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Digmaang Pasipiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="பசிபிக் போர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பசிபிக் போர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="สงครามแปซิฟิก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามแปซิฟิก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasifik_Cephesi_(II._D%C3%BCnya_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1)" title="Pasifik Cephesi (II. Dünya Savaşı) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pasifik Cephesi (II. Dünya Savaşı)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Тихоокеанський театр воєнних дій Другої світової війни – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тихоокеанський театр воєнних дій Другої світової війни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%81%D9%84_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="بحر الکاہل جنگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بحر الکاہل جنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_Th%C3%A1i_B%C3%ACnh_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Chiến tranh Thái Bình Dương – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến tranh Thái Bình Dương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="太平洋战争 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="太平洋战争" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="太平洋戰爭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="太平洋戰爭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="太平洋战争 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="太平洋战争" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184425#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Pacific_War" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Pacific_War" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Pacific_War" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&oldid=1275980941" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Pacific_War&id=1275980941&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPacific_War">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPacific_War">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Pacific_War&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pacific_War" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Pacific_War" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184425" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Theater of World War II</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Pacific theaters of World War II. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pacific War (disambiguation)">Pacific War (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"War in the Pacific" redirects here. For the war between Chile, Bolivia, and Peru in 1879–1884, see <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pacific theater of World War II" redirects here. For the U.S. military area of operations, see <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_Areas" title="Pacific Ocean Areas">Pacific Ocean Areas</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pacific_theater_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pacific theater (disambiguation)">Pacific theater (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Very_long plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-very_long" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">too long</a> to read and navigate comfortably. Consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> content into sub-articles, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">condensing</a> it, or adding <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections" title="Help:Section">subheadings</a>. Please discuss this issue on the article's <a href="/wiki/Talk:Pacific_War" title="Talk:Pacific War">talk page</a>. (November 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Pacific War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:107px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima,_larger_-_edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima%2C_larger_-_edit1.jpg/142px-Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima%2C_larger_-_edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima%2C_larger_-_edit1.jpg/213px-Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima%2C_larger_-_edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima%2C_larger_-_edit1.jpg/284px-Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima%2C_larger_-_edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2959" data-file-height="2241" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:107px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Carrier_shokaku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Carrier_shokaku.jpg/142px-Carrier_shokaku.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Carrier_shokaku.jpg/213px-Carrier_shokaku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Carrier_shokaku.jpg/284px-Carrier_shokaku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5594" data-file-height="4232" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:106px;max-width:106px"><div style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagasakibomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/104px-Nagasakibomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/156px-Nagasakibomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/208px-Nagasakibomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3245" data-file-height="3877" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Bunker_Hill_hit_by_two_Kamikazes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/USS_Bunker_Hill_hit_by_two_Kamikazes.jpg/180px-USS_Bunker_Hill_hit_by_two_Kamikazes.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/USS_Bunker_Hill_hit_by_two_Kamikazes.jpg/270px-USS_Bunker_Hill_hit_by_two_Kamikazes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/USS_Bunker_Hill_hit_by_two_Kamikazes.jpg/360px-USS_Bunker_Hill_hit_by_two_Kamikazes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2962" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:1944_Operation_Ichigo_IJA_invaded_Henan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/1944_Operation_Ichigo_IJA_invaded_Henan.jpg/150px-1944_Operation_Ichigo_IJA_invaded_Henan.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/1944_Operation_Ichigo_IJA_invaded_Henan.jpg/225px-1944_Operation_Ichigo_IJA_invaded_Henan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/1944_Operation_Ichigo_IJA_invaded_Henan.jpg/300px-1944_Operation_Ichigo_IJA_invaded_Henan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="620" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_troops_wade_ashore_at_Akyab,_Burma,_January_1945._SE2418.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Indian_troops_wade_ashore_at_Akyab%2C_Burma%2C_January_1945._SE2418.jpg/134px-Indian_troops_wade_ashore_at_Akyab%2C_Burma%2C_January_1945._SE2418.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Indian_troops_wade_ashore_at_Akyab%2C_Burma%2C_January_1945._SE2418.jpg/201px-Indian_troops_wade_ashore_at_Akyab%2C_Burma%2C_January_1945._SE2418.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Indian_troops_wade_ashore_at_Akyab%2C_Burma%2C_January_1945._SE2418.jpg/268px-Indian_troops_wade_ashore_at_Akyab%2C_Burma%2C_January_1945._SE2418.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="800" /></a></div></div></div></div></div>Clockwise from top left: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>US marines <a href="/wiki/Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima" title="Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima">raising a flag over Iwo Jima</a>, 1945</li> <li>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">naval aircraft</a> prepare for takeoff to <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack Pearl Harbor</a>, 1941</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Bunker_Hill_(CV-17)" title="USS Bunker Hill (CV-17)">USS Bunker Hill</a> after being struck by <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">kamikazes</a>, 1945</li> <li>Indian soldiers during the <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma campaign</a>, 1945</li> <li>Japanese soldiers in China during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Operation Ichi-Go</a>, 1944</li> <li>Mushroom cloud after the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombing_of_Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bombing of Nagasaki">atomic bombing of Nagasaki</a>, 1945</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>7 December 1941 – 2 September 1945<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESun199611-3">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Allied occupation of Japan</a> <ul><li>Removal of Japanese troops from <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Retrocession_Day" title="Retrocession Day">retrocession</a> of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan</a> to China</li> <li>Liberation of <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchuria</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">division of Korea</a></li> <li>Cession of <a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Mandate" class="mw-redirect" title="South Pacific Mandate">Japanese-held islands in the Central Pacific Ocean</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, organized as the <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands" title="Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands">Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands</a></li> <li>Seizure and annexation of <a href="/wiki/South_Sakhalin" class="mw-redirect" title="South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266068532">.mw-parser-output .unindented-dl-wrapper dd{margin-left:0;text-indent:1em hanging}.mw-parser-output .dt-vpad dt:nth-child(n/**/+2){margin-top:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .unindented-dl-wrapper dl{margin-top:0em}</style><div class="unindented-dl-wrapper"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></dt> <dd><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">China</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECh'i1992157-1">[1]</a></dd> <dd><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></dd> <dd><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></dd></dl> </div>See <a href="#Participants">§ Participants</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1266068532"><div class="unindented-dl-wrapper"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></dt> <dd><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></dd></dl> </div>See <a href="#Participants">§ Participants</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1266068532"><div class="unindented-dl-wrapper"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied leaders</a></dt> <dd><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a></dd> <dd><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></dd> <dd><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></dd></dl> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1266068532"><div class="unindented-dl-wrapper"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis leaders</a></dt> <dd><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a></dd> <dd><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Hideki Tojo</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)"><img alt="Republic of China (1912–1949)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 14,000,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings2008205-4">[3]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> 3,621,383+ (1945)<a href="#cite_note-9">[b]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> 400,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings200810-10">[8]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj"><img alt="British Raj" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/23px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/35px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/46px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a> 2,000,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings200810-10">[8]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies"><img alt="Dutch East Indies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 140,000<a href="#cite_note-chapter10-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[c]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> 1,747,465 (1945)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECherevko2003Ch._7,_Table_7-13">[10]</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> 7,800,000–7,900,000 (1945)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookCook1993403-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-AJProject-16">[13]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 126,500<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer1997309-17">[14]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppets</a>: <abbr title="estimation">est.</abbr> 1,000,000+ (1945)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJowett200572-18">[15]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261393570">.mw-parser-output .bulleted-dl-wrapper dd{display:list-item;list-style-type:disc;margin-left:1.4em}</style><div class="bulleted-dl-wrapper"> <dl><dt>Military</dt> <dd>5 battleships</dd> <dd>11 aircraft carriers</dd> <dd>14 cruisers</dd> <dd>84 destroyers & frigates</dd> <dd>63 submarines<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a></dd> <dd>21,555+ aircraft<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a></dd> <dd>4,000,000+ dead (1937–1945)<a href="#cite_note-alliedcasualties-21">[d]</a></dd> <dt>Civilians</dt> <dd>26,000,000+ deaths (1937–1945)<a href="#cite_note-30">[e]</a></dd></dl> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261393570"><div class="bulleted-dl-wrapper"> <dl><dt>Military</dt> <dd>25 aircraft carriers</dd> <dd>11 battleships</dd> <dd>39 cruisers</dd> <dd>135 destroyers</dd> <dd>131 submarines<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHara2011297-31">[26]</a></dd> <dd>43,125<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHara2011299-32">[27]</a>–50,000+ aircraft<a href="#cite_note-33">[28]</a></dd> <dd>2,500,000+ dead (1937–1945)<a href="#cite_note-38">[f]</a></dd> <dt>Civilians</dt> <dd>1,000,000+ deaths<a href="#cite_note-42">[g]</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pacific_War7811" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Pacific_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Pacific War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Pacific_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Pacific War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Pacific_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Pacific War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pacific_War7811" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pacific War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">Central Pacific</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshalls%E2%80%93Gilberts_raids" title="Marshalls–Gilberts raids">Marshalls–Gilberts raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_K" title="Operation K">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doolittle_Raid" title="Doolittle Raid">Doolittle Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilberts and Marshalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Marianas and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_and_Ryukyu_Islands_campaign" title="Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign">Volcano and Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Inmate" title="Operation Inmate">Truk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Island_massacre" title="Ocean Island massacre">Ocean Island</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean (1941–1945)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_raiders_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Japanese raiders in the Indian Ocean">Japanese merchant raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Andaman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands">Andaman Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homfreyganj_massacre" title="Homfreyganj massacre">Homfreyganj massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid" title="Indian Ocean raid">1st Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday_Raid" title="Easter Sunday Raid">Ceylon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Stab" title="Operation Stab">Bay of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid_(1944)" title="Indian Ocean raid (1944)">2nd Indian Ocean</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">Southeast Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Indochina (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Franco-Thai War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Malacca_Strait" title="Battle of the Malacca Strait">Malacca Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jurist" title="Operation Jurist">Jurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiderace" title="Operation Tiderace">Tiderace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Zipper" title="Operation Zipper">Zipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_South-East_Asia_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of South-East Asia (1944–45)">Strategic bombing (1944–45)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma and India</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Burma (1941–42)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1942%E2%80%931943)" title="Burma campaign (1942–1943)">Burma (1942–43)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944)" title="Burma campaign (1944)">Burma and India (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–45)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">Southwest Pacific</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Dutch East Indies (1941–42)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Philippines (1941–42)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RY" title="Operation RY">RY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Timor" title="Battle of Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_naval_activity_in_Australian_waters" title="Axis naval activity in Australian waters">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_campaign" title="New Britain campaign">New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo (1945)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">North America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Ellwood" title="Bombardment of Ellwood">Ellwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)#Bombardment_of_Estevan_Point_Lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Estevan Point Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Fort_Stevens" title="Bombardment of Fort Stevens">Fort Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookout_Air_Raids" title="Lookout Air Raids">Lookout Air Raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu-Go_balloon_bomb" title="Fu-Go balloon bomb">Fire balloon bombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_PX" title="Operation PX">PX</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Japan_campaign" title="Japan campaign">Japan</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan" title="Air raids on Japan">Air raids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo" title="Bombing of Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Yokosuka" title="Attack on Yokosuka">Yokosuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_Kure_and_the_Inland_Sea_(July_1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attacks on Kure and the Inland Sea (July 1945)">Kure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_air_attacks_on_the_Mariana_Islands" title="Japanese air attacks on the Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_and_Ryukyu_Islands_campaign" title="Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign">Volcano and Ryukyu Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Starvation" title="Operation Starvation">Starvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sagami_Bay" title="Battle of Sagami Bay">Sagami Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Downfall" title="Operation Downfall">Downfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japanese surrender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Manchuria and Northern Korea</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kantokuen" title="Kantokuen">Kantokuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria (1945)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mutanchiang" title="Battle of Mutanchiang">Mutanchiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seishin_Operation" title="Seishin Operation">Chongjin</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_campaigns_of_the_Empire_of_Japan2311" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Japanese_colonial_campaigns" title="Template:Campaignbox Japanese colonial campaigns"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Japanese_colonial_campaigns" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Japanese colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Japanese_colonial_campaigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Japanese colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_campaigns_of_the_Empire_of_Japan2311" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military campaigns of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Taiwan (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganghwa_Island_incident" title="Ganghwa Island incident">Ganghwa (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABky%C5%AB_Disposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryūkyū Disposition">Ryukyu (1879)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">Manchuria, Korea, and Taiwan (1894–1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Liaodong Peninsula (1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">China (1899–1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Manchuria and Korea (1904–1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Korea (1910)</a> </li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Taishō period">Taishō period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_German_colonial_possessions" title="Japanese occupation of German colonial possessions">German Pacific possesions (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_intervention_in_Siberia" title="Japanese intervention in Siberia">Siberia (1918–1922)</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_(1926%E2%80%931989)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōwa (1926–1989)">Shōwa period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria and Inner Mongolia (1931–1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China (1937–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">French Indochina (1940)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Asia-Pacific (1941–1945)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Campaigns_of_World_War_II6862" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_World_War_II" title="Template:Campaignbox World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_World_War_II" title="Template talk:Campaignbox World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Campaigns_of_World_War_II6862" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">Denmark and Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)#1944–1945:_The_Second_Front" title="Western Front (World War II)">1944–1945</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France" title="Italian invasion of France">Alps 1940</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Alps" title="Second Battle of the Alps">1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Balkans campaign (World War II)">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Serbian Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greek resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940%E2%80%931944_insurgency_in_Chechnya" title="1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya">Chechnya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Sicily</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Asia-Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South West Pacific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Franco-Thai War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma and India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_campaign" title="Japan campaign">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Manchuria and Northern Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">pre-war border conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Attacks on Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">Libya-Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Morocco-Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_campaign_of_World_War_II" title="Adriatic campaign of World War II">Adriatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodecanese_campaign" title="Dodecanese campaign">Dodecanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Southern France</a></li></ul> Other campaigns <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_during_World_War_II" title="Antarctica during World War II">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_naval_operations_of_World_War_II" title="Arctic naval operations of World War II">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li></ul></li></ul> Coups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_Nazi_coup_and_invasion_of_Uruguay" title="Planned Nazi coup and invasion of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Norwegian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1940 Norwegian coup d'état">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Yugoslav coup d'état">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Romania 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1941 Iraqi coup d'état">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorkovi%C4%87%E2%80%93Voki%C4%87_plot" title="Lorković–Vokić plot">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">Romania 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Panzerfaust" title="Operation Panzerfaust">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABj%C5%8D_incident" title="Kyūjō incident">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsue_incident" title="Matsue incident">Matsue</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The Pacific War, sometimes called the Asia–Pacific War or the Pacific Theater,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrayMillett2001143-43">[36]</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">theater</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> fought between the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">South East Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Oceans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>. It was geographically the largest theater of the war, including the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">Pacific Ocean theater</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theater_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="South West Pacific theater of World War II">South West Pacific theater</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, and the brief <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a>, and included some of the <a href="/wiki/Largest_naval_battle_in_history" title="Largest naval battle in history">largest naval battles in history</a>. Fighting between Japan and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> had begun in 1937, with hostilities dating back to 1931 with <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japan's invasion of Manchuria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacLeod19991-44">[37]</a> but the Pacific War is more widely accepted<a href="#cite_note-45">[h]</a> to have started in 1941, when the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> entered the war against Japan and Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrea199826-46">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello1982129–148-47">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2002585-48">[40]</a> On December 7–8, 1941, Japan attacked the American military base <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">at Pearl Harbor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, and invaded the U.S.-held <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Wake Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Guam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">the Philippines</a> and the British colonies of <a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Singapore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>. The Japanese achieved great success in the initial six months of the war, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">allying with Thailand</a> and capturing the aforementioned territories in addition to <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">the Dutch East Indies</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Solomon Islands">Solomon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Gilbert_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands">Gilbert Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">parts of New Guinea</a>. In May 1942, Japanese and Allied <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a> fought at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of Coral Sea</a>, resulting in the retreat of an invasion force intended for <a href="/wiki/Port_Moresby" title="Port Moresby">Port Moresby</a>. In June, Japan <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">invaded the Aleutian Islands</a> and was decisively defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a>, which is considered a key turning point in the Pacific War. After this point, the Japanese experienced great difficulty replacing their losses in ships and aircraft, while American factories and shipyards produced ever increasing numbers of both. Major Allied offensives in the Pacific began in August 1942 with the <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea campaigns</a>. These were followed by <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cartwheel" title="Operation Cartwheel">Operation Cartwheel</a> from June 1943, which neutralized the major Japanese base at <a href="/wiki/Rabaul" title="Rabaul">Rabaul</a> on New Britain by early 1944. Elsewhere, Allied forces recaptured the Aleutian Islands by August 1943, and initiated the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> in November 1943, which lasted until February 1944. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippine_Sea" title="Battle of the Philippine Sea">Battle of the Philippine Sea</a> in June 1944, the Japanese fleet took heavy damage; the Allied <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">campaign to recapture the Philippines</a> began in October and set off the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Battle of Leyte Gulf</a>, after which the Japanese were unable to fight further surface engagements and resorted to <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">kamikaze</a> attacks. The rest of the war was characterized by an Allied strategy of <a href="/wiki/Leapfrogging_(strategy)" title="Leapfrogging (strategy)">island hopping</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">invasions of the Mariana and Palau Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Iwo Jima</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Okinawa</a> between June 1944 and June 1945. This enabled a blockade of the Japanese home islands and the start of <a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan" title="Air raids on Japan">a strategic air raid campaign</a> which caused widespread urban destruction. In China, Japan made large gains in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Operation Ichi-Go</a> between April and December 1944, while in Burma, the Japanese launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go">an offensive</a> into India which was reversed by July 1944 and led to its liberation by the Allies in May 1945. From the start of the war, Allies had adopted a "<a href="/wiki/Europe_first" title="Europe first">Europe first</a>" stance, giving priority to defeating Germany; after <a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">Germany's surrender</a> in May 1945, Allied forces were shifted to the Pacific in anticipation for <a href="/wiki/Operation_Downfall" title="Operation Downfall">Operation Downfall</a>, a planned invasion of Japan. This became unnecessary after the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a> on 6 and 9 August 1945 and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Soviet invasion of Manchuria</a> on 9 August, after which <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japan surrendered unconditionally</a> on 15 August and signed a surrender document on 2 September, ending World War II. Japan lost its former <a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">possessions</a> in Asia and the Pacific, and was <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">occupied</a> by the Allies until 1952. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific_War_Council.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Pacific_War_Council.jpg/280px-Pacific_War_Council.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Pacific_War_Council.jpg/420px-Pacific_War_Council.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Pacific_War_Council.jpg/560px-Pacific_War_Council.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>The Pacific War Council as photographed on 12 October 1942. Pictured are representatives from the United States (seated), Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, China, the Netherlands, and the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Commonwealth">Philippine Commonwealth</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names_of_the_war">Names of the war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Names of the war">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied countries</a> during the war, the "Pacific War" was not usually distinguished from <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, or was known simply as the War against Japan. In the United States, the term <a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Pacific theater</a> was widely used. The US Armed Forces considered the <a href="/wiki/China_Burma_India_theater" title="China Burma India theater">China Burma India theater</a> to be distinct from the Asiatic-Pacific theater during the conflict. Japan used the name Greater East Asia War (大東亜戦争, Dai Tō-A Sensō), as chosen by a cabinet decision on 10 December 1941, to refer to both the war with the Western Allies and the ongoing war in China. This name was released to the public on 12 December, with an explanation that it involved Asian nations achieving their independence from the Western powers through armed forces of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansen2002626-49">[41]</a> Japanese officials integrated what they called the Japan–China Incident (日支事変, Nisshi Jihen) into the Greater East Asia War. During the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a> (1945–1952), these terms were prohibited in official documents (although their informal usage continued). The war became officially known as the Pacific War (太平洋戦争, Taiheiyō Sensō). The Fifteen Years' War (十五年戦争, Jūgonen Sensō) is also used, referring to the period from the <a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a> of 1931 through 1945. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Participants">Participants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Participants">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific_Area_-_The_Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pacific_Area_-_The_Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map.svg/370px-Pacific_Area_-_The_Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pacific_Area_-_The_Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map.svg/555px-Pacific_Area_-_The_Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pacific_Area_-_The_Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map.svg/740px-Pacific_Area_-_The_Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1039" data-file-height="814" /></a><figcaption>Political map of the Asia-Pacific region, 1939</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Allies">Allies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Allies">edit</a>]</div> The major Allied participants included <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a>, the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and the Netherlands. China had already been engaged in a <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">war against Japan since 1937</a>. The US and its territories, including the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Philippine Commonwealth</a>, entered the war after the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> in 1941, which prompted declarations of war on Japan by Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_government-in-exile" title="Dutch government-in-exile">Dutch government-in-exile</a> which retained control of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>. All of these were members of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War_Council" title="Pacific War Council">Pacific War Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[42]</a> From 1944 the French commando group <a href="/wiki/Corps_L%C3%A9ger_d%27Intervention" title="Corps Léger d'Intervention">Corps Léger d'Intervention</a> also took part in resistance operations in Indochina. Some active pro-allied guerrillas in Asia included the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Free Thai Movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Việt Minh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-51">[43]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Issarak" title="Khmer Issarak">Khmer Issarak</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap" title="Hukbalahap">Hukbalahap</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-53">[45]</a> The Soviet Union fought two short, undeclared <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">border conflicts</a> with Japan <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Khasan" title="Battle of Lake Khasan">in 1938</a> and again <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">in 1939</a>, then remained neutral through the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact</a> of April 1941,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandler20011067–1068-54">[46]</a> until August 1945 when it (and <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a>) joined the rest of the Allies and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">invaded the territory of Manchukuo</a>, China, <a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Inner Mongolia</a>, and the Japanese territories such as <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Sakhalin" class="mw-redirect" title="South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a> (Karafuto).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandler2001945-55">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> provided air support in the form of the <a href="/wiki/201st_Fighter_Squadron_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="201st Fighter Squadron (Mexico)">201st Fighter Squadron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_French_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French Forces">Free France</a> sent naval support in the form of <a href="/wiki/French_destroyer_Le_Triomphant" title="French destroyer Le Triomphant">Le Triomphant</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Richelieu" title="French battleship Richelieu">Richelieu</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Encyclopedic_content" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">importance?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Axis_powers_and_aligned_states">Axis powers and aligned states</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Axis powers and aligned states">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a>-aligned states which assisted <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> included the authoritarian government of <a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a>. Also involved were members of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, which included the <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo_Imperial_Army" title="Manchukuo Imperial Army">Manchukuo Imperial Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collaborationist_Chinese_Army" title="Collaborationist Chinese Army">Collaborationist Chinese Army</a> of the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> (consisting of most of <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>), and the collaborationist <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a> (which controlled the coastal regions of China), respectively. Japan conscripted many soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">its colonies</a> of Korea and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan</a>. Collaborationist security units were also formed in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">British Malaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">British Borneo</a>, former <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">the overthrow of the French regime in 1945</a>), as well as <a href="/wiki/Black_Columns" title="Black Columns">Timorese militia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> both had limited involvement in the Pacific War. The <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">German</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina">Italian</a> navies operated submarines and <a href="/wiki/Armed_merchantmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed merchantmen">raiding ships</a> in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, notably the <a href="/wiki/Monsun_Gruppe" title="Monsun Gruppe">Monsun Gruppe</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theaters">Theaters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Theaters">edit</a>]</div> Between 1942 and 1945, there were four main <a href="/wiki/Theater_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater (military)">areas of conflict</a> in the Pacific War: China, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">Central Pacific</a>, <a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South West Pacific</a>. US sources refer to two theaters within the Pacific War: the Pacific theater and the <a href="/wiki/China_Burma_India_Theater_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="China Burma India Theater of World War II">China Burma India Theater</a> (CBI). However, these were not operational commands. In the Pacific, the Allies divided operational control of their forces between two supreme commands, known as <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_Areas_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Ocean Areas (command)">Pacific Ocean Areas</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_Area_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="South West Pacific Area (command)">Southwest Pacific Area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[48]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_in_World_War_II" title="Imperial Japanese Navy in World War II">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> (IJN) did not integrate its units into permanent theater commands. The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> (IJA), which had already created the <a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Army" title="Kwantung Army">Kwantung Army</a> to oversee its occupation of Manchukuo and the <a href="/wiki/China_Expeditionary_Army" title="China Expeditionary Army">China Expeditionary Army</a> during the Second Sino-Japanese War, created the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Expeditionary_Army_Group" title="Southern Expeditionary Army Group">Southern Expeditionary Army Group</a> at the outset of its conquests of South East Asia. This headquarters controlled the bulk of the Japanese Army formations which opposed the Western Allies in the Pacific and South East Asia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historical background">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_between_China_and_Japan">Conflict between China and Japan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Conflict between China and Japan">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiang_Kai-shek_in_full_uniform.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Chiang_Kai-shek_in_full_uniform.jpeg/170px-Chiang_Kai-shek_in_full_uniform.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Chiang_Kai-shek_in_full_uniform.jpeg/255px-Chiang_Kai-shek_in_full_uniform.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Chiang_Kai-shek_in_full_uniform.jpeg/340px-Chiang_Kai-shek_in_full_uniform.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption>Generalissimo <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>, Allied Commander-in-Chief in the China theater from 1942 to 1945</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nanking_bodies_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nanking_bodies_1937.jpg/220px-Nanking_bodies_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nanking_bodies_1937.jpg/330px-Nanking_bodies_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nanking_bodies_1937.jpg/440px-Nanking_bodies_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption>Victims of the Nanjing Massacre, where between 200,000 and 300,000 civilians and POWs were murdered by the Japanese Army</figcaption></figure> In 1931, without declaring war, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japan invaded Manchuria</a>, seeking raw materials to fuel its growing industrial economy. By 1937, Japan controlled Manchuria and was prepared to move deeper into China. The <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Polo Bridge Incident">Marco Polo Bridge Incident</a> on 7 July 1937 provoked full-scale war between China and Japan. The <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Nationalist Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of China">Chinese Communists</a> suspended <a href="/wiki/Chinese_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese civil war">their civil war</a> in order to form a <a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">nominal alliance</a> against Japan, and the Soviet Union quickly <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_Non-Aggression_Pact" title="Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact">lent support</a> by providing large amounts of materiel to Chinese troops. In August 1937, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek deployed some of his best troops to defend Shanghai against some 300,000 Japanese troops attempting to seize the city, which fell to Japan after three months of fighting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarmsen2013-57">[49]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The Japanese continued to push deeper into China, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Nanjing">capturing the capital Nanjing</a> in mid-December 1937 and committing atrocities in the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a>, including rape, murder and torture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarmsen2015-58">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shanghai1937KMT_intersection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Shanghai1937KMT_intersection.jpg/220px-Shanghai1937KMT_intersection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Shanghai1937KMT_intersection.jpg/330px-Shanghai1937KMT_intersection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Shanghai1937KMT_intersection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption>German-trained Chinese troops in downtown Shanghai, 1937</figcaption></figure> In March 1938, Nationalist forces won their <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taierzhuang" title="Battle of Taierzhuang">first victory at Taierzhuang</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsen2012-59">[51]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] but the city of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Xuzhou" title="Battle of Xuzhou">Xuzhou was taken by</a> the Japanese in May. In June 1938, Japan deployed about 350,000 troops to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wuhan" title="Battle of Wuhan">invade Wuhan</a> and captured it in October after a four-month campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKinnon2008-60">[52]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The Japanese achieved major military victories, but world opinion—in particular in the US—was hostile to Japan's invasion, especially after the <a href="/wiki/USS_Panay_incident" title="USS Panay incident">Panay incident</a>. In addition, the Japanese had failed to destroy the Chinese army, which continued to resist from the new Nationalist capital in <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>, or in the case of the Communists, <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an_Soviet" title="Yan'an Soviet">Yan'an</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[53]</a> In 1939, Japanese forces tried to push into the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Soviet Far East</a>. They were defeated in the Battle of Khalkhin Gol by a mixed Soviet and Mongolian force led by <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a>. This caused the Japanese to abandon attempts to <a href="/wiki/Hokushin-ron" title="Hokushin-ron">expand to the north</a>, while Soviet aid to China ceased as a result of the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrea2005-62">[54]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] In September 1940, Japan decided to <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_French_Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of French Indochina">invade French Indochina</a>, which was controlled at the time by <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>. On 27 September Japan signed a military alliance with Germany and Italy, becoming one of the three main <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casualties_of_a_mass_panic_-_Chungking,_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Casualties_of_a_mass_panic_-_Chungking%2C_China.jpg/170px-Casualties_of_a_mass_panic_-_Chungking%2C_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Casualties_of_a_mass_panic_-_Chungking%2C_China.jpg/255px-Casualties_of_a_mass_panic_-_Chungking%2C_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Casualties_of_a_mass_panic_-_Chungking%2C_China.jpg/340px-Casualties_of_a_mass_panic_-_Chungking%2C_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2137" data-file-height="2945" /></a><figcaption>Chinese casualties of a mass panic during a June 1941 Japanese aerial <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Chongqing" title="Bombing of Chongqing">bombing of Chongqing</a></figcaption></figure> The war entered a new phase with Japanese defeats at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Suixian%E2%80%93Zaoyang" title="Battle of Suixian–Zaoyang">Battle of Suixian–Zaoyang</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">1st Battle of Changsha</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kunlun_Pass" title="Battle of Kunlun Pass">Battle of Kunlun Pass</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Zaoyi">Battle of Zaoyi</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research?</a>] After these victories, Chinese nationalist forces launched a large-scale <a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">counter-offensive</a> in early 1940; however, due to a lack of military-industrial capacity, they were repulsed in late March 1940.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin201055-63">[55]</a> In August 1940, Chinese communists launched an <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">offensive in Central China</a>; in retaliation, Japan instituted the "<a href="/wiki/Three_Alls_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Alls Policy">Three Alls Policy</a>" ("Kill all, Burn all, Loot all") in occupied areas, killing at least 2.7 million civilians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarver1988120-64">[56]</a> By 1941 the conflict had become a stalemate. Although Japan had occupied much of northern, central, and coastal China, the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist Government">Nationalist Government</a> had retreated to the interior and set up a provisional capital at <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>, while the Chinese communists remained in control of base areas in <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>. Japanese offensive action against the retreating and regrouping Chinese forces was largely stalled by the mountainous terrain in southwestern China, while the Communists organized widespread <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a> and saboteur activities in northern and eastern China behind the Japanese front line.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Japan sponsored several <a href="/wiki/Puppet_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet government">puppet governments</a>, one of which was headed by <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansen2002636-65">[57]</a> Conflicts between Chinese Communist and Nationalist forces vying for territorial control behind enemy lines <a href="/wiki/New_Fourth_Army_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="New Fourth Army Incident">culminated in a major armed clash in January 1941</a>, effectively ending their co-operation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman1994320-66">[58]</a> Japanese <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">strategic bombing</a> efforts mostly targeted large Chinese cities such as Shanghai, <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Chongqing" title="Bombing of Chongqing">Chongqing</a>, with around 5,000 raids from February 1938 to August 1943. Japan's strategic bombing campaigns killed between 260,000 and 350,934 <a href="/wiki/Non-combatant" title="Non-combatant">non-combatants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELind201028-67">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERummel1991-68">[60]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tensions_between_Japan_and_the_West">Tensions between Japan and the West</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tensions between Japan and the West">edit</a>]</div> As early as 1935, Japanese military strategists had concluded that the Dutch East Indies were, due to their abundant oil reserves, crucially important for further expansion by the Japanese Empire. By 1940 the Japanese also included Indochina, Malaya, and the Philippines within their concept of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Japanese troop build-ups in Hainan, Taiwan, and <a href="/wiki/Haiphong" title="Haiphong">Haiphong</a> were noted in foreign media, Japanese military officers were increasingly and openly talking about the prospect of war, and Admiral <a href="/wiki/Sankichi_Takahashi" title="Sankichi Takahashi">Sankichi Takahashi</a> was reported as stating that a showdown with the US was necessary.<a href="#cite_note-69">[61]</a> In an effort to discourage Japanese militarism, Western powers including Australia, the US, Britain, and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch government in exile">Dutch government in exile</a>, which controlled the Dutch East Indies, <a href="/wiki/Oil_embargo_(Sino-Japanese_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil embargo (Sino-Japanese War)">stopped selling oil</a>, iron ore, and steel to Japan. In Japan, the government and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Japanese nationalists</a> viewed these embargoes as acts of aggression; imported oil made up about 80% of domestic consumption, without which Japan's economy would grind to a halt. The Japanese media, influenced by military propagandists,<a href="#cite_note-72">[i]</a> began to refer to the embargoes as the "<a href="/wiki/ABCD_line" title="ABCD line">ABCD line</a>" ("American-British-Chinese-Dutch"). