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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Modernist+poetry+in+English%22">"Modernist poetry in English"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Modernist+poetry+in+English%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Modernist+poetry+in+English%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Modernist+poetry+in+English%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Modernist+poetry+in+English%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Modernist+poetry+in+English%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walt_Whitman_-_George_Collins_Cox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Walt_Whitman_-_George_Collins_Cox.jpg/220px-Walt_Whitman_-_George_Collins_Cox.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Walt_Whitman_-_George_Collins_Cox.jpg/330px-Walt_Whitman_-_George_Collins_Cox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Walt_Whitman_-_George_Collins_Cox.jpg/440px-Walt_Whitman_-_George_Collins_Cox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1983" data-file-height="2456" /></a><figcaption>The American poet <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a> (1819-1892), pre-dated the Modernist era but proved an inspiration to it</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Modernist poetry in English</b> started in the early years of the <a href="/wiki/20th_century_in_literature" title="20th century in literature">20th century</a> with the appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagists</a>. Like other modernists, Imagist poets wrote in reaction to the perceived excesses of <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>, and its emphasis on traditional <a href="/wiki/Formalism_(literature)" title="Formalism (literature)">formalism</a> and ornate <a href="/wiki/Poetic_diction" title="Poetic diction">diction</a>. </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Preface_to_the_Lyrical_Ballads" title="Preface to the Lyrical Ballads">Preface to the Lyrical Ballads</a></i>, published in 1800, <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a> criticized what he perceived to be the gauche and pompous nature of <a href="/wiki/English_poetry" title="English poetry">British poetry</a> over a century earlier, and instead sought to bring poetry to the layman. <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernists</a> saw themselves as looking back to the best practices of poets in earlier periods and other cultures. Their models included ancient <a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Greek literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_poetry" title="Chinese poetry">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_poetry" title="Japanese poetry">Japanese poetry</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadours</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">medieval Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophical</a> poets, such as <a href="/wiki/Guido_Cavalcanti" title="Guido Cavalcanti">Guido Cavalcanti</a>, and the English <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_poets" title="Metaphysical poets">Metaphysical poets</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Much of early modernist poetry took the form of short, compact <a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">lyrics</a>. Ultimately, however, longer poems gained in favor, representing the modernist movement of the 20th-century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English-language_modernism">English-language modernism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernist_poetry_in_English&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: English-language modernism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">Modernist poetry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ezra_Pound_by_Alvin_Langdon_Coburn,_1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/43/Ezra_Pound_by_Alvin_Langdon_Coburn%2C_1913.jpg/220px-Ezra_Pound_by_Alvin_Langdon_Coburn%2C_1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/43/Ezra_Pound_by_Alvin_Langdon_Coburn%2C_1913.jpg/330px-Ezra_Pound_by_Alvin_Langdon_Coburn%2C_1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/43/Ezra_Pound_by_Alvin_Langdon_Coburn%2C_1913.jpg/440px-Ezra_Pound_by_Alvin_Langdon_Coburn%2C_1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="2354" /></a><figcaption>A 1913 photograph of <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>, one of the most influential modernist poets</figcaption></figure> <p>The roots of English-language poetic modernism can be traced back to the works of a number of earlier writers, including <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a>, whose long lines approached a type of free verse, the <a href="/wiki/Prose_poetry" title="Prose poetry">prose poetry</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Browning" title="Robert Browning">Robert Browning</a>'s subversion of the poetic self, <a href="/wiki/Emily_Dickinson" title="Emily Dickinson">Emily Dickinson</a>'s compression and the writings of the early English <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolists</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Symons" title="Arthur Symons">Arthur Symons</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These poets largely remained true to the basic tenets of the Romantic movement and the appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Imagist" class="mw-redirect" title="Imagist">Imagists</a> marked the first emergence of a distinctly modernist poetic in the language. <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Manley_Hopkins" title="Gerard Manley Hopkins">Gerard Manley Hopkins</a>, for instance, wrote in a radically experimental prosody about radically conservative ideals, much like <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a> later did, and he believed that sound could drive poetry. Poetic sonic effects selected for verbal and aural felicity, not just images selected for their visual evocativeness also became an influential poetic device of modernism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imagism">Imagism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernist_poetry_in_English&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Imagism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Modernist_poetry_in_English" title="Special:EditPage/Modernist poetry in English">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ezra_Pound_-_Cathay_Title_Page_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ezra_Pound_-_Cathay_Title_Page_1915.jpg/220px-Ezra_Pound_-_Cathay_Title_Page_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ezra_Pound_-_Cathay_Title_Page_1915.jpg/330px-Ezra_Pound_-_Cathay_Title_Page_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Ezra_Pound_-_Cathay_Title_Page_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>The title page to <i><a href="/wiki/Cathay_(poetry_collection)" title="Cathay (poetry collection)">Cathay</a></i>, published by <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a> in 1915</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H.D._in_Tendencies_in_Modern_American_Poetry,_1917_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/H.D._in_Tendencies_in_Modern_American_Poetry%2C_1917_-_cropped.jpg/220px-H.D._in_Tendencies_in_Modern_American_Poetry%2C_1917_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/H.D._in_Tendencies_in_Modern_American_Poetry%2C_1917_-_cropped.jpg/330px-H.D._in_Tendencies_in_Modern_American_Poetry%2C_1917_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/H.D._in_Tendencies_in_Modern_American_Poetry%2C_1917_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/H.D." title="H.D.">H.D.</a> in 1917; in 1911, Ezra Pound cultivated her and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Aldington" title="Richard Aldington">Richard Aldington</a> as major forces in the launch of the modernist poetry movement.</figcaption></figure> <p>The origins of <a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a> and cubist poetry are found in two poems by <a href="/wiki/T._E._Hulme" title="T. E. Hulme">T. E. Hulme</a>, published in 1909 by the <a href="/wiki/Poets%27_Club" title="Poets' Club">Poets' Club</a> in London.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Hulme was a student of mathematics and philosophy who had established the Poets' Club to discuss his theories of poetry. The poet and critic <a href="/wiki/F._S._Flint" title="F. S. Flint">F. S. Flint</a>, who was a champion of <a href="/wiki/Free_verse" title="Free verse">free verse</a> and modern French poetry, was highly critical of the club and its publications.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> From the ensuing debate, Hulme and Flint became close friends. They started meeting with other poets at the Eiffel Tower restaurant in <a href="/wiki/Soho" title="Soho">Soho</a> to discuss reform of contemporary poetry through <a href="/wiki/Free_verse" title="Free verse">free verse</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tanka_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanka (poetry)">tanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haiku" title="Haiku">haiku</a> and the removal of all unnecessary verbiage from poems.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The American poet <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a> was introduced to this group and they found that their ideas resembled his.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1911, Pound introduced two other poets, <a href="/wiki/H.D." title="H.D.">H.D.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Aldington" title="Richard Aldington">Richard Aldington</a>, to the Eiffel Tower group. Both of these poets were students of the early <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric poetry</a>, especially the works of <a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1912, he submitted three poems each by H.D. and Aldington under the rubric <i>Imagiste</i> to <i><a href="/wiki/Poetry_(magazine)" title="Poetry (magazine)">Poetry</a></i> magazine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> That month Pound's book <i>Ripostes</i> was published with an appendix called <i>The Complete Poetical Works of T. E. Hulme</i>, which carried a note that saw the first appearance of the word <i>Imagiste</i> in print. Aldington's poems were in the November issue of <i>Poetry</i> and H.D.'s in January 1913 and Imagism as a movement was launched. The March issue contained Pound's <i>A Few Don'ts by an Imagiste</i> and Flint's <i>Imagisme</i>. The latter contained this succinct statement of the group's position: </p> <ol><li>Direct treatment of the "thing", whether subjective or objective.</li> <li>To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation.</li> <li>As regarding rhythm: to compose in sequence of the musical phrase, not in sequence of the <a href="/wiki/Metronome" title="Metronome">metronome</a>.</li> <li>Complete freedom of subject matter.</li> <li>Free verse was encouraged along with other new rhythms.</li> <li>Common speech language was used, and the exact word was always to be used, as opposed to the almost exact word.