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_preparations">Japanese preparations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Japanese preparations">edit</a>]</div> The Japanese <a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a> (GHQ) began planning for a war with the Western powers in April or May 1941. Japan increased its naval budget and placed large formations of the Army, along with their attached air components, under the command of the Imperial Japanese Navy. Historically, the IJA consumed the majority of the state's military budget (with a 73% - 27% split in 1940), but from 1942 to 1945 the IJA would account for 60% of Japan's military spending, while the IJN would account for 40%.<a href="#cite_note-73">[64]</a> Japan's key initial objective was to seize economic resources in the Dutch East Indies and Malaya, in order to alleviate the effects of the Allied embargo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201423-74">[65]</a> This was known as the <a href="/wiki/Strike_South_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike South Group">Southern Plan</a>. It was decided—because of the close relationship between the UK and the US,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997-75">[66]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott1983-76">[67]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] and the belief that the US would inevitably become involved in the ongoing war in Europe—that Japan would also seize the Philippines, <a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>. Japan had initially planned for a limited war, where Japanese forces would seize key objectives and then establish a defensive perimeter to absorb and defeat Allied counterattacks; Japanese decision-makers believed such a military situation would lead to a negotiated peace that would preserve Japanese territorial gains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201428-77">[68]</a> Japanese planning divided the early war into two operational phases. The First Operational Phase was further divided into three separate parts in which the major objectives of the Philippines, British Malaya, Borneo, Burma, Rabaul and the Dutch East Indies would be occupied. The Second Operational Phase called for further expansion into the South Pacific by seizing eastern New Guinea, New Britain, Fiji, Samoa, and strategic points in around Australia. In the Central Pacific, Midway Island was targeted, as were the Aleutian Islands in the North Pacific. Japanese strategists believed that the seizure of these key areas would provide defensive depth and deny the Allies staging areas from which to mount a counteroffensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201428-77">[68]</a> By November 1941 these plans were mostly complete, and were modified only slightly over the next month. Japanese military planners' expectation of success rested on the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union being unable to effectively respond to a Japanese attack because of the threat posed to each by Nazi Germany; in particular, the Soviet Union was seen as unlikely to commence hostilities. The Japanese leadership was aware that a total military victory in the traditional sense against the United States was impossible, and instead envisaged that rapid, aggressive and expansive conquest would force the US to agree to a negotiated peace that would recognize Japanese hegemony in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoogRahnStumpfWegner2001175-78">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japanese_offensives,_1941–1942">Japanese offensives, 1941–1942</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Japanese offensives, 1941–1942">edit</a>]</div> Following prolonged tensions between Japan and the <a href="/wiki/ABDA" class="mw-redirect" title="ABDA">Western powers</a>, units of the IJN and IJA launched simultaneous <a href="/wiki/Surprise_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Surprise attack">surprise attacks</a> on the United States and the British Empire on 7 December (8 December in <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Pacific">Asia/West Pacific</a> time zones). The locations of this first wave of Japanese attacks included the American territories of Hawaii, <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">the Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Guam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Wake Island</a> and the British territories of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Malaya">Malaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Singapore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>. Concurrently, Japanese forces <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">invaded southern and eastern Thailand</a> and were resisted for several hours, before the <a href="/wiki/Plaek_Phibunsongkhram" title="Plaek Phibunsongkhram">Thai government</a> signed an armistice and entered an alliance with Japan. Although <a href="/wiki/Japanese_declaration_of_war_on_the_United_States_and_the_British_Empire" title="Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire">Japan declared war on the United States and the British Empire</a>, the declaration was not delivered until after Japanese forces had already struck British and American targets. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Attack on Pearl Harbor">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_USS_Arizona_(BB-39)_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg/220px-The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg/330px-The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg/440px-The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="2326" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona" title="USS Arizona">USS Arizona</a> burned for two days after being hit by a Japanese bomb in the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></div> In the early hours of 7 December (Hawaiian time), carrier-based Japanese aircraft launched a surprise, large-scale air strike on the US Pacific Fleet's anchorage at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, which knocked eight American battleships out of action, destroyed 188 American aircraft, and killed 2,403 Americans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997488-79">[70]</a> The Japanese believed that the Americans, faced with such a sudden and massive blow to their naval power in the Pacific, would agree to a negotiated settlement. However, American losses were less serious than initially thought: the three American aircraft carriers were at sea during the attack, and vital naval infrastructure, Honolulu's submarine base, and <a href="/wiki/OP-20-G" title="OP-20-G">signals intelligence</a> units were unscathed. The fact that the bombing happened while the US was not officially at war<a href="#cite_note-80">[j]</a> caused a wave of outrage across the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997488-79">[70]</a> Japan's fallback strategy, relying on a <a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">war of attrition</a> against the United States, was beyond the Imperial Japanese Navy's capabilities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997113-81">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParillo199360-82">[72]</a> Opposition to war in the United States vanished after the attack. On 8 December, the United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-83">[k]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[73]</a> the United States,<a href="#cite_note-85">[l]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[74]</a> Canada,<a href="#cite_note-87">[75]</a> and the Netherlands<a href="#cite_note-88">[76]</a> declared war on Japan, followed by Australia<a href="#cite_note-89">[77]</a> the next day. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South-East_Asian_campaigns_of_1941–1942">South-East Asian campaigns of 1941–1942</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: South-East Asian campaigns of 1941–1942">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surrender_Singapore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Surrender_Singapore.jpg/220px-Surrender_Singapore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Surrender_Singapore.jpg/330px-Surrender_Singapore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Surrender_Singapore.jpg/440px-Surrender_Singapore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>British forces surrender <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Singapore</a> to the Japanese, February 1942</figcaption></figure> Thailand, with its territory already serving as a springboard for Japan's <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan Campaign">Malayan Campaign</a>, surrendered within hours of the Japanese invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecherWilkenfeld1997407-90">[78]</a> The government of Thailand formally allied with Japan on 21 December. To the south, the IJA seized the British colony of <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a> on 19 December, encountering little resistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber2010-91">[79]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Hong Kong was attacked on 8 December and fell to Japanese forces on 25 December 1941. American bases on Guam and Wake Island were seized by Japan at around the same time. British, Australian, and Dutch forces, already drained of personnel and <a href="/wiki/Mat%C3%A9riel" class="mw-redirect" title="Matériel">matériel</a> by two years of war with Germany, and heavily committed in the Middle East, North Africa, and elsewhere, were unable to provide more than token resistance. Two major British warships, the <a href="/wiki/Battlecruiser" title="Battlecruiser">battlecruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Repulse_(1916)" title="HMS Repulse (1916)">HMS Repulse</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleship</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_(53)" title="HMS Prince of Wales (53)">HMS Prince of Wales</a>, were <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse" title="Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse">sunk by a Japanese air attack</a> off Malaya on 10 December 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeattie2007168–169-92">[80]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations</a> on 1 January 1942, the Allied governments appointed the British General <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald Wavell">Archibald Wavell</a> to the <a href="/wiki/American-British-Dutch-Australian_Command" title="American-British-Dutch-Australian Command">American-British-Dutch-Australian Command</a> (ABDACOM), a supreme command for Allied forces in Southeast Asia. This gave Wavell nominal control of a huge force, albeit one that was thinly spread across a vast area, from Burma to the Philippines to northern Australia. Other regions, including India, Hawaii, and the rest of Australia, remained under local commands. On 15 January, Wavell moved to <a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a> in <a href="/wiki/Java_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Java (island)">Java</a> to assume control of ABDACOM. In January, Japan invaded British Burma, the Dutch East Indies, New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands, and captured Manila, Kuala Lumpur and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rabaul_(1942)" title="Battle of Rabaul (1942)">Rabaul</a>. After being driven out of Malaya, Allied forces in Singapore attempted to resist the Japanese during the Battle of Singapore, but were forced to surrender to the Japanese on 15 February 1942. About 130,000 Indian, British, Australian and Dutch personnel became Japanese prisoners of war.<a href="#cite_note-93">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a> fell in February.<a href="#cite_note-94">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-DutchTimor-95">[83]</a> The rapid collapse of Allied resistance left the "ABDA area" split in two. Wavell resigned from ABDACOM on 25 February, handing control of the ABDA Area to local commanders and returning to the post of <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief, India</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darwin_42.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Darwin_42.jpg/220px-Darwin_42.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Darwin_42.jpg/330px-Darwin_42.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Darwin_42.jpg/440px-Darwin_42.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Darwin" title="Bombing of Darwin">Bombing of Darwin</a>, Australia, 19 February 1942</figcaption></figure> Meanwhile, Japanese aircraft had all but eliminated Allied air power in Southeast Asia and were carrying out <a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_air_attacks_on_Australia,_1942%E2%80%931943&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese air attacks on Australia, 1942–1943 (page does not exist)">air attacks on northern Australia</a>, beginning with a <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Darwin_(February_1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Darwin (February 1942)">bombing of the city of Darwin</a> on 19 February, which killed at least 243 people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeattie2007170–172-96">[84]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a> in late February and early March, the IJN defeated the main ABDA naval force, under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Karel_Doorman" title="Karel Doorman">Karel Doorman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JavaSea-97">[85]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Dutch East Indies campaign</a> ended with the surrender of Allied forces on Java and Sumatra.<a href="#cite_note-Java-98">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[87]</a> In March and April, an IJN carrier force launched a <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean Raid">raid into the Indian Ocean</a>. British Royal Navy bases in <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a> were hit and the aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hermes_(95)" title="HMS Hermes (95)">HMS Hermes</a> was sunk, along with other Allied ships. The attack forced the Royal Navy to withdraw to the western part of the Indian Ocean,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeattie2007172-100">[88]</a> paving the way for a Japanese assault on Burma and India. In Burma, the Japanese captured <a href="/wiki/Mawlamyine" title="Mawlamyine">Moulmein</a> on 31 January 1942, and then drove outnumbered British and Indian troops towards the <a href="/wiki/Sittaung_River" title="Sittaung River">Sittang River</a>. On 23 February, a bridge over the river was demolished prematurely, stranding most of an Indian division. On 8 March, the Japanese occupied <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Rangoon</a>. The Allies attempted to defend Central Burma, with Indian and Burmese divisions holding the <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_River" title="Irrawaddy River">Irrawaddy River</a> valley and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Expeditionary_Force_in_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Expeditionary Force in Burma">Chinese Expeditionary Force in Burma</a> defending <a href="/wiki/Taungoo" title="Taungoo">Toungoo</a>. On 16 April, 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yenangyaung" title="Battle of Yenangyaung">Battle of Yenangyaung</a>, but subsequently rescued by the Chinese 38th Division, led by <a href="/wiki/Sun_Li-jen" title="Sun Li-jen">Sun Li-jen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[89]</a> Meanwhile, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yunnan-Burma_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Yunnan-Burma Road">Battle of Yunnan-Burma Road</a>, the Japanese captured Toungoo after hard fighting and sent motorized units to capture <a href="/wiki/Lashio" title="Lashio">Lashio</a>. This cut the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Road" title="Burma Road">Burma Road</a>, which was the western Allies' supply line to Chinese Nationalist troops. Many of Chinese troops were forced either to retreat to India, or withdraw in small parties to <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>. Accompanied by large numbers of civilian refugees, the British retreated to <a href="/wiki/Imphal" title="Imphal">Imphal</a> in Manipur, abandoning most of their transportation and equipment. They reached Imphal in May just as the monsoon descended, which halted the operations of both sides in the area. Within China, cooperation between the Chinese Nationalists and the Communists had waned from its zenith at the Battle of Wuhan, and the relationship between the two had soured as both attempted to expand their areas of operation and influence. The Japanese exploited this lack of unity to press their offensive operations in China. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Philippines">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surrender_of_American_troops_at_Corregidor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Surrender_of_American_troops_at_Corregidor.jpg/220px-Surrender_of_American_troops_at_Corregidor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Surrender_of_American_troops_at_Corregidor.jpg/330px-Surrender_of_American_troops_at_Corregidor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Surrender_of_American_troops_at_Corregidor.jpg/440px-Surrender_of_American_troops_at_Corregidor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="2960" /></a><figcaption>Surrender of US forces at <a href="/wiki/Corregidor" title="Corregidor">Corregidor</a>, Philippines, May 1942</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Philippines campaign (1941–1942)</a></div> On 8 December 1941, Japanese bombers struck American airfields on Luzon. They caught most American planes on the ground, destroying 103 aircraft, more than half of the US air strength in the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott2014149-102">[90]</a> Two days later, further air raids destroyed the Cavite Naval Yard. By 13 December, Japanese attacks had wrecked every major airfield and virtually annihilated American air power in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott2014149-102">[90]</a> The previous month, a portion of the <a href="/wiki/US_Asiatic_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="US Asiatic Fleet">US Asiatic Fleet</a> had been sent to the southern Philippines. However, with little air protection, the remaining surface vessels in the Philippines, especially the larger ships, were ordered to sail for Java or Australia, and the remaining American bombers in the area flew to Australia in mid-December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott2014149-102">[90]</a> The only American forces that remained to defend the Philippines were the ground troops, a few fighter aircraft, about 30 submarines, and a few small vessels. The main Japanese landings on Luzon took place on 22 and 24 December. As the Japanese troops converged on Manila, General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> began executing plans to make a final stand on the <a href="/wiki/Bataan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataan Peninsula">Bataan Peninsula</a> and the island of <a href="/wiki/Corregidor" title="Corregidor">Corregidor</a>. A series of rearguard actions brought the bulk of his troops safely into Bataan, while the Japanese entered Manila unopposed on 2 January 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott2014213-103">[91]</a> On 7 January, the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bataan" title="Battle of Bataan">attacked Bataan</a>. After some initial success, they were stalled by disease and casualties; however, Japanese forces could be reinforced, while the Americans and Filipinos were entirely isolated from resupply. On 11 March 1942, under orders from President Roosevelt, MacArthur abandoned Corregidor for Australia, and Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_M._Wainwright_(general)" title="Jonathan M. Wainwright (general)">Jonathan M. Wainwright</a> assumed command in the Philippines. The defenders on Bataan, running low on ammunition and supplies, could no longer withstand the pressure from Japanese attacks. Bataan fell on 9 April, and the 76,000 American and Filipino prisoners of war taken on the peninsula were subjected to the 66 miles (106 km) long <a href="/wiki/Bataan_Death_March" title="Bataan Death March">Bataan Death March</a>. On the night of 5–6 May, after an intensive aerial and artillery bombardment, the Japanese landed on Corregidor and Wainwright surrendered. In the southern Philippines, where key ports and airfields had already been seized, the remaining American-Filipino forces surrendered on 9 May. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Threat_to_Australia">Threat to Australia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Threat to Australia">edit</a>]</div> In late 1941, as the Japanese struck at Pearl Harbor, most of Australia's best forces were committed in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean,_Middle_East_and_African_theatres_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean, Middle East and African theatres of World War II">Mediterranean Theatre</a>. Australia was ill-prepared for an attack, lacking armaments, modern fighter aircraft, heavy bombers, and aircraft carriers. While still calling for reinforcements from Churchill, the Australian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">John Curtin</a> called for American support with an announcement on 27 December 1941:<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-104">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[93]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:POWs_Burma_Thai_RR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/POWs_Burma_Thai_RR.jpg/220px-POWs_Burma_Thai_RR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/POWs_Burma_Thai_RR.jpg/330px-POWs_Burma_Thai_RR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/POWs_Burma_Thai_RR.jpg/440px-POWs_Burma_Thai_RR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1939" /></a><figcaption>Dutch and Australian <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of War">PoWs</a> at Tarsau, in Thailand in 1943. 22,000 Australians were captured by the Japanese; 8,000 died as prisoners of war.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The Australian Government ... regards the Pacific struggle as primarily one in which the United States and Australia must have the fullest say in the direction of the democracies' fighting plan. Without inhibitions of any kind, I make it clear that Australia looks to America, free of any pangs as to our traditional links or kinship with the United Kingdom.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">John Curtin</a></cite></div></blockquote> Australia had been shocked by the speed of the collapse of Commonwealth forces in British Malaya and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore#Fall_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Singapore</a>, in which around 15,000 Australian soldiers became prisoners of war. Curtin predicted that the "<a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Australia" title="Battle for Australia">battle for Australia</a>" was imminent. The Japanese established a major base in the Australian <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_New_Guinea" title="Territory of New Guinea">Territory of New Guinea</a> beginning with the capture of <a href="/wiki/Rabaul" title="Rabaul">Rabaul</a> on 23 January 1942.<a href="#cite_note-106">[94]</a> On 19 February 1942, <a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Darwin,_19_February_1942" class="mw-redirect" title="Air raids on Darwin, 19 February 1942">Darwin was hit by an air raid</a>, the first time the Australian mainland had come under foreign attack. Over the following 19 months, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_air_attacks_on_Australia,_1942-43" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese air attacks on Australia, 1942-43">Australia was attacked from the air</a> by the Japanese almost 100 times. In early 1942, elements of the IJN <a href="/wiki/Proposed_Japanese_invasion_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Proposed Japanese invasion of Australia during World War II">proposed an invasion of Australia</a>. The IJA opposed the plan and it was rejected in favor of isolating Australia via naval blockade, by advancing through the South Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-107">[95]</a> The Japanese decided upon a seaborne invasion of <a href="/wiki/Port_Moresby" title="Port Moresby">Port Moresby</a> on the southern coast of New Guinea, which would put Northern Australia within range of Japanese bomber aircraft. President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a> ordered MacArthur to formulate a Pacific defense plan in conjunction with Australia in March 1942. Curtin agreed to place Australian forces under the command of MacArthur, who became Supreme Commander, South West Pacific. MacArthur moved his headquarters to Melbourne in March 1942 and American troops began massing in Australia. <a href="/wiki/Axis_naval_activity_in_Australian_waters" title="Axis naval activity in Australian waters">Japanese naval activity</a> reached Sydney in late May 1942, when IJN <a href="/wiki/Midget_submarine" title="Midget submarine">midget submarines</a> launched a <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Sydney_Harbour" title="Attack on Sydney Harbour">raid on Sydney Harbour</a>. On 8 June 1942, two Japanese submarines briefly shelled Sydney's eastern suburbs and the city of Newcastle.<a href="#cite_note-108">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allies_re-group,_1942–1943">Allies re-group, 1942–1943</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Allies re-group, 1942–1943">edit</a>]</div> In early 1942, the governments of smaller Allied powers began to push for an inter-governmental Asia-Pacific war council. The Pacific War Council was formed in Washington DC on 1 April 1942, with President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, his key advisor <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hopkins" title="Harry Hopkins">Harry Hopkins</a>, and representatives from Britain, China, Australia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and Canada. Representatives from <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">India</a> and the Philippines were later added. The council never had any direct operational control, and any decisions it made were referred to the US-UK <a href="/wiki/Combined_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Combined Chiefs of Staff">Combined Chiefs of Staff</a>. Australian and Dutch forces led civilians in a prolonged <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Timor" title="Battle of Timor">guerilla campaign in Portuguese Timor</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_strategy_and_the_Doolittle_Raid">Japanese strategy and the Doolittle Raid</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Japanese strategy and the Doolittle Raid">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Army_B-25_(Doolittle_Raid).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Army_B-25_%28Doolittle_Raid%29.jpg/220px-Army_B-25_%28Doolittle_Raid%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Army_B-25_%28Doolittle_Raid%29.jpg/330px-Army_B-25_%28Doolittle_Raid%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Army_B-25_%28Doolittle_Raid%29.jpg/440px-Army_B-25_%28Doolittle_Raid%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2945" data-file-height="2156" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">B-25</a> bomber takes off from <a href="/wiki/USS_Hornet_(CV-8)" title="USS Hornet (CV-8)">USS Hornet</a> as part of the Doolittle Raid.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Operational_Phase_(1942)" title="Second Operational Phase (1942)">Second Operational Phase</a> was planned to expand Japan's strategic depth by conquering eastern <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aleutians" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleutians">Aleutians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, and strategic points in the Australian area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201431-109">[97]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">Naval General Staff</a> advocated an advance to the south to seize parts of Australia, but with large numbers of troops engaged in China and Manchuria, the IJA declined to contribute the necessary ground forces for the operation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201431-109">[97]</a> The Naval General Staff still wanted to cut the sea links between Australia and the United States by capturing <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, Fiji, and Samoa. Because this required far fewer troops, on 13 March the Naval General Staff and the Army agreed to prepare for operations to capture Fiji and Samoa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201431-109">[97]</a> The Second Operational Phase began when Lae and Salamaua, located in eastern New Guinea, were captured on 8 March. However, on 10 March, American carrier aircraft attacked the Japanese invasion forces and inflicted considerable losses. The raid had major operational implications, as it forced the Japanese to postpone their advance in the South Pacific until the <a href="/wiki/Combined_Fleet" title="Combined Fleet">Combined Fleet</a> allocated sufficient naval forces to protect future offensive operations in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201431-109">[97]</a> Concurrently, the United States conducted the <a href="/wiki/Doolittle_Raid" title="Doolittle Raid">Doolittle Raid</a> on the Japanese mainland in April 1942, in which 16 bombers took off from the aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Hornet_(CV-8)" title="USS Hornet (CV-8)">USS Hornet</a>, 600 miles (970 km) from Japan. The raid inflicted minimal material damage on Japanese soil but was a significant boost for American morale; it also had psychological repercussions in Japan, exposing the danger to the Japanese homeland posed by American carrier forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansen2002648-110">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott1983118-111">[99]</a> With only <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Island">Marcus Island</a> and a line of converted trawlers patrolling the vast waters that separate <a href="/wiki/Wake_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Wake island">Wake Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamchatka">Kamchatka</a>, the Japanese east coast was left open to further attacks similar to Doolittle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott1983118-111">[99]</a> Admiral <a href="/wiki/Isoroku_Yamamoto" title="Isoroku Yamamoto">Yamamoto</a> proposed a strategy to bring about the destruction of the US Navy by occupying Midway Atoll, an objective he thought the Americans would be certain to fight for, as Japanese aircraft based on Midway could threaten Hawaii.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201431–32-112">[100]</a> During a series of meetings held from 2–5 April, the Naval General Staff and representatives of the Combined Fleet reached a compromise. Yamamoto was allowed to attempt his Midway operation, but only after he had threatened to resign. In return, Yamamoto had to allocate <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Carrier_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Carrier Division">one carrier division</a> to the operation against Port Moresby, as well as carrying out amphibious landings on strategic points in the Aleutian Islands simultaneously with the Midway operation. These concessions drew valuable Japanese military assets away from the attack on Midway, and were enough to remove the Japanese margin of superiority in the Midway attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201432-113">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coral_Sea">Coral Sea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Coral Sea">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Large_explosion_aboard_USS_Lexington_(CV-2),_8_May_1942_(80-G-16651).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Large_explosion_aboard_USS_Lexington_%28CV-2%29%2C_8_May_1942_%2880-G-16651%29.jpg/220px-Large_explosion_aboard_USS_Lexington_%28CV-2%29%2C_8_May_1942_%2880-G-16651%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Large_explosion_aboard_USS_Lexington_%28CV-2%29%2C_8_May_1942_%2880-G-16651%29.jpg/330px-Large_explosion_aboard_USS_Lexington_%28CV-2%29%2C_8_May_1942_%2880-G-16651%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Large_explosion_aboard_USS_Lexington_%28CV-2%29%2C_8_May_1942_%2880-G-16651%29.jpg/440px-Large_explosion_aboard_USS_Lexington_%28CV-2%29%2C_8_May_1942_%2880-G-16651%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="848" /></a><figcaption>The aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Lexington_(CV-2)" title="USS Lexington (CV-2)">USS Lexington</a> explodes on 8 May 1942, several hours after being damaged by a Japanese carrier air attack.</figcaption></figure> The Japanese assault on Port Moresby was codenamed the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mo" title="Operation Mo">MO Operation</a> and was divided into several parts. The island of Tulagi, in the Solomon chain, would be occupied on 3 May; IJN carriers would then conduct a sweep through the Coral Sea to the south in order to find and destroy Allied naval forces. The Japanese scheduled amphibious landings to capture Port Moresby for 10 May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201432-113">[101]</a> The MO Operation called for a force of 60 vessels centered around two carriers, and 250 aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201432-113">[101]</a> However, the ensuing naval battle did not go according to plan for the Japanese; although <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Tulagi_(May_1942)" title="Invasion of Tulagi (May 1942)">Tulagi was seized</a> on 3 May, the following day, aircraft from the American carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Yorktown_(CV-5)" title="USS Yorktown (CV-5)">Yorktown</a> struck the invasion force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201432-113">[101]</a> The element of surprise was lost due to the success of Allied <a href="/wiki/Cryptanalysis" title="Cryptanalysis">codebreakers</a>. From the Allied perspective, if Port Moresby fell, the Japanese would control the seas to the north and west of Australia, and could effectively isolate the country from its allies in North America. An Allied task force under the command of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Frank_Jack_Fletcher" title="Frank Jack Fletcher">Frank Fletcher</a>, with the carriers <a href="/wiki/USS_Lexington_(CV-2)" title="USS Lexington (CV-2)">USS Lexington</a> and Yorktown, was assembled to stop the Japanese advance. On 7 May, the Japanese carriers launched a full strike on a contact reported to be Allied aircraft carriers, but the report turned out to be false. The strike force found and struck only an oiler, the <a href="/wiki/USS_Neosho_(AO-23)" title="USS Neosho (AO-23)">Neosho</a>, and the destroyer <a href="/wiki/USS_Sims_(DD-409)" title="USS Sims (DD-409)">Sims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201432–34-114">[102]</a> The American carriers also launched a strike with incomplete reconnaissance, and only located and sank the light aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Sh%C5%8Dh%C5%8D" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Shōhō">Shōhō</a>. On 8 May, the opposing carrier forces finally found each other and exchanged air strikes. Aircraft from the two Japanese carriers succeeded in sinking the carrier Lexington and damaging the carrier Yorktown. In return, the Americans damaged Shōkaku. Although Zuikaku was left undamaged, aircraft and personnel losses to Zuikaku were heavy and the Japanese naval forces were unable to support an amphibious landing on Port Moresby. As a result, the MO Operation was cancelled,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201434-115">[103]</a> and the Japanese were forced to abandon their attempts to isolate Australia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997489-116">[104]</a> Although they managed to sink an American carrier, the Japanese also suffered significant damage, as all three carriers that were committed to the battle would now be unavailable for the operation against Midway.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201434-115">[103]</a> After Coral Sea, the Japanese had four fleet carriers operational—<a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_S%C5%8Dry%C5%AB" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Sōryū">Sōryū</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kaga" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Kaga">Kaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Akagi" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi">Akagi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiry%C5%AB" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryū">Hiryū</a>—and believed that the Americans had a maximum of two—<a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)" title="USS Enterprise (CV-6)">Enterprise</a> and Hornet. <a href="/wiki/USS_Saratoga_(CV-3)" title="USS Saratoga (CV-3)">Saratoga</a> was undergoing repair after a torpedo attack, while Yorktown had been damaged at Coral Sea and was believed by Japanese naval intelligence to have been sunk. Instead, she would sortie for Midway after just three days of repairs in Hawaii. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Midway">Midway</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Midway">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiryu_maneuvers_to_avoid_bombs_on_4_June_1942_(USAF-3725).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiryu_maneuvers_to_avoid_bombs_on_4_June_1942_%28USAF-3725%29.jpg/220px-Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiryu_maneuvers_to_avoid_bombs_on_4_June_1942_%28USAF-3725%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiryu_maneuvers_to_avoid_bombs_on_4_June_1942_%28USAF-3725%29.jpg/330px-Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiryu_maneuvers_to_avoid_bombs_on_4_June_1942_%28USAF-3725%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiryu_maneuvers_to_avoid_bombs_on_4_June_1942_%28USAF-3725%29.jpg/440px-Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiryu_maneuvers_to_avoid_bombs_on_4_June_1942_%28USAF-3725%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5024" data-file-height="3740" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiry%C5%AB" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryū">Hiryū</a> under attack by <a href="/wiki/B-17_Flying_Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="B-17 Flying Fortress">B-17 Flying Fortress</a> heavy bombers</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></div> Admiral Yamamoto viewed the operation against Midway as the potentially decisive battle of the war, which could lead to the destruction of American strategic power in the Pacific,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParshallTully200533-117">[105]</a> and subsequently allow for a negotiated peace settlement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201434-115">[103]</a> Through strategic and tactical surprise, the Japanese would knock out Midway's air strength and soften its defenses for a landing by 5,000 troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201434-115">[103]</a> After the capture of the island, the Combined Fleet planned to lay the basis for the most important part of the operation. Yamamoto hoped that the operation would lure the American surface fleet into a trap.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParshallTully200519–38-118">[106]</a> The Japanese intended their attack on Midway to act as bait for the bulk of the US Navy's strength in the Pacific, which Japanese planners anticipated would depart Pearl Harbor in order to defend the island. When the American vessels arrived, Yamamoto intended to concentrate his scattered naval forces to defeat them. Importantly, and concurrently to their attack on Midway, the Japanese launched <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Aleutian_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Aleutian Islands">Operation AL</a>, an operation to seize two islands in the Aleutians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201434-115">[103]</a> In May, American <a href="/wiki/Codebreaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Codebreaking">codebreakers</a> discovered the planned attack on Midway. Yamamoto's complex plan contained no contingencies in the event that his fleet was found by the Americans before the Japanese had expected them. Planned surveillance of the American fleet in Pearl Harbor by long-ranged seaplanes did not occur as a result of an <a href="/wiki/Operation_K" title="Operation K">abortive identical operation</a> in March. Additionally, Japanese submarine scouting lines that were supposed to be in place along the Hawaiian Islands were not ready on time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott200255-119">[107]</a> The battle began on 3 June, when American aircraft from Midway spotted and attacked the Japanese transport group 700 miles (1,100 km) west of the atoll.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201435Willmott200255-120">[108]</a> On 4 June, the Japanese launched a 108-aircraft strike on the island, but failed to deliver a decisive blow to the island's facilities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201436-121">[109]</a> American ground-based aircraft on Midway were already airborne, adding to the 116 carrier aircraft on their way to attack the Japanese. The aircraft from Midway attacked the Japanese fleet, but failed to score a single hit. In the middle of these uncoordinated attacks, a Japanese scout aircraft reported the presence of an American task force, but it was not until later that the presence of an American carrier was confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201436-121">[109]</a> Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Chuichi_Nagumo" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuichi Nagumo">Chuichi Nagumo</a> was put in a difficult tactical situation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201437-122">[110]</a> After quick deliberation, he opted for a delayed, but better-prepared, attack on the American task force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201437-122">[110]</a> At 10:22am, American <a href="/wiki/SBD_Dauntless" class="mw-redirect" title="SBD Dauntless">SBD Dauntless</a> dive bombers surprised and attacked three of the Japanese carriers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201437-122">[110]</a> Sōryū, Kaga, and Akagi were destroyed in short order. A single Japanese carrier, Hiryū, remained operational, and launched an immediate counterattack. Her aircraft scored hits on Yorktown and put her out of action. Later in the afternoon, aircraft from the two remaining American carriers found and destroyed Hiryū. The crippled Yorktown, along with the destroyer <a href="/wiki/USS_Hammann_(DD-412)" title="USS Hammann (DD-412)">Hammann</a>, were later sunk by the Japanese submarine <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-168" title="Japanese submarine I-168">I-168</a>. With the striking power of the <a href="/wiki/Kido_Butai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kido Butai">Kido Butai</a> destroyed, Japan's offensive naval power was significantly blunted. Early on the morning of 5 June, the Japanese cancelled the Midway operation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201438-123">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Guinea_and_the_Solomons">New Guinea and the Solomons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: New Guinea and the Solomons">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></div> Japanese land forces continued to advance in the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> and New Guinea. From July 1942, several Australian <a href="/wiki/Australian_Army_Reserve" title="Australian Army Reserve">reserve</a> <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalions</a> fought a stubborn rearguard action on New Guinea, delaying the Japanese advance along the <a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track</a> towards Port Moresby. These militia units were relieved in late August by troops from the <a href="/wiki/Second_Australian_Imperial_Force" title="Second Australian Imperial Force">Second Australian Imperial Force</a>. In early September 1942 <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Special_Naval_Landing_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Special Naval Landing Forces">Japanese marines</a> attacked a strategic <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a> base at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Milne_Bay" title="Battle of Milne Bay">Milne Bay</a>, near the eastern tip of New Guinea. They were repulsed by Allied forces, the first defeat of the war for Japanese forces on land.<a href="#cite_note-AWM-124">[112]</a> On New Guinea, the Japanese on the <a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track" title="Kokoda Track">Kokoda Track</a> came within sight of Port Moresby but were ordered to withdraw to the northeastern coast as fighting intensified between Japanese and Allied forces over <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal</a>. Australian and American forces attacked the IJA's fortified positions in the north, and after more than two months of fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buna%E2%80%93Gona" title="Battle of Buna–Gona">Buna–Gona area</a>, finally captured the key Japanese beachhead on New Guinea in early 1943. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Guadalcanal">Guadalcanal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Guadalcanal">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marines_rest_in_the_field_on_Guadalcanal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Marines_rest_in_the_field_on_Guadalcanal.jpg/220px-Marines_rest_in_the_field_on_Guadalcanal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Marines_rest_in_the_field_on_Guadalcanal.jpg/330px-Marines_rest_in_the_field_on_Guadalcanal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Marines_rest_in_the_field_on_Guadalcanal.jpg/440px-Marines_rest_in_the_field_on_Guadalcanal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>US Marines rest in the field during the Guadalcanal campaign in November 1942.</figcaption></figure> Allied forces became aware via <a href="/wiki/Coastwatchers" title="Coastwatchers">coastwatchers</a> of a Japanese airfield under construction at Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott200296-125">[113]</a> On 7 August 1942, 16,000 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">US Marines</a> landed on <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal</a> and the island of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tulagi_and_Gavutu%E2%80%93Tanambogo" title="Battle of Tulagi and Gavutu–Tanambogo">Tulagi</a> in the Solomons. Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Gunichi_Mikawa" title="Gunichi Mikawa">Gunichi Mikawa</a>, commander of the newly formed IJN <a href="/wiki/8th_Fleet_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)" title="8th Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)">Eighth Fleet</a> at Rabaul, quickly sortied with the ships under his command to engage the Allied force off the northern coast of Guadalcanal. On the night of 8–9 August, Mikawa's ships surprised Allied naval forces in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savo_Island" title="Battle of Savo Island">Battle of Savo Island</a>, sinking four Allied heavy cruisers<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201438-123">[111]</a> and withdrawing with no losses of their own. The battle was one of the worst Allied naval defeats of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201438-123">[111]</a> The Japanese victory was mitigated only by Mikawa's failure to attack the Allied transport ships, which had been left vulnerable by the defeat at Savo Island. Had Mikawa done so, the American troops on Guadalcanal would have been left dangerously isolated and undersupplied, and the first American counterattack in the Pacific may have been halted. Separately, and importantly, the Japanese originally perceived the American landings in the Solomons as nothing more than a reconnaissance operation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott2002109-126">[114]</a> With Japanese and Allied forces both occupying parts of Guadalcanal, over the following six months both sides poured resources into an escalating battle of attrition over the island and its littoral. American ground-based aircraft at <a href="/wiki/Honiara_International_Airport" title="Honiara International Airport">Henderson Field</a> ensured American control of the waters around Guadalcanal during daytime, while the superior night-fighting capabilities of the IJN gave the Japanese the advantage at night. In August, Japanese and US carrier forces fought the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Eastern_Solomons" title="Battle of the Eastern Solomons">Battle of the Eastern Solomons</a>, resulting in the sinking of the IJN light carrier <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Ry%C5%ABj%C5%8D" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Ryūjō">Ryūjō</a>. In October, US forces successfully challenged the Japanese in night fighting during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Esperance" title="Battle of Cape Esperance">Battle of Cape Esperance</a>, sinking a Japanese cruiser and one destroyer for the loss of one destroyer of their own. During the night of 13 October, Japanese battleships <a href="/w/index.php?title=IJN_Kong%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IJN Kongō (page does not exist)">Kongō</a> and <a href="/wiki/IJN_Haruna" class="mw-redirect" title="IJN Haruna">Haruna</a> bombarded Henderson Field, temporarily disabling it; the airfield was swiftly returned to service by American engineers. On 26 October, the Japanese carriers <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dkaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōkaku">Shōkaku</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zuikaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuikaku">Zuikaku</a> sank the American carrier Hornet and heavily damaged Enterprise in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Santa_Cruz_Islands" title="Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands">Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands</a>. The loss of Hornet, coupled with the earlier loss of <a href="/wiki/USS_Wasp_(CV-7)" title="USS Wasp (CV-7)">Wasp</a> to the IJN submarine <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-19" title="Japanese submarine I-19">I-19</a> and heavy submarine damage to Saratoga in September, meant that US carrier strength in the region was reduced to a single vessel, the Enterprise. However, the two IJN carriers were forced to retire to home waters for repairs and aircrew replacements. From 12 to 15 November, Japanese and American surface ships engaged in night actions in the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Guadalcanal" title="Naval Battle of Guadalcanal">Naval Battle of Guadalcanal</a>, one of the only two battles in the Pacific War during which battleships fought each other; two US admirals were killed and two Japanese battleships were sunk. The Japanese subsequently ceased attempts to bombard American positions on Guadalcanal from the sea. During the campaign, most of the Japanese aircraft based in the South Pacific were redeployed to the defense of Guadalcanal. Many were lost in engagements with the <a href="/wiki/Cactus_Air_Force" title="Cactus Air Force">Allied air forces</a>, and the Japanese were largely unable to rescue their downed pilots in the region, attriting their pool of experienced combat airmen. Japanese ground forces launched repeated attacks on heavily defended American positions around Henderson Field, but were repulsed with high casualties. To sustain these offensives, resupply to IJA forces on Guadalcanal was carried out by Japanese convoys at night, termed the "<a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Express" title="Tokyo Express">Tokyo Express</a>" by the Allies. The convoys were challenged by American naval forces with increasing intensity as the campaign wore on, and the IJA troops on Guadalcanal began to suffer from disease and malnutrition as their lines of supply from the IJN were constricted. The multiple fleet battles involving heavier ships, as well as daytime carrier battles, resulted in the waters north of Guadalcanal becoming known as "<a href="/wiki/Ironbottom_Sound" title="Ironbottom Sound">Ironbottom Sound</a>", due the dozens of ships from both sides that were sunk in the area. Over the course of the campaign, however, the Allies were much better able to replace their losses than the Japanese, and by late 1942 the Japanese decided to abandon Guadalcanal. The Japanese <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ke" title="Operation Ke">evacuated their remaining troops from the island</a> and withdrew in February 1943. Over six months, the Japanese had committed their forces to Guadalcanal piecemeal, and had proved unable to withstand the attrition of such an protracted and intense campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997490-127">[115]</a> The battle had painfully exposed the internal rifts and rivalries that divided the Japanese military regime, and frequently paralyzed its ability to craft coherent strategies and react dynamically to challenges by Allied forces. Ultimately, nearly 20,000 Japanese soldiers died on Guadalcanal, compared to just over 7,000 Americans. The Japanese had also lost a significant number of transports and experienced aircrew, valuable assets that they could not easily or quickly replace. Victory on Guadalcanal provided a significant boost to Allied morale, and had awarded them the strategic initiative in the Pacific theater. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stalemate_in_China_and_Southeast_Asia">Stalemate in China and Southeast Asia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Stalemate in China and Southeast Asia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Changde_battle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Changde_battle.jpg/220px-Changde_battle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Changde_battle.jpg/330px-Changde_battle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Changde_battle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption>Chinese troops during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Battle of Changde</a> in November 1943</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China_1942–1943">China 1942–1943</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: China 1942–1943">edit</a>]</div> In early 1942 in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>, the Japanese 3rd, 6th, and 40th Divisions, a total of around 120,000 troops, massed at <a href="/wiki/Yueyang" title="Yueyang">Yueyang</a> and advanced southward in three columns, attempting again to cross the Miluo River to reach Changsha. In January 1942, Chinese forces scored <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Changsha (1942)">a victory at Changsha</a>, the first Allied success against Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECh'i1992158-128">[116]</a> After the Doolittle Raid, the IJA conducted the <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign</a>, with the goal of locating surviving American airmen, punishing the Chinese who had aided them and destroying air bases. This operation started on 15 May 1942 with 40 infantry and 15–16 artillery battalions, but was repelled by Chinese forces by September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoppa201128-129">[117]</a> During this campaign, the IJA engaged in <a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">biological warfare</a>, spreading <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Typhoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoid">typhoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> throughout Japanese-occupied areas of China. Chinese estimates put the death toll from Japanese-inflicted biological warfare at 250,000 civilians. Around 1,700 Japanese troops died, out of a total 10,000 who fell ill when Japanese biological weapons infected their own forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanaka1996138-130">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChevrierChomiczewskiGarrigue200419-131">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroddyWirtz2005171-132">[120]</a> On 2 November 1943, <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Yokoyama" title="Isamu Yokoyama">Isamu Yokoyama</a>, commander of the Japanese 11th Army, deployed around 100,000 troops to attack Changde.<a href="#cite_note-LIFE-133">[121]</a> During the seven-week <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Battle of Changde</a>, the Chinese forced Japan to fight a campaign of attrition. Although the Japanese captured the city, the Chinese were able to pin them down long enough for reinforcements to arrive and encircle them. The Chinese then cut Japanese supply lines, prompting the Japanese to retreat, pursued by Chinese forces.<a href="#cite_note-LIFE-133">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-53">[45]</a> During the battle, Japan used chemical weapons.<a href="#cite_note-134">[122]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JiangJieshiYStilwellEnMaymyoAbril1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/JiangJieshiYStilwellEnMaymyoAbril1942.jpg/170px-JiangJieshiYStilwellEnMaymyoAbril1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/JiangJieshiYStilwellEnMaymyoAbril1942.jpg/255px-JiangJieshiYStilwellEnMaymyoAbril1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/JiangJieshiYStilwellEnMaymyoAbril1942.jpg/340px-JiangJieshiYStilwellEnMaymyoAbril1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="1329" /></a><figcaption>Generalissimo <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> and General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stilwell" title="Joseph Stilwell">Joseph Stilwell</a>, Allied Commander-in-Chief in the China theatre from 1942 to 1945</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burma_1942–1943">Burma 1942–1943</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Burma 1942–1943">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1942%E2%80%931943)" title="Burma campaign (1942–1943)">Burma campaign (1942–1943)</a></div> In the aftermath of the Japanese conquest of Burma, there was widespread public disorder and pro-independence agitation in eastern India, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">famine in Bengal</a>, causing up to 3 million deaths. Wavell (commander-in-chief in India) was eager to mount British counterattacks into Burma. The British subsequently initiated an <a href="/wiki/Arakan_Campaign_1942-1943" class="mw-redirect" title="Arakan Campaign 1942-1943">offensive in Arakan</a> intended to secure <a href="/wiki/Sittwe" title="Sittwe">Akyab island</a>, considered vital for its port and airfield. The <a href="/wiki/14th_Indian_Infantry_Division" title="14th Indian Infantry Division">14th Indian Infantry Division</a> advanced overland down the Mayu peninsula. The offensive was stalled at Rathedaung and Donbaik, only a few miles north of Akyab, by numerically inferior but well-fortified Japanese forces. Repeated assaults by Commonwealth forces from January to March 1942 failed to overcome these positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen198497–101-135">[123]</a> A Japanese division was redeployed to Arakan from Central Burma and proceeded to attack the 14th Indian Division's exposed left flank, overrunning several units. The headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/26th_Indian_Infantry_Division" title="26th Indian Infantry Division">26th Indian Infantry Division</a> took over command of the front, and intended to conduct a counterattack, but its troops were exhausted and the division was forced to fall back to the Indian frontier in the first week in May. Most British officers accepted that the failure resulted from inadequate training for jungle warfare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1984112–116-136">[124]</a> To offset the results of the Arakan offensive, the Allies widely publicized a long distance raid mounted by the <a href="/wiki/Chindits" title="Chindits">Chindits</a> under Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Orde_Charles_Wingate" class="mw-redirect" title="Orde Charles Wingate">Orde Charles Wingate</a>. The raid itself was a mixed success; the Chindits suffered heavy losses (1,138 out of a force of just over 3,000) and inflicted only minor damage to the Japanese lines of communication. Wingate insisted that ordinary British and Indian troops could fight in the jungle as easily as the Japanese. The raid also contributed to the Japanese decision to invade India during 1944.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In August 1943 the Allies formed a new <a href="/wiki/South_East_Asia_Command" title="South East Asia Command">South East Asia Command</a> (SEAC) to take over strategic responsibilities for Burma and India from the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief, India</a>, who headed the British Indian Army. In October 1943 <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> appointed Admiral Lord <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Louis Mountbatten</a> as its Supreme Commander. Wavell was appointed <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Viceroy of India</a> and immediately took measures to address the famine in Bengal. General <a href="/wiki/Claude_Auchinleck" title="Claude Auchinleck">Claude Auchinleck</a> became commander in chief of the Indian Army and restructured its administration and training departments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlim1956180-137">[125]</a> The British and Indian <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)">Fourteenth Army</a> was formed to face the Japanese in Burma. Under Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/William_Slim" class="mw-redirect" title="William Slim">William Slim</a>, its training, morale and health greatly improved. The American General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Warren_Stilwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Warren Stilwell">Joseph Stilwell</a>, who commanded US forces in the <a href="/wiki/China_Burma_India_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="China Burma India Theater">China Burma India Theater</a>, directed aid to China and prepared to construct the <a href="/wiki/Ledo_Road" title="Ledo Road">Ledo Road</a> to link India and China. In 1943, the Thai <a href="/wiki/Phayap_Army" title="Phayap Army">Phayap Army</a> invasion headed to <a href="/wiki/Xishuangbanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Xishuangbanna">Xishuangbanna</a> in China, but were driven back by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Expeditionary_Force" title="Chinese Expeditionary Force">Chinese Expeditionary Force</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allied_offensives,_1943–1944">Allied offensives, 1943–1944</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Allied offensives, 1943–1944">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_forces_landing_at_Rendova_Island.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/American_forces_landing_at_Rendova_Island.JPEG/220px-American_forces_landing_at_Rendova_Island.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/American_forces_landing_at_Rendova_Island.JPEG/330px-American_forces_landing_at_Rendova_Island.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/American_forces_landing_at_Rendova_Island.JPEG/440px-American_forces_landing_at_Rendova_Island.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2419" /></a><figcaption>American forces <a href="/wiki/Landings_on_Rendova" title="Landings on Rendova">landing at Rendova Island</a>, June 1943</figcaption></figure> After Midway, the US began to harness its vast industrial potential to greatly increase production of ships, planes, and other materiel, and to train more airmen at an increasing rate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997491-138">[126]</a> At the same time, Japan, lacking an adequate industrial base, coherent technological strategy, comprehensive aircrew training program or adequate naval resources and <a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">commerce defense</a>, began to fall behind. The Allies began a protracted offensive campaign across the Pacific theater, seizing several island bases in a series of (often bloody) amphibious assaults against determined Japanese defenders. Some Japanese strongholds like Truk, Rabaul, and Formosa, were neutralized by air attack and bypassed. The goal was to get close to Japan itself, then launch massive strategic air attacks, improve the submarine blockade, and finally (only if necessary) execute an invasion. The US Navy did not seek out the Japanese fleet for a decisive battle. The Allied advance could only be stopped by a Japanese naval attack, which increasing oil shortages (induced by submarine attack) were rendering increasingly impossible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParillo1993-139">[127]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair1975-140">[128]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allied_offensives_on_New_Guinea_and_up_the_Solomons">Allied offensives on New Guinea and up the Solomons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Allied offensives on New Guinea and up the Solomons">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cartwheel" title="Operation Cartwheel">Operation Cartwheel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_campaign" title="Bougainville campaign">Bougainville campaign</a></div> In June 1943, the Allies launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cartwheel" title="Operation Cartwheel">Operation Cartwheel</a>, a series of amphibious invasions to recapture the Solomon Islands and New Guinea, and ultimately isolate the major Japanese forward base at Rabaul. Following the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Salamaua%E2%80%93Lae" title="Invasion of Salamaua–Lae">invasion of Salamaua–Lae</a> in March 1942, Cartwheel began with the <a href="/wiki/Salamaua%E2%80%93Lae_campaign" title="Salamaua–Lae campaign">Salamaua–Lae campaign</a> in Northern New Guinea in April 1943, which was followed in June to October by the <a href="/wiki/New_Georgia_campaign" title="New Georgia campaign">New Georgia campaign</a>, in which the Allies used the <a href="/wiki/Landings_on_Rendova" title="Landings on Rendova">Landings on Rendova</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Drive_on_Munda_Point" title="Drive on Munda Point">Drive on Munda Point</a> and accompanying <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Munda_Point" title="Battle of Munda Point">Battle of Munda Point</a> to secure a secretly constructed Japanese <a href="/wiki/Munda_Airport" title="Munda Airport">airfield at Munda</a> and the rest of <a href="/wiki/New_Georgia_Islands" title="New Georgia Islands">New Georgia Islands</a> group. Landings from September until December secured <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Treasury_Islands" title="Battle of the Treasury Islands">the Treasury Islands</a> and landed Allied troops on <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Choiseul" title="Raid on Choiseul">Choiseul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_campaign" title="Bougainville campaign">Bougainville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Gloucester" title="Battle of Cape Gloucester">Cape Gloucester</a>. These landings prepared the way for Nimitz's <a href="/wiki/Leapfrogging_(strategy)" title="Leapfrogging (strategy)">island-hopping</a> campaign towards Japan. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasion_of_the_Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands">Invasion of the Gilbert and Marshall Islands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Invasion of the Gilbert and Marshall Islands">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo_conference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cairo_conference.jpg/220px-Cairo_conference.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cairo_conference.jpg/330px-Cairo_conference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cairo_conference.jpg/440px-Cairo_conference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2005" data-file-height="1551" /></a><figcaption>The Allied leaders of the Asian and Pacific Theaters: Generalissimo <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill meeting at the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Conference_(1943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairo Conference (1943)">Cairo Conference</a> in 1943</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a></div> In November 1943, US Marine forces sustained high casualties when they overwhelmed the 4,500-strong Japanese garrison <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">at Tarawa Atoll</a>. This experience drove the Allies to improve their techniques of amphibious landings, implementing changes such as thorough pre-emptive aerial bombings and shore bombardment, more careful planning regarding tides and landing schedules, and better unit coordination. Operations in the Gilbert Islands were followed in late-January and mid-February 1944 by further, but less costly, landings on the Marshall Islands. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cairo_Conference">Cairo Conference</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Cairo Conference">edit</a>]</div> On 22 November 1943 US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and ROC Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek met in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, Egypt, to discuss a strategy to defeat Japan. The meeting was also known as the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Conference_(1943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairo Conference (1943)">Cairo Conference</a> and concluded with the <a href="/wiki/1943_Cairo_Declaration" title="1943 Cairo Declaration">Cairo Declaration</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">relevant?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Submarine_warfare">Submarine warfare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Submarine warfare">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Allied_submarines_in_the_Pacific_War" title="Allied submarines in the Pacific War">Allied submarines in the Pacific War</a></div> Throughout the war, American, British and Dutch submarines operated out of bases at <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a> in the Philippines (1941–1942),<a href="/wiki/Fremantle,_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fremantle, Western Australia">Fremantle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a> in Australia, Pearl Harbor, <a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a> in Ceylon, Midway, and later on Guam. Allied submarine forces <a href="/wiki/Allied_submarines_in_the_Pacific_War" title="Allied submarines in the Pacific War">played a major role in defeating Japan</a>, even though submarines made up only a small proportion of the Allied navies—less than two percent in the case of the US Navy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair1975-140">[128]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoscoe1949-141">[129]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Submarines strangled Japanese commercial and military shipping, inflicting severe damage on its merchant fleet, intercepting many <a href="/wiki/Troop_transports" class="mw-redirect" title="Troop transports">troop transports</a>, and cutting off nearly all the oil imports essential to weapons production and military operations. In particular, the fuel situation grew so acute that prior to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Battle of Leyte Gulf</a> in late 1944, Japanese naval strategists were uncertain that the attacking IJN fleet would even have the ability to withdraw to safety, regardless of which way the battle went.<a href="#cite_note-:1-142">[130]</a> By early 1945, Japanese oil supplies were so limited that the remaining IJN fleet was virtually stranded in the anchorages that they lay at. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torpedoed_Japanese_destroyer_Yamakaze_sinking_on_25_June_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Torpedoed_Japanese_destroyer_Yamakaze_sinking_on_25_June_1942.jpg/220px-Torpedoed_Japanese_destroyer_Yamakaze_sinking_on_25_June_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Torpedoed_Japanese_destroyer_Yamakaze_sinking_on_25_June_1942.jpg/330px-Torpedoed_Japanese_destroyer_Yamakaze_sinking_on_25_June_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Torpedoed_Japanese_destroyer_Yamakaze_sinking_on_25_June_1942.jpg/440px-Torpedoed_Japanese_destroyer_Yamakaze_sinking_on_25_June_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2937" data-file-height="2319" /></a><figcaption>The torpedoed <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Yamakaze_(1936)" title="Japanese destroyer Yamakaze (1936)">Yamakaze</a>, as seen through the periscope of an American submarine, <a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SS-168)" title="USS Nautilus (SS-168)">Nautilus</a>, in June 1942</figcaption></figure> The Japanese military claimed to have sunk 468 Allied submarines during the war.<a href="#cite_note-143">[131]</a> In reality, only 42 American submarines were sunk in the Pacific due to hostile action, with 10 others lost in accidents or as the result of <a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">friendly fire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoscoe1958-144">[132]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair1975991–992-145">[133]</a> The Dutch lost five submarines due to Japanese attack or minefields,<a href="#cite_note-146">[134]</a> and the British lost three. American submarines accounted for 56% of the Japanese merchantmen sunk; mines or air attack destroyed most of the rest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoscoe1958-144">[132]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] American submariners also claimed 28% of all Japanese warships destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-UsSubs-147">[135]</a> In addition, submarines played important reconnaissance roles and rescued hundreds of downed fliers. Within hours of Pearl Harbor, in retribution against Japan, Roosevelt promulgated a new doctrine: <a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_submarine_warfare" title="Unrestricted submarine warfare">unrestricted submarine warfare</a> against Japanese shipping. This meant sinking any warship, commercial vessel, or passenger ship in Japanese-controlled waters, without warning and without aiding survivors.<a href="#cite_note-148">[m]</a> The United States itself had a long supply line, leaving it vulnerable to submarine attack, but Japan utilized its submarines primarily for long-range reconnaissance, only occasionally attacking US supply lines. As the war turned against Japan, IJN submarines increasingly served to resupply island strongholds that had been cut off, such as <a href="/wiki/Chuuk_Lagoon" title="Chuuk Lagoon">Truk</a> and Rabaul. In addition, Japan honored its neutrality treaty with the Soviet Union and ignored American freighters shipping military supplies from San Francisco to <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd197927–40-149">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds1974512-150">[137]</a> much to the consternation of its German ally.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I400_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/I400_2.jpg/220px-I400_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/I400_2.jpg/330px-I400_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/I400_2.jpg/440px-I400_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/I-400-class_submarine" title="I-400-class submarine">I-400 class</a>, the largest non-nuclear submarines ever constructed</figcaption></figure> American submarines, by contrast, engaged in extensive commerce raiding from the outset of hostilities. However, the problem of Allied forces surrounded in the Philippines in early 1942 led to diversion of submarines to "guerrilla submarine" missions. Basing in Australia placed boats under Japanese aerial threat while en route to patrol areas, reducing their effectiveness, and Nimitz relied on submarines for close surveillance of Japanese bases. The standard-issue <a href="/wiki/Mark_14_torpedo" title="Mark 14 torpedo">Mark 14 torpedo</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Mark_VI_exploder" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark VI exploder">Mark VI exploder</a> both proved defective and were not corrected until September 1943. Before the war, a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Customs_Service" title="United States Customs Service">US Customs</a> officer had seized a copy of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_naval_codes#JN-167" title="Japanese naval codes">Japanese merchant marine code</a>, not knowing that the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence" title="Office of Naval Intelligence">Office of Naval Intelligence</a> had broken it.<a href="#cite_note-151">[138]</a> The Japanese promptly changed it, and the new code was not broken again by OP-20-G until 1943.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1944 the US Navy restructured its submarine fleet, installing effective shipboard radar on its 150 submarines, replacing commanders that were deemed not aggressive enough, and fixing design flaws in the torpedoes. Japanese commerce protection was "shiftless beyond description",<a href="#cite_note-153">[n]</a> and Japanese convoys were poorly organized and defended compared to those of the Allies. The number of American submarines patrols (and sinkings) rose steeply as the war progressed: 350 patrols (180 ships sunk) in 1942, 350 (335) in 1943, and 520 (603) in 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair1975359–360,_551–552,_816-154">[140]</a> By 1945, sinkings of Japanese vessels had decreased because there were so few ships left to target at all. In sum, Allied submarines destroyed 1,200 Japanese merchant ships – about five million tons of shipping. At critical stages of the Guadalcanal, Saipan, and Leyte campaigns, thousands of Japanese troops were killed or diverted from where they were needed due to the actions or threat of submarine attack. Over 200 IJN warships were sunk, including a battleship and no fewer than eight carriers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Underwater warfare was especially dangerous; of the 16,000 Americans who went out on submarine patrol, 3,500 (22%) never returned, the highest casualty rate of any American force in World War II.<a href="#cite_note-155">[141]</a> The Japanese losses, 130 submarines in all,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair1975877-156">[142]</a> were even higher.<a href="#cite_note-157">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japanese_offensives_in_Asia,_1944">Japanese offensives in Asia, 1944</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Japanese offensives in Asia, 1944">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_counteroffensives_in_China,_1944">Japanese counteroffensives in China, 1944</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Japanese counteroffensives in China, 1944">edit</a>]</div> In mid-1944, Japan marshalled over 500,000 troops<a href="#cite_note-158">[144]</a> on the Chinese mainland and launched its largest ground offensive of the war, codenamed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Operation Ichi-Go</a>. The goal of the offensive was to connect Japanese-controlled territory in China and French Indochina by land, in part to alleviate the catastrophic losses suffered by Japanese merchant shipping, as well as to capture airbases in southeastern China where American bombers were based.<a href="#cite_note-Davison-159">[145]</a> Though Japan suffered about 100,000 casualties,<a href="#cite_note-160">[146]</a> it gained significant territory in China before Ichi-Go ground to a halt near <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>. Despite major tactical victories,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] the operation overall failed to provide Japan with any significant strategic gains. A majority of the Chinese forces involved in the battle were able to retreat out of the area, and would later return to attack Japanese positions at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">Battle of West Hunan</a>. Japanese losses in the Pacific meant that Japan was unable to accrue the time and resources needed to achieve victory over China. Operation Ichi-Go created a sense of social confusion in the areas of China that it affected. Chinese Communist guerrillas were able to exploit this confusion to expand their influence and gain control of greater areas of the countryside in the aftermath of the fighting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiaobing2012163-161">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_offensive_in_India,_1944">Japanese offensive in India, 1944</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Japanese offensive in India, 1944">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_troops_on_Stuart_tanks_Ledo_road.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chinese_troops_on_Stuart_tanks_Ledo_road.jpg/220px-Chinese_troops_on_Stuart_tanks_Ledo_road.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chinese_troops_on_Stuart_tanks_Ledo_road.jpg/330px-Chinese_troops_on_Stuart_tanks_Ledo_road.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chinese_troops_on_Stuart_tanks_Ledo_road.jpg/440px-Chinese_troops_on_Stuart_tanks_Ledo_road.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Chinese forces on <a href="/wiki/M3_Stuart" title="M3 Stuart">M3A3 Stuart</a> tanks on the Ledo Road</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign 1944">Burma Campaign 1944</a></div> After the Allied setbacks in 1943, the South East Asia command prepared to launch offensives into Burma on several fronts. In early 1944, the Chinese and American troops of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Combat_Area_Command" title="Northern Combat Area Command">Northern Combat Area Command</a> (NCAC), commanded by the American general Joseph Stilwell, began extending the Ledo Road from India into northern Burma, while the <a href="/wiki/XV_Corps_(British_India)" title="XV Corps (British India)">Indian XV Corps</a> began an advance along the coast in <a href="/wiki/Arakan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Arakan Province">Arakan Province</a>. In February 1944, the Japanese mounted a local counter-attack in Arakan. After early Japanese success, this counter-attack was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Admin_Box" title="Battle of the Admin Box">Battle of the Admin Box</a> when the isolated <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Indian</a> divisions of XV Corps repelled a concerted Japanese assault, relying on supplies dropped by parachute. The Japanese launched a long-planned offensive, codenamed <a href="/wiki/Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go">Operation U-Go</a>, into India in mid-March 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1984157–167-162">[148]</a> Lieutenant General Slim, commanding Fourteenth Army, and his forward commander, Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Geoffry_Scoones" title="Geoffry Scoones">Geoffry Scoones</a>, planned to withdraw into the Imphal plain and force the Japanese to fight with their communications stretching over miles of primitive jungle trails. However, they were slow to respond when the Japanese attack commenced and did not foresee several Japanese objectives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlim1956289,_299-163">[149]</a> Some British and Indian units had to fight their way out of encirclement, and by early April Commonwealth forces had concentrated around Imphal. Several units were flown from the Arakan to reinforce them. A Japanese division that had advanced to <a href="/wiki/Kohima" title="Kohima">Kohima</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a> cut the main road to Imphal and isolated a small British garrison, but failed to break through Kohima's defenses. During April, the Japanese attacks against Imphal itself failed, while fresh Allied formations relieved the garrison of Kohima and drove the Japanese from the positions they had captured on Kohima ridge. As many Japanese military planners had feared, their inadequate lines of communication and the failure of <a href="/wiki/Renya_Mutaguchi" title="Renya Mutaguchi">Mutaguchi</a>'s gamble on an early victory meant that their troops began to starve. Once the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> rains descended in mid-May, IJA troops also began succumbing to disease in large numbers. During May, while Mutaguchi continued to order attacks, the Allies advanced southwards from Kohima and northwards from Imphal. The two Allied attacks met on 22 June, breaking the Japanese siege of Imphal. The Japanese finally broke off the operation on 3 July. They had lost over 50,000 troops, mainly to starvation and disease—the worst defeat suffered by the IJA to that date.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondTachikawa2004122-164">[150]</a> Although the advance in Arakan had been halted to make troops and aircraft available for the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Battle of Imphal</a>, the Americans and Chinese had continued to advance in northern Burma, aided by reinforced Chindit units operating against Japanese lines of communication. In mid-1944, the Chinese Expeditionary Force <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">invaded northern Burma</a>, capturing a fortified position <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Song" title="Battle of Mount Song">at Mount Song</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens70-165">[151]</a> By the time campaigning ceased during the monsoon, the Northern Combat Area Command had secured a vital airfield at <a href="/wiki/Myitkyina" title="Myitkyina">Myitkyina</a> after a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Myitkyina" title="Siege of Myitkyina">prolonged siege</a>, which eased the problems of air resupply from India to China over "<a href="/wiki/The_Hump" title="The Hump">The Hump</a>". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beginning_of_the_end_in_the_Pacific,_1944">Beginning of the end in the Pacific, 1944</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Beginning of the end in the Pacific, 1944">edit</a>]</div> In May 1943, the Japanese prepared <a href="/wiki/Operation_Z_(1944)" title="Operation Z (1944)">Operation Z</a> or the Z Plan, which envisioned utilizing Japanese naval power to counter American forces threatening the outer defense perimeter line, which ran from the Aleutians down through Wake, the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Islands" title="Gilbert Islands">Gilbert Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a>, New Guinea, and then westward past <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> to Burma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEY'Blood198114-166">[152]</a> In 1943–1944, Allied forces in the Solomons began driving relentlessly toward <a href="/wiki/Rabaul" title="Rabaul">Rabaul</a>, eventually encircling and neutralizing the stronghold while leaving it in Japanese hands. With their position in the Solomons disintegrating, the Japanese modified the Z Plan by eliminating the Gilbert and Marshall Islands, as well as the Bismarck Archipelago, as vital areas to be defended as part of their outer perimeter. Japanese planners instead focused on the defense of a smaller inner perimeter, which included the <a href="/wiki/Marianas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marianas">Marianas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a>, and the Dutch East Indies. Meanwhile, in the Central Pacific, the Americans initiated a major offensive, beginning in November 1943 with landings in the Gilbert Islands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201446-167">[153]</a> Japanese garrisons in the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilberts, and then the Marshalls</a>, were methodically seized via amphibious assault.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201446-167">[153]</a> The Japanese strategy of holding overextended island garrisons had proven impossible to accomplish in practice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201447-168">[154]</a> In February 1944, during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Hailstone" title="Operation Hailstone">Operation Hailstone</a>, the US Navy's <a href="/wiki/Fast_carrier_task_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast carrier task force">fast carrier task force</a> carried out a series of large-scale air raids on the major IJN naval base at Truk. Although the Japanese had moved their major vessels out in time to avoid being caught at anchor in the atoll, two days of Allied air attacks still resulted in significant losses to Japanese aircraft and merchant shipping.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201447-168">[154]</a> The Japanese navy was forced to abandon Truk as a primary anchorage, and was now unable to effectively counter the Americans on any front along the perimeter. Consequently, the Japanese decided to husband their remaining naval strength for what they hoped would be a decisive battle at sea in the near future.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201447-168">[154]</a> Accordingly, the Japanese then developed a new plan, known as A-GO: a decisive fleet action that would be fought somewhere from the Palaus to the <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Western Carolines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEY'Blood198115-169">[155]</a> It was in this area that the newly formed <a href="/wiki/1st_Mobile_Fleet_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)" title="1st Mobile Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)">Mobile Fleet</a>, along with large numbers of land-based aircraft, would be concentrated. A-GO envisioned land-based aircraft, operating from airfields on islands in the defense perimeter, carrying out a first wave of attacks against the American fleet, wherever along the perimeter it appeared. Once the location along the perimeter of the attacking American vessels had been determined, A-GO called for the IJN's Mobile Fleet to intercept, engage and destroy it, supported by land-based airpower.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEY'Blood198115-169">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marianas_and_Palaus">Marianas and Palaus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Marianas and Palaus">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Resting_on_Peleliu_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Resting_on_Peleliu_Island.jpg/220px-Resting_on_Peleliu_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Resting_on_Peleliu_Island.jpg/330px-Resting_on_Peleliu_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Resting_on_Peleliu_Island.jpg/440px-Resting_on_Peleliu_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1382" data-file-height="1110" /></a><figcaption>US Marines during mopping up operations on Peleliu, September 1944</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau Islands campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saipan" title="Battle of Saipan">Battle of Saipan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peleliu" title="Battle of Peleliu">Battle of Peleliu</a></div> On 12 March 1944, the US Joint Chiefs of Staff ordered the seizure of the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Northern Marianas</a>, with a target date of 15 June. All forces for the Marianas operation—535 warships and auxiliaries together with a ground force of over 127,500 troops—were to be commanded by Admiral Raymond A. Spruance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2010227-170">[156]</a> For the Americans, securing the Marianas would disrupt the movement of Japanese airpower to and from the southern Pacific, allow for the construction of advanced naval bases closer to Japan, and provide airfields from which <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">B-29 bombers</a> could reach the Japanese Home Islands. Seizing the Marianas would also offer American commanders several possible objectives for the next phase of operations, which would keep the Japanese uncertain and hinder their defensive preparations. It was also hoped that a penetration of the Japanese inner defense zone might provoke the Japanese fleet to sail out in strength for a decisive engagement, offering the opportunity to cripple the Japanese navy in a single battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2010227Gailey2011301-171">[157]</a> The ability to plan and execute such a complex operation in the space of 90 days was indicative of the high degree of logistical & operational superiority that Allied strategists enjoyed over their Japanese counterparts at this stage of the war. On 15 June, the 2nd and 4th Marine Divisions landed on the island of Saipan, supported by naval bombardment. However, Japanese resistance on shore was intense, and the first day's objective was not reached until D+3. Despite fanatic Japanese opposition and some desperate fighting, the Marines captured Aslito airfield on 18 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2010230Gailey2011318-172">[158]</a> Nafutan, Saipan's southern point, was secured on 27 June. In the north, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tapotchau" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Tapotchau">Mount Tapotchau</a>, the highest point on the island, was also taken on 27 June. The Marines then steadily advanced northward. On the night of 6–7 July, three to four thousand Japanese carried out a massed banzai charge that penetrated American lines near Tanapag before being repulsed. Following this attack, hundreds of civilians on Saipan committed mass suicide, most of whom were Japanese colonists, often at the instigation of fanatical IJA troops. By 9 July, organized Japanese resistance on Saipan had ceased. The U.S. Marines reached northernmost tip of Saipan, Marpi Point, twenty-four days after the landing. Only isolated groups of hidden <a href="/wiki/Japanese_holdout" title="Japanese holdout">Japanese holdouts</a> remained.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2010230-173">[159]</a> A month after the invasion of Saipan, the US <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">recaptured Guam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tinian" title="Battle of Tinian">captured Tinian</a>, just south of Saipan. <a href="/wiki/Saipan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saipan">Saipan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinian">Tinian</a> were used extensively by the US military, as they finally placed mainland Japan within round-trip range of American B-29 bombers. Japanese air units <a href="/wiki/Japanese_air_attacks_on_the_Mariana_Islands" title="Japanese air attacks on the Mariana Islands">attacked the bases</a> on Saipan and Tinian intermittently from November 1944 to January 1945. Until the end of the war, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> based out of these islands conducted an <a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan" title="Air raids on Japan">intense strategic bombing campaign</a> against Japanese cities of military and industrial importance, including <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo" title="Bombing of Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nagoya_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Nagoya in World War II">Nagoya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Osaka" title="Bombing of Osaka">Osaka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kobe_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Kobe in World War II">Kobe</a>. The invasion of <a href="/wiki/Peleliu" title="Peleliu">Peleliu</a> in the Palau Islands on 15 September was notable for a drastic change in Japanese defensive tactics, resulting in the highest casualty rate amongst US forces in an amphibious operation during the Pacific War.<a href="#cite_note-174">[160]</a> In a departure from the Japanese strategy in previous island battles such as Tarawa and Saipan, where defending IJA troops intensely contested the landing beaches but not the island interior, on Peleliu the Japanese constructed extensive fortifications within the ridges that dominated the center of the island. This was an example of fukkaku, or honeycomb, tactics that Japanese island garrisons would again utilize during the battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-:1-142">[130]</a> Instead of the predicted four days, it took over two months and over 10,000 casualties for American forces to secure the island. The strategic value of the landings is still contested.<a href="#cite_note-175">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippine_Sea">Philippine Sea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Philippine Sea">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippine_Sea" title="Battle of the Philippine Sea">Battle of the Philippine Sea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Zuikaku_and_two_destroyers_under_attack_on_20_June_1944_(80-G-238025).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Zuikaku_and_two_destroyers_under_attack_on_20_June_1944_%2880-G-238025%29.jpg/220px-Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Zuikaku_and_two_destroyers_under_attack_on_20_June_1944_%2880-G-238025%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Zuikaku_and_two_destroyers_under_attack_on_20_June_1944_%2880-G-238025%29.jpg/330px-Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Zuikaku_and_two_destroyers_under_attack_on_20_June_1944_%2880-G-238025%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Zuikaku_and_two_destroyers_under_attack_on_20_June_1944_%2880-G-238025%29.jpg/440px-Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Zuikaku_and_two_destroyers_under_attack_on_20_June_1944_%2880-G-238025%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5694" data-file-height="4318" /></a><figcaption>The Japanese aircraft carrier Zuikaku and two destroyers under attack in the Battle of the Philippine Sea</figcaption></figure> When the Americans landed on <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saipan" title="Battle of Saipan">Saipan</a> in the Marianas, the Japanese viewed holding the island as imperative, and initiated plan A-GO. The Japanese navy deployed its largest carrier force of the war for the forthcoming battle: the nine-carrier Mobile Fleet under Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Jisabur%C5%8D_Ozawa" title="Jisaburō Ozawa">Jisaburō Ozawa</a>, supplemented by 500 land-based aircraft. Facing them was the <a href="/wiki/US_Fifth_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="US Fifth Fleet">US Fifth Fleet</a> under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Raymond_A._Spruance" title="Raymond A. Spruance">Raymond A. Spruance</a>: 15 fleet carriers and 956 aircraft. The clash was the largest carrier battle in history. On 19 June, a series of Japanese carrier air strikes on the Fifth Fleet were shattered by strong American defenses. The lopsided engagement was later dubbed the Great Marianas Turkey Shoot, a testament to the catastrophic losses suffered by Japanese carrier aircrew in the battle. All US carriers had <a href="/wiki/Combat_Information_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat Information Center">combat-information centers</a>, which interpreted the flow of radar data and radioed interception orders to the <a href="/wiki/Combat_Air_Patrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat Air Patrol">combat air patrols</a>. The few Japanese planes that made it through patrolling American fighters and reached the Fifth Fleet fleet did so in a staggered sequence, only to encounter massed anti-aircraft fire with <a href="/wiki/Proximity_fuze" title="Proximity fuze">proximity fuses</a>. Only one American warship was slightly damaged. On the same day, Shōkaku was hit by four torpedoes from the submarine <a href="/wiki/USS_Cavalla_(SS-244)" title="USS Cavalla (SS-244)">Cavalla</a> and sank with heavy loss of life. The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Taih%C5%8D" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Taihō">Taihō</a> was also sunk by a single torpedo from the submarine <a href="/wiki/USS_Albacore_(SS-218)" title="USS Albacore (SS-218)">Albacore</a>. The next day, on 20 June, the Japanese carrier force was subjected to sustained American carrier air attack and suffered the loss of the carrier Hiyō.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201447-168">[154]</a> The four Japanese carrier air strikes involved 373 aircraft, of which 130 returned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEY'Blood1981212-176">[162]</a> Many of these survivors were subsequently lost when Taihō and Shōkaku were sunk by American submarine attacks. After the second day of the battle, Japanese losses totaled three carriers and 445 aircrew, along with more than 433 carrier aircraft and around 200 land-based aircraft. The Americans lost 130 aircraft and 76 aircrew, with many due to aircraft running out of fuel returning to their carriers at night. Although the Japanese defeat at the Philippine Sea was severe in terms of the loss of the three fleet carriers, the more significant impact on Japan's war effort was the evisceration of the IJN's carrier air groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeattie2007188Willmott200537-177">[163]</a> The IJN had spent the better part of a year reconstituting its carrier air arm, and the Americans had destroyed 90% of it in two days. The Japanese had only enough pilots left to form an air group for a single light carrier. The Mobile Fleet returned home with only 35 aircraft of the 430 that it had embarked with.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201447-168">[154]</a> The battle ended in a comprehensive Japanese defeat, and virtually erased the IJN's ability to project airpower at sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201476Peattie2007188–189-178">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leyte_Gulf,_1944">Leyte Gulf, 1944</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Leyte Gulf, 1944">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Battle of Leyte Gulf</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leyte_map_annotated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Leyte_map_annotated.jpg/220px-Leyte_map_annotated.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Leyte_map_annotated.jpg/330px-Leyte_map_annotated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Leyte_map_annotated.jpg/440px-Leyte_map_annotated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="1454" /></a><figcaption>The four engagements in the Battle of Leyte Gulf</figcaption></figure> The loss at the Philippine Sea left the Japanese with two options: either launch an all-out offensive employing the IJN's remaining surface vessels against the next American amphibious landing, or allow the Americans to cut the <a href="/wiki/Sea_lines_of_communication" title="Sea lines of communication">sea lanes</a> between the Home Islands and Southeast Asia. The Japanese opted for the former, and sought to utilize their last remaining strength – the firepower of their heavy cruisers and battleships – against the American beachhead at <a href="/wiki/Leyte" title="Leyte">Leyte</a> in the Philippine islands in October 1944. The Japanese planned to use their remaining carriers as bait to lure the American carriers away from Leyte Gulf long enough for heavy warships to enter and to destroy any American ships present.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201449-179">[165]</a> The Japanese assembled four carriers, nine battleships, 14 heavy cruisers, seven light cruisers, and 35 destroyers for this operation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201449-179">[165]</a> These forces were split into three formations: the "Center Force", under the command of Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Takeo_Kurita" title="Takeo Kurita">Takeo Kurita</a>, which included the battleships <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Yamato" title="Japanese battleship Yamato">Yamato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Musashi" title="Japanese battleship Musashi">Musashi</a>; the "Northern Force", under the command of Ozawa, which had four carriers and two battleships partly converted to carriers, but was largely bereft of planes; and the "Southern Force", containing one group of battleships, cruisers and destroyers under the command of <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dji_Nishimura" title="Shōji Nishimura">Shōji Nishimura</a> and another under <a href="/wiki/Kiyohide_Shima" title="Kiyohide Shima">Kiyohide Shima</a>. The Center Force would pass through the <a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_Strait" title="San Bernardino Strait">San Bernardino Strait</a> into the Philippine Sea, turn southwards, and then attack the transports at anchor near the American beachhead on Leyte. The Southern Force would strike at the beachhead littoral through the <a href="/wiki/Surigao_Strait" title="Surigao Strait">Surigao Strait</a>, while the Northern Force would lure the main American covering forces away from Leyte. Functioning as a decoy, Ozawa's carriers embarked just 108 aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201449-179">[165]</a> However, after the Center Force departed from <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Bay" title="Brunei Bay">Brunei Bay</a> on 23 October, two American submarines attacked it, resulting in the loss of two heavy cruisers with another crippled. After entering the <a href="/wiki/Sibuyan_Sea" title="Sibuyan Sea">Sibuyan Sea</a> on 24 October, Center Force was again waylaid by American carrier aircraft, forcing another heavy cruiser to retire. The Americans then sank Musashi. Many other ships of Center Force were also attacked, but continued on.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201449-179">[165]</a> Convinced that their attacks had rendered the Center Force ineffective and that it had turned back, the American carriers sailed north to address the newly detected threat Ozawa's Northern Force and its carriers. On the night of 24–25 October, the Southern Force under Nishimura attempted to enter Leyte Gulf from the south through Surigao Strait, where an American-Australian force led by Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Oldendorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesse Oldendorf">Jesse Oldendorf</a> ambushed the Japanese.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201450-180">[166]</a> American destroyers and naval gunfire destroyed two battleships and three destroyers, with only a single Japanese destroyer surviving. As a result of observing <a href="/wiki/Radio_silence" title="Radio silence">radio silence</a>, Shima's group was unable to coordinate its movements with Nishimura's group and arrived at Surigao Strait at the worst possible moment, in the middle of the encounter; after making a haphazard torpedo attack, Shima retreated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201450-180">[166]</a> Off <a href="/wiki/Cape_Enga%C3%B1o_(Luzon)" title="Cape Engaño (Luzon)">Cape Engaño</a>, 500 miles (800 km) north of Leyte Gulf, the Americans launched over 500 aircraft sorties at the Northern Force, followed by a surface group of cruisers and destroyers. All four Japanese carriers were sunk, but the Japanese had succeeded in drawing the American carriers away from Leyte Gulf.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201450-180">[166]</a> On 25 October the final major surface action fought between the Japanese and the American fleets occurred off <a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Samar" title="Battle off Samar">Samar</a>, when Kurita's Center Force fell upon a group of American escort carriers accompanied only by destroyers and destroyer escorts. Both sides were surprised, but the outcome looked certain, given the overwhelming advantage in firepower possessed by the Japanese. However, the Center Force conducted a largely indecisive gunnery duel before breaking off, managing only to sink several American destroyers and two escort carriers. Overall Japanese losses in the battle were extremely heavy, with four carriers, three battleships, six heavy cruisers, four light cruisers and eleven destroyers sunk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201450Willmott2005255-181">[167]</a> The Americans lost one light carrier, two escort carriers, two destroyers and two destroyer escorts. The Battle of Leyte Gulf was the largest naval battle of World War II and arguably the <a href="/wiki/Largest_naval_battle_in_history" title="Largest naval battle in history">largest naval battle in history</a>. It was also the only time that an aircraft carrier was sunk by surface warship in the Second World War, when the Japanese Center Force sank the escort carrier Gambier Bay off Samar. For the Japanese, the defeat at Leyte Gulf was catastrophic—its navy's greatest ever loss of ships and men in combat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaver201831-182">[168]</a> The inevitable liberation of the Philippines also meant that the Japanese Home Islands would be virtually cut off from the vital resources in Japan's occupied territories across Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaver201831-182">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines,_1944–1945">Philippines, 1944–1945</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Philippines, 1944–1945">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg/220px-Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg/330px-Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg/440px-Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1199" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">General Douglas MacArthur</a> wading ashore at Leyte</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines campaign (1944–1945)</a></div> On 20 October 1944 the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth United States Army">US Sixth Army</a>, supported by naval and air bombardment, landed on the favorable eastern shore of Leyte, north of <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>. The US Sixth Army continued its advance from the east, while the Japanese rushed reinforcements to the western side. The US reinforced the Sixth Army successfully, but the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Air_Force" title="Fifth Air Force">US Fifth Air Force</a> devastated Japanese attempts to resupply IJA troops on the island. In torrential rains and over difficult terrain, the US advance continued across Leyte and the neighboring island of Samar to the north. On 7 December US Army units landed and, after a major land and air battle, cut off the Japanese ability to reinforce and supply Leyte. Although fierce fighting continued on Leyte for months, the US Army was in control. On 15 December 1944, landings against minimal resistance took place on the southern beaches of the island of <a href="/wiki/Mindoro" title="Mindoro">Mindoro</a>, a key location in the planned <a href="/wiki/Lingayen_Gulf" title="Lingayen Gulf">Lingayen Gulf</a> operations, in support of major landings scheduled on <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>. On 9 January 1945 <a href="/wiki/Walter_Krueger" title="Walter Krueger">General Krueger</a>'s Sixth Army landed its first units on the western coast of Luzon. Almost 175,000 men followed within a few days. With heavy air support, Army units pushed inland, taking <a href="/wiki/Clark_Air_Base" title="Clark Air Base">Clark Field</a>, 40 miles (64 km) northwest of Manila, in the last week of January. Two more major landings followed, one to cut off the Bataan Peninsula, and another, which included a parachute drop, south of Manila. Pincers closed in on the city, and on 3 February 1945 American forces pushed into Manila proper. The month-long <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">battle for Manila</a> resulted in over 100,000 civilian deaths and was the scene of the worst <a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">urban fighting</a> by American forces in the Pacific theater. As the advance on Manila continued from the north and the south, the Bataan Peninsula was rapidly secured. On 16 February paratroopers and amphibious units assaulted the island fortress of Corregidor, and Japanese resistance ended there on 27 February. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baleta_Pass,_near_Baugio,_Luzon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Baleta_Pass%2C_near_Baugio%2C_Luzon.jpg/220px-Baleta_Pass%2C_near_Baugio%2C_Luzon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Baleta_Pass%2C_near_Baugio%2C_Luzon.jpg/330px-Baleta_Pass%2C_near_Baugio%2C_Luzon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Baleta_Pass%2C_near_Baugio%2C_Luzon.jpg/440px-Baleta_Pass%2C_near_Baugio%2C_Luzon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>US troops approaching Japanese positions near Baguio, Luzon, 23 March 1945</figcaption></figure> In all, ten US divisions and five independent regiments fought on Luzon, making it the largest ground campaign of the Pacific War, involving more troops than the US had used in North Africa, Italy, or southern France. Forces included the Mexican <a href="/wiki/Escuadr%C3%B3n_201" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuadrón 201">Escuadrón 201</a> fighter-squadron as part of the <a href="/wiki/Fuerza_A%C3%A9rea_Expedicionaria_Mexicana" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuerza Aérea Expedicionaria Mexicana">Fuerza Aérea Expedicionaria Mexicana</a>, with the squadron attached to the <a href="/wiki/58th_Operations_Group" title="58th Operations Group">58th Fighter Group</a> of the United States Army Air Forces that flew tactical support missions.<a href="#cite_note-183">[169]</a> Of the 250,000 Japanese troops defending Luzon, 80 percent died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksStanley200741-184">[170]</a> The last Japanese holdout in the Philippines, <a href="/wiki/Hiroo_Onoda" title="Hiroo Onoda">Hiroo Onoda</a>, finally surrendered on 9 March 1974.<a href="#cite_note-185">[171]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Eighth_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighth United States Army">Eighth Army</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/Palawan_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Palawan Island">Palawan Island</a>, between <a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a> and Mindoro (the fifth-largest and westernmost Philippine island) on 28 February 1945, with landings at <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Princesa_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Princesa City">Puerto Princesa</a>. The Japanese put up little direct defense of Palawan, but cleaning up pockets of Japanese resistance lasted until late April, as the Japanese used their common tactic of withdrawing into the mountain jungles, dispersed as small units. Throughout the Philippines, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Filipino guerrillas</a> aided US forces to dispatch the holdouts. The US Eighth Army moved on to its first landing on Mindanao (17 April), the last of the major Philippine Islands to be taken. Then followed the invasion and occupation of <a href="/wiki/Panay" title="Panay">Panay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negros_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Negros Island">Negros</a> and several islands in the <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Archipelago" title="Sulu Archipelago">Sulu Archipelago</a>. These islands provided bases for the US Fifth and <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteenth Air Force">Thirteenth Air Forces</a> to attack targets throughout the Philippines and the South China Sea. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_stages">Final stages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Final stages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath of World War II</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allied_offensives_in_Burma,_1944–1945">Allied offensives in Burma, 1944–1945</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Allied offensives in Burma, 1944–1945">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Marines_land_Ramree_Burma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Royal_Marines_land_Ramree_Burma.jpg/220px-Royal_Marines_land_Ramree_Burma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Royal_Marines_land_Ramree_Burma.jpg/330px-Royal_Marines_land_Ramree_Burma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Royal_Marines_land_Ramree_Burma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a> landing at Ramree</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma campaign (1944–1945)</a></div> In late 1944 and early 1945, the Allied South East Asia Command launched offensives into Burma, intending to recover most of the country, including the capital of Rangoon, before the onset of the monsoon in May. The offensives were fought primarily by British Commonwealth, Chinese and American forces against Japan, assisted to some degree by Thailand, the Burma National Army and the Indian National Army. The Commonwealth land forces were drawn primarily from the United Kingdom, British India, and Africa. The Indian XV Corps (including two <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a> divisions)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1984457-186">[172]</a> advanced along the coast in Arakan Province, at last capturing Akyab Island. They landed troops behind the retreating Japanese, inflicting heavy casualties, and captured <a href="/wiki/Ramree_Island" title="Ramree Island">Ramree Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheduba_Island" title="Cheduba Island">Cheduba Island</a>, establishing airfields used to support the offensive into Central Burma. The Chinese Expeditionary Force captured <a href="/wiki/Mong-Yu" title="Mong-Yu">Mong-Yu</a> and Lashio,<a href="#cite_note-187">[173]</a> while the Chinese and American Northern Combat Area Command resumed its advance in northern Burma. In late January 1945, these two forces linked up at <a href="/wiki/Hsipaw" title="Hsipaw">Hsipaw</a>. The Ledo Road was completed, linking India and China, but too late in the war to have any significant strategic effect on operations in China. The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Burma_Area_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Burma Area Army">Japanese Burma Area Army</a> attempted to forestall the main Allied attack by withdrawing their troops behind the Irrawaddy River. Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Heitar%C5%8D_Kimura" title="Heitarō Kimura">Heitarō Kimura</a>, the new Japanese commander in Burma, hoped that the Allies' lines of communications would be overstretched trying to cross this obstacle. However, the advancing British Fourteenth Army switched its axis of advance to outflank the Japanese. During February, the Fourteenth Army secured bridgeheads across the Irrawaddy. On 1 March, mechanized units of <a href="/wiki/IV_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="IV Corps (United Kingdom)">IV Corps</a> captured the supply node of <a href="/wiki/Meiktila" title="Meiktila">Meiktila</a>, throwing the Japanese defenses into disarray. While the Japanese attempted to recapture Meiktila, <a href="/wiki/XXXIII_Corps_(British_India)" title="XXXIII Corps (British India)">XXXIII Corps</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a>. The Japanese armies were heavily defeated, and with the capture of Mandalay, the Burmese population and the Burma National Army (which the Japanese had initially created) turned against the Japanese. During April, Fourteenth Army advanced 300 miles (480 km) south towards Rangoon, but was delayed by Japanese rearguards 40 miles (64 km) to the north. Slim feared that the Japanese would defend Rangoon in house-to-house during the monsoon, which would commit his army to prolonged action with disastrously inadequate supplies, and in March he had asked that a plan to capture Rangoon by an amphibious force, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Dracula" title="Operation Dracula">Operation Dracula</a>, which had been abandoned earlier, be reinstated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlim1956468–469-188">[174]</a> Dracula was launched on 1 May, only to find that the Japanese had already evacuated the city. The troops that occupied Rangoon linked up with Fourteenth Army five days later, securing the Allies' lines of communication. Japanese forces that had been bypassed by the Allied advances <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sittang_Bend" title="Battle of the Sittang Bend">attempted to break out</a> across the Sittaung River during June and July to rejoin the Burma Area Army, which had regrouped in <a href="/wiki/Tanintharyi_Region" title="Tanintharyi Region">Tenasserim</a> in southern Burma. They suffered 14,000 casualties, half of their strength. Overall, the Japanese lost some 150,000 men in Burma. Only 1,700 Japanese soldiers surrendered and were taken prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-prisoners-189">[175]</a> The Allies were preparing to make amphibious landings in Malaya when word of the Japanese surrender arrived. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iwo_Jima">Iwo Jima</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Iwo Jima">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima,_larger_-_edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima%2C_larger_-_edit1.jpg/220px-Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima%2C_larger_-_edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima%2C_larger_-_edit1.jpg/330px-Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima%2C_larger_-_edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima%2C_larger_-_edit1.jpg/440px-Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima%2C_larger_-_edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2959" data-file-height="2241" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima" title="Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima">Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima</a>, an iconic photograph taken by <a href="/wiki/Joe_Rosenthal" title="Joe Rosenthal">Joe Rosenthal</a> on 23 February 1945, depicts six United States Marines raising a US flag atop <a href="/wiki/Mount_Suribachi" title="Mount Suribachi">Mount Suribachi</a>.</figcaption></figure> Although the Marianas were secure and American bases firmly established, the long 1,200 miles (1,900 km) range from the Marianas meant that B-29 aircrews bombing Japan found themselves ditching at sea if severely damaged. To alleviate this issue, American strategists focused their attention on the small island of <a href="/wiki/Iwo_Jima" title="Iwo Jima">Iwo Jima</a>, about halfway between the Marianas and Japan. American planners recognized the strategic importance of the island. It was used by the Japanese as an early-warning station against impending air raids on Japanese cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2010291-190">[176]</a> Japanese aircraft based on Iwo Jima were able to attack the B-29s on their bombing missions, and even to attack installations in the Marianas themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2010291-190">[176]</a> The capture of Iwo Jima would provide emergency landing airfields for B-29s and a base for <a href="/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang">P-51 fighter escorts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGailey2011408Hopkins2010291-191">[177]</a> as well as land-based air support to protect US naval fleets sailing close to the Japanese Home Islands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichsGallicchio2017263-192">[178]</a> The Japanese had also come to realize the strategic value of Iwo Jima, and Lt. General <a href="/wiki/Tadamichi_Kuribayashi" title="Tadamichi Kuribayashi">Tadamichi Kuribayashi</a> was assigned command of the island's garrison in May 1944. The Japanese began constructing elaborate defenses, making the best possible use of the island's natural caves and uneven, rocky terrain. The island was transformed into a massive network of bunkers, hidden guns, and underground passageways leading from one strongpoint to another.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichsGallicchio2017265-193">[179]</a> The Japanese also went to great lengths to construct large underground chambers, some as much as five stories deep, to serve as storage and hospital areas with thick walls and ceilings of reinforced concrete.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichsGallicchio2017265-193">[179]</a> A series of strongpoints covering the landing areas were also built, most covered with sand and carefully camouflaged. Well-hidden 120mm and 6-inch guns were emplaced so that their fire could be directed to the beaches. Smaller-caliber artillery, antiaircraft guns, and mortars were also hidden and located where only a direct hit could destroy them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGailey2011410-194">[180]</a> The Japanese were determined to make the Americans pay a high price for Iwo Jima, and were prepared to defend it to the death. Kuribayashi knew that he could not win the battle, but he nonetheless hoped to inflict casualties so costly that it would slow the American advance on Japan, and perhaps give the Japanese government bargaining power in negotiations to end the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichsGallicchio2017265-193">[179]</a> By February 1945, a total of 21,000 Japanese troops were deployed on Iwo Jima.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichsGallicchio2017265-193">[179]</a> The American operation ("Operation Detachment") to capture the island involved three Marine divisions of the <a href="/wiki/V_Amphibious_Corps" title="V Amphibious Corps">V Amphibious Corps</a>, a total of 70,647 troops,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichsGallicchio2017268-195">[181]</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/Holland_Smith" title="Holland Smith">Holland Smith</a>. From mid-June 1944, Iwo Jima came under American air and naval bombardment, until the days leading up to the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGailey2011410-194">[180]</a> An intense naval and air bombardment preceded the landing, but did little except drive the Japanese defenders further underground and further mangle the island's barren volcanic terrain. Most Japanese fortifications survived the bombardment virtually unscathed. On the morning of 19 February 1945, 30,000 men under the command of Maj. General <a href="/wiki/Harry_Schmidt_(USMC)" title="Harry Schmidt (USMC)">Harry Schmidt</a> landed on the southeast coast near <a href="/wiki/Mount_Suribachi" title="Mount Suribachi">Mt. Suribachi</a>, the dormant volcano around which most of the island's defenses were concentrated. As soon as the Marines pushed inland they came under devastating machine gun and artillery fire. By the end of the day, the Marines reached the west coast, but their losses were severe: almost 2,000 men killed or wounded. On 23 February, the 28th Marine Regiment reached the summit of Mt. Suribachi, prompting the now famous <a href="/wiki/Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima" title="Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima">Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima</a> photograph, often cited as the most reproduced photograph in history and the archetypal representation of the Pacific War. For the rest of February, the Americans grinded north through a maze of Japanese defenses. By 1 March, they had taken two-thirds of the island. It was not until 26 March that the island was secured. Iwo Jima was one of the bloodiest battles fought by the Americans during the Pacific War. American casualties were 6,821 killed and 19,207 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGailey2011420-196">[182]</a> The Japanese losses totaled well over 20,000 men killed, with only 1,083 prisoners taken.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGailey2011420-196">[182]</a> It was the only major island battle in the Pacific war where American casualties outnumbered Japanese losses. Historians continue to debate whether Iwo Jima was strategically worth the casualties sustained in capturing it.<a href="#cite_note-197">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Okinawa">Okinawa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Okinawa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Bunker_Hill_hit_by_two_Kamikazes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/USS_Bunker_Hill_hit_by_two_Kamikazes.jpg/220px-USS_Bunker_Hill_hit_by_two_Kamikazes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/USS_Bunker_Hill_hit_by_two_Kamikazes.jpg/330px-USS_Bunker_Hill_hit_by_two_Kamikazes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/USS_Bunker_Hill_hit_by_two_Kamikazes.jpg/440px-USS_Bunker_Hill_hit_by_two_Kamikazes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2962" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Bunker_Hill_(CV-17)" title="USS Bunker Hill (CV-17)">USS Bunker Hill</a> burns after being hit by two <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">kamikazes</a>. At Okinawa, the kamikazes caused 4,900 American deaths.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OkinawaMarinesDeadJapanese.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/OkinawaMarinesDeadJapanese.jpg/220px-OkinawaMarinesDeadJapanese.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/OkinawaMarinesDeadJapanese.jpg/330px-OkinawaMarinesDeadJapanese.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/OkinawaMarinesDeadJapanese.jpg/440px-OkinawaMarinesDeadJapanese.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="2109" /></a><figcaption>US Marines pass a dead Japanese soldier in a destroyed village on Okinawa, April 1945</figcaption></figure> The largest and bloodiest battle fought by the Americans against the Japanese took place on <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Island" title="Okinawa Island">Okinawa</a>. The seizure of islands in the Ryukyus was meant to be the last step before an invasion of Japan proper. Okinawa, the largest of the Ryukyu Islands, was located 340 miles (550 km) from <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichsGallicchio2017365-198">[184]</a> The capture of Okinawa would provide airbases that could intensify aerial bombardment of Japan and offer direct land-based air support to an invasion of Kyushu. Seizing the islands would also allow the Americans to further tighten the blockade of Japan and be used as a staging area and supply base for any invasion of the Home Islands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2010303Cleaver2018227–228-199">[185]</a> The Japanese troops defending Okinawa, under the command of Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Mitsuru_Ushijima" title="Mitsuru Ushijima">Mitsuru Ushijima</a>, were a mixed force some 75,000–100,000 strong, augmented by thousands of conscripted civilians. American forces for the operation totaled 183,000 troops in seven divisions (four US Army and three Marine) under the <a href="/wiki/Tenth_United_States_Army" title="Tenth United States Army">Tenth Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichsGallicchio2017366-200">[186]</a> The <a href="/wiki/British_Pacific_Fleet" title="British Pacific Fleet">British Pacific Fleet</a> operated as a separate unit; its objective was to strike airfields on the chain of islands between Formosa and Okinawa, to prevent the Japanese from reinforcing Okinawa. After an intense seven-day bombardment, the main landings on Okinawa took place on 1 April 1945, on the <a href="/wiki/Hagushi" title="Hagushi">Hagushi</a> beaches on the island's west coast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichsGallicchio2017367-201">[187]</a> The Japanese did not contest the landings, and there was little opposition at the beaches, as the Japanese had decided to meet the Americans farther inland, out of range of naval gunfire. About 60,000 American troops landed on the first day, seizing two nearby airfields and pushing across the narrow width of the island. The first major Japanese counterattack occurred on 6 and 7 April, in the form of attacks by kamikaze aircraft and a naval operation, called <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ten-Go" title="Operation Ten-Go">Ten-Go</a>. Under the command of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Seiichi_It%C5%8D" title="Seiichi Itō">Seiichi Itō</a>, the battleship Yamato, the light cruiser <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Yahagi_(1942)" title="Japanese cruiser Yahagi (1942)">Yahagi</a> and eight destroyers sortied from Kyushu as bait, meant to draw away as many American carrier aircraft as possible from Okinawa, in order to leave Allied naval forces vulnerable to large-scale kamikaze attacks. As a consequence of crippling Japanese shortages, the Yamato had only enough fuel to reach Okinawa. If she managed to reach the island,Yamato was ordered to beach herself and use her 18.1-inch (46 cm) guns to support Japanese forces with indirect fire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaver2018184-202">[188]</a> After being sighted by an American submarine and reconnaissance aircraft, the Yamato, Yahagi and four of the destroyers were sunk in a multi-hour blitz of aerial attacks by American carrier aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaver2018189-203">[189]</a> Mass kamikaze attacks on American vessels near Okinawa intensified during the following three months, with 5,500 sorties being flown by the Japanese.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichsGallicchio2017379-204">[190]</a> In the northern part of Okinawa, American troops only met light opposition, and the area was captured within about two weeks. However, the main Japanese defenses were in the south. There was bitter fighting against well-entrenched Japanese troops, but US forces slowly made progress. The seizure of <a href="/wiki/Shuri_castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuri castle">Shuri castle</a> on 29 May, the linchpin of Japanese resistance in the south, represented both a strategic and psychological blow to the remaining Japanese defenders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaver2018226-205">[191]</a> Organized resistance did not cease until 21 June;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander1996-206">[192]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] and many Japanese went into hiding. The campaign was not declared over until 2 July. The battle for Okinawa proved costly and lasted much longer than the Americans had expected. The Japanese skillfully utilized terrain to inflict maximum casualties upon Allied ground forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGailey2011445-207">[193]</a> Total American casualties were 49,451, including 12,520 dead or missing and 36,631 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGailey2011445HeinrichsGallicchio2017412-208">[194]</a> Japanese casualties were approximately 110,000 killed and 7,400 taken prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGailey2011445HeinrichsGallicchio2017412-208">[194]</a> 94% of the Japanese soldiers died, along with many civilians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYahara1997-209">[195]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Kamikaze attacks sank 36 ships, damaged 368 more and killed 4,900 US sailors, for the loss of 7,800 Japanese aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGailey2011445Cleaver2018170-210">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China,_1945">China, 1945</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: China, 1945">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">Battle of West Hunan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Guangxi Campaign">Second Guangxi Campaign</a></div> Despite Japanese victories in Operation Ichi-Go, Japan was losing the battle in Burma and facing constant attacks from Chinese Nationalist forces and Communist guerrillas in the countryside. The IJA began preparations for the Battle of West Hunan in March 1945, mobilizing 80,000 men to seize Chinese airfields and secure railroads in West Hunan by early April.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1982248-211">[197]</a> In response, the Chinese National Military Council dispatched the 4th Front Army and the 10th and 27th Army Groups with <a href="/wiki/He_Yingqin" title="He Yingqin">He Yingqin</a> as commander-in-chief.<a href="#cite_note-hsu458-212">[198]</a> At the same time, it airlifted the entire American-equipped Chinese New 6th Corps, along with veterans of the Burma Expeditionary Force, from <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a> to <a href="/wiki/Zhijiang,_Hubei" title="Zhijiang, Hubei">Zhijiang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1982248-211">[197]</a> Chinese forces totaled 110,000 men, supported by about 400 aircraft from Chinese and American air forces.<a href="#cite_note-whampoanet-213">[199]</a> Chinese forces decisively repulsed the Japanese advance, and subsequently launched a large counterattack. Concurrently, the Chinese repelled a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Henan-North_Hubei" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of West Henan-North Hubei">Japanese offensive in Henan and Hubei</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hsu458-212">[198]</a> Afterwards, Chinese forces retook Hunan and Hubei in South China. Chinese forces launched a <a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Guangxi Campaign">counteroffensive to retake Guangxi</a>, the last major Japanese stronghold in South China. In August 1945, Chinese forces retook Guangxi.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Borneo,_1945">Borneo, 1945</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Borneo, 1945">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balikpapan_landing_(AWM_018812).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Balikpapan_landing_%28AWM_018812%29.jpg/220px-Balikpapan_landing_%28AWM_018812%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Balikpapan_landing_%28AWM_018812%29.jpg/330px-Balikpapan_landing_%28AWM_018812%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Balikpapan_landing_%28AWM_018812%29.jpg/440px-Balikpapan_landing_%28AWM_018812%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>Australian soldiers landing at Balikpapan on 7 July 1945</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign_(1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Borneo campaign (1945)">Borneo campaign (1945)</a></div> The Borneo campaign of 1945 was the last major campaign in the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_Area" title="South West Pacific Area">South West Pacific Area</a>. In a series of amphibious assaults between 1 May and 21 July, the <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(Australia)" title="I Corps (Australia)">Australian I Corps</a>, under General <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Morshead" title="Leslie Morshead">Leslie Morshead</a>, attacked Japanese forces occupying the island. Allied naval and air forces, centered on the <a href="/wiki/US_7th_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="US 7th Fleet">US 7th Fleet</a> under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kinkaid" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Kinkaid">Thomas Kinkaid</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_First_Tactical_Air_Force" title="Australian First Tactical Air Force">Australian First Tactical Air Force</a> and the US Thirteenth Air Force also played important roles in the campaign. The campaign opened with a landing on the small island of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarakan_(1945)" title="Battle of Tarakan (1945)">Tarakan</a> on 1 May. This was followed on 1 June by simultaneous assaults in the northwest, on the island of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Oboe_Six" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Oboe Six">Labuan</a> and the coast of Brunei. A week later the Australians attacked Japanese positions in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Borneo" title="Battle of North Borneo">North Borneo</a>. The attention of the Allies then switched back to the central east coast, with the last major amphibious assault of World War II taking place at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balikpapan_(1945)" title="Battle of Balikpapan (1945)">Balikpapan</a> on 1 July. Although the campaign was criticized in Australia as a "waste" of the lives of soldiers, it achieved a number of objectives, such as increasing the isolation of significant Japanese forces occupying the Dutch East Indies, capturing major oil supplies and freeing Allied prisoners of war, who were being held in deteriorating conditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrey1999184–186-214">[200]</a> At one of the very worst sites, around <a href="/wiki/Sandakan" title="Sandakan">Sandakan</a> in Borneo, only six of 2,500 British and Australian prisoners survived.<a href="#cite_note-prisoners-189">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landings_in_the_Japanese_home_islands_(1945)">Landings in the Japanese home islands (1945)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Landings in the Japanese home islands (1945)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Japan_campaign" title="Japan campaign">Japan campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Downfall" title="Operation Downfall">Operation Downfall</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan" title="Air raids on Japan">Air raids on Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_bombs_falling_on_Kobe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/American_bombs_falling_on_Kobe.jpg/170px-American_bombs_falling_on_Kobe.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/American_bombs_falling_on_Kobe.jpg/255px-American_bombs_falling_on_Kobe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/American_bombs_falling_on_Kobe.jpg/340px-American_bombs_falling_on_Kobe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2019" /></a><figcaption>American B-29 Superfortresses drop incendiary bombs over the port city of <a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a>, June 1945</figcaption></figure> Hard-fought battles on the Japanese islands of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Iwo Jima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Okinawa</a>, and others resulted in horrific casualties on both sides before finally producing a Japanese defeat. Of the 117,000 Okinawan and Japanese troops defending Okinawa, 94 percent died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksStanley200741-184">[170]</a> Faced with the loss of most of their experienced pilots, the Japanese increased their use of kamikaze tactics in an attempt to create unacceptably high casualties for the Allies. The US Navy proposed to force a Japanese surrender through a total naval blockade and air raids.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkates1994-215">[201]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Many military historians believe that the Okinawa campaign led directly to the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings</a> as a means of avoiding the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Downfall" title="Operation Downfall">ground invasion of Japan</a>. This view is explained by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Victor Davis Hanson</a>: "because the Japanese on Okinawa... were so fierce in their defense (even when cut off, and without supplies), and because casualties were so appalling, many American strategists looked for an alternative means to subdue mainland Japan, other than a direct invasion. This means presented itself, with the advent of atomic bombs, which worked admirably in convincing the Japanese to sue for peace [unconditionally], without American casualties."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanson2004-216">[202]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Towards the end of the war, as strategic bombing became more important, a new command for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Strategic_Air_Forces_in_the_Pacific" title="United States Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific">United States Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific</a> was created to oversee all US strategic bombing in the hemisphere, under <a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Curtis_LeMay" title="Curtis LeMay">Curtis LeMay</a>. Japanese industrial production plunged as nearly half of the built-up areas of 67 cities were destroyed by B-29 <a href="/wiki/Firebombing" title="Firebombing">firebombing</a> raids. On 9–10 March 1945 LeMay oversaw Operation Meetinghouse, in which 300 B-29s dropped 1,665 tons of bombs, mostly napalm-carrying M-69 incendiary bombs, on the Japanese capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelden2008-217">[203]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] This attack is seen the most destructive bombing raid in history and killed between 80,000 and 100,000 people in a single night, destroying over 270,000 buildings and leaving over 1 million homeless.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelden2008-217">[203]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] In the ten days that followed, almost 10,000 bombs were dropped, destroying 31% of Tokyo, Nagoya, Osaka and Kobe. LeMay also oversaw <a href="/wiki/Operation_Starvation" title="Operation Starvation">Operation Starvation</a>, in which the inland waterways of Japan were extensively mined by air, which disrupted the little remaining Japanese coastal sea traffic. On 26 July 1945, US President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, Chiang, and Churchill issued the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a>, which outlined the terms of surrender for Japan that were agreed upon at the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Ultimatum" title="Ultimatum">ultimatum</a> stated that, if Japan did not surrender, it would face "prompt and utter destruction".<a href="#cite_note-atomicarchive-218">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atomic_bombs">Atomic bombs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Atomic bombs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagasakibomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/170px-Nagasakibomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/255px-Nagasakibomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/340px-Nagasakibomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3245" data-file-height="3877" /></a><figcaption>The mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></div> On 6 August 1945, the US dropped an <a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">atomic bomb</a> on the Japanese city of <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> in the first <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">nuclear attack</a> in history. In a press release issued after the bombing, Truman warned Japan to surrender or "expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this Earth".<a href="#cite_note-219">[205]</a> On 9 August, the US dropped <a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">another atomic bomb</a> on <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>. More than 140,000–240,000 people died as a direct result of these two bombings.<a href="#cite_note-anderson-220">[206]</a> The necessity of the atomic bombings <a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">has long been debated</a>, with detractors claiming that a naval <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">incendiary bombing</a> campaign had already made invasion, hence the atomic bomb, unnecessary.<a href="#cite_note-221">[207]</a> However, other scholars have argued that the atomic bombings shocked the Japanese government into surrender and helped avoid Operation Downfall, or a prolonged blockade and conventional bombing campaign, any of which would have exacted much higher casualties among Japanese civilians.<a href="#cite_note-anderson-220">[206]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Frank" title="Richard B. Frank">Richard B. Frank</a> wrote that a Soviet invasion of Japan was never likely because they had insufficient naval capability.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank200789-222">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_entry">Soviet entry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Soviet entry">edit</a>]</div> In February 1945 during the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> the Soviet Union had agreed to enter the war against Japan 90 days after the surrender of Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGailey2011Cleaver2018228-223">[209]</a> At the time, Soviet participation was seen as crucial in order to tie down the large number of Japanese forces in Manchuria and Korea, keeping them from being transferred to the Home Islands to defend against an invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGailey2011Cleaver2018228-223">[209]</a> On 9 August, exactly on schedule, the Soviet Union entered the war by invading Manchuria. A battle-hardened, one million-strong Soviet force, transferred from Europe,<a href="#cite_note-224">[210]</a> attacked Japanese forces of the Kantōgun (Kwantung Army) across most of the Manchurian frontier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarthoff1969312–336-225">[211]</a> The Manchurian strategic offensive operation began on 9 August 1945, with the Soviet invasion of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. This was the last campaign of the Second World War, and the largest of the 1945 <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a>, which resumed hostilities between the USSR and Japan after almost six years of peace. Soviet forces conquered Manchukuo, Mengjiang (Inner Mongolia) and northern Korea. The USSR's entry into the war was a significant factor in the Japanese decision to surrender, as it became apparent to the government in Tokyo that the Soviets were no longer willing to act as an intermediary for a negotiated settlement on terms favorable to Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToland2003806-226">[212]</a> In late 1945, the Soviets launched a series of successful invasions of northern Japanese territories, in preparation for the possible <a href="/wiki/Proposed_Soviet_invasion_of_Hokkaido" title="Proposed Soviet invasion of Hokkaido">invasion of Hokkaido</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of South Sakhalin">Invasion of South Sakhalin</a> (11–25 August) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_assault_on_Maoka" title="Soviet assault on Maoka">Maoka Landing</a> (19–22 August)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Invasion of the Kuril Islands</a> (18 August to 1 September) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Battle of Shumshu</a> (18–23 August)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surrender">Surrender</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Surrender">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_MacArthur_signs_formal_surrender.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Douglas_MacArthur_signs_formal_surrender.jpg/220px-Douglas_MacArthur_signs_formal_surrender.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Douglas_MacArthur_signs_formal_surrender.jpg/330px-Douglas_MacArthur_signs_formal_surrender.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Douglas_MacArthur_signs_formal_surrender.jpg/440px-Douglas_MacArthur_signs_formal_surrender.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1423" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> signs the formal <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">Japanese Instrument of Surrender</a> on <a href="/wiki/USS_Missouri_(BB-63)" title="USS Missouri (BB-63)">USS Missouri</a>, 2 September 1945.</figcaption></figure> Months of American air and naval attacks,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenfield1967120–121-227">[213]</a> two atomic bombings, and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria had a profound impact on Japanese decision-making. On 10 August 1945, Japanese Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Kantar%C5%8D_Suzuki" title="Kantarō Suzuki">Kantarō Suzuki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kantar%C5%8D_Suzuki_Cabinet" title="Kantarō Suzuki Cabinet">his cabinet</a> decided to accept the Potsdam terms on one condition: the "prerogative of His Majesty as a Sovereign Ruler". At noon on 15 August, after the American government's intentionally ambiguous reply, stating that the "authority" of the Emperor "shall be subject to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers", the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a> <a href="/wiki/Hirohito_surrender_broadcast" title="Hirohito surrender broadcast">broadcast the rescript of surrender</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsada1998477–512-228">[214]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Should we continue to fight, it would not only result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation, but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Emperor Hirohito, The Voice of the Crane: The Imperial Rescript of 15 August 1945<a href="#cite_note-229">[215]</a></cite></div></blockquote> In Japan, 14 August is considered the <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">end of the Pacific War</a>. However, as Imperial Japan actually surrendered on 15 August, this day became known in the English-speaking countries as <a href="/wiki/V-J_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="V-J Day">V-J Day</a> (Victory in Japan).<a href="#cite_note-230">[216]</a> The formal <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">Japanese Instrument of Surrender</a> was signed on 2 September 1945. The surrender was accepted by MacArthur as <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_for_the_Allied_Powers" title="Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers">Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers</a>. MacArthur then went to Tokyo to oversee the occupation of Japan (from 28 August 1945 to 28 April 1952, when the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco" title="Treaty of San Francisco">Treaty of San Francisco</a> came into force). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Casualties">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allied">Allied</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Allied">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarawa_beach_HD-SN-99-03001.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tarawa_beach_HD-SN-99-03001.JPEG/220px-Tarawa_beach_HD-SN-99-03001.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tarawa_beach_HD-SN-99-03001.JPEG/330px-Tarawa_beach_HD-SN-99-03001.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tarawa_beach_HD-SN-99-03001.JPEG/440px-Tarawa_beach_HD-SN-99-03001.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2425" /></a><figcaption>American corpses sprawled on the beach of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a>, November 1943</figcaption></figure> American casualties were 107,903 killed in action<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower1986365-231">[217]</a> and 208,333 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017527-27">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[218]</a> The figure for battle deaths include Army prisoners who died in Japanese captivity; this is the standard itemization of for US deaths in the Pacific War. However, historian <a href="/wiki/John_W._Dower" title="John W. Dower">John W. Dower</a> notes that there are inconsistencies within the official US statistics themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower1986365-231">[217]</a> The total number of deaths in the Pacific theaters rises to 132,723 if 24,820 non-combat Army deaths are included.<a href="#cite_note-233">[219]</a> Over half of all American losses suffered in the Pacific occurred between July 1944 and July 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower1986300-234">[220]</a> Combined, the US and allied navies lost nearly 200 warships, including 4 battleships, 12 aircraft carriers, 25 cruisers, 84 destroyers and destroyer escorts, 63 submarines, and nearly 30,000 aircraft. This gave the Allies a 2–1 exchange ratio with the Japanese in terms of ships and aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHara2011299-32">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[221]</a> The US protectorate in the Philippines suffered considerable losses. Military losses were 27,000 dead (including POWs), 75,000 living POWs, and an unknown number wounded, not counting irregulars that fought in the insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruhl200765-236">[222]</a> Between 500,000 and 1,000,000 Filipino civilians died due to war-related shortages, massacres, shelling, and bombing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruhl2007143–144-26">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Chinese <a href="/wiki/State_media" title="State media">state media</a> outlet <a href="/wiki/China_Daily" title="China Daily">China Daily</a> lists the total number of military and non-military casualties, both dead and wounded, at 35 million.<a href="#cite_note-237">[223]</a> Duncan Anderson, Head of the Department of War Studies at the Royal Military Academy, states that the total number of casualties was around 20 million.<a href="#cite_note-:2-238">[224]</a></li> <li>The official account of the war published in Taiwan reported that the Nationalist Chinese Army lost 3,238,000 men (1,797,000 wounded, 1,320,000 killed, and 120,000 missing) and 5,787,352 civilians casualties putting the total number of casualties at 9,025,352.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2002956-239">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meng_Guoxiang_1995-240">[226]</a> The soldiers of the Chinese Communist Party suffered 584,267 casualties, of which 160,603 were killed, 133,197 missing, and 290,467 wounded. This would equate to a total of 3.82 million combined NRA/CCP casualties, of which 1.74 million were killed or missing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2002956-239">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meng_Guoxiang_1995-240">[226]</a></li> <li>An academic study published in the United States estimates Chinese military casualties as 1.5 million killed in battle, 750,000 missing in action, 1.5 million deaths due to disease and 3 million wounded; civilian casualties: due to military activity, 1,073,496 killed and 237,319 wounded; 335,934 killed and 426,249 wounded in Japanese air attacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHo1959251-252-241">[227]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Rummel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Rummel">Rudolph Rummel</a> gave a figure of 3,949,000 people in China murdered directly by the Japanese army while giving a figure of 10,216,000 total dead in the war with the additional millions of deaths due to indirect causes like starvation or disease.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERummel1991348-242">[228]</a> Famines during the war caused by drought affected both China and <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a> in <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> led to starvation deaths of 2 to 3 million people, Guangdong famine caused more than 3 million people to flee or die, and the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Famine_of_1943" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal Famine of 1943">1943–1945 Indian famine in Bengal</a> killed about 7 million Indian civilians in <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[229]</a></li> <li>According to historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta, at least 2.7 million civilians died during the "kill all, loot all, burn all" operation (<a href="/wiki/Three_Alls_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Alls Policy">Three Alls Policy</a>) implemented in May 1942 in north China by general <a href="/wiki/Yasuji_Okamura" title="Yasuji Okamura">Yasuji Okamura</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHimeta199543-244">[230]</a></li> <li>The property loss suffered by the Chinese was valued at 383 billion US dollars according to the currency exchange rate in July 1937, roughly 50 times the <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> of Japan at that time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHe1978-245">[231]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The war created 95 million <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawfordFoster200790-246">[232]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commonwealth">Commonwealth</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Commonwealth">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_atrocities_imperial_war_museum_K9923.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Japanese_atrocities_imperial_war_museum_K9923.jpg/220px-Japanese_atrocities_imperial_war_museum_K9923.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Japanese_atrocities_imperial_war_museum_K9923.jpg/330px-Japanese_atrocities_imperial_war_museum_K9923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Japanese_atrocities_imperial_war_museum_K9923.jpg/440px-Japanese_atrocities_imperial_war_museum_K9923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Indian prisoners of war shot and bayoneted by Japanese soldiers</figcaption></figure> Between the Malayan Campaign (130,000 discounting some 20,000 Australians),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfieldCorfield2012743-247">[233]</a> <a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Burma Campaign</a> (86,600),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENesbit2009240-248">[234]</a> Battle of Hong Kong (15,000),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanham2005317-249">[235]</a> and various naval encounters, British, Dominion and Empire forces incurred some 235,000 casualties in the Pacific Theater, including roughly 82,000 killed (50,000 in combat and 32,000 as POWs).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHack20074-250">[236]</a> Britain incurred 90,332 casualties, of whom 29,968 were killed, 12,433 as prisoners of war.<a href="#cite_note-251">[237]</a> The Japanese captured a total of 50,016 POWs from Britain.<a href="#cite_note-hidden-252">[238]</a> The Royal Navy lost 23 warships in the Pacific and Indian oceans: 1 battleship, 1 battlecruiser, 1 aircraft carrier, 3 cruisers, 8 destroyers, 5 submarines, and 4 escorts.<a href="#cite_note-naval-history.net-253">[239]</a> There were significant indirect losses to the British Empire territories of India and Burma, including 3 million deaths in the Bengal famine and 0.25 to 1 million deaths in British Burma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn20101-28">[24]</a> Australia incurred casualties of 45,841 not including natural deaths: 17,501 killed (including POW deaths in captivity), 13,997 wounded, and 14,345 living POWs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong1963633–634-254">[240]</a> New Zealand lost 578 killed, with an unknown number wounded or captured.<a href="#cite_note-255">[241]</a> 294 Canadians were killed in Hong Kong and the Aleutians,<a href="#cite_note-256">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Battle_for_Kiska-257">[243]</a> and a further 1,691 were captured, of whom 273 died as POWs, for a total of 567 dead.<a href="#cite_note-hidden-252">[238]</a> Eight Royal Australian Navy warships were sunk: 3 cruisers (<a href="/wiki/HMAS_Canberra_(D33)" title="HMAS Canberra (D33)">Canberra</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Perth_(D29)" title="HMAS Perth (D29)">Perth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Sydney_(D48)" title="HMAS Sydney (D48)">Sydney</a>), 2 destroyers, and 3 corvettes.<a href="#cite_note-naval-history.net-253">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Others">Others</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Others">edit</a>]</div> Between Lake Khasan, Khalkin Gol, advisors deployed to China, and the 1945 operations in Manchuria and the Kuriles, Soviet casualties against Japan totaled 68,612: 22,731 killed/missing and 45,908 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-258">[244]</a> Material losses included some 1,000 tanks and AFVs, 5 landing ships, and 300 aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-259">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199730–31-261">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoox197353-262">[248]</a> Mongolian casualties were 753.<a href="#cite_note-:3-263">[249]</a> The entire 140,000-strong Royal Dutch East Indies Army was killed, captured, or missing by the conclusion of the East Indies Campaign. 1,500 colonial and 900 Dutch soldiers were killed in action.<a href="#cite_note-264">[250]</a> Most of the colonial soldiers were freed on the spot or deserted. Of the ethnic Dutch troops, 900 were killed in action and 37,000 became prisoners. 8,500 of these POWs would die in Japanese captivity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHack20074-250">[236]</a> Dutch naval losses in the Pacific numbered 2 cruisers, 7 destroyers, 5 submarines, 7 minelayers, and 7 minesweepers.<a href="#cite_note-265">[251]</a> About 30,000 Dutch and 300,000 Indonesian forced laborers died during the Japanese occupation of the East Indies,<a href="#cite_note-266">[252]</a> while 3 million Indonesian civilians perished in famines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruhl200719,_143-267">[253]</a> Similar to the Dutch, the 65,000-strong French colonial army in French Indochina (16,500 European French and 48,500 colonial) disintegrated at the end of the Japanese invasion. 2,129 European French and 2,100 Indochinese colonial troops were killed, while 12,000 French and 3,000 colonial troops were kept as prisoners. 