</li></ol> <p>In setting these criteria for poetry, the Imagists saw themselves as looking backward to the best practices of pre-<a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic</a> writing. Imagistic poets used sharp language and embraced imagery. Their work, however, was to have a revolutionary impact on English-language writing for the rest of the 20th century. </p><p> In 1913, Pound was contacted by the widow of the recently deceased Orientalist <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Fenollosa" title="Ernest Fenollosa">Ernest Fenollosa</a>, who while in Japan had collected word-by-word translations and notes for 150 classical Chinese poems that fit in closely with this program. Chinese grammar offers different expressive possibilities from English grammar, a point that Pound later made. In Chinese, the first line of <a href="/wiki/Li_Po" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Po">Li Po</a>'s, called "Rihaku" by Fenollosa's Japanese informants, poem "The River Merchant's Wife: A Letter," is a spare, direct juxtaposition of five characters that appear in Fenollosa's notes as </p><blockquote><p>mistress       hair       first       cover       brow</p></blockquote><p>In his resulting 1915 <i><a href="/wiki/Cathay_(poetry_collection)" title="Cathay (poetry collection)">Cathay</a></i>, Pound rendered this in simple English as </p><blockquote><p>While my hair was still cut straight across my forehead</p></blockquote> <p>Between 1914 and 1917, four anthologies of Imagist poetry were published. In addition to Pound, Flint, H.D. and Aldington, these included work by <a href="/wiki/Skipwith_Cannell" title="Skipwith Cannell">Skipwith Cannell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amy_Lowell" title="Amy Lowell">Amy Lowell</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">William Carlos Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Ford" title="Ford Madox Ford">Ford Madox Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allen_Upward" title="Allen Upward">Allen Upward</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Cournos" title="John Cournos">John Cournos</a>, <a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">D. H. Lawrence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marianne_Moore" title="Marianne Moore">Marianne Moore</a>. With a few exceptions, this represents a roll-call of English-language modernist poets of the time. After the 1914 volume, Pound distanced himself from the group and the remaining anthologies appeared under the editorial control of Amy Lowell. </p><p>Lowell expressed her extreme debt to the French, to what she preferred to call "unrhymed cadence" instead of the more common "verse libre."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry Gore (1902–1956), whose work is undergoing something of a revival was also heavily influenced by the Imagist movement, although from a different generation from H.D., Flint, and others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_and_after">World War I and after</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernist_poetry_in_English&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War I and after"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> represented a setback for the budding modernist movement for several reasons. First, writers like Aldington found themselves in active service; second, paper shortages and related factors meant that publication of new work became increasingly difficult; and, third, public sentiment in time of war meant that <a href="/wiki/War_poet" class="mw-redirect" title="War poet">war poets</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Owen" title="Wilfred Owen">Wilfred Owen</a>, who wrote more conventional verse, became increasingly popular. One poet who served in the war, the visual artist <a href="/wiki/David_Jones_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Jones (poet)">David Jones</a>, later resisted this trend in his long experimental war poem "<a href="/wiki/In_Parenthesis" title="In Parenthesis">In Parenthesis</a>", which was written directly out of his <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench</a> experiences but was not published until <a href="/wiki/1937_in_poetry" title="1937 in poetry">1937</a>. </p><p>The war also tended to undermine the optimism of the Imagists. This was reflected in a number of major poems written in its aftermath. Pound's "Homage to Sextus Propertius" (<a href="/wiki/1919_in_poetry" title="1919 in poetry">1919</a>) uses the loose translations and transformations of the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a> to ridicule war propaganda and the idea of empire. His <i><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Selwyn_Mauberley" title="Hugh Selwyn Mauberley">Hugh Selwyn Mauberley</a></i>, published in (<a href="/wiki/1921_in_poetry" title="1921 in poetry">1921</a>, represents his farewell to Imagism and lyric poetry in general. The writing of these poems coincided with Pound's decision to abandon London permanently. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sound_poetry" title="Sound poetry">Sound poetry</a> emerged in this period as a response to the war. For many <a href="/wiki/Dadaists" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadaists">Dadaists</a>, including German writer <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ball" title="Hugo Ball">Hugo Ball</a> and New York poet and performer <a href="/wiki/Baroness_Elsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroness Elsa">Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven</a>, sound poems were protestations against the sounds of war.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Irene_Gammel" title="Irene Gammel">Irene Gammel</a> and Suzanne Zelazo write, “Born as the trench warfare intensified, phonetic poetry was the language of trauma, a new language to counter the noise of the cannons”.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Baroness’s poem “Klink-Hratzvenga (Death-wail)”, written in response to her husband’s suicide after the war’s end, was “a mourning song in nonsense sounds that transcended national boundaries”.