1–2 million deaths occurred in French Indochina during the Japanese occupation, mostly due to the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Famine_of_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese Famine of 1945">1945 Vietnamese Famine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarr199561-268">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Axis">Axis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Axis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deceased_Japanese_soldiers_after_Battle_of_the_Tenaru,_Guadalcanal,_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Deceased_Japanese_soldiers_after_Battle_of_the_Tenaru%2C_Guadalcanal%2C_1942.jpg/220px-Deceased_Japanese_soldiers_after_Battle_of_the_Tenaru%2C_Guadalcanal%2C_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Deceased_Japanese_soldiers_after_Battle_of_the_Tenaru%2C_Guadalcanal%2C_1942.jpg/330px-Deceased_Japanese_soldiers_after_Battle_of_the_Tenaru%2C_Guadalcanal%2C_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Deceased_Japanese_soldiers_after_Battle_of_the_Tenaru%2C_Guadalcanal%2C_1942.jpg/440px-Deceased_Japanese_soldiers_after_Battle_of_the_Tenaru%2C_Guadalcanal%2C_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2827" data-file-height="2226" /></a><figcaption>IJA soldiers after a <a href="/wiki/Banzai_charge" title="Banzai charge">suicide charge</a> on US Marine positions in <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo_kushu_1945-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Tokyo_kushu_1945-3.jpg/220px-Tokyo_kushu_1945-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Tokyo_kushu_1945-3.jpg/330px-Tokyo_kushu_1945-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Tokyo_kushu_1945-3.jpg/440px-Tokyo_kushu_1945-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption>Charred remains of civilians killed in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Meetinghouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Meetinghouse">the 10 March firebombing</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, codenamed Operation Meetinghouse, which killed an estimated 100,000 people, March 1945</figcaption></figure> Eight hundred thousand Japanese civilians and over 2 million Japanese soldiers died during the war. According to a report by the Relief Bureau of the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare in 1964, combined Japanese Army and Navy deaths during the war (1937–1945) numbered approximately 2,121,000 men, mostly against either the Americans (over 1.3 million), or against Chinese factions (over 500,000). The losses were broken down as follows:<a href="#cite_note-AJProject-16">[13]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:right""> <caption>Losses </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Location</th> <th scope="col">Army dead</th> <th scope="col">Navy dead</th> <th scope="col">Total </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:right">Japan </th> <td>58,100</td> <td>45,800</td> <td>103,900 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:right">Bonin Islands </th> <td>2,700</td> <td>12,500</td> <td>15,200 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:right">Okinawa </th> <td>67,900</td> <td>21,500</td> <td>89,400 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:right">Formosa (Taiwan) </th> <td>28,500</td> <td>10,600</td> <td>39,100 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:right">Korea </th> <td>19,600</td> <td>6,900</td> <td>26,500 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:right">Sakhalin, the Aleutian, & Kuril Islands </th> <td>8,200</td> <td>3,200</td> <td>11,400 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:right">Manchuria </th> <td>45,900</td> <td>800</td> <td>46,700 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:right">China (incl. Hong Kong) </th> <td>435,600</td> <td>20,100</td> <td>455,700 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:right">Siberia </th> <td>52,300</td> <td>400</td> <td>52,700 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:right">Central Pacific </th> <td>95,800</td> <td>151,400</td> <td>247,200 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:right">Philippines </th> <td>377,500</td> <td>121,100</td> <td>498,600 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:right">French Indochina </th> <td>7,900</td> <td>4,500</td> <td>12,400 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:right">Thailand </th> <td>6,900</td> <td>100</td> <td>7,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:right">Burma (incl. India) </th> <td>163,000</td> <td>1,500</td> <td>164,500 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:right">Malaya & Singapore </th> <td>8,500</td> <td>2,900</td> <td>11,400 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:right">Andaman & Nicobar Islands </th> <td>900</td> <td>1,500</td> <td>2,400 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:right">Sumatra </th> <td>2,700</td> <td>500</td> <td>3,200 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:right">Java </th> <td>2,700</td> <td>3,800</td> <td>6,500 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:right">Lesser Sundas </th> <td>51,800</td> <td>1,200</td> <td>53,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:right">Borneo </th> <td>11,300</td> <td>6,700</td> <td>18,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:right">Celebes </th> <td>1,500</td> <td>4,000</td> <td>5,500 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:right">Moluccas </th> <td>2,600</td> <td>1,800</td> <td>4,400 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:right">New Guinea </th> <td>112,400</td> <td>15,200</td> <td>127,600 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:right">Bismarck Archipelago </th> <td>19,700</td> <td>10,800</td> <td>30,500 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:right">Solomon Islands </th> <td>63,200</td> <td>25,000</td> <td>88,200 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:right">Totals</th> <th>1,647,200</th> <th>473,800</th> <th>2,121,000 </th></tr></tbody></table> General George C. Marshall put Japanese "battle dead" against the Americans at 965,000 (South Pacific: 684,000, Central Pacific: 273,000, Aleutians: 8,000), with 37,308 captured, from 7 December 1941 to 30 June 1945 (the war had yet to conclude). These are juxtaposed with the losses in the theater of the US Army alone, suggesting Japanese naval casualties were not included. His figure for Japanese "battle dead" in China was 126,000 in the same period.<a href="#cite_note-269">[255]</a> The IJN lost over 341 warships, including 11 battleships, 25 aircraft carriers, 39 cruisers, 135 destroyers, and 131 submarines, almost entirely in action against the US Navy. The IJN and IJA together lost 45,125 aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHara2011=297–299-270">[256]</a> Germany lost ten submarines and four <a href="/wiki/Armed_merchantman#Auxiliary_cruisers" title="Armed merchantman">auxiliary cruisers</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_auxiliary_cruiser_Thor" title="German auxiliary cruiser Thor">Thor</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_auxiliary_cruiser_Michel" title="German auxiliary cruiser Michel">Michel</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_auxiliary_cruiser_Pinguin" title="German auxiliary cruiser Pinguin">Pinguin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_auxiliary_cruiser_Kormoran" title="German auxiliary cruiser Kormoran">Kormoran</a>) in the Indian and Pacific oceans.<a href="#cite_note-naval-history.net-253">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_crimes">War crimes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: War crimes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_atrocities._Philippines,_China,_Burma,_Japan_-_NARA_-_292598.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Japanese_atrocities._Philippines%2C_China%2C_Burma%2C_Japan_-_NARA_-_292598.jpg/220px-Japanese_atrocities._Philippines%2C_China%2C_Burma%2C_Japan_-_NARA_-_292598.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Japanese_atrocities._Philippines%2C_China%2C_Burma%2C_Japan_-_NARA_-_292598.jpg/330px-Japanese_atrocities._Philippines%2C_China%2C_Burma%2C_Japan_-_NARA_-_292598.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Japanese_atrocities._Philippines%2C_China%2C_Burma%2C_Japan_-_NARA_-_292598.jpg/440px-Japanese_atrocities._Philippines%2C_China%2C_Burma%2C_Japan_-_NARA_-_292598.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1987" /></a><figcaption>A Filipino woman and child killed by Japanese forces in the <a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre" title="Manila massacre">Manila massacre</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II#Crimes_perpetrated_by_Japan" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes in World War II § Crimes perpetrated by Japan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_Japan">By Japan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: By Japan">edit</a>]</div> During the Pacific War, Japanese soldiers killed millions of non-combatants, including <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a>, from surrounding nations.<a href="#cite_note-271">[257]</a> At least 20 million Chinese died during <a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sino-Japanese_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The Second Sino-Japanese War">the Second Sino-Japanese War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-238">[224]</a> The Three Alls Policy was responsible for the deaths of more than 2.7 million Chinese civilians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHimeta1995-272">[258]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix2000367-273">[259]</a> The Nanjing Massacre is the most infamous example of Japanese atrocities against civilians during the war.<a href="#cite_note-274">[260]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a>, more than 200,000 Chinese civilians were killed,<a href="#cite_note-IMTFE-275">[261]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_War_Crimes_Tribunal" title="Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal">Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal</a> concluded that over 300,000 died. The <a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre" title="Manila massacre">Manila massacre</a> killed over 100,000 Filipino civilians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDauria2014-276">[262]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Japan also employed <a href="/wiki/Biological_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological weapons">biological weapons</a>. According to the findings of the Tokyo Tribunal, the death rate of Western prisoners was 27%, seven times that of Western POWs under the Germans and Italians.<a href="#cite_note-prisoners-189">[175]</a> Some of the more notorious instances of abuse of prisoners were the Bataan Death March and forced labor in the construction of the Burma–Thailand "<a href="/wiki/Death_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Death Railway">Death Railway</a>". Around 1,536 US civilians died in Japanese internment camps, compared to 883 in German internment camps.<a href="#cite_note-277">[263]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_girl_from_one_of_the_Japanese_Army%27s_%27comfort_battalions%27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Chinese_girl_from_one_of_the_Japanese_Army%27s_%27comfort_battalions%27.jpg/220px-Chinese_girl_from_one_of_the_Japanese_Army%27s_%27comfort_battalions%27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Chinese_girl_from_one_of_the_Japanese_Army%27s_%27comfort_battalions%27.jpg/330px-Chinese_girl_from_one_of_the_Japanese_Army%27s_%27comfort_battalions%27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Chinese_girl_from_one_of_the_Japanese_Army%27s_%27comfort_battalions%27.jpg/440px-Chinese_girl_from_one_of_the_Japanese_Army%27s_%27comfort_battalions%27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption>A young Chinese girl from a Japanese 'comfort battalion' being interviewed by a British officer. Rangoon, Burma, 1945</figcaption></figure> A widely publicized example of institutionalized sexual slavery are <a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a>—200,000 women and girls, mostly from Korea and China, who were forced to serve in Japanese military camps. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_the_Allies">By the Allies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: By the Allies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II#Asia_and_the_Pacific_War" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes during World War II § Asia and the Pacific War</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo_(10_March_1945)" title="Bombing of Tokyo (10 March 1945)">firebombing of Tokyo</a> has been described by writer <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Rauch" title="Jonathan Rauch">Jonathan Rauch</a> as a war crime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERauch2002-278">[264]</a> A <a href="/wiki/United_States_Strategic_Bombing_Survey" title="United States Strategic Bombing Survey">United States Strategic Bombing Survey</a> estimated that 84% of the attacked area was residential, mostly inhabited by women, children and the elderly;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelden2007-279">[265]</a> the over 100,000 victims constitute the deadliest aerial bombing raid in history. American soldiers commonly <a href="/wiki/American_mutilation_of_Japanese_war_dead" title="American mutilation of Japanese war dead">collected the body parts of dead Japanese soldiers as trophies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower198664-66-280">[266]</a> American soldiers are alleged to have committed rapes during the Battle of Okinawa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanaka2003110–111-281">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tribunals">Tribunals</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Tribunals">edit</a>]</div> The International Military Tribunal for the Far East in <a href="/wiki/Ichigaya" title="Ichigaya">Ichigaya</a> from 29 April 1946 to 12 November 1948 tried those accused of the most serious war crimes. Military tribunals were also held throughout Asia and the Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennisGreyMorrisPrior2008576–577-282">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGibbon2000580–581-283">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissent_in_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Dissent in the Armed Forces of the Empire of Japan">Dissent in the Armed Forces of the Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">European theatre of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_note" title="Hull note">Hull note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese-American_service_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese-American service in World War II">Japanese-American service in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_holdout" title="Japanese holdout">Japanese holdouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_the_Chinese_resistance_to_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan">Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanshin-ron" title="Nanshin-ron">Nanshin-ron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Theater_aircraft_carrier_operations_during_World_War_II" title="Pacific Theater aircraft carrier operations during World War II">Pacific Theater aircraft carrier operations during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War_campaigns" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific War campaigns">Pacific War campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Plan_Orange" title="War Plan Orange">War Plan Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna_during_the_Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallis and Futuna during the Second World War">Wallis and Futuna during the Second World War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Although Japan had been <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">invading and occupying China</a> since 1937, war was not officially declared. Japan would later <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack Pearl Harbor</a> on 7 December 1941, which brought the contained war in China into the wider global conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECh'i1992157-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Strength of the US Military in Asia and the Pacific as of war's end: Army: 1,770,036,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoakleyLeighton1989836-5">[4]</a> Navy (excluding Coast Guard and Marines): 1,366,716,<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> and Marine Corps: 484,631.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> These figures do not include the Coast Guard or naval personnel in the China-Burma-India theater.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Not including the Royal Netherlands Navy. </li> <li id="cite_note-alliedcasualties-21"><a href="#cite_ref-alliedcasualties_21-0">^</a> Allied casualties: <ul><li>China: 10 million, including 3.8 million deaths</li> <li>United States: 107,903 battle deaths (not including deaths by accidents or disease), 208,333 wounded and 14,473 living POWs<a href="#cite_note-hidden-252">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower1986365-231">[217]</a></li> <li>British Empire: Up to 231,119 casualties,<a href="#cite_note-284">[270]</a> 82,000 dead<a href="#cite_note-285">[271]</a></li> <li>Australia: Over 51,000<a href="#cite_note-286">[272]</a> 17,501 killed<a href="#cite_note-287">[273]</a></li> <li>Philippines: 27,000 killed, more than 70,000 prisoners<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruhl200765-236">[222]</a></li> <li>Soviet Union: 30,253 total<a href="#cite_note-Krivosheev-288">[274]</a></li> <li>Netherlands: 9,400 dead<a href="#cite_note-289">[275]</a></li> <li>France: Up to 20,000</li> <li>Mongolia: 1,000<a href="#cite_note-290">[276]</a></li> <li>New Zealand: 578 dead<a href="#cite_note-291">[277]</a></li> <li>Mexico: 5 dead<a href="#cite_note-292">[278]</a></li></ul> Malaria was the most dangerous disease in the Pacific War. 500,000 American soldiers contracted the disease.<a href="#cite_note-293">[279]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Estimates of 1 to 6 million Chinese civilian deaths (1937–1945);<a href="#cite_note-Chinese_People_Contribute_to_WWII-22">[18]</a> around 4 million civilian deaths from the Dutch East Indies;,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower1986295-23">[19]</a> 1–2 million Vietnamese civilian deaths;<a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a> around 3 million<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999203-25">[21]</a> Indian civilian deaths in the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a>; 0.5 to 1 million<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruhl2007143–144-26">[22]</a> Filipino civilian deaths; 91,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017527-27">[23]</a> to 1,000,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn20101-28">[24]</a> Burmese civilian deaths; 50,000<a href="#cite_note-29">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">East Timorese</a> civilian deaths; and hundreds of thousands of Malayan, Pacific and other civilian deaths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower1986295-23">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> 2,133,915 Japanese military deaths 1937–1945,<a href="#cite_note-34">[29]</a> 1.18 million Chinese collaborator casualties 1937–1945 (432,000 dead),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERummel1991Table_5A-35">[30]</a> 22,000 Burmese casualties,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] 5,600 Thai troops killed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurashima20061057n-36">[31]</a> and 2,615 Indian National Army (<a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a>) killed/missing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2002556-37">[32]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> 460,000 Japanese civilian deaths (338,000 in the bombings of Japan,<a href="#cite_note-39">[33]</a> 100,000 in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a>, 22,000 in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saipan" title="Battle of Saipan">Battle of Saipan</a>), 543,000 Korean civilian deaths (mostly due to Japanese forced labor projects),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruhl200719-40">[34]</a> 2,000–8,000 Thai civilian deaths<a href="#cite_note-41">[35]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> "For fifty-three long months, beginning in July 1937, China stood alone, single-handedly fighting an undeclared war against Japan. On 9 December 1941, after Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, what had been for so long a war between two countries now became part of a much wider Pacific conflict."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECh'i1992157-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESun199611-3">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> : "It was not an official term, but a term of incitement used by the Japanese media, under the guidance of the military, in order to stir up the Japanese people's sense of crisis..."<a href="#cite_note-70">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[63]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_Patrol" title="Neutrality Patrol">Neutrality Patrol</a> had US destroyers fighting at sea, but no state of war had been declared by Congress. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_on_Japan" title="United Kingdom declaration of war on Japan">United Kingdom declaration of war on Japan</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Japan" title="United States declaration of war on Japan">United States declaration of war on Japan</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> The US thereby reversed its opposition to unrestricted submarine warfare. After the war, when moralistic doubts about Hiroshima and other raids on civilian targets were loudly voiced, no one criticized Roosevelt's submarine policy. (Two German admirals, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder">Erich Raeder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a>, faced charges at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg War Crimes Trials</a> of violating international law through unrestricted submarine warfare; the court acquitted them after they proved that Allied merchant ships were legitimate military targets under the rules in force at the time.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]) </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Chihaya went on to note that when the IJN belatedly improved its ASW methods, the US submarine force responded by increasing Japanese losses.<a href="#cite_note-152">[139]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECh'i1992157-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECh'i1992157_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECh'i1992157_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECh'i1992157_1-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCh'i1992">Ch'i 1992</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESun199611-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESun199611_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESun199611_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSun1996">Sun 1996</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings2008205-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHastings2008205_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHastings2008">Hastings 2008</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoakleyLeighton1989836-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoakleyLeighton1989836_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoakleyLeighton1989">Coakley & Leighton 1989</a>, p. 836. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/u/us-navy-personnel-in-world-war-ii-service-and-casualty-statistics.html">"US Navy Personnel in World War II Service and Casualty Statistics"</a>. Naval History and Heritage Command. Table 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309115010/http://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/u/us-navy-personnel-in-world-war-ii-service-and-casualty-statistics.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Navy+Personnel+in+World+War+II+Service+and+Casualty+Statistics&rft.pages=Table+9&rft.pub=Naval+History+and+Heritage+Command&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fresearch%2Flibrary%2Fonline-reading-room%2Ftitle-list-alphabetically%2Fu%2Fus-navy-personnel-in-world-war-ii-service-and-casualty-statistics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> King, Ernest J. (1945). Third Report to the Secretary of the Navy p. 221 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/u/us-navy-personnel-in-world-war-ii-service-and-casualty-statistics.html">"US Navy Personnel in World War II Service and Casualty Statistics"</a>. Naval History and Heritage Command. Footnote 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309115010/http://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/u/us-navy-personnel-in-world-war-ii-service-and-casualty-statistics.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Navy+Personnel+in+World+War+II+Service+and+Casualty+Statistics&rft.pages=Footnote+2&rft.pub=Naval+History+and+Heritage+Command&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fresearch%2Flibrary%2Fonline-reading-room%2Ftitle-list-alphabetically%2Fu%2Fus-navy-personnel-in-world-war-ii-service-and-casualty-statistics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings200810-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHastings200810_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHastings200810_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHastings2008">Hastings 2008</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-chapter10-11"><a href="#cite_ref-chapter10_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/I/AAF-I-10.html">"Chapter 10: Loss of the Netherlands East Indies"</a>. The Army Air Forces in World War II. HyperWar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210909200010/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/I/AAF-I-10.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Army+Air+Forces+in+World+War+II&rft.atitle=Chapter+10%3A+Loss+of+the+Netherlands+East+Indies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FAAF%2FI%2FAAF-I-10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECherevko2003Ch._7,_Table_7-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECherevko2003Ch._7,_Table_7_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCherevko2003">Cherevko 2003</a>, Ch. 7, Table 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECookCook1993403-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookCook1993403_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCookCook1993">Cook & Cook 1993</a>, p. 403. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/mharrison/public/ww2overview1998.pdf">Harrison p. 29</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220107035322/https://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/mharrison/public/ww2overview1998.pdf">Archived</a> 7 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 10 March 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-AJProject-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AJProject_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AJProject_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustralia-Japan_Research_Project" class="citation web cs1">Australia-Japan Research Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/AJRP2.nsf/530e35f7e2ae7707ca2571e3001a112d/e7daa03b9084ad56ca257209000a85f7?OpenDocument">"Dispositions and deaths"</a>. Australian War Memorial. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311073745/http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/AJRP2.nsf/530e35f7e2ae7707ca2571e3001a112d/e7daa03b9084ad56ca257209000a85f7?OpenDocument">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2016. <q>Figures were compiled by the Relief Bureau of the Ministry of Health and Welfare in March 1964</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dispositions+and+deaths&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.au=Australia-Japan+Research+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fajrp.awm.gov.au%2Fajrp%2FAJRP2.nsf%2F530e35f7e2ae7707ca2571e3001a112d%2Fe7daa03b9084ad56ca257209000a85f7%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer1997309-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyer1997309_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeyer1997">Meyer 1997</a>, p. 309. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJowett200572-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJowett200572_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJowett2005">Jowett 2005</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navsource.org/Naval/losses.htm#dd">www.navsource.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225234227/http://www.navsource.org/Naval/losses.htm#dd">Archived</a> 25 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 25 July 2015; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/">www.uboat.net</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309115013/http://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/">Archived</a> 9 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 25 July 2015; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naval-history.net/WW2aBritishLosses01BB.htm">Major British Warship Losses in World War II.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309122707/http://www.naval-history.net/WW2aBritishLosses01BB.htm">Archived</a> 9 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 25 July 2015; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldnavalships.com/chinese_navy.htm">Chinese Navy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131118022141/http://www.worldnavalships.com/chinese_navy.htm">Archived</a> 18 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 26 July 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Hara, Tameichi, with Fred Saito and Roger Pineau. Japanese Destroyer Captain (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2011), p. 299.Figure is for U.S. losses only. China, the British Commonwealth, the USSR and other nations collectively add several thousand more to this total. </li> <li id="cite_note-Chinese_People_Contribute_to_WWII-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Chinese_People_Contribute_to_WWII_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/celebrations/128172.htm">"Chinese People Contribute to WWII"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160526132642/http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/celebrations/128172.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinese+People+Contribute+to+WWII&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2Ffeatures%2Fcelebrations%2F128172.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower1986295-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDower1986295_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDower1986295_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDower1986">Dower 1986</a>, p. 295. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoh2008" class="citation web cs1">Koh, David (21 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019142402/http://mailman.anu.edu.au/pipermail/hepr-vn/2008-August/000188.html">"Vietnam needs to remember famine of 1945"</a>. The Straits Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mailman.anu.edu.au/pipermail/hepr-vn/2008-August/000188.html">the original</a> on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2010 – via Australian National University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Vietnam+needs+to+remember+famine+of+1945&rft.date=2008-08-21&rft.aulast=Koh&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmailman.anu.edu.au%2Fpipermail%2Fhepr-vn%2F2008-August%2F000188.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999203-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999203_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSen1999">Sen 1999</a>, p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruhl2007143–144-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruhl2007143–144_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruhl2007143–144_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGruhl2007">Gruhl 2007</a>, pp. 143–144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017527-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017527_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017527_27-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2017">Clodfelter 2017</a>, pp. 527. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn20101-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn20101_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn20101_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcLynn2010">McLynn 2010</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Ruas, Óscar Vasconcelos, "Relatório 1946–47", AHU </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHara2011297-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHara2011297_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHara2011">Hara 2011</a>, p. 297. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHara2011299-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHara2011299_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHara2011299_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHara2011">Hara 2011</a>, p. 299. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/AUPress/Books/B_0020_SPANGRUD_STRATEGIC_BOMBING_SURVEYS.pdf">USSBS Summary Report, p. 67.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230611191229/https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/AUPress/Books/B_0020_SPANGRUD_STRATEGIC_BOMBING_SURVEYS.pdf">Archived</a> 11 June 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 5/26/23. Approximately 20,000 in combat and 30,000 operational. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Bren, John (3 June 2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://japanfocus.org/-John-Breen/2060">"Yasukuni Shrine: Ritual and Memory"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150409063001/http://japanfocus.org/-John-Breen/2060">Archived</a> 9 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Japan Focus. Retrieved on 5 June 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERummel1991Table_5A-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERummel1991Table_5A_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRummel1991">Rummel 1991</a>, Table 5A. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurashima20061057n-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurashima20061057n_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurashima2006">Murashima 2006</a>, p. 1057n. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2002556-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2002556_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2002">Clodfelter 2002</a>, p. 556. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP13.HTM">Statistics of democide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151227113638/http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP13.HTM">Archived</a> 27 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: Chapter 13: Death By American Bombing, <a href="/wiki/RJ_Rummel" class="mw-redirect" title="RJ Rummel">RJ Rummel</a>, University of Hawaii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruhl200719-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruhl200719_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGruhl2007">Gruhl 2007</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> E. Bruce Reynolds, "Aftermath of Alliance: The Wartime Legacy in Thai-Japanese Relations", Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, v21, n1, March 1990, pp. 66–87. "An <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">OSS</a> document (XL 30948, RG 226, USNA) quotes Thai Ministry of Interior figures of 8,711 air raids deaths in 1944–1945 and damage to more than 10,000 buildings, most of them totally destroyed. However, an account by <a href="/wiki/Seni_Pramoj" title="Seni Pramoj">M. R. Seni Pramoj</a> (a typescript entitled 'The Negotiations Leading to the Cessation of a State of War with Great Britain' and filed under Papers on World War II, at the Thailand Information Center, Chulalongkorn University, p. 12) indicates that only about 2,000 Thai died in air raids." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrayMillett2001143-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurrayMillett2001143_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurrayMillett2001">Murray & Millett 2001</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacLeod19991-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacLeod19991_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacLeod1999">MacLeod 1999</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrea199826-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrea199826_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrea1998">Drea 1998</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECostello1982129–148-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostello1982129–148_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCostello1982">Costello 1982</a>, p. 129–148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2002585-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2002585_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2002">Clodfelter 2002</a>, p. 585. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansen2002626-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJansen2002626_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJansen2002">Jansen 2002</a>, p. 626. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110319223150/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/timeline/factfiles/nonflash/a1141958.shtml">"WW2 People's War – Timeline"</a>. BBC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/timeline/factfiles/nonflash/a1141958.shtml">the original</a> on 19 March 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WW2+People%27s+War+%E2%80%93+Timeline&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fww2peopleswar%2Ftimeline%2Ffactfiles%2Fnonflash%2Fa1141958.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ho-Chi-Minh/World-War-II-and-the-founding-of-the-Vietnamese-state">"World War II and the founding of the Vietnamese state"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica (Online ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201106180200/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ho-Chi-Minh/World-War-II-and-the-founding-of-the-Vietnamese-state">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=World+War+II+and+the+founding+of+the+Vietnamese+state&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FHo-Chi-Minh%2FWorld-War-II-and-the-founding-of-the-Vietnamese-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/books/coldwar/huk/ch2.htm">"The Hukbalahap Insurrection: World War II and Huk Expansion"</a>. US Army. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210825103755/https://history.army.mil/books/coldwar/huk/ch2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hukbalahap+Insurrection%3A+World+War+II+and+Huk+Expansion&rft.pub=US+Army&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fcoldwar%2Fhuk%2Fch2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_J._Jaffe1943" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Jaffe" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip J. Jaffe">Philip J. Jaffe</a> (1943). Amerasia, Volume 7. Amerasia, inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amerasia%2C+Volume+7&rft.pub=Amerasia%2C+inc.&rft.date=1943&rft.au=Philip+J.+Jaffe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandler20011067–1068-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandler20011067–1068_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSandler2001">Sandler 2001</a>, pp. 1067–1068. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandler2001945-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandler2001945_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSandler2001">Sandler 2001</a>, p. 945. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090109223834/http://www.dean.usma.edu/history/web03/atlases/ww2%20pacific/ww2%20pacific%20%20maps/ww2%20asia%20map%2016.jpg">"Map of the Pacific Theater"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dean.usma.edu/history/web03/atlases/ww2%20pacific/ww2%20pacific%20%20maps/ww2%20asia%20map%2016.jpg">the original</a> on 9 January 2009. Retrieved 31 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Map+of+the+Pacific+Theater&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dean.usma.edu%2Fhistory%2Fweb03%2Fatlases%2Fww2%2520pacific%2Fww2%2520pacific%2520%2520maps%2Fww2%2520asia%2520map%252016.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarmsen2013-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarmsen2013_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarmsen2013">Harmsen 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarmsen2015-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarmsen2015_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarmsen2015">Harmsen 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsen2012-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsen2012_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlsen2012">Olsen 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKinnon2008-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKinnon2008_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacKinnon2008">MacKinnon 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitter2013" class="citation book cs1">Mitter, Rana (2013). Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937-1945. Houghton Mifflin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Ally%3A+China%27s+World+War+II%2C+1937-1945&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Mitter&rft.aufirst=Rana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrea2005-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrea2005_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrea2005">Drea 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELin201055-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin201055_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLin2010">Lin 2010</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarver1988120-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarver1988120_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarver1988">Garver 1988</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansen2002636-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJansen2002636_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJansen2002">Jansen 2002</a>, p. 636. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman1994320-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman1994320_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFairbankGoldman1994">Fairbank & Goldman 1994</a>, p. 320. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELind201028-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELind201028_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLind2010">Lind 2010</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERummel1991-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERummel1991_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRummel1991">Rummel 1991</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000578/19401118/022/0002">"Japans desperate gamble"</a>. Aberdeen Journal. 18 November 1940. Retrieved 6 May 2015 – via <a href="/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive" title="British Newspaper Archive">British Newspaper Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aberdeen+Journal&rft.atitle=Japans+desperate+gamble&rft.date=1940-11-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2Fviewer%2Fbl%2F0000578%2F19401118%2F022%2F0002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Kokushi Daijiten ("Historical Dictionary"), 1980 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Cited by Christopher Barnard, 2003, Language, Ideology and Japanese History Textbooks, London & New York, Routledge Curzon, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/effectsofstrateg53unit">"The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japan's War Economy"</a>, United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Washington December 1946, Table B-2. From 1942 to 1945, 92,511,000 yen was spent on the IJA and 59,766,000 yen was spent on the IJN. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201423-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201423_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStille2014">Stille 2014</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie1997">Evans & Peattie 1997</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott1983-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillmott1983_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillmott1983">Willmott 1983</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201428-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201428_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201428_77-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStille2014">Stille 2014</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoogRahnStumpfWegner2001175-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoogRahnStumpfWegner2001175_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoogRahnStumpfWegner2001">Boog et al. 2001</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997488-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997488_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997488_79-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie1997">Evans & Peattie 1997</a>, p. 488. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997113-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997113_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie1997">Evans & Peattie 1997</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParillo199360-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParillo199360_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParillo1993">Parillo 1993</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1941/dec/08/prime-ministers-declaration#column_1358">"Prime Minister's Declaration"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a>. 8 December 1941. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140912062140/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1941/dec/08/prime-ministers-declaration#column_1358">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=Prime+Minister%27s+Declaration&rft.date=1941-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1941%2Fdec%2F08%2Fprime-ministers-declaration%23column_1358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110926204630/http://www.hbci.com/~tgort/japan.htm">"Declaration of War with Japan"</a>. United States Congress. 8 December 1941. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbci.com/~tgort/japan.htm">the original</a> on 26 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Declaration+of+War+with+Japan&rft.pub=United+States+Congress&rft.date=1941-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbci.com%2F~tgort%2Fjapan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1941/411208b.html">"Canada Declares War on Japan"</a>. Inter-Allied Review. 15 December 1941. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924132004/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1941/411208b.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015 – via Pearl Harbor History Associates, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inter-Allied+Review&rft.atitle=Canada+Declares+War+on+Japan&rft.date=1941-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fpha%2Fpolicy%2F1941%2F411208b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1941/411208c.html">"The Kingdom of the Netherlands Declares War with Japan"</a>. Inter-Allied Review. 15 December 1941. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100114173653/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1941/411208c.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2009 – via Pearl Harbor History Associates Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inter-Allied+Review&rft.atitle=The+Kingdom+of+the+Netherlands+Declares+War+with+Japan&rft.date=1941-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fpha%2Fpolicy%2F1941%2F411208c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/timeline/411209awp.html">"Australia Declares War on Japan"</a>. Inter-Allied Review. 15 December 1941. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513181507/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/timeline/411209awp.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 3 October 2009 – via Pearl Harbor History Associates Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inter-Allied+Review&rft.atitle=Australia+Declares+War+on+Japan&rft.date=1941-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fpha%2Ftimeline%2F411209awp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecherWilkenfeld1997407-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecherWilkenfeld1997407_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrecherWilkenfeld1997">Brecher & Wilkenfeld 1997</a>, p. 407. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber2010-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber2010_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber2010">Barber 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeattie2007168–169-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeattie2007168–169_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeattie2007">Peattie 2007</a>, pp. 168–169. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/remembering1942/singapore/transcript.htm">"Remembering 1942, The fall of Singapore, 15 February 1942"</a>. Awm.gov.au. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820045754/http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/remembering1942/singapore/transcript.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remembering+1942%2C+The+fall+of+Singapore%2C+15+February+1942&rft.pub=Awm.gov.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fatwar%2Fremembering1942%2Fsingapore%2Ftranscript.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL.1999–2000" class="citation web cs1">L., Klemen (1999–2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/bali.html">"The capture of Bali Island, February 1942"</a>. Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120325051425/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/bali.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forgotten+Campaign%3A+The+Dutch+East+Indies+Campaign+1941%E2%80%931942&rft.atitle=The+capture+of+Bali+Island%2C+February+1942&rft.date=1999%2F2000&rft.aulast=L.&rft.aufirst=Klemen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarfare.gq%2Fdutcheastindies%2Fbali.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DutchTimor-95"><a href="#cite_ref-DutchTimor_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlemen1999–2000" class="citation web cs1">Klemen, L (1999–2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/timor_dutch.html">"The Japanese Invasion of Dutch West Timor Island, February 1942"</a>. Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130925120236/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/timor_dutch.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forgotten+Campaign%3A+The+Dutch+East+Indies+Campaign+1941%E2%80%931942&rft.atitle=The+Japanese+Invasion+of+Dutch+West+Timor+Island%2C+February+1942&rft.date=1999%2F2000&rft.aulast=Klemen&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarfare.gq%2Fdutcheastindies%2Ftimor_dutch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> See <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Timor" title="Battle of Timor">Battle of Timor</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeattie2007170–172-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeattie2007170–172_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeattie2007">Peattie 2007</a>, pp. 170–172. </li> <li id="cite_note-JavaSea-97"><a href="#cite_ref-JavaSea_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL1999–2000" class="citation web cs1">L, Klemen (1999–2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/java_sea.html">"The Java Sea Battle, February 1942"</a>. Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726052834/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/java_sea.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forgotten+Campaign%3A+The+Dutch+East+Indies+Campaign+1941%E2%80%931942&rft.atitle=The+Java+Sea+Battle%2C+February+1942&rft.date=1999%2F2000&rft.aulast=L&rft.aufirst=Klemen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwarfare.gq%2Fdutcheastindies%2Fjava_sea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Java-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Java_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlemen1999–2000" class="citation web cs1">Klemen, L (1999–2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/java.html">"The conquest of Java Island, March 1942"</a>. Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726052648/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/java.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forgotten+Campaign%3A+The+Dutch+East+Indies+Campaign+1941%E2%80%931942&rft.atitle=The+conquest+of+Java+Island%2C+March+1942&rft.date=1999%2F2000&rft.aulast=Klemen&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarfare.gq%2Fdutcheastindies%2Fjava.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWomack1999–2000" class="citation web cs1">Womack, Tom (1999–2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/north_sumatra.html">"An Abandoned Army – The KNIL and The Japanese Invasion of Northern Dutch Sumatra"</a>. Dutch East Indies Campaign website. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726052052/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/north_sumatra.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Abandoned+Army+%E2%80%93+The+KNIL+and+The+Japanese+Invasion+of+Northern+Dutch+Sumatra&rft.pub=Dutch+East+Indies+Campaign+website&rft.date=1999%2F2000&rft.aulast=Womack&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwarfare.gq%2Fdutcheastindies%2Fnorth_sumatra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeattie2007172-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeattie2007172_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeattie2007">Peattie 2007</a>, p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHsuChang1971">Hsu & Chang 1971</a>, p. 377. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott2014149-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillmott2014149_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillmott2014149_102-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillmott2014149_102-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillmott2014">Willmott 2014</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott2014213-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillmott2014213_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillmott2014">Willmott 2014</a>, p. 213. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-104"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/curtin/in-office.aspx">"In office – John Curtin – Australia's PMs – Australia's Prime Ministers"</a>. Primeministers.naa.gov.au. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117203302/http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/curtin/in-office.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+office+%E2%80%93+John+Curtin+%E2%80%93+Australia%27s+PMs+%E2%80%93+Australia%27s+Prime+Ministers&rft.pub=Primeministers.naa.gov.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprimeministers.naa.gov.au%2Fprimeministers%2Fcurtin%2Fin-office.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Cited in Frank Crowley (1973) Vol 2, p. 51 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/remember.nsf/Web-Printer/C6FD73CC5C579789CA256AC000135979?OpenDocument">"Remembering the war in New Guinea – Rabaul"</a>. Ajrp.awm.gov.au. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724193820/http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/remember.nsf/Web-Printer/C6FD73CC5C579789CA256AC000135979?OpenDocument">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remembering+the+war+in+New+Guinea+%E2%80%93+Rabaul&rft.pub=Ajrp.awm.gov.