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Working from a confrontational feminist and artistic agenda, the Baroness asserted a distinctly female subjectivity in the post-World War I era. </p><p>The most famous English-language modernist work arising out of this post-war disillusionment is <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>'s epic "<a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a>" (<a href="/wiki/1922_in_poetry" title="1922 in poetry">1922</a>). Eliot was an American poet who had been living in London for some time. Although he was never formally associated with the Imagist group, his work was admired by Pound, who, in 1915, helped him publish "<a href="/wiki/The_Love_Song_of_J._Alfred_Prufrock" title="The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock">The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock</a>", which brought him to prominence. When Eliot had completed his original draft of a long poem based on both the disintegration of his personal life and mental stability, and the culture around him, he gave the manuscript, provisionally titled "He Do the Police in Different Voices", to Pound for comment. After some heavy editing, "The Waste Land" in the form in which we now know it was published, and Eliot came to be seen as the voice of a generation. The addition of notes to the published poem served to highlight the use of <a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">collage</a> as a literary technique, paralleling similar practice by the <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">cubists</a> and other visual artists. From this point on, modernism in English tended towards a poetry of the fragment that rejected the idea that the poet could present a comfortingly coherent view of life. </p><p><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a>" is a foundational text of modernism, representing the moment at which Imagism moves into modernism proper. Broken, fragmented and seemingly unrelated slices of imagery come together to form a disjunctive anti-narrative. The motif of sight and vision is as central to the poem as it is to modernism; the omni-present character Tiresias acting as a unifying theme. The reader is thrown into confusion, unable to see anything but a heap of broken images. The narrator, however (in "The Waste Land" as in other texts), promises to show the reader a different meaning; that is, how to <i>make</i> meaning from dislocation and fragmentation. This construction of an exclusive meaning is essential to modernism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others_and_others_and_brother_and_mothers"><i>Others</i> and others and brother and mothers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernist_poetry_in_English&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Others and others and brother and mothers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marianne_Moore_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Marianne_Moore_1948.jpg/220px-Marianne_Moore_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Marianne_Moore_1948.jpg/330px-Marianne_Moore_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Marianne_Moore_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Moore" title="Marianne Moore">Marianne Moore</a>, photographed by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Van_Vechten" title="Carl Van Vechten">Carl Van Vechten</a> in 1948, wrote in <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_verse" title="Syllabic verse">syllabic verse</a> and sometimes utilized <a href="/wiki/Stanza" title="Stanza">stanza</a> in her poems.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although London and Paris were key centres of activity for English-language modernists, much important activity took place elsewhere, including early publication in <i><a href="/wiki/Poetry_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Poetry magazine">Poetry magazine</a></i> in the United States. When <a href="/wiki/Mina_Loy" title="Mina Loy">Mina Loy</a> moved to New York in 1916, she became part of a circle of writers involved with <i><a href="/wiki/Others:_A_Magazine_of_the_New_Verse" title="Others: A Magazine of the New Verse">Others: A Magazine of the New Verse</a></i> which included <a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">William Carlos Williams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marianne_Moore" title="Marianne Moore">Marianne Moore</a>, among others. This magazine, which ran from 1915 to 1919, was edited by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kreymborg" title="Alfred Kreymborg">Alfred Kreymborg</a>. Contributors also included Pound, Eliot, <a href="/wiki/H.D." title="H.D.">H.D.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djuna_Barnes" title="Djuna Barnes">Djuna Barnes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amy_Lowell" title="Amy Lowell">Amy Lowell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Aiken" title="Conrad Aiken">Conrad Aiken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Carl Sandburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens">Wallace Stevens</a>. </p><p>The U.S. modernist poets were concerned to create work in a distinctively American idiom. Williams, a doctor who worked in general practice in a working-class area of <a href="/wiki/Rutherford,_New_Jersey" title="Rutherford, New Jersey">Rutherford, New Jersey</a>, explained this approach by saying that he made his poems from 'the speech of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> mothers'. In this, they were placing themselves in a tradition stretching back to Whitman. </p><p>After her initial association with the Imagists, <a href="/wiki/Marianne_Moore" title="Marianne Moore">Marianne Moore</a> carved out a niche for herself among 20th-century poets. Much of her poetry is written in <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_verse" title="Syllabic verse">syllabic verse</a>, repeating the number of <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllables</a> rather than stresses or beats, per line. She also experimented with <a href="/wiki/Stanza" title="Stanza">stanza</a> forms borrowed from troubadour poetry. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens">Wallace Stevens</a>' work falls somewhat outside this mainstream of modernism. Indeed, he deprecated the work of both Eliot and Pound as "mannered." His poetry is a complex exploration of the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Imagination" title="Imagination">imagination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">reality</a>. Unlike many other modernists, but like the English <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantics</a>, by whom he was <a href="/wiki/The_Anxiety_of_Influence" title="The Anxiety of Influence">influenced</a>, Stevens thought that poetry was what all humans did; the poet was merely self-conscious about the activity. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, the poet <a href="/wiki/Hugh_MacDiarmid" title="Hugh MacDiarmid">Hugh MacDiarmid</a> formed something of a one-man modernist movement. An admirer of Joyce and Pound, MacDiarmid wrote much of his early poetry in anglicised Lowland <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>, a literary dialect which had also been used by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a>. He served in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps" title="Royal Army Medical Corps">Royal Army Medical Corps</a> during World War I and was invalided out in 1918. After the war, he set up a literary magazine, <i>Scottish Chapbook</i>, with 'Not traditions - Precedents!' as its motto. His later work reflected an increasing interest in <a href="/wiki/Found_poetry" title="Found poetry">found poetry</a> and other formal innovations. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Group" title="Montreal Group">Montreal Group</a> of modernist poets, including <a href="/wiki/A._M._Klein" title="A. M. Klein">A.M. Klein</a>, <a href="/wiki/A._J._M._Smith" title="A. J. M. Smith">A.J.M. Smith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/F._R._Scott" title="F. R. Scott">F.R. Scott</a>, formed at that city's <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a> in the mid-1920s. Though the poets of the group made little headway for the next twenty years, they were ultimately successful in establishing a modernist <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/canon" class="extiw" title="wikt:canon">canon</a> in that country that would endure until at least the end of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-norris_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-norris-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wallace_Stevens'_Of_Modern_Poetry"><span id="Wallace_Stevens.27_Of_Modern_Poetry"></span>Wallace Stevens' <i>Of Modern Poetry</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernist_poetry_in_English&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wallace Stevens' Of Modern Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens">Wallace Stevens</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens">Wallace Stevens</a>' essential modernist poem, "Of Modern Poetry"(1942) sounds as if the verbs are left out. The verb 'to be' is omitted from the first and final lines. The poem itself opens and closes with the act of finding. The poem and the mind become synonymous: a collapse between the poem, the act, and the mind. In the poem, the dyad becomes further collapsed into one: a spatial and a temporal collapse between the subject and the object; form and content equal each other; form becomes not simply expressive of, but constitutive of. The poem goes from being a static object to being an action. The poem of the mind has to be alternative and listening; it is experimental. The poem resists and refuses <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">transcendentalism</a>, but remains within the conceptual limits of the mind and the poem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maturity">Maturity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernist_poetry_in_English&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Maturity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the publication of <i>The Waste Land</i>, modernist poetry appeared to have made a breakthrough into wider critical discourse and a broader readership. However, the economic collapse of the late 1920s and early 1930s had a serious negative impact on the new writing. For American writers, living in Europe became more difficult as their incomes lost a great deal of their relative value. <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Gertrude Stein</a>, Barney, and Joyce remained Paris, where much of the scene they had presided over began to scatter. Pound left for Italy. Eliot left for London. H.D. moved between London and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, and many of the other writers associated with the movement were then living in the United States. </p><p>The economic depression, combined with the impact of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, also saw the emergence, in the Britain of the 1930s, of a more overtly political poetry, as represented by such writers as <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Spender" title="Stephen Spender">Stephen Spender</a>. Although nominally admirers of Eliot, these poets tended towards a poetry of radical content but formal conservativeness. For example, they rarely wrote free verse, preferring rhyme and regular stanza patterns in much of their work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1930s_modernism">1930s modernism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernist_poetry_in_English&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1930s modernism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modernism in English remained in the role of an <i>avant garde</i> movement, depending on little presses and magazines and a small but dedicated readership. The key group to emerge during this time were the <a href="/wiki/Objectivist_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivist poets">Objectivist poets</a>, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Zukofsky" title="Louis Zukofsky">Louis Zukofsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Oppen" title="George Oppen">George Oppen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Reznikoff" title="Charles Reznikoff">Charles Reznikoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rakosi" title="Carl Rakosi">Carl Rakosi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basil_Bunting" title="Basil Bunting">Basil Bunting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lorine_Niedecker" title="Lorine Niedecker">Lorine Niedecker</a>. The Objectivists were admirers of Stein, Pound and Williams and Pound actively promoted their work. Thanks to his influence, Zukofsky was asked to edit a special Objectivist issue of the Chicago-based journal <i><a href="/wiki/Poetry_(magazine)" title="Poetry (magazine)">Poetry</a></i> in 1931 to launch the group. The basic tenets of Objectivist poetics were to treat the poem as an object and to emphasise sincerity, intelligence, and the poet's ability to look clearly at the world, and in this they can be viewed as direct descendants of the Imagists. Continuing a tradition established in Paris, Zukofsky, Reznikoff, and Oppen went on to form the Objectivist Press to publish books by themselves and by Williams. In his later work, Zukofsky developed his view of the poem as object to include experimenting with mathematical models for creating poems, producing effects similar to the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach</a> <a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">fugue</a> or a piece of <a href="/wiki/Serial_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial music">serial music</a>. </p><p>A number of Irish poets and writers moved to Paris in the early 1930s to join the circle around James Joyce. These included <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_MacGreevy" title="Thomas MacGreevy">Thomas MacGreevy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Coffey" title="Brian Coffey">Brian Coffey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denis_Devlin" title="Denis Devlin">Denis Devlin</a>. These writers were aware of Pound and Eliot, but they were also Francophone and took an interest in contemporary <a href="/wiki/French_poetry" title="French poetry">French poetry</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Surrealist" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrealist">surrealists</a>. Indeed, Coffey and Devlin were amongst the first to translate the works of <a href="/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard" title="Paul Éluard">Paul Éluard</a> into English. Around the same time, a number of British surrealist poets were beginning to emerge, among them <a href="/wiki/David_Gascoyne" title="David Gascoyne">David Gascoyne</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Barker_(poet)" title="George Barker (poet)">George Barker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Sykes_Davies" title="Hugh Sykes Davies">Hugh Sykes Davies</a>. Like the Objectivists, these poets were relatively neglected by their native literary cultures and had to wait for a revival of interest in British and Irish modernism in the 1960s before their contributions to the development of this alternative tradition were properly assessed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long_poems">Long poems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernist_poetry_in_English&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Long poems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pound's <i>Homage to Sextus Propertius</i> and <i>Hugh Selwyn Mauberley</i> and Eliot's <i>The Waste Land</i> marked a transition from the short imagistic poems that were typical of earlier modernist writing towards the writing of longer poems or poem-sequences. A number of <a href="/wiki/Long_poem" title="Long poem">long poems</a> were also written during the 1920s, including Mina Loy's 'auto-mythology', <i>Anglo-Mongrels and the Rose</i> and Hugh MacDiarmid's satire on Scottish society, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Drunk_Man_Looks_At_The_Thistle" class="mw-redirect" title="A Drunk Man Looks At The Thistle">A Drunk Man Looks At The Thistle</a></i>. MacDiarmid wrote a number of long poems, including <i>On a Raised Beach</i>, <i>Three Hymns to Lenin</i> and <i>In Memoriam James Joyce</i>, in which he incorporated materials from <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, history and even found poems based on texts from the <i><a href="/wiki/Times_Literary_Supplement" class="mw-redirect" title="Times Literary Supplement">Times Literary Supplement</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/David_Jones_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Jones (poet)">David Jones</a>' war poem <i><a href="/wiki/In_Parenthesis" title="In Parenthesis">In Parenthesis</a></i> was a book-length work that drew on the <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">matter of Britain</a> to illuminate his experiences in the trenches, and his later epic <i>The Anathemata</i>, itself hewn from a much longer manuscript, is a meditation on empire and resistance, the local and the global, which uses materials from <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celt" class="mw-redirect" title="Celt">Celtic</a> history and mythology. </p><p>One of the most influential of all the modernist long poems was Pound's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cantos" title="The Cantos">The Cantos</a></i>, a 'poem containing history' that he started in 1915 and continued to work on for the rest of his writing life. From a starting point that combines <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i>Odyssey</i> and <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i> to create a personal epic of 20th-century life, the poem uses materials from history, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>, music, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a> and the poet's personal experiences and ranges across European, <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">American</a>, African and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Asia" title="Culture of Asia">Asian</a> cultures. Pound coined the term 'ideogrammatic method' to describe his technique of placing these materials in relation to each other so as to open up new and unexpected relationships. This can be seen as paralleling techniques used by modernist artists and <a href="/wiki/Composers" class="mw-redirect" title="Composers">composers</a> to similar ends. </p><p>Other Imagist-associated poets also went on to write long poems. <a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">William Carlos