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fajrp.awm.gov.au%2Fajrp%2Fremember.nsf%2FWeb-Printer%2FC6FD73CC5C579789CA256AC000135979%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/remember.nsf/Web-Printer/597517651CB0681ACA256D3C0021BBE6?OpenDocument">"Remembering the war in New Guinea – Were the Japanese going to invade?"</a>. Ajrp.awm.gov.au. 19 February 1942. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110916223551/http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/remember.nsf/Web-Printer/597517651CB0681ACA256D3C0021BBE6?OpenDocument">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remembering+the+war+in+New+Guinea+%E2%80%93+Were+the+Japanese+going+to+invade%3F&rft.pub=Ajrp.awm.gov.au&rft.date=1942-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fajrp.awm.gov.au%2Fajrp%2Fremember.nsf%2FWeb-Printer%2F597517651CB0681ACA256D3C0021BBE6%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100413131337/http://home.st.net.au/~dunn/japsubs/midgetsubs.htm">"Midget Submarines history at"</a>. Home.st.net.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.st.net.au/~dunn/japsubs/midgetsubs.htm">the original</a> on 13 April 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Midget+Submarines+history+at&rft.pub=Home.st.net.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.st.net.au%2F~dunn%2Fjapsubs%2Fmidgetsubs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201431-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201431_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201431_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201431_109-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201431_109-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFStille2014">Stille 2014</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansen2002648-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJansen2002648_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJansen2002">Jansen 2002</a>, p. 648. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott1983118-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillmott1983118_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillmott1983118_111-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillmott1983">Willmott 1983</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201431–32-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201431–32_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStille2014">Stille 2014</a>, pp. 31–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201432-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201432_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201432_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201432_113-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201432_113-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFStille2014">Stille 2014</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201432–34-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201432–34_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStille2014">Stille 2014</a>, pp. 32–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201434-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201434_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201434_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201434_115-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201434_115-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201434_115-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFStille2014">Stille 2014</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997489-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997489_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie1997">Evans & Peattie 1997</a>, p. 489. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParshallTully200533-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParshallTully200533_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParshallTully2005">Parshall & Tully 2005</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParshallTully200519–38-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParshallTully200519–38_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParshallTully2005">Parshall & Tully 2005</a>, pp. 19–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott200255-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillmott200255_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillmott2002">Willmott 2002</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201435Willmott200255-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201435Willmott200255_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStille2014">Stille 2014</a>, p. 35; <a href="#CITEREFWillmott2002">Willmott 2002</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201436-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201436_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201436_121-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStille2014">Stille 2014</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201437-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201437_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201437_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201437_122-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStille2014">Stille 2014</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201438-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201438_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201438_123-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201438_123-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStille2014">Stille 2014</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-AWM-124"><a href="#cite_ref-AWM_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/E84334">"Battle of Milne Bay from 25 August 1942 to 07 September 1942"</a>. Australian War Memorial. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215173558/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/E84334">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+Milne+Bay+from+25+August+1942+to+07+September+1942&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FE84334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott200296-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillmott200296_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillmott2002">Willmott 2002</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott2002109-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillmott2002109_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillmott2002">Willmott 2002</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997490-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997490_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie1997">Evans & Peattie 1997</a>, p. 490. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECh'i1992158-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECh'i1992158_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCh'i1992">Ch'i 1992</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoppa201128-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoppa201128_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchoppa2011">Schoppa 2011</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETanaka1996138-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanaka1996138_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTanaka1996">Tanaka 1996</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChevrierChomiczewskiGarrigue200419-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChevrierChomiczewskiGarrigue200419_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChevrierChomiczewskiGarrigue2004">Chevrier, Chomiczewski & Garrigue 2004</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroddyWirtz2005171-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroddyWirtz2005171_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCroddyWirtz2005">Croddy & Wirtz 2005</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-LIFE-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LIFE_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LIFE_133-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VFQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA45">"Chinese Victory: Changteh is Lost and Won in Battle Called Most Decisive in Three Years"</a>. Life. 21 February 1944. p. 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=Chinese+Victory%3A+Changteh+is+Lost+and+Won+in+Battle+Called+Most+Decisive+in+Three+Years&rft.pages=45&rft.date=1944-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVFQEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Agar, Jon Science in the 20th Century and Beyond, p. 281. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen198497–101-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen198497–101_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen1984">Allen 1984</a>, pp. 97–101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1984112–116-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1984112–116_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen1984">Allen 1984</a>, pp. 112–116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlim1956180-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlim1956180_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlim1956">Slim 1956</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997491-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997491_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie1997">Evans & Peattie 1997</a>, p. 491. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParillo1993-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParillo1993_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParillo1993">Parillo 1993</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair1975-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair1975_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair1975_140-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlair1975">Blair 1975</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoscoe1949-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoscoe1949_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoscoe1949">Roscoe 1949</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_142-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToll2020" class="citation book cs1">Toll, Ian W. (2020). Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 1944–1945. New York: W. W. Norton. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08065-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08065-0"><bdi>978-0-393-08065-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twilight+of+the+Gods%3A+War+in+the+Western+Pacific%2C+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-393-08065-0&rft.aulast=Toll&rft.aufirst=Ian+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Prange et al. Pearl Harbor Papers </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoscoe1958-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoscoe1958_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoscoe1958_144-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoscoe1958">Roscoe 1958</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair1975991–992-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair1975991–992_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlair1975">Blair 1975</a>, pp. 991–992. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020915040344/http://www.dutchsubmarines.com">"Boats"</a>. dutchsubmarines.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dutchsubmarines.com">the original</a> on 15 September 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dutchsubmarines.com&rft.atitle=Boats&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dutchsubmarines.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-UsSubs-147"><a href="#cite_ref-UsSubs_147-0">^</a> Larry Kimmett and Margaret Regis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120122195944/http://www.navpublishing.com/subtour1.htm">U.S. Submarines in World War II</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd197927–40-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd197927–40_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyd1979">Boyd 1979</a>, pp. 27–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds1974512-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds1974512_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds1974">Reynolds 1974</a>, p. 512. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Farago, Ladislas. Broken Seal.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Chihaya Masataka, in Pearl Harbor Papers, p. 323. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair1975359–360,_551–552,_816-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair1975359–360,_551–552,_816_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlair1975">Blair 1975</a>, pp. 359–360, 551–552, 816. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRD_Designs1941" class="citation web cs1">RD Designs (7 December 1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pigboats.com/ww2/ww2sinkings.html">"Sinkings By Boat"</a>. Pigboats.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511144011/http://www.pigboats.com/ww2/ww2sinkings.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sinkings+By+Boat&rft.pub=Pigboats.com&rft.date=1941-12-07&rft.au=RD+Designs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pigboats.com%2Fww2%2Fww2sinkings.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair1975877-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair1975877_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlair1975">Blair 1975</a>, p. 877. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Joint_Army-Navy_Assessment_Committee1947" class="citation cs2">The Joint Army-Navy Assessment Committee (February 1947), Transcribed and formatted for HTML by Larry Jewell & Patrick Clancey (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/IJN/JANAC-Losses/index.html#contents">Japanese Naval and Merchant Shipping Losses During World War II by All Causes NAVEXOS P-468</a>, Hyperwar project ed. Patrick Clancey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090217221200/http://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/IJN/JANAC-Losses/index.html#contents">archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2009, retrieved 9 June 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Naval+and+Merchant+Shipping+Losses+During+World+War+II+by+All+Causes+NAVEXOS+P-468&rft.pub=Hyperwar+project+ed.+Patrick+Clancey&rft.date=1947-02&rft.au=The+Joint+Army-Navy+Assessment+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FJapan%2FIJN%2FJANAC-Losses%2Findex.html%23contents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022958/http://memim.com/operation-ichi-go.html">"Operation Ichi-Go"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memim.com/operation-ichi-go.html">the original</a> on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 6 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Operation+Ichi-Go&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemim.com%2Foperation-ichi-go.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davison-159"><a href="#cite_ref-Davison_159-0">^</a> Davison, John The Pacific War: Day By Day, pp. 37, 106 </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> 新聞記者が語りつぐ戦争 16 中国慰霊読売新聞社 (1983/2) p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiaobing2012163-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiaobing2012163_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFXiaobing2012">Xiaobing 2012</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1984157–167-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1984157–167_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen1984">Allen 1984</a>, pp. 157–167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlim1956289,_299-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlim1956289,_299_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlim1956">Slim 1956</a>, pp. 289, 299. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondTachikawa2004122-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBondTachikawa2004122_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBondTachikawa2004">Bond & Tachikawa 2004</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens70-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens70_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStevens">Stevens</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEY'Blood198114-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEY'Blood198114_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFY'Blood1981">Y'Blood 1981</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201446-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201446_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201446_167-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStille2014">Stille 2014</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201447-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201447_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201447_168-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201447_168-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201447_168-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201447_168-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFStille2014">Stille 2014</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEY'Blood198115-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEY'Blood198115_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEY'Blood198115_169-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFY'Blood1981">Y'Blood 1981</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2010227-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2010227_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHopkins2010">Hopkins 2010</a>, p. 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2010227Gailey2011301-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2010227Gailey2011301_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHopkins2010">Hopkins 2010</a>, p. 227; <a href="#CITEREFGailey2011">Gailey 2011</a>, p. 301. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2010230Gailey2011318-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2010230Gailey2011318_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHopkins2010">Hopkins 2010</a>, p. 230; <a href="#CITEREFGailey2011">Gailey 2011</a>, p. 318. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2010230-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2010230_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHopkins2010">Hopkins 2010</a>, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/battle-of-peleliu">"Battle of Peleliu"</a>. 21 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024030750/http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/battle-of-peleliu">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+Peleliu&rft.date=2018-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fworld-war-ii%2Fbattle-of-peleliu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212239/http://www.usmcmuseum.com/Exhibits_UncommonValor_p15.asp">"Uncommon Valor: 1940 – 1945"</a>. 3 March 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usmcmuseum.com/Exhibits_UncommonValor_p15.asp">the original</a> on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uncommon+Valor%3A+1940+%E2%80%93+1945&rft.date=2016-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usmcmuseum.com%2FExhibits_UncommonValor_p15.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEY'Blood1981212-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEY'Blood1981212_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFY'Blood1981">Y'Blood 1981</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeattie2007188Willmott200537-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeattie2007188Willmott200537_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeattie2007">Peattie 2007</a>, p. 188; <a href="#CITEREFWillmott2005">Willmott 2005</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201476Peattie2007188–189-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201476Peattie2007188–189_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStille2014">Stille 2014</a>, p. 76; <a href="#CITEREFPeattie2007">Peattie 2007</a>, pp. 188–189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201449-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201449_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201449_179-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201449_179-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201449_179-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFStille2014">Stille 2014</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201450-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201450_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201450_180-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201450_180-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStille2014">Stille 2014</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStille201450Willmott2005255-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStille201450Willmott2005255_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStille2014">Stille 2014</a>, p. 50; <a href="#CITEREFWillmott2005">Willmott 2005</a>, p. 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaver201831-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaver201831_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaver201831_182-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCleaver2018">Cleaver 2018</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlemen" class="citation web cs1">Klemen, L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/201squadron.html">"201st Mexican Fighter Squadron"</a>. The Netherlands East Indies 1941–1942. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726052413/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/201squadron.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Netherlands+East+Indies+1941%E2%80%931942&rft.atitle=201st+Mexican+Fighter+Squadron&rft.aulast=Klemen&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwarfare.gq%2Fdutcheastindies%2F201squadron.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksStanley200741-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooksStanley200741_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooksStanley200741_184-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrooksStanley2007">Brooks & Stanley 2007</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Powers, D. (2011): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/japan_no_surrender_01.shtml">Japan: No Surrender in World War Two</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190929201011/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/japan_no_surrender_01.shtml">Archived</a> 29 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC History (17 February 2011). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1984457-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1984457_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen1984">Allen 1984</a>, p. 457. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHsuChang1971">Hsu & Chang 1971</a>, p. 457. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlim1956468–469-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlim1956468–469_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlim1956">Slim 1956</a>, pp. 468–469. </li> <li id="cite_note-prisoners-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prisoners_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prisoners_189-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prisoners_189-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTowleKosugeKibata2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Towle" title="Philip Towle">Towle, Philip</a>; Kosuge, Margaret; Kibata, Yōichi (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ktCv32ysz0AC&pg=PA47">Japanese prisoners of war</a>. Continuum. pp. 47–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-192-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85285-192-9"><bdi>1-85285-192-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+prisoners+of+war&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85285-192-9&rft.aulast=Towle&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Kosuge%2C+Margaret&rft.au=Kibata%2C+Y%C5%8Dichi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DktCv32ysz0AC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2010291-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2010291_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2010291_190-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHopkins2010">Hopkins 2010</a>, p. 291. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGailey2011408Hopkins2010291-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGailey2011408Hopkins2010291_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGailey2011">Gailey 2011</a>, p. 408; <a href="#CITEREFHopkins2010">Hopkins 2010</a>, p. 291. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichsGallicchio2017263-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichsGallicchio2017263_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeinrichsGallicchio2017">Heinrichs & Gallicchio 2017</a>, p. 263. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichsGallicchio2017265-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichsGallicchio2017265_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichsGallicchio2017265_193-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichsGallicchio2017265_193-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichsGallicchio2017265_193-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeinrichsGallicchio2017">Heinrichs & Gallicchio 2017</a>, p. 265. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGailey2011410-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGailey2011410_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGailey2011410_194-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGailey2011">Gailey 2011</a>, p. 410. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichsGallicchio2017268-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichsGallicchio2017268_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeinrichsGallicchio2017">Heinrichs & Gallicchio 2017</a>, p. 268. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGailey2011420-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGailey2011420_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGailey2011420_196-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGailey2011">Gailey 2011</a>, p. 420. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Robert S. Burrell, "Breaking the Cycle of Iwo Jima Mythology: A Strategic Study of Operation Detachment", Journal of Military History Volume 68, Number 4, October 2004, pp. 1143–1186 and rebuttal <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/journal_of_military_history/v068/68.4burrell.html">in Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121906/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=%2Fjournals%2Fjournal_of_military_history%2Fv068%2F68.4burrell.html">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichsGallicchio2017365-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichsGallicchio2017365_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeinrichsGallicchio2017">Heinrichs & Gallicchio 2017</a>, p. 365. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2010303Cleaver2018227–228-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2010303Cleaver2018227–228_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHopkins2010">Hopkins 2010</a>, p. 303; <a href="#CITEREFCleaver2018">Cleaver 2018</a>, pp. 227–228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichsGallicchio2017366-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichsGallicchio2017366_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeinrichsGallicchio2017">Heinrichs & Gallicchio 2017</a>, p. 366. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichsGallicchio2017367-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichsGallicchio2017367_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeinrichsGallicchio2017">Heinrichs & Gallicchio 2017</a>, p. 367. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaver2018184-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaver2018184_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCleaver2018">Cleaver 2018</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaver2018189-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaver2018189_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCleaver2018">Cleaver 2018</a>, p. 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrichsGallicchio2017379-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrichsGallicchio2017379_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeinrichsGallicchio2017">Heinrichs & Gallicchio 2017</a>, p. 379. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaver2018226-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaver2018226_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCleaver2018">Cleaver 2018</a>, p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander1996-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander1996_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlexander1996">Alexander 1996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGailey2011445-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGailey2011445_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGailey2011">Gailey 2011</a>, p. 445. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGailey2011445HeinrichsGallicchio2017412-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGailey2011445HeinrichsGallicchio2017412_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGailey2011445HeinrichsGallicchio2017412_208-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGailey2011">Gailey 2011</a>, p. 445; <a href="#CITEREFHeinrichsGallicchio2017">Heinrichs & Gallicchio 2017</a>, p. 412. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYahara1997-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYahara1997_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYahara1997">Yahara 1997</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGailey2011445Cleaver2018170-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGailey2011445Cleaver2018170_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGailey2011">Gailey 2011</a>, p. 445; <a href="#CITEREFCleaver2018">Cleaver 2018</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1982248-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1982248_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1982248_211-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1982">Wilson 1982</a>, p. 248. </li> <li id="cite_note-hsu458-212">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hsu458_212-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hsu458_212-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHsuChang1971">Hsu & Chang 1971</a>, pp. 452–457. </li> <li id="cite_note-whampoanet-213"><a href="#cite_ref-whampoanet_213-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoplite.cn/Templates/hpjh0106.htm">National Revolutionary Army Order of Battle for the Battle of West Hunan</a>". China Whampoa Academy Net. 11 September 2007 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150704192016/http://www.hoplite.cn/Templates/hpjh0106.htm">Archived</a> 4 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrey1999184–186-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrey1999184–186_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrey1999">Grey 1999</a>, pp. 184–186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkates1994-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkates1994_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkates1994">Skates 1994</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanson2004-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanson2004_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHanson2004">Hanson 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESelden2008-217">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelden2008_217-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelden2008_217-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSelden2008">Selden 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-atomicarchive-218"><a href="#cite_ref-atomicarchive_218-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/Hiroshima/Potsdam.shtml">"Potsdam Declaration: Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender Issued, at Potsdam, July 26, 1945"</a>. National Science Digital Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170902045406/http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/Hiroshima/Potsdam.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Potsdam+Declaration%3A+Proclamation+Defining+Terms+for+Japanese+Surrender+Issued%2C+at+Potsdam%2C+July+26%2C+1945&rft.pub=National+Science+Digital+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atomicarchive.com%2FDocs%2FHiroshima%2FPotsdam.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/truman-hiroshima">"Statement by The President"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150810205913/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/truman-hiroshima">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Statement+by+The+President&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Fprimary-resources%2Ftruman-hiroshima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-anderson-220">^ <a href="#cite_ref-anderson_220-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-anderson_220-1">b</a> Professor Duncan Anderson, 2005, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nuclear_02.shtml">"Nuclear Power: The End of the War Against Japan"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080518104216/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nuclear_02.shtml">Archived</a> 18 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (World War Two, BBC History) Access date: 11 September 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> See, for example, Alperowitz, G., The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb (1995; New York, Knopf; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-44331-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-44331-2">0-679-44331-2</a>) for this argument.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank200789-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank200789_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrank2007">Frank 2007</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGailey2011Cleaver2018228-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGailey2011Cleaver2018228_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGailey2011Cleaver2018228_223-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGailey2011">Gailey 2011</a>; <a href="#CITEREFCleaver2018">Cleaver 2018</a>, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBuMDG2TvcY">Battlefield S4/E3 – The Battle of Manchuria – The Forgotten Victory</a>. YouTube. 10 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151127004757/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBuMDG2TvcY">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battlefield+S4%2FE3+%E2%80%93+The+Battle+of+Manchuria+%E2%80%93+The+Forgotten+Victory&rft.date=2012-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DLBuMDG2TvcY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarthoff1969312–336-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarthoff1969312–336_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarthoff1969">Garthoff 1969</a>, pp. 312–336. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToland2003806-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToland2003806_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFToland2003">Toland 2003</a>, p. 806. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenfield1967120–121-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenfield1967120–121_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenfield1967">Greenfield 1967</a>, pp. 120–121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsada1998477–512-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsada1998477–512_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsada1998">Asada 1998</a>, pp. 477–512. </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Clancey" class="citation web cs1">Patrick Clancey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/Dip/Crane.html">"The Voice of the Crane: The Imperial Rescript of 15 Aug 45"</a>. ibiblio. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120110051447/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/Dip/Crane.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ibiblio&rft.atitle=The+Voice+of+the+Crane%3A+The+Imperial+Rescript+of+15+Aug+45&rft.au=Patrick+Clancey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FPTO%2FDip%2FCrane.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wanpela.com/holdouts/list.html">"Chronology of Japanese Holdouts"</a>. Wanpela. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080807114251/http://www.wanpela.com/holdouts/list.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+Japanese+Holdouts&rft.pub=Wanpela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wanpela.com%2Fholdouts%2Flist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower1986365-231">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDower1986365_231-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDower1986365_231-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDower1986365_231-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDower1986">Dower 1986</a>, p. 365. </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostello2009" class="citation book cs1">Costello, John (2009). The Pacific War: 1941-1945. New York: Harper Perennial. p. 675. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-01620-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-01620-3"><bdi>978-0-688-01620-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pacific+War%3A+1941-1945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=675&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-688-01620-3&rft.aulast=Costello&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA438106.pdf">Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle Deaths in World War II: 7 December 1941–31 December 1946</a> (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: Statistical and Accounting Branch, Office of the Adjutant General, U.S. Department of the Army. 1 June 1953. pp. 109–110.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Army+Battle+Casualties+and+Nonbattle+Deaths+in+World+War+II%3A+7+December+1941%E2%80%9331+December+1946&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E110&rft.pub=Statistical+and+Accounting+Branch%2C+Office+of+the+Adjutant+General%2C+U.S.+Department+of+the+Army&rft.date=1953-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fsti%2Fpdfs%2FADA438106.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower1986300-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDower1986300_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDower1986">Dower 1986</a>, p. 300. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navsource.org">NavSource Naval History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110225185751/http://navsource.org">Archived</a> 25 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 25 July 2015; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uboat.net">German U-boats</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101230055449/http://uboat.net">Archived</a> 30 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 25 July 2015; Major British Warship Losses in World War II. Retrieved 25 July 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruhl200765-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruhl200765_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruhl200765_236-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGruhl2007">Gruhl 2007</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-08/15/content_468908.htm">"Remember role in ending fascist war"</a>. China Daily. 15 August 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151107080147/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-08/15/content_468908.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft.atitle=Remember+role+in+ending+fascist+war&rft.date=2005-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fenglish%2Fdoc%2F2005-08%2F15%2Fcontent_468908.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-238">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_238-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_238-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nuclear_01.shtml">"BBC – History – World Wars: Nuclear Power: The End of the War Against Japan"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151128194317/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nuclear_01.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+History+%E2%80%93+World+Wars%3A+Nuclear+Power%3A+The+End+of+the+War+Against+Japan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fworldwars%2Fwwtwo%2Fnuclear_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2002956-239">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2002956_239-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2002956_239-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2002">Clodfelter 2002</a>, p. 956. </li> <li id="cite_note-Meng_Guoxiang_1995-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meng_Guoxiang_1995_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meng_Guoxiang_1995_240-1">b</a> Meng Guoxiang & Zhang Qinyuan, 1995. ｢关于抗日战争中我国军民伤亡数字问题｣. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHo1959251-252-241"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHo1959251-252_241-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHo1959">Ho 1959</a>, p. 251-252. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERummel1991348-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERummel1991348_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRummel1991">Rummel 1991</a>, p. 348. </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/in-the-media/churchill-in-the-news/bengali-famine/">"The Bengali Famine"</a>. The International Churchill Society. 18 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107085547/https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/in-the-media/churchill-in-the-news/bengali-famine/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 8 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+International+Churchill+Society&rft.atitle=The+Bengali+Famine&rft.date=2008-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwinstonchurchill.org%2Fresources%2Fin-the-media%2Fchurchill-in-the-news%2Fbengali-famine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHimeta199543-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHimeta199543_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHimeta1995">Himeta 1995</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHe1978-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHe1978_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHe1978">He 1978</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawfordFoster200790-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawfordFoster200790_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrawfordFoster2007">Crawford & Foster 2007</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfieldCorfield2012743-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorfieldCorfield2012743_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorfieldCorfield2012">Corfield & Corfield 2012</a>, p. 743. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENesbit2009240-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENesbit2009240_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNesbit2009">Nesbit 2009</a>, p. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanham2005317-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanham2005317_249-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBanham2005">Banham 2005</a>, p. 317. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHack20074-250">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHack20074_250-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHack20074_250-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlackburnHack2007">Blackburn & Hack 2007</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/65th-anniversary-of-victory-over-japan-day">"65th anniversary of Victory over Japan Day"</a>. Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240901202025/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/65th-anniversary-of-victory-over-japan-day">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2024. Retrieved 1 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=65th+anniversary+of+Victory+over+Japan+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fnews%2F65th-anniversary-of-victory-over-japan-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hidden-252">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hidden_252-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hidden_252-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hidden_252-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTanaka1996">Tanaka 1996</a>, pp. 2, 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-naval-history.net-253">^ <a href="#cite_ref-naval-history.net_253-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naval-history.net_253-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naval-history.net_253-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naval-history.net/WW2aBritishLosses10tables.htm">"British Losses & Losses Inflicted on Axis Navies"</a>. naval-history.net. 1 December 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190424104208/http://www.naval-history.net/WW2aBritishLosses10tables.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=naval-history.net&rft.atitle=British+Losses+%26+Losses+Inflicted+on+Axis+Navies&rft.date=2010-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naval-history.net%2FWW2aBritishLosses10tables.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELong1963633–634-254"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong1963633–634_254-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLong1963">Long 1963</a>, pp. 633–634. </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> "Honouring NZ's Pacific War dead". Beehive. 15 August 2005. Retrieved 31 October 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanadian_War_Museum" class="citation web cs1">Canadian War Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.warmuseum.ca/war-against-japan/#pacific">"Canada at War Against Japan, 1941–1945"</a>. warmuseum.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240902034802/https://www.warmuseum.ca/war-against-japan/#pacific">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2024. Retrieved 2 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=warmuseum.ca&rft.atitle=Canada+at+War+Against+Japan%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.au=Canadian+War+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.warmuseum.ca%2Fwar-against-japan%2F%23pacific&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Battle_for_Kiska-257"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Battle_for_Kiska_257-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://canadianheroes.org/henri/the-battle-for-kiska-story.htm">"The Battle for Kiska"</a>, Canadian Heroes, canadianheroes.org, 13 May 2002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060106104820/http://canadianheroes.org/henri/the-battle-for-kiska-story.htm">archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2006, retrieved 2 September 2024, <q>Originally Published in Esprit de Corp Magazine, Volume 9 Issue 4 and Volume 9 Issue 5</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Heroes&rft.atitle=The+Battle+for+Kiska&rft.date=2002-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcanadianheroes.org%2Fhenri%2Fthe-battle-for-kiska-story.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> (12,031 killed and 24,425 wounded in the 1945 <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Soviet invasion of Manchuria</a>, 10,495 killed and 21,456 wounded in the 1938 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Khasan" title="Battle of Lake Khasan">Battle of Lake Khasan</a> and 1939 <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a>), 205 advisors killed in China. </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> Per <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armchairgeneral.com/rkkaww2/battles/khalkhin_gol/losses.htm">"Soviet Losses in the Khalkhin Gol Battle"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224053816/http://www.armchairgeneral.com/rkkaww2/battles/khalkhin_gol/losses.htm">Archived</a> 24 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, losses at Khalkin Gol were: 30 <a href="/wiki/BT-7" title="BT-7">BT-7s</a>, 27 BT-7RTs,2 BT-7As, 127 <a href="/wiki/BT-5" title="BT-5">BT-5s</a>, 30 BT-5RTs, 8 <a href="/wiki/T-26" title="T-26">T-26s</a>, 10 <a href="/wiki/KhT-26" class="mw-redirect" title="KhT-26">KhT-26</a>S, 2 <a href="/wiki/KhT-130" class="mw-redirect" title="KhT-130">KhT-130</a>S, 17 <a href="/wiki/T-37A_tank" title="T-37A tank">T-37s</a>, and 133 BA-6/BA-10 armored cars. This does not include tanks that only sustained light to moderate damage, or ones lost due to mechanical failure. </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> Japanese Monograph no. 154: Record of Operations against Soviet Russia, Eastern Front August 1945, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199730–31-261"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199730–31_261-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, pp. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoox197353-262"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoox197353_262-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoox1973">Coox 1973</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-263"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_263-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080505031426/http://www.soldat.ru/doc/casualties/book/chapter5_10_1.html#5_10_51">"Russia and USSR in Wars of the 20th Century"</a>. И. И. Ивлев. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soldat.ru/doc/casualties/book/chapter5_10_1.html#5_10_51">the original</a> on 5 May 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+and+USSR+in+Wars+of+the+20th+Century&rft.pub=%D0%98.+%D0%98.+%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soldat.ru%2Fdoc%2Fcasualties%2Fbook%2Fchapter5_10_1.html%235_10_51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> "World War II: The Defensive Phase", US Army Center of Military History, p. 87 </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/war_losses.html?navy=HNMS">Allied War Losses.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100619224644/http://uboat.net/allies/warships/war_losses.html?navy=HNMS">Archived</a> 19 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> uboat.net. Retrieved 24 February 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> United Nations, Economic and Social Council, Report of the Working Group for Asia and the Far East, Supp. 10. 1947 pp. 13–14 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruhl200719,_143-267"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruhl200719,_143_267-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGruhl2007">Gruhl 2007</a>, pp. 19, 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarr199561-268"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarr199561_268-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarr1995">Marr 1995</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> George C. Marshall, Biennial reports of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army to the Secretary of War: 1 July 1939–30 June 1945. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, 1996. p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHara2011=297–299-270"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHara2011=297–299_270-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHara2011">Hara 2011</a>, p. =297–299. </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP3.HTM">"Rummel, R.J. Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900 Chapter 3. LIT Verlag Münster-Hamburg-Berlin-Wien-London-Zürich (1999)"</a>. Hawaii.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100323044733/http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP3.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 31 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rummel%2C+R.J.+Statistics+of+Democide%3A+Genocide+and+Mass+Murder+since+1900+Chapter+3.+LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster-Hamburg-Berlin-Wien-London-Z%C3%BCrich+%281999%29&rft.pub=Hawaii.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaii.edu%2Fpowerkills%2FSOD.CHAP3.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHimeta1995-272"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHimeta1995_272-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHimeta1995">Himeta 1995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix2000367-273"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBix2000367_273-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBix2000">Bix 2000</a>, p. 367. </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapel2004" class="citation web cs1">Chapel, Joseph (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/133p/133p04papers/JChapelNanjing046.htm">"Denial of the Holocaust and the Rape of Nanking"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175232/http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/133p/133p04papers/JChapelNanjing046.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Denial+of+the+Holocaust+and+the+Rape+of+Nanking&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Chapel&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.ucsb.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fmarcuse%2Fclasses%2F133p%2F133p04papers%2FJChapelNanjing046.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMTFE-275"><a href="#cite_ref-IMTFE_275-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Chapter VIII: Conventional War Crimes (Atrocities)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/IMTFE/IMTFE-8.html">Judgement: International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a>. November 1948. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180804062413/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/IMTFE/IMTFE-8.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+VIII%3A+Conventional+War+Crimes+%28Atrocities%29&rft.btitle=Judgement%3A+International+Military+Tribunal+for+the+Far+East&rft.date=1948-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FPTO%2FIMTFE%2FIMTFE-8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDauria2014-276"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDauria2014_276-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDauria2014">Dauria 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140528114728/http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/usprisoners_japancomp.htm#world">"U.S. Prisoners of War and Civilian American Citizens Captured and Interned by Japan in World War II: The Issue of Compensation by Japan"</a>. history.navy.mil. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/usprisoners_japancomp.htm#world">the original</a> on 28 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.navy.mil&rft.atitle=U.S.+Prisoners+of+War+and+Civilian+American+Citizens+Captured+and+Interned+by+Japan+in+World+War+II%3A+The+Issue+of+Compensation+by+Japan.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Flibrary%2Fonline%2Fusprisoners_japancomp.htm%23world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERauch2002-278"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERauch2002_278-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRauch2002">Rauch 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESelden2007-279"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelden2007_279-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSelden2007">Selden 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower198664-66-280"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDower198664-66_280-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDower1986">Dower 1986</a>, p. 64-66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETanaka2003110–111-281"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanaka2003110–111_281-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTanaka2003">Tanaka 2003</a>, pp. 110–111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennisGreyMorrisPrior2008576–577-282"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennisGreyMorrisPrior2008576–577_282-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDennisGreyMorrisPrior2008">Dennis et al. 2008</a>, pp. 576–577. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGibbon2000580–581-283"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGibbon2000580–581_283-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGibbon2000">McGibbon 2000</a>, pp. 580–581. </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> see <a href="/wiki/Malaya_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaya Campaign">Malaya Campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Burma Campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Battle of Hong Kong</a>, including Canadian troops </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> Kevin Blackburn, Karl Hack. "Forgotten Captives in Japanese-Occupied Asia". 2007. Page 4. British Empire POWs are given a death rate of 25%. </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/new-guinea/ng.htm">"New Guinea: The US Army Campaigns of World War II "</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111221082120/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/new-guinea/ng.htm">Archived</a> 21 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. For the <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="New Guinea Campaign">New Guinea Campaign</a>: 5,698 Australian casualties prior to January 1943, 17,107 between January 1943 and April 1944, and ~4,000 from April 1944 to the end of the war. </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDearFoot2005" class="citation book cs1">Dear, I. C. B.; Foot, M. R. D. (2005). "Australia". The Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford University Press. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280670-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280670-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280670-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Australia&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+World+War+II&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280670-3&rft.aulast=Dear&rft.aufirst=I.+C.+B.&rft.au=Foot%2C+M.+R.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krivosheev-288"><a href="#cite_ref-Krivosheev_288-0">^</a> G. F. Krivosheev, ed., Russia and the USSR in twentieth century wars: A statistical survey. Moscow: Olma-press, 2001, page 309. </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> Kevin Blackburn, Karl Hack. "Forgotten Captives in Japanese-Occupied Asia". 2007. Page 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080505031426/http://www.soldat.ru/doc/casualties/book/chapter5_10_1.html#5_10_51">"Russia and USSR in Wars of the 20th Century"</a>. И.И.Ивлев. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soldat.ru/doc/casualties/book/chapter5_10_1.html#5_10_51">the original</a> on 5 May 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+and+USSR+in+Wars+of+the+20th+Century&rft.pub=%D0%98.%D0%98.%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soldat.ru%2Fdoc%2Fcasualties%2Fbook%2Fchapter5_10_1.html%235_10_51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beehive.govt.nz/speech/honouring+nz039s+pacific+war+dead">"Honouring NZ's Pacific War dead"</a>. Beehive. 15 August 2005. Retrieved 31 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honouring+NZ%27s+Pacific+War+dead&rft.pub=Beehive&rft.date=2005-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beehive.govt.nz%2Fspeech%2Fhonouring%2Bnz039s%2Bpacific%2Bwar%2Bdead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avalanchepress.com/MexicanAirForce.php">"Leyte Gulf: The Mexican Air Force"</a>. Avalanche. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309115110/http://www.avalanchepress.com/MexicanAirForce.php">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Avalanche&rft.atitle=Leyte+Gulf%3A+The+Mexican+Air+Force&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avalanchepress.com%2FMexicanAirForce.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XhNYUkgX0rQC&pg=PA51">Science and the Pacific War: Science and Survival in the Pacific, 1939–1945</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230411220030/https://books.google.com/books?id=XhNYUkgX0rQC&pg=PA51">Archived</a> 11 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Roy M. MacLeod (2000). p. 51. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7923-5851-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7923-5851-1">0-7923-5851-1</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1996" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Joseph H. (1996). The Final Campaign: Marines in the Victory on Okinawa. Diane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-3528-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-3528-6"><bdi>978-0-7881-3528-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Final+Campaign%3A+Marines+in+the+Victory+on+Okinawa&rft.pub=Diane&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7881-3528-6&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Joseph+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1984" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Louis (1984). Burma: The longest War. Dent. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-460-02474-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-460-02474-4"><bdi>0-460-02474-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burma%3A+The+longest+War&rft.pub=Dent&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-460-02474-4&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsada1998" class="citation journal cs1">Asada, Sadao (1998). "The Shock of the Atomic Bomb and Japan's Decision to Surrender: A Reconsideration". The Pacific Historical Review. 67 (4): 477–512. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3641184">10.2307/3641184</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3641184">3641184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Shock+of+the+Atomic+Bomb+and+Japan%27s+Decision+to+Surrender%3A+A+Reconsideration&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E477-%3C%2Fspan%3E512&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3641184&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3641184%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Asada&rft.aufirst=Sadao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanham2005" class="citation book cs1">Banham, Tony (2005). Not the Slightest Chance: The Defence of Hong Kong, 1941. Hong Kong University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Not+the+Slightest+Chance%3A+The+Defence+of+Hong+Kong%2C+1941&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Banham&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber2010" class="citation book cs1">Barber, Andrew (2010). Penang At War: A History of Penang During and Between the First and Second World Wars 1914–1945. AB&B. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-43372-3-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-43372-3-0"><bdi>978-983-43372-3-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Penang+At+War%3A+A+History+of+Penang+During+and+Between+the+First+and+Second+World+Wars+1914%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=AB%26B&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-983-43372-3-0&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBix2000" class="citation book cs1">Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093130-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093130-8"><bdi>978-0-06-093130-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hirohito+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Japan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-06-093130-8&rft.aulast=Bix&rft.aufirst=Herbert+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburnHack2007" class="citation book cs1">Blackburn, Kevin; Hack, Karl, eds. (2007). Forgotten Captives in Japanese-Occupied Asia. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203934746">10.4324/9780203934746</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-93474-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-93474-6"><bdi>978-0-203-93474-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Captives+in+Japanese-Occupied+Asia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203934746&rft.isbn=978-0-203-93474-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair1975" class="citation book cs1">Blair, Clay Jr (1975). Silent Victory. Philadelphia: Lippincott.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silent+Victory&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Lippincott&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Clay+Jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBondTachikawa2004" class="citation book cs1">Bond, Brian; Tachikawa, Kyoichi (2004). British and Japanese Military Leadership in the Far Eastern War, 1941–1945. Military History and Policy. Vol. 17. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-8555-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-8555-7"><bdi>978-0-7146-8555-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+and+Japanese+Military+Leadership+in+the+Far+Eastern+War%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.series=Military+History+and+Policy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-8555-7&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Tachikawa%2C+Kyoichi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoogRahnStumpfWegner2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Boog, Horst; Rahn, Werner; Stumpf, Reinhard; Wegner, Bernd, eds. (2001). Germany and the Second World War. Vol. 6: The Global War. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-159035-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-159035-1"><bdi>978-0-19-159035-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-159035-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd1979" class="citation book cs1">Boyd, Carl (1979). "The Japanese Submarine Force and the Legacy of Strategic and Operational Doctrine Developed Between the World Wars". In Addington, Larry (ed.). Selected Papers from the Citadel Conference on War and Diplomacy: 1978. Charleston. pp. 27–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Japanese+Submarine+Force+and+the+Legacy+of+Strategic+and+Operational+Doctrine+Developed+Between+the+World+Wars&rft.btitle=Selected+Papers+from+the+Citadel+Conference+on+War+and+Diplomacy%3A+1978&rft.place=Charleston&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrecherWilkenfeld1997" class="citation book cs1">Brecher, Michael; Wilkenfeld, Jonathan (1997). A Study of Crisis. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-10806-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-10806-0"><bdi>978-0-472-10806-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Study+of+Crisis&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-472-10806-0&rft.aulast=Brecher&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Wilkenfeld%2C+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooksStanley2007" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, Risa; Stanley, Elizabeth A. (2007). Creating Military Power: The Sources of Military Effectiveness. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5399-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5399-9"><bdi>978-0-8047-5399-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+Military+Power%3A+The+Sources+of+Military+Effectiveness&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-5399-9&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Risa&rft.au=Stanley%2C+Elizabeth+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCherevko2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cherevko, Kirill (2003). Serp i Molot Protiv Samuraiskogo Mecha [Hammer and Sickle against Samurai Sword] (in Russian). Moscow: Veche.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serp+i+Molot+Protiv+Samuraiskogo+Mecha&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Veche&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Cherevko&rft.aufirst=Kirill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChevrierChomiczewskiGarrigue2004" class="citation book cs1">Chevrier; Chomiczewski; Garrigue (2004). The Implementation of Legally Binding Measures to Strengthen the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, held in Budapest, Hungary, 2001. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-2097-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-2097-1"><bdi>978-1-4020-2097-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Implementation+of+Legally+Binding+Measures+to+Strengthen+the+Biological+and+Toxin+Weapons+Convention%3A+Proceedings+of+the+NATO+Advanced+Study+Institute%2C+held+in+Budapest%2C+Hungary%2C+2001&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-2097-1&rft.au=Chevrier&rft.au=Chomiczewski&rft.au=Garrigue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCh'i1992" class="citation book cs1">Ch'i, Hsi-Sheng (1992). "The Military Dimension, 1942–1945". In Hsiung, James C.; Levine, Steven I. (eds.). China's Bitter Victory: War with Japan, 1937–45. Armonk: <a href="/wiki/M._E._Sharpe" title="M. E. Sharpe">M. E. Sharpe</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-246-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-246-5"><bdi>978-1-56324-246-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Military+Dimension%2C+1942%E2%80%931945&rft.btitle=China%27s+Bitter+Victory%3A+War+with+Japan%2C+1937%E2%80%9345&rft.place=Armonk&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-246-5&rft.aulast=Ch%27i&rft.aufirst=Hsi-Sheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleaver2018" class="citation book cs1">Cleaver, Thomas McKelvey (2018). Tidal Wave: From Leyte Gulf to Tokyo Bay. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-472-82546-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-472-82546-9"><bdi>978-1-472-82546-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tidal+Wave%3A+From+Leyte+Gulf+to+Tokyo+Bay&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-472-82546-9&rft.aulast=Cleaver&rft.aufirst=Thomas+McKelvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2002" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, Micheal (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-1204-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-1204-6"><bdi>0-7864-1204-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts+%E2%80%93+A+Statistical+Reference+to+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1500%E2%80%932000&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7864-1204-6&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=Micheal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2017" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015 (4th ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Encyclopedia+of+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1492%E2%80%932015&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=Micheal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoakleyLeighton1989" class="citation book cs1">Coakley, Robert W.; Leighton, Richard M. (1989). Global Logistics and Strategy 1943–1945. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Logistics+and+Strategy+1943%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Coakley&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft.au=Leighton%2C+Richard+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookCook1993" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Haruko Taya; Cook, Theodore Failor (1993). Japan at War: an Oral History. New York: New Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56584-039-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56584-039-3"><bdi>978-1-56584-039-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+at+War%3A+an+Oral+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-56584-039-3&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Haruko+Taya&rft.au=Cook%2C+Theodore+Failor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorfieldCorfield2012" class="citation book cs1">Corfield, Justin; Corfield, Robin (2012). The Fall of Singapore. Singapore: Talisman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-07-0984-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-07-0984-6"><bdi>978-981-07-0984-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+Singapore&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Talisman&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-981-07-0984-6&rft.aulast=Corfield&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft.au=Corfield%2C+Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostello1982" class="citation book cs1">Costello, John (1982). The Pacific War: 1941–1945. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-01620-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-01620-3"><bdi>978-0-688-01620-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pacific+War%3A+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-688-01620-3&rft.aulast=Costello&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoox1973" class="citation journal cs1">Coox, Alvin (1973). "The Lake Khasan Affair of 1938: Overview and Lessons". Soviet Studies. 25 (1): 51–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668137308410900">10.1080/09668137308410900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soviet+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Lake+Khasan+Affair+of+1938%3A+Overview+and+Lessons&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668137308410900&rft.aulast=Coox&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawfordFoster2007" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Keith A.; Foster, Stuart J. (2007). War, Nation, Memory: International Perspectives on World War II in School History Textbooks. Charlotte: Information Age. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60752-659-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60752-659-9"><bdi>978-1-60752-659-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War%2C+Nation%2C+Memory%3A+International+Perspectives+on+World+War+II+in+School+History+Textbooks&rft.place=Charlotte&rft.pub=Information+Age&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-60752-659-9&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Keith+A.&rft.au=Foster%2C+Stuart+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroddyWirtz2005" class="citation book cs1">Croddy; Wirtz (2005). Weapons of Mass Destruction: Nuclear weapons. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-490-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-490-5"><bdi>978-1-85109-490-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weapons+of+Mass+Destruction%3A+Nuclear+weapons&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-490-5&rft.au=Croddy&rft.au=Wirtz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDauria2014" class="citation book cs1">Dauria, Tom (2014). Within a Presumption of Godlessness. Archway. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4808-0420-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4808-0420-3"><bdi>978-1-4808-0420-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Within+a+Presumption+of+Godlessness&rft.pub=Archway&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4808-0420-3&rft.aulast=Dauria&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennisGreyMorrisPrior2008" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey; Morris, Ewan; Prior, Robin; Bou, Jean (2008). The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History (2nd ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-551784-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-551784-2"><bdi>978-0-19-551784-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Australian+Military+History&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-551784-2&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Grey%2C+Jeffrey&rft.au=Morris%2C+Ewan&rft.au=Prior%2C+Robin&rft.au=Bou%2C+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDower1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Dower" title="John W. Dower">Dower, John W.</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8himI4wNnxEC">War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War</a>. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Co. p. 399. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-75172-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-75172-8"><bdi>0-394-75172-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/85043462">85043462</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7586537347">7586537347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+without+Mercy%3A+Race+and+Power+in+the+Pacific+War&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7586537347&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F85043462&rft.isbn=0-394-75172-8&rft.aulast=Dower&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8himI4wNnxEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrea1998" class="citation book cs1">Drea, Edward J. (1998). In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-1708-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-1708-0"><bdi>0-8032-1708-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Service+of+the+Emperor%3A+Essays+on+the+Imperial+Japanese+Army&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8032-1708-0&rft.aulast=Drea&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrea2005" class="citation book cs1">Drea, Edward J. (2005). Nomonhan: Japanese-Soviet Tactical Combat, 1939.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomonhan%3A+Japanese-Soviet+Tactical+Combat%2C+1939&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Drea&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansPeattie1997" class="citation book cs1">Evans, David C.; <a href="/wiki/Mark_Peattie" title="Mark Peattie">Peattie, Mark R</a> (1997). Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887–1941. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-192-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-192-7"><bdi>0-87021-192-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kaigun%3A+Strategy%2C+Tactics%2C+and+Technology+in+the+Imperial+Japanese+Navy%2C+1887%E2%80%931941&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-87021-192-7&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft.au=Peattie%2C+Mark+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairbankGoldman1994" class="citation book cs1">Fairbank, John King; Goldman, Merle (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinatraditiontr00fair/page/320">China: A New History</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-11673-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-11673-9"><bdi>0-674-11673-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+A+New+History&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-674-11673-9&rft.aulast=Fairbank&rft.aufirst=John+King&rft.au=Goldman%2C+Merle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinatraditiontr00fair%2Fpage%2F320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Frank" title="Richard B. Frank">Frank, Richard B.</a> (2007). Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi (ed.). The End of the Pacific War: Reappraisals. Stanford University Press. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5427-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5427-9"><bdi>978-0-8047-5427-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Pacific+War%3A+Reappraisals&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-5427-9&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGailey2011" class="citation book cs1">Gailey, Harry A. (2011) [1995]. The War in the Pacific: From Pearl Harbor to Tokyo Bay (Reprint ed.). Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-80204-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-80204-0"><bdi>978-0-307-80204-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+in+the+Pacific%3A+From+Pearl+Harbor+to+Tokyo+Bay&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-307-80204-0&rft.aulast=Gailey&rft.aufirst=Harry+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarthoff1969" class="citation journal cs1">Garthoff, Raymond L. (1969). "The Soviet Manchurian Campaign, August 1945". Military Affairs. 33 (2): 312–336. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1983926">10.2307/1983926</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1983926">1983926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Soviet+Manchurian+Campaign%2C+August+1945&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E312-%3C%2Fspan%3E336&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1983926&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1983926%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Garthoff&rft.aufirst=Raymond+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarver1988" class="citation book cs1">Garver, John W. (1988). Chinese-Soviet Relations, 1937–1945.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese-Soviet+Relations%2C+1937%E2%80%931945&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Garver&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenfield1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kent_Roberts_Greenfield" title="Kent Roberts Greenfield">Greenfield, Kent Roberts</a> (1967). American Strategy in World War II: A Reconsideration. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89874-557-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89874-557-3"><bdi>978-0-89874-557-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Strategy+in+World+War+II%3A+A+Reconsideration&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-89874-557-3&rft.aulast=Greenfield&rft.aufirst=Kent+Roberts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrey1999" class="citation book cs1">Grey, Jeffrey (1999). A Military History of Australia. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-64483-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-64483-6"><bdi>0-521-64483-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Australia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-64483-6&rft.aulast=Grey&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruhl2007" class="citation book cs1">Gruhl, Werner (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zNN6M97vYMEC">Imperial Japan's World War Two: 1931–1945</a>. New Brunswick: Transaction. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-76580352-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-76580352-8"><bdi>978-0-76580352-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Japan%27s+World+War+Two%3A+1931%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+Brunswick&rft.pub=Transaction&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-76580352-8&rft.aulast=Gruhl&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzNN6M97vYMEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson2004" class="citation book cs1">Hanson, Victor Davis (2004). Ripples of Battle: How Wars of the Past Still Determine How We Fight, How We Live, and How We Think (Reprint ed.). Anchor. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-38572194-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-38572194-3"><bdi>978-0-38572194-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ripples+of+Battle%3A+How+Wars+of+the+Past+Still+Determine+How+We+Fight%2C+How+We+Live%2C+and+How+We+Think&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Anchor&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-38572194-3&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=Victor+Davis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHara2011" class="citation book cs1">Hara, Tameichi (2011). Japanese Destroyer Captain. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-384-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-384-0"><bdi>978-1-59114-384-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Destroyer+Captain&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-384-0&rft.aulast=Hara&rft.aufirst=Tameichi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarmsen2013" class="citation book cs1">Harmsen, Peter (2013). Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze. Casemate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-167-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-167-8"><bdi>978-1-61200-167-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shanghai+1937%3A+Stalingrad+on+the+Yangtze&rft.pub=Casemate&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-61200-167-8&rft.aulast=Harmsen&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarmsen2015" class="citation book cs1">Harmsen, Peter (2015). Nanjing 1937: Battle for a Doomed City. Casemate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-284-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-284-2"><bdi>978-1-61200-284-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nanjing+1937%3A+Battle+for+a+Doomed+City&rft.pub=Casemate&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-61200-284-2&rft.aulast=Harmsen&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings2008" class="citation book cs1">Hastings, Max (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/retributionbattl00hast">Retribution</a>. Knopf Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26351-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26351-3"><bdi>978-0-307-26351-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Retribution&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-307-26351-3&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fretributionbattl00hast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHe1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/He_Yingqin" title="He Yingqin">He, Yingqin</a> (1978). Who Actually Fought the Sino-Japanese War 1937–1945?.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Actually+Fought+the+Sino-Japanese+War+1937%E2%80%931945%3F&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=He&rft.aufirst=Yingqin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinrichsGallicchio2017" class="citation book cs1">Heinrichs, Waldo H.; Gallicchio, Marc S. (2017). Implacable Foes: War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19061-675-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19061-675-5"><bdi>978-0-19061-675-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Implacable+Foes%3A+War+in+the+Pacific%2C+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19061-675-5&rft.aulast=Heinrichs&rft.aufirst=Waldo+H.&rft.au=Gallicchio%2C+Marc+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHimeta1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Himeta, Mitsuyoshi (1995). <bdi lang="ja">日本軍による「三光政策・三光作戦をめぐって</bdi> [Concerning the Three Alls Strategy/Three Alls Policy By the Japanese Forces] (in Japanese). Iwanami Bukkuretto. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-00-003317-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-00-003317-6"><bdi>978-4-00-003317-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%BB%8D%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E3%80%8C%E4%B8%89%E5%85%89%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E3%83%BB%E4%B8%89%E5%85%89%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%A6%E3%82%92%E3%82%81%E3%81%90%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Iwanami+Bukkuretto&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-4-00-003317-6&rft.aulast=Himeta&rft.aufirst=Mitsuyoshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHo1959" class="citation book cs1">Ho, Ping-ti (1959). Studies on the Population of China, 1368–1953. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1171226366">1171226366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+on+the+Population+of+China%2C+1368%E2%80%931953&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1171226366&rft.aulast=Ho&rft.aufirst=Ping-ti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins2010" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, William B. (2010). The Pacific War: The Strategy, Politics, and Players that Won the War. Zenith. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-76033-975-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-76033-975-6"><bdi>978-0-76033-975-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pacific+War%3A+The+Strategy%2C+Politics%2C+and+Players+that+Won+the+War&rft.pub=Zenith&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-76033-975-6&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsuChang1971" class="citation book cs1">Hsu, Long-hsuen; Chang, Ming-kai (1971). History of The Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). Translated by Wen, Ha-hsiung (2nd ed.). Taipei: Chung Wu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+The+Sino-Japanese+War+%281937%E2%80%931945%29&rft.place=Taipei&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Chung+Wu&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Hsu&rft.aufirst=Long-hsuen&rft.au=Chang%2C+Ming-kai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansen2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marius_Jansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Marius Jansen">Jansen, Marius B.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofmodernja00jans">The Making of Modern Japan</a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00334-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-00334-9"><bdi>0-674-00334-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Japan&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-674-00334-9&rft.aulast=Jansen&rft.aufirst=Marius+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingofmodernja00jans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJowett2005" class="citation book cs1">Jowett, Phillip (2005). Rays of the Rising Sun: Japan's Asian Allies 1931–1945 Volume 1: China and Manchukuo. Helion & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874622-21-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-874622-21-3"><bdi>1-874622-21-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rays+of+the+Rising+Sun%3A+Japan%27s+Asian+Allies+1931%E2%80%931945+Volume+1%3A+China+and+Manchukuo&rft.pub=Helion+%26+Co.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-874622-21-3&rft.aulast=Jowett&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lin_Hsiao-ting" class="mw-redirect" title="Lin Hsiao-ting">Lin, Hsiao-tin</a> (2010). Hsiung, James C.; Levine, Steven I. (eds.). Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West Volume 67 of Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia (Illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58264-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58264-3"><bdi>978-0-415-58264-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+China%27s+Ethnic+Frontiers%3A+A+Journey+to+the+West+Volume+67+of+Routledge+Studies+in+the+Modern+History+of+Asia&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-58264-3&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Hsiao-tin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLind2010" class="citation book cs1">Lind, Jennifer M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3usRiqVp-MC&pg=PA28">Sorry States: Apologies in International Politics</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7628-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7628-0"><bdi>978-0-8014-7628-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sorry+States%3A+Apologies+in+International+Politics&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-7628-0&rft.aulast=Lind&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3usRiqVp-MC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong1963" class="citation book cs1">Long, Gavin (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070206">The Final Campaigns</a>. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army. Vol. 7. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1297619">1297619</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160112093821/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070206/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Final+Campaigns&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Australia+in+the+War+of+1939%E2%80%931945.+Series+1+%E2%80%93+Army&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1297619&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FRCDIG1070206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLeod1999" class="citation book cs1">MacLeod, Roy M. (1999). Science and the Pacific War: Science and Survival in the Pacific, 1939–1945. Kluwer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-79235851-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-79235851-0"><bdi>978-0-79235851-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+the+Pacific+War%3A+Science+and+Survival+in+the+Pacific%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Kluwer&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-79235851-0&rft.aulast=MacLeod&rft.aufirst=Roy+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKinnon2008" class="citation book cs1">MacKinnon, Stephen (2008). Wuhan, 1938: War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25445-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25445-9"><bdi>978-0-520-25445-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wuhan%2C+1938%3A+War%2C+Refugees%2C+and+the+Making+of+Modern+China&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25445-9&rft.aulast=MacKinnon&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarr1995" class="citation book cs1">Marr, David G. (1995). Vietnam 1945: The Quest for Power. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam+1945%3A+The+Quest+for+Power&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Marr&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGibbon2000" class="citation book cs1">McGibbon, Ian, ed. (2000). The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History. Auckland, NZ: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-558376-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-558376-0"><bdi>0-19-558376-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+New+Zealand+Military+History&rft.place=Auckland%2C+NZ&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-558376-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLynn2010" class="citation book cs1">McLynn, Frank (2010). The Burma Campaign: Disaster into Triumph, 1942–1945. Bodley Head.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Burma+Campaign%3A+Disaster+into+Triumph%2C+1942%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Bodley+Head&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=McLynn&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1997" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Milton Walter (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VEoy7AL0PaYC&pg=PA309">Asia: A Concise History</a>. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-84768063-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-84768063-4"><bdi>978-0-84768063-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia%3A+A+Concise+History&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-84768063-4&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Milton+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVEoy7AL0PaYC%26pg%3DPA309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurashima2006" class="citation journal cs1">Murashima, Eiji (2006). "The Commemorative Character of Thai Historiography: The 1942–43 Thai Military Campaign in the Shan States Depicted as a Story of National Salvation and the Restoration of Thai Independence". Modern Asian Studies. 40 (4): 1053–1096. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X06002198">10.1017/S0026749X06002198</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144491081">144491081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Commemorative+Character+of+Thai+Historiography%3A+The+1942%E2%80%9343+Thai+Military+Campaign+in+the+Shan+States+Depicted+as+a+Story+of+National+Salvation+and+the+Restoration+of+Thai+Independence&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1053-%3C%2Fspan%3E1096&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X06002198&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144491081%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Murashima&rft.aufirst=Eiji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayMillett2001" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan R. (2001). A War to be Won: Fighting the Second World War. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-67404130-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-67404130-1"><bdi>978-0-67404130-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+War+to+be+Won%3A+Fighting+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-67404130-1&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Williamson&rft.au=Millett%2C+Allan+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNesbit2009" class="citation book cs1">Nesbit, Roy C. (2009). The Battle for Burma. Pen & Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-955-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-955-0"><bdi>978-1-84415-955-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Burma&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84415-955-0&rft.aulast=Nesbit&rft.aufirst=Roy+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsen2012" class="citation book cs1">Olsen, Lance (2012). Taierzhuang 1938 – Stalingrad 1942: Insight into a blind spot of WW2 Series. Clear Mind. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9838435-7-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9838435-7-3"><bdi>978-0-9838435-7-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taierzhuang+1938+%E2%80%93+Stalingrad+1942%3A+Insight+into+a+blind+spot+of+WW2+Series&rft.pub=Clear+Mind&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-9838435-7-3&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=Lance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParillo1993" class="citation book cs1">Parillo, Mark P. (1993). Japanese Merchant Marine in World War II. Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Merchant+Marine+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.pub=United+States+Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Parillo&rft.aufirst=Mark+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParshallTully2005" class="citation book cs1">Parshall, Jonathan; Tully, Anthony (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shatteredswordun0000pars">Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway</a>. Dulles, VA: Potomac. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57488-923-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-57488-923-0"><bdi>1-57488-923-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shattered+Sword%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+the+Battle+of+Midway&rft.place=Dulles%2C+VA&rft.pub=Potomac&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-57488-923-0&rft.aulast=Parshall&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Tully%2C+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshatteredswordun0000pars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeattie2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Peattie" title="Mark Peattie">Peattie, Mark R</a> (2007). Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 1909–1941. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-664-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-664-3"><bdi>978-1-59114-664-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sunburst%3A+The+Rise+of+Japanese+Naval+Air+Power%2C+1909%E2%80%931941&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-664-3&rft.aulast=Peattie&rft.aufirst=Mark+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRauch2002" class="citation news cs1">Rauch, Jonathan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2002/07/firebombs-over-tokyo/302547">"Firebombs Over Tokyo America's 1945 attack on Japan's capital remains undeservedly obscure alongside Hiroshima and Nagasaki"</a>. The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215204/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2002/07/firebombs-over-tokyo/302547/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Firebombs+Over+Tokyo+America%27s+1945+attack+on+Japan%27s+capital+remains+undeservedly+obscure+alongside+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Rauch&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2002%2F07%2Ffirebombs-over-tokyo%2F302547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds1974" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Clark G. (1974). Command of the Sea: The History and Strategy of Maritime Empires. Morrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-00267-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-00267-1"><bdi>978-0-688-00267-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Command+of+the+Sea%3A+The+History+and+Strategy+of+Maritime+Empires&rft.pub=Morrow&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-688-00267-1&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Clark+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoscoe1949" class="citation book cs1">Roscoe, Theodore (1949). United States Submarine Operations in World War II. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+Submarine+Operations+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Roscoe&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoscoe1958" class="citation book cs1">Roscoe, Theodore (1958). Pig Boats. Bantam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pig+Boats&rft.pub=Bantam&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Roscoe&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRummel1991" class="citation book cs1">Rummel, Rudolph (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315081328">China's Bloody Century Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315081328">10.4324/9781315081328</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-08132-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-08132-8"><bdi>978-1-315-08132-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180603094240/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315081328">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Bloody+Century+Genocide+and+Mass+Murder+Since+1900&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315081328&rft.isbn=978-1-315-08132-8&rft.aulast=Rummel&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2F9781315081328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1997" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Richard A. (1997). Project Hula: Secret Soviet-American Cooperation in the War Against Japan. Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-945274-35-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-945274-35-1"><bdi>0-945274-35-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Project+Hula%3A+Secret+Soviet-American+Cooperation+in+the+War+Against+Japan&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Naval+Historical+Center&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-945274-35-1&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandler2001" class="citation book cs1">Sandler, Stanley (2001). World War II in the Pacific: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-1883-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-1883-9"><bdi>0-8153-1883-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II+in+the+Pacific%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8153-1883-9&rft.aulast=Sandler&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoppa2011" class="citation book cs1">Schoppa, R. Keith (2011). In a Sea of Bitterness, Refugees during the Sino-Japanese War. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05988-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05988-7"><bdi>978-0-674-05988-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+a+Sea+of+Bitterness%2C+Refugees+during+the+Sino-Japanese+War&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-674-05988-7&rft.aulast=Schoppa&rft.aufirst=R.+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelden2007" class="citation journal cs1">Selden, Mark (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apjjf.org/-Mark-Selden/2414/article.html">"A Forgotten Holocaust: US Bombing Strategy, the Destruction of Japanese Cities & the American Way of War from World War II to Iraq"</a>. The Asia-Pacific Journal. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210618183920/https://apjjf.org/-Mark-Selden/2414/article.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asia-Pacific+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Forgotten+Holocaust%3A+US+Bombing+Strategy%2C+the+Destruction+of+Japanese+Cities+%26+the+American+Way+of+War+from+World+War+II+to+Iraq&rft.volume=5&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Selden&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapjjf.org%2F-Mark-Selden%2F2414%2Farticle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelden2008" class="citation journal cs1">Selden, Mark (2008). "A Forgotten Holocaust: US Bombing Strategy, the Destruction of Japanese Cities & the American Way of War from World War II to Iraq". The Asia-Pacific Journal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asia-Pacific+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Forgotten+Holocaust%3A+US+Bombing+Strategy%2C+the+Destruction+of+Japanese+Cities+%26+the+American+Way+of+War+from+World+War+II+to+Iraq&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Selden&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1999" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Amartya Kumar (1999). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. London: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19564954-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19564954-3"><bdi>978-0-19564954-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poverty+and+Famines%3A+An+Essay+on+Entitlement+and+Deprivation&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19564954-3&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Amartya+Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlim1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Slim" class="mw-redirect" title="William Slim">Slim, William</a> (1956). Defeat into Victory. Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-552-08757-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-552-08757-2"><bdi>0-552-08757-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defeat+into+Victory&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=0-552-08757-2&rft.aulast=Slim&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkates1994" class="citation book cs1">Skates, James (1994). Invasion of Japan: Alternative to the Bomb. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-972-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-972-0"><bdi>978-0-87249-972-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invasion+of+Japan%3A+Alternative+to+the+Bomb&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-87249-972-0&rft.aulast=Skates&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Smith, J. Douglas, and Richard Jensen. World War II on the Web: A Guide to the Very Best Sites. (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Spector" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald Spector">Spector, Ronald</a>, Eagle Against the Sun: The American War with Japan Free Press, 1985.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens" class="citation journal cs1">Stevens, Keith (March 2005). "A token operation: 204 military mission to China, 1941–1945". Asian Affairs. 36 (1): 66–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03068370500039151">10.1080/03068370500039151</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161326427">161326427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Affairs&rft.atitle=A+token+operation%3A+204+military+mission+to+China%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.date=2005-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03068370500039151&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161326427%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStille2014" class="citation book cs1">Stille, Mark (2014). The Imperial Japanese Navy in the Pacific War. Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-47280-146-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-47280-146-3"><bdi>978-1-47280-146-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Japanese+Navy+in+the+Pacific+War&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-47280-146-3&rft.aulast=Stille&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSun1996" class="citation book cs1">Sun, Youli (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Iq5ypmhKxUC&pg=PA185">China and the Origins of the Pacific War, 1931–41</a>. Palgrave MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-31216454-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-31216454-6"><bdi>978-0-31216454-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+the+Origins+of+the+Pacific+War%2C+1931%E2%80%9341&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-31216454-6&rft.aulast=Sun&rft.aufirst=Youli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Iq5ypmhKxUC%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakemae2003" class="citation book cs1">Takemae, Eiji (2003). The Allied Occupation of Japan. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-82641-521-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-82641-521-0"><bdi>0-82641-521-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Allied+Occupation+of+Japan&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-82641-521-0&rft.aulast=Takemae&rft.aufirst=Eiji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanaka1996" class="citation book cs1">Tanaka, Yuki (1996). Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II. Boulder, CO: Westview. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-2717-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-2717-4"><bdi>978-0-8133-2717-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hidden+Horrors%3A+Japanese+War+Crimes+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pub=Westview&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-2717-4&rft.aulast=Tanaka&rft.aufirst=Yuki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanaka2003" class="citation book cs1">Tanaka, Yuki (2003). Japan's Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery and Prostitution During World War II and the US Occoupation. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-65012-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-65012-5"><bdi>978-1-134-65012-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan%27s+Comfort+Women%3A+Sexual+Slavery+and+Prostitution+During+World+War+II+and+the+US+Occoupation&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-134-65012-5&rft.aulast=Tanaka&rft.aufirst=Yuki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToland2003" class="citation book cs1">Toland, John (2003). The Rising Sun: the Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-6858-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8129-6858-1"><bdi>0-8129-6858-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rising+Sun%3A+the+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Japanese+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8129-6858-1&rft.aulast=Toland&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillmott2014" class="citation book cs1">Willmott, H. P. (2014) [1982]. Empires in the Balance: Japanese and Allied Pacific Strategies to April 1942 (Reprint ed.). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-612-51728-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-612-51728-5"><bdi>978-1-612-51728-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+in+the+Balance%3A+Japanese+and+Allied+Pacific+Strategies+to+April+1942&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-612-51728-5&rft.aulast=Willmott&rft.aufirst=H.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillmott1983" class="citation book cs1">Willmott, H. P. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/barrierjavelin00hpwi">The Barrier and the Javelin</a>. Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-092-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-092-0"><bdi>0-87021-092-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Barrier+and+the+Javelin&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.pub=United+States+Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-87021-092-0&rft.aulast=Willmott&rft.aufirst=H.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbarrierjavelin00hpwi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillmott2005" class="citation book cs1">Willmott, H. P. (2005). The Battle Of Leyte Gulf: The Last Fleet Action. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-34528-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-34528-6"><bdi>0-253-34528-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+Of+Leyte+Gulf%3A+The+Last+Fleet+Action&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-253-34528-6&rft.aulast=Willmott&rft.aufirst=H.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillmott2002" class="citation book cs1">Willmott, H. P. (2002). The War with Japan: The Period of Balance, May 1942 – October 1943. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-461-64607-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-461-64607-3"><bdi>1-461-64607-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+with+Japan%3A+The+Period+of+Balance%2C+May+1942+%E2%80%93+October+1943&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-461-64607-3&rft.aulast=Willmott&rft.aufirst=H.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFY'Blood1981" class="citation book cs1">Y'Blood, William T. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/redsunsettingbat0000yblo">Red Sun Setting: The Battle of the Philippine Sea</a>. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-994-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-59114-994-0"><bdi>1-59114-994-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Sun+Setting%3A+The+Battle+of+the+Philippine+Sea&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=1-59114-994-0&rft.aulast=Y%27Blood&rft.aufirst=William+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fredsunsettingbat0000yblo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1982" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Dick (1982). When Tigers Fight. New York: Viking.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Tigers+Fight&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Dick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiaobing2012" class="citation book cs1">Xiaobing, Li, ed. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R7qNuIJJsNEC&pg=PA162">China at War: An Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-415-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-415-3"><bdi>978-1-59884-415-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+at+War%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-415-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR7qNuIJJsNEC%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYahara1997" class="citation book cs1">Yahara, Hiromichi (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PN5IfcJ2X6cC">The Battle For Okinawa</a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-18080-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-18080-7"><bdi>978-0-471-18080-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+For+Okinawa&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-471-18080-7&rft.aulast=Yahara&rft.aufirst=Hiromichi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPN5IfcJ2X6cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>United States War Department. TM 30-480 Handbook On Japanese Military Forces, 1942 (1942) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1942TM30-480">online</a>; 384 pp; highly detailed description of wartime IJA by U.S. Army Intelligence.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II_battles_and_campaigns_in_East_Asia,_South_East_Asia_and_the_Pacific" title="Bibliography of World War II battles and campaigns in East Asia, South East Asia and the Pacific">Bibliography of World War II battles and campaigns in East Asia, South East Asia and the Pacific</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergerud2000" class="citation book cs1">Bergerud, Eric M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fireinskyairwari0000berg">Fire in the Sky: The Air War in the South Pacific</a>. Boulder, CO: Westview. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3869-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3869-7"><bdi>0-8133-3869-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+in+the+Sky%3A+The+Air+War+in+the+South+Pacific&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pub=Westview&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8133-3869-7&rft.aulast=Bergerud&rft.aufirst=Eric+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffireinskyairwari0000berg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuell1976" class="citation book cs1">Buell, Thomas (1976). Master of Seapower: A Biography of Admiral Ernest J. King. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Master+of+Seapower%3A+A+Biography+of+Admiral+Ernest+J.+King&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Buell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuell1974" class="citation book cs1">Buell, Thomas (1974). The Quiet Warrior: A Biography of Admiral Raymond Spruance.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quiet+Warrior%3A+A+Biography+of+Admiral+Raymond+Spruance&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Buell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Craven, Wesley, and James Cate, eds. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Vol. 1, Plans and Early Operations, January 1939 to August 1942. University of Chicago Press, 1958. Official history; Vol. 4, The Pacific: Guadalcanal to Saipan, August 1942 to July 1944. 1950; Vol. 5, The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki. 1953.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutler1994" class="citation book cs1">Cutler, Thomas (1994). The Battle of Leyte Gulf: 23–26 October 1944. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-243-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-243-9"><bdi>1-55750-243-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Leyte+Gulf%3A+23%E2%80%9326+October+1944&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-55750-243-9&rft.aulast=Cutler&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Dean, Peter J. McArthur's Coalition: US and Australian operations in the Southwest Pacific Area, 1942–1945 (University Press of Kansas, 2018)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDegan2003" class="citation book cs1">Degan, Patrick (2003). Fighting in World War II: The Battles Between American and Japanese Aircraft Carriers (New ed.). Jefferson: McFarland & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-786-41451-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-786-41451-0"><bdi>0-786-41451-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+in+World+War+II%3A+The+Battles+Between+American+and+Japanese+Aircraft+Carriers&rft.place=Jefferson&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-786-41451-0&rft.aulast=Degan&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunniganNofi1998" class="citation book cs1">Dunnigan, James F.; <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Nofi" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert A. Nofi">Nofi, Albert A.</a> (1998). The Pacific War Encyclopedia. Facts on File.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pacific+War+Encyclopedia&rft.series=Facts+on+File&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Dunnigan&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rft.au=Nofi%2C+Albert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2012" class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Stuart (2012). Nomonhan, 1939: The Red Army's Victory That Shaped World War II. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61251-098-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61251-098-9"><bdi>978-1-61251-098-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomonhan%2C+1939%3A+The+Red+Army%27s+Victory+That+Shaped+World+War+II&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61251-098-9&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gordon, David M. (January 2006). "The China-Japan War, 1931–1945". Journal of Military History. 70 (1): 137–182. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjmh.2006.0052">10.1353/jmh.2006.0052</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161822140">161822140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=The+China-Japan+War%2C+1931%E2%80%931945&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E137-%3C%2Fspan%3E182&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjmh.2006.0052&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161822140%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarriesHarries1994" class="citation book cs1">Harries, Meirion; Harries, Susie (1994). Soldiers of the Sun: The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-75303-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-75303-6"><bdi>0-679-75303-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldiers+of+the+Sun%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Imperial+Japanese+Army&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-679-75303-6&rft.aulast=Harries&rft.aufirst=Meirion&rft.au=Harries%2C+Susie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2012" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Simon (2012). Dark Trophies. Hunting and the Enemy Body in Modern War. New York: Berghahn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-499-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-499-7"><bdi>978-0-85745-499-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Trophies.+Hunting+and+the+Enemy+Body+in+Modern+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Berghahn&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-85745-499-7&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hayashi, Saburo and <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Coox" title="Alvin Coox">Alvin, Coox</a>. Kogun: The Japanese Army in the Pacific War. Quantico, Virginia: Marine Corps Assoc., 1959.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornfischer2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_D._Hornfischer" title="James D. Hornfischer">Hornfischer, James D.</a> (2011). Neptune's Inferno: The U.S. Navy at Guadalcanal. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-38512-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-38512-0"><bdi>978-0-553-38512-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neptune%27s+Inferno%3A+The+U.S.+Navy+at+Guadalcanal&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-553-38512-0&rft.aulast=Hornfischer&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornfischer2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_D._Hornfischer" title="James D. Hornfischer">Hornfischer, James D.</a> (2016). The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-54872-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-54872-6"><bdi>978-0-345-54872-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fleet+at+Flood+Tide%3A+The+U.S.+at+Total+War+in+the+Pacific%2C+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-345-54872-6&rft.aulast=Hornfischer&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hsiung, James C. and Steven I. Levine, eds. China's Bitter Victory: The War with Japan, 1937–1945 M. E. Sharpe, 1992</li> <li>Hsi-sheng, Ch'i. Nationalist China at War: Military Defeats and Political Collapse, 1937–1945 University of Michigan Press, 1982</li> <li>Inoguchi, Rikihei, Tadashi Nakajima, and Robert Pineau. The Divine Wind. Ballantine, 1958. Kamikaze.</li> <li>James, D. Clayton. The Years of MacArthur. Vol. 2. Houghton Mifflin, 1972.</li> <li>Judge, Sean M. et al. The Turn of the Tide in the Pacific War: Strategic Initiative, Intelligence, and Command, 1941–1943 (University Press of Kansas, 2018).</li> <li>Kirby, S. Woodburn The War Against Japan. 4 vols. London: H.M.S.O., 1957–1965. Official Royal Navy history.</li> <li>Leary, William M. We Shall Return: MacArthur's Commanders and the Defeat of Japan. University Press of Kentucky, 1988.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLundstrom2005" class="citation book cs1">Lundstrom, John B. (2005). The First Team and the Guadalcanal Campaign: Naval Fighter Combat from August to November 1942 (New ed.). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-472-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-59114-472-8"><bdi>1-59114-472-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Team+and+the+Guadalcanal+Campaign%3A+Naval+Fighter+Combat+from+August+to+November+1942&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-59114-472-8&rft.aulast=Lundstrom&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Matloff, Maurice and Snell, Edwin M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Sp1941-42/index.htm">Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare 1941–1942</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150528225133/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/SP1941-42/index.htm">Archived</a> 28 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>, Washington, D.C., 1990</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy1959" class="citation book cs1">McCarthy, Dudley (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070204">South-West Pacific Area – First Year</a>. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army. Vol. 5. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3134247">3134247</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150920232246/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070204/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South-West+Pacific+Area+%E2%80%93+First+Year&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Australia+in+the+War+of+1939%E2%80%931945.+Series+1+%E2%80%93+Army&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3134247&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Dudley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FRCDIG1070204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2007" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Edward S. (2007). War Plan Orange: The U.S. Strategy to Defeat Japan, 1897–1945. Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-500-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-500-4"><bdi>978-1-59114-500-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Plan+Orange%3A+The+U.S.+Strategy+to+Defeat+Japan%2C+1897%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-500-4&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Edward+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Morrison, Samuel, Elliot</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_Naval_Operations_in_World_War_II" title="History of United States Naval Operations in World War II">History of United States Naval Operations in World War II</a>. Vol. 3, The Rising Sun in the Pacific. Boston: Little, Brown, 1961; Vol. 4, Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions. 1949; Vol. 5, The Struggle for Guadalcanal. 1949; Vol. 6, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier. 1950; Vol. 7, Aleutians, Gilberts, and Marshalls. 1951; Vol. 8, New Guinea and the Marianas. 1962; Vol. 12, Leyte. 1958; vol. 13, The Liberation of the Philippines: Luzon, Mindanao, the Visayas. 1959; Vol. 14, Victory in the Pacific. 1961.</li> <li>Myers, Michael W. Pacific War and Contingent Victory: Why Japanese Defeat Was Not Inevitable (UP of Kansas, 2015) 198 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=54447">online review</a>.</li> <li>Okumiya, Masatake and Fuchida, Mitso. Midway: The Battle That Doomed Japan. Naval Institute Press, 1955.</li> <li>Potter, E. B. and Chester W. Nimitz. Triumph in the Pacific. Prentice Hall, 1963. Naval battles</li> <li>Potter, E. B.Yamamoto Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 1967.</li> <li>Potter, E. B. Nimitz. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1976.</li> <li>Potter, E. B. Bull Halsey Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1985.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrados2012" class="citation book cs1">Prados, John (2012). Islands of Destiny: The Solomons Campaign and the Eclipse of the Rising Sun. Dulles, VA: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-60195-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-60195-2"><bdi>978-1-101-60195-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islands+of+Destiny%3A+The+Solomons+Campaign+and+the+Eclipse+of+the+Rising+Sun&rft.place=Dulles%2C+VA&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-101-60195-2&rft.aulast=Prados&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrados2016" class="citation book cs1">Prados, John (2016). Storm Over Leyte: The Philippine Invasion and the Destruction of the Japanese Navy. New York: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-698-18576-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-698-18576-0"><bdi>978-0-698-18576-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storm+Over+Leyte%3A+The+Philippine+Invasion+and+the+Destruction+of+the+Japanese+Navy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-698-18576-0&rft.aulast=Prados&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Prange, Gordon W. Donald Goldstein, and Katherine Dillon. At Dawn We Slept. Penguin, 1982. Pearl Harbor</li> <li>Prange, et al. Miracle at Midway. Penguin, 1982.</li> <li>Prange, et al. Pearl Harbor: The Verdict of History.</li> <li>Sarantakes, Nicholas Evan. Allies against the Rising Sun: The United States, the British Nations, and the Defeat of Imperial Japan (2009).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeki2007" class="citation book cs1">Seki, Eiji (2007). Sinking of the SS Automedon And the Role of the Japanese Navy: A New Interpretation. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905246-28-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905246-28-1"><bdi>978-1-905246-28-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sinking+of+the+SS+Automedon+And+the+Role+of+the+Japanese+Navy%3A+A+New+Interpretation&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-905246-28-1&rft.aulast=Seki&rft.aufirst=Eiji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Shaw, Henry, and Douglas Kane. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 2, Isolation of Rabaul. Washington, D.C.: Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, 1963</li> <li>Shaw, Henry, Bernard Nalty, and Edwin Turnbladh. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3, Central Pacific Drive. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1953.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._B._Sledge" class="mw-redirect" title="E. B. Sledge">Sledge, E. B.</a>, <a href="/wiki/With_the_Old_Breed" title="With the Old Breed">With the Old Breed</a>: At Peleliu and Okinawa. Presidio, 1981. Memoir.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_W._Toll" title="Ian W. Toll">Toll, Ian W.</a> <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Crucible:_War_at_Sea_in_the_Pacific,_1941%E2%80%931942" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 1941–1942">Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 1941–1942</a> W. W. Norton, (2011). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393080650" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393080650">978-0393080650</a></li> <li>Toll, Ian W. <a href="/wiki/The_Conquering_Tide:_War_in_the_Pacific_Islands,_1942%E2%80%931944" class="mw-redirect" title="The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944">The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944</a>, W. W. Norton, (2015). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393080643" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393080643">978-0393080643</a></li> <li>Toll, Ian W. <a href="/wiki/Twilight_of_the_Gods:_War_in_the_Western_Pacific,_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 1944–1945">Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 1944–1945</a>, W. W. Norton, (2020). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393080650" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393080650">978-0393080650</a></li> <li>Weinberg, Gerhard L. A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II, Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-44317-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-44317-2">0-521-44317-2</a>. (2005).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYenne2014" class="citation book cs1">Yenne, Bill (2014). The Imperial Japanese Army: The Invincible Years 1941–42. Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-982-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-982-5"><bdi>978-1-78200-982-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Japanese+Army%3A+The+Invincible+Years+1941%E2%80%9342&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78200-982-5&rft.aulast=Yenne&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pacific_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pacific War">Pacific War</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Pacific_War#Q184425" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Pacific War">Pacific War</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/Table_Of_Contents.htm">"The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia" compiled by Kent G. Budge</a>, 4000 short articles</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=12427">Film Footage of the Pacific War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111106041638/http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=12427">Archived</a> 6 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyanimated.com/pacificwaranimated/">Animated History of the Pacific War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190624031252/http://www.historyanimated.com/pacificwaranimated">Archived</a> 24 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wtj.com/wars/pacific_war/">The Pacific War Series</a> – at The War Times Journal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.combinedfleet.com/">Imperial Japanese Navy Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-EsW_uvnSao"> "Japan's War in Colour"</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II25125" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II25125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Republic of China (Wang Jingwei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leased_Territory_of_Guangzhouwan" title="Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan">Guangzhouwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">French Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Syria–Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_and_occupation_of_Monaco_during_World_War_II#World_War_II" title="Invasion and occupation of Monaco during World War II">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino#World_War_II" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II#Saudi_Arabia" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey#World_War_II" title="Military history of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen#World_War_II_and_after" title="Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude7698" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remilitarisation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Remilitarisation of the Rhineland">Remilitarisation of the Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go">U-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Imphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Kohima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marino" title="Battle of San Marino">Battle of San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_and_territories_in_the_sphere_of_influence_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_during_World_War_II197" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_and_territories_in_the_sphere_of_influence_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Template:States and territories in the sphere of influence of the Empire of Japan during World War II"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_and_territories_in_the_sphere_of_influence_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Template talk:States and territories in the sphere of influence of the Empire of Japan during World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_and_territories_in_the_sphere_of_influence_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States and territories in the sphere of influence of the Empire of Japan during World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_and_territories_in_the_sphere_of_influence_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_during_World_War_II197" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">States and territories in the sphere of influence of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/23px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/35px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/45px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/East_Hebei_Autonomous_Government" title="East Hebei Autonomous Government">East Hebei Autonomous Government</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Jinbei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jinbei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Jinbei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jinbei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Jinbei.svg/45px-Flag_of_Jinbei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Shanxi_Autonomous_Government" title="North Shanxi Autonomous Government">North Shanxi Autonomous Government</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Chanan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chanan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Chanan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chanan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Chanan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chanan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Chahar_Autonomous_Government" title="South Chahar Autonomous Government">South Chahar Autonomous Government</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang United Autonomous Government</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Great_Way_Government" title="Great Way Government">Shanghai Great Way Government</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1937%E2%80%931940)" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–1940)">Provisional Government of China</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Reformed Government of the Republic of China">Reformed Government of China</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="587" /> <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Reorganized National Government of China</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Kingdom of Thailand</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/23px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/35px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/45px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Provisional Government of Free India</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Republic of the Philippines</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kampuchea_(1945)" title="Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)">Kingdom of Kampuchea</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luang_Prabang_(Japanese_puppet_state)" title="Kingdom of Luang Prabang (Japanese puppet state)">Kingdom of Luang Prabang</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Occupied Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_West_Sumatra" title="Japanese occupation of West Sumatra">Occupied West Sumatra</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Occupied Malaya</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Occupied British Borneo</a></div></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Occupied Hong Kong</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Occupied Singapore</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Guam" title="Japanese occupation of Guam">Occupied Guam</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru" title="Japanese occupation of Nauru">Occupied Nauru</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Gilbert_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands">Occupied Gilbert Islands</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Solomon Islands">Occupied Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_New_Guinea" title="Japanese occupation of New Guinea">Occupied New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Conference" title="Greater East Asia Conference">Greater East Asia Conference</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pacific War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empire_of_Japan98" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empire_of_Japan" title="Template:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empire_of_Japan" title="Template talk:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empire_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empire_of_Japan98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Agriculture in the Empire of Japan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Censorship in the Empire of Japan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of the Empire of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Economy of the Empire of Japan">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan#Prewar_period" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Education in the Empire of Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_system" title="Emperor system">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Japan" title="Eugenics in Japan">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_commerce_and_shipping_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan">Foreign commerce and shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_production_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Industrial production in Shōwa Japan">Industrial production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_essentialism" title="National essentialism">Essentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_(1914%E2%80%931944)" title="Politics of the Empire of Japan (1914–1944)">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/80px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/120px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/160px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="990" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emperors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Meiji (Mutsuhito)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Taishō (Yoshihito)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Shōwa (Hirohito)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Sun_Flag" title="Rising Sun Flag">Rising Sun Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_seals_of_Japan" title="National seals of Japan">National seals of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan" title="Imperial Seal of Japan">Imperial Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Seal_of_Japan" title="Government Seal of Japan">Government Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Seal_of_Japan" title="State Seal of Japan">State Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Seal_of_Japan" title="Privy Seal of Japan">Privy Seal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimigayo" title="Kimigayo">Kimigayo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_Oath" title="Charter Oath">Charter Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Meiji Japan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_on_Education" title="Imperial Rescript on Education">Imperial Rescript on Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rule_Assistance_Association" title="Imperial Rule Assistance Association">Imperial Rule Assistance Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokusan_Sonendan" title="Yokusan Sonendan">Yokusan Sonendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Japan_Youth_Party" title="Great Japan Youth Party">Great Japan Youth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokutai" title="Kokutai">Kokutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokusatsu" title="Mokusatsu">Mokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Spiritual_Mobilization_Movement" title="National Spiritual Mobilization Movement">National Spiritual Mobilization Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Preservation_Law" title="Peace Preservation Law">Peace Preservation Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political parties of the Empire of Japan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Judicature_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Judicature of Japan">Supreme Court of Judicature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D_Keisatsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokubetsu Kōtō Keisatsu">Tokkō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonarigumi" title="Tonarigumi">Tonarigumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Conference" title="Greater East Asia Conference">Greater East Asia Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senbu" title="Senbu">Senbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Airways" title="Imperial Japanese Airways">Imperial Japanese Airways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Administration (ministries)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Imperial_Household" title="Ministry of the Imperial Household">Imperial Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Ministry" title="Home Ministry">Home Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(pre-modern_Japan)" title="Ministry of War (pre-modern Japan)">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Ministry" title="Army Ministry">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Navy_(Japan)" title="Ministry of the Navy (Japan)">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Treasury" title="Ministry of the Treasury">Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Commerce" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce">Agriculture and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (Japan)">Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Munitions_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Munitions (Japan)">Munitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Colonial_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Colonial Affairs (Japan)">Colonial Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Greater_East_Asia" title="Ministry of Greater East Asia">Greater East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Development_Board" title="East Asia Development Board">East Asia Development Board (Kōain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Legislative and deliberative bodies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-kan" title="Daijō-kan">Daijō-kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Japan" title="Privy Council of Japan">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozen_Kaigi" title="Gozen Kaigi">Gozen Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet#History" title="National Diet">Imperial Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">Peers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">Representatives</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Armed_Forces" title="Imperial Japanese Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_to_Soldiers_and_Sailors" title="Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors">Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senjinkun_military_code" title="Senjinkun military code">Senjinkun military code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nuclear_weapons_program" title="Japanese nuclear weapons program">Nuclear weapons program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_War_Council_(Japan)" title="Supreme War Council (Japan)">Supreme War Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Japan (page does not exist)">Conscription</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Army Air Service">Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Railways_and_Shipping_Section" title="Imperial Japanese Army Railways and Shipping Section">Railways and Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Japan)" title="Imperial Guard (Japan)">Imperial Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_holdout" title="Japanese holdout">Japanese holdout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Army_of_Japan" title="Taiwan Army of Japan">Taiwan Army of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dseiha" title="Tōseiha">Control Faction (Tōseiha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempeitai" title="Kempeitai">Kempeitai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japanese Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_Keisatsutai" title="Tokubetsu Keisatsutai">Tokkeitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Faction" title="Fleet Faction">Fleet Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Faction" title="Treaty Faction">Treaty Faction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beipu_uprising" title="Beipu uprising">Beipu uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Lords_Incident" title="Two Lords Incident">Two Lords Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Triple Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo%E2%80%93Japanese_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo–Japanese Alliance">Anglo–Japanese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1895)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)">Invasion of Taiwan (1895)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Entry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_intervention_in_Siberia" title="Japanese intervention in Siberia">Siberian Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Election_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="General Election Law">General Election Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria%E2%80%93Mongolia_problem" title="Manchuria–Mongolia problem">Manchuria–Mongolia problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Democracy" title="Taishō Democracy">Taishō Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Taishō Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapani_incident" title="Tapani incident">Tapani incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truku_War" title="Truku War">Truku War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Equality_Proposal" title="Racial Equality Proposal">Racial Equality Proposal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis" title="Shōwa financial crisis">Shōwa financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_incident" title="Jinan incident">Jinan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">London Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musha_Incident" title="Musha Incident">Musha Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Pacification of Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28_incident" title="January 28 incident">January 28 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherland_controversy" title="Motherland controversy">Motherland controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Rape of Nanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pacific War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirohito_surrender_broadcast" title="Hirohito surrender broadcast">Hirohito surrender broadcast</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karafuto_Prefecture" title="Karafuto Prefecture">Karafuto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Naichi">naichi</a> after 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Chōsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Kantō-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">Nan'yō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Puppet states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_territories_acquired_by_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="List of territories acquired by the Empire of Japan">Occupied territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yen_bloc" title="Yen bloc">Yen bloc</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonn%C5%8D_j%C5%8Di" title="Sonnō jōi">Sonnō jōi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukoku_ky%C5%8Dhei" title="Fukoku kyōhei">Fukoku kyōhei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C5%8D_ichiu" title="Hakkō ichiu">Hakkō ichiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlers_in_Manchuria" title="Japanese settlers in Manchuria">Japanese settlers in Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese-run_internment_camps_during_World_War_II" title="List of Japanese-run internment camps during World War II">Internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Japanese_industrial_co-operation_before_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Japanese industrial co-operation before World War II">German pre–World War II industrial co-operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinmin_no_Michi" title="Shinmin no Michi">Shinmin no Michi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Modan" title="Shōwa Modan">Shōwa Modan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_thought_in_Imperial_Japan" title="Socialist thought in Imperial Japan">Socialist thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Imperial_Japan_Serviceman" title="Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman">Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Political dissidence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox813" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184425#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4249775-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2008113869">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572512">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007556793505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&oldid=1275980941">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&oldid=1275980941</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pacific_War" title="Category:Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="Category:Military history of the Pacific Ocean">Military history of the Pacific Ocean</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2009" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_April_2022" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from April 2022">Articles lacking reliable references from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2019" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2019">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_be_too_long_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles that may be too long from November 2024">Articles that may be too long from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_be_too_long" title="Category:All articles that may be too long">All articles that may be too long</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2022">Use dmy dates from June 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2023">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from June 2024">Articles that may contain original research from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_have_off-topic_sections" title="Category:All articles that may have off-topic sections">All articles that may have off-topic sections</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_that_may_have_off-topic_sections_from_June_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles that may have off-topic sections from June 2024">Wikipedia articles that may have off-topic sections from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Japanese-language_script_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)">CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Japanese-language_sources_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)">CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 February 2025, at 05:34 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Pacific War</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 68 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-9hwhw","wgBackendResponseTime":206,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.387","walltime":"4.060","ppvisitednodes":{"value":40304,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":824937,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":66975,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":63,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":709056,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3383.658 1 -total"," 18.52% 626.534 2 Template:Reflist"," 16.55% 559.954 218 Template:Sfn"," 14.86% 502.693 114 Template:Cite_book"," 13.40% 453.284 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 12.24% 414.288 38 Template:Fix"," 8.67% 293.317 25 Template:Page_needed"," 8.59% 290.489 64 Template:Delink"," 7.53% 254.698 43 Template:Cite_web"," 4.08% 138.032 72 Template:Category_handler"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.030","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22206900,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlexander1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsada1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAustralia-Japan_Research_Project\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanham2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarber2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergerud2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBix2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackburnHack2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlair1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBondTachikawa2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoogRahnStumpfWegner2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyd1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrecherWilkenfeld1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrooksStanley2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuell1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuell1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanadian_War_Museum\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCh\u0026#039;i1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChapel2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCherevko2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChevrierChomiczewskiGarrigue2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCleaver2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClodfelter2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClodfelter2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoakleyLeighton1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCookCook1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoox1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorfieldCorfield2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCostello1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCostello2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrawfordFoster2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCroddyWirtz2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCutler1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDauria2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDearFoot2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDegan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDennisGreyMorrisPrior2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDower1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrea1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrea2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunniganNofi1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvansPeattie1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFairbankGoldman1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGailey2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarthoff1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarver1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenfield1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrey1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGruhl2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHara2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarmsen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarmsen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarriesHarries1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrison2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHastings2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHe1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeinrichsGallicchio2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHimeta1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHo1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopkins2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHornfischer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHornfischer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHsuChang1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJansen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJowett2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlemen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlemen1999–2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKoh2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFL.1999–2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFL1999–2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLind2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLong1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLundstrom2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacKinnon2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacLeod1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarr1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCarthy1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGibbon2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLynn2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitter2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurashima2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurrayMillett2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNesbit2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlsen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParillo1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParshallTully2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatrick_Clancey\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeattie2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilip_J._Jaffe1943\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrados2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrados2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRD_Designs1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRauch2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReynolds1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoscoe1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoscoe1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRummel1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandler2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoppa2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeki2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelden2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelden2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkates1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlim1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevens\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStille2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSun1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTakemae2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanaka1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanaka2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Joint_Army-Navy_Assessment_Committee1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToland2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToll2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTowleKosugeKibata2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillmott1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillmott2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillmott2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillmott2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWomack1999–2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXiaobing2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFY\u0026#039;Blood1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYahara1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYenne2014\"] = 1,\n [\"Economic_sanctions_against_Japan\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bdl\"] = 2,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Campaignbox Japanese colonial campaigns\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Pacific War\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox World War II\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 114,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 43,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 10,\n [\"Efn\"] = 15,\n [\"Empire of Japan\"] = 1,\n [\"Est.\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 3,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 5,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 8,\n [\"Flatlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"HMS\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 4,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 6,\n [\"Importance inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Jsub\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 26,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nihongo\"] = 4,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Original research inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 25,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Relevance inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Sclass\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 218,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 13,\n [\"Ship\"] = 19,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Slink\"] = 2,\n [\"States and territories in the sphere of influence of Imperial Japan during World War II\"] = 1,\n [\"USS\"] = 18,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubli\"] = 1,\n [\"Udl\"] = 4,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Very long\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 21,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n [\"World War II\"] = 1,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","400","16.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","11.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","180","7.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","160","6.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","160","6.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","6.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","4.2"],["type","80","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","3.4"],["citation0 \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:2615\u003E","80","3.4"],["[others]","700","29.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-mr48r","timestamp":"20250216102710","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Pacific War","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pacific_War","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q184425","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q184425","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-10-17T03:19:41Z","dateModified":"2025-02-16T05:34:11Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b0\/Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima%2C_larger_-_edit1.jpg","headline":"theater of World War II fought in the Pacific and Asia"}</script> </body> </html>