Williams</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Paterson_(poem)" title="Paterson (poem)">Paterson</a></i> applied the techniques developed by Pound to a specific location and in a specific, American, dialect. H.D. wrote <i>Trilogy</i> out of her experiences in London during World War II and <i>Helen in Egypt</i>, a reworking of the <a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen of Troy</a> story from the perspective of the female protagonist, as a kind of <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> response to the masculine mind-set behind Pound's epic. Eliot's experiences of war-torn London also underpinned his <i><a href="/wiki/Four_Quartets" title="Four Quartets">Four Quartets</a></i>. A number of Objectivists also wrote long poems, including Zukofsky's <i>"A"</i>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Reznikoff" title="Charles Reznikoff">Charles Reznikoff</a>'s <i>Testimony</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Basil_Bunting" title="Basil Bunting">Basil Bunting</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Briggflatts" title="Briggflatts">Briggflatts</a></i>. Brian Coffey's <i>Advent</i> is the key long poem by an Irish modernist. All these poems, to one extent or another, use a range of techniques to blend personal experience with materials from a wide range of cultural and intellectual activities to create collage-like texts on an epic scale. </p><p>A long poem that is often overlooked, because it first appeared in the commercially unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/1936_in_poetry" title="1936 in poetry">1936</a> anthology <i><a href="/wiki/New_Provinces_(poetry_anthology)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Provinces (poetry anthology)">New Provinces</a></i>, is Canadian poet <a href="/wiki/A._M._Klein" title="A. M. Klein">A. M. Klein</a>'s meditation on <a href="/wiki/Spinoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinoza">Spinoza</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.utoronto.ca/canpoetry/klein/poem1.htm">Out of the Pulver and the Polished Lens</a>." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernist_poetry_in_English&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Poetic modernism was an overtly revolutionary literary movement, a revolution of the word, and, for a number of its practitioners, this interest in radical change spilled over into politics. A number of the leading early modernists became known for their right-wing views; these included Eliot, who once described himself as a <a href="/wiki/Monarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchist">Royalist</a>, Stein, who supported the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy government">Vichy government</a> for a time at least, and, most notoriously, Pound, who, after moving to Italy in the early 1930s, openly admired <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> and began to include <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitic">anti-Semitic</a> sentiments in his writings. He was arrested towards the end of World War II on charges of treason arising out of broadcasts he made on Italian radio during the war but never faced trial because of his mental health. </p><p>A number of leading modernists took a more left-wing political view. <a href="/wiki/Hugh_MacDiarmid" title="Hugh MacDiarmid">Hugh MacDiarmid</a> helped found the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Scotland" title="National Party of Scotland">National Party of Scotland</a> and was also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party of Great Britain</a>. During the 1930s, he was expelled from National Party of Scotland for being a communist and from the Communist Party for being a nationalist, although he later rejoined the Communist Party in 1956. The Objectivists Louis Zukofsky, <a href="/wiki/George_Oppen" title="George Oppen">George Oppen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rakosi" title="Carl Rakosi">Carl Rakosi</a> were all, at one time or another, committed <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxists</a> and Oppen spent a number of years in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> to escape the attention of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> committee. A number of the British surrealists, especially <a href="/wiki/David_Gascoyne" title="David Gascoyne">David Gascoyne</a>, also supported <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>. </p><p>Other modernists took up political positions that did not fit neatly into the traditional left vs. right model. <a href="/wiki/H.D." title="H.D.">H.D.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mina_Loy" title="Mina Loy">Mina Loy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nathalie_Barney" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathalie Barney">Nathalie Barney</a>, for instance, are now seen as proto-feminists and their openness about their various sexualities can be read as foreshadowing the 1970s view that the personal is political. H.D., especially after World War I, came to view the goal of modernism as being the bringing about of world peace. However, she also displayed anti-Semitic views in the notebooks for her book <i>Tribute to Freud</i>. <a href="/wiki/Basil_Bunting" title="Basil Bunting">Basil Bunting</a>, who came from a <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a> background, was a <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objector</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, but because of his opposition to <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a>, served in British Military Intelligence in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia (Iran)</a> during World War II. William Carlos Williams' political views arose from his daily contact with the poor who attended his surgery. He was another for whom the personal and political blended, an approach best summed up in his statement that 'A new world is only a new mind'. </p><p>Although many modernist poets were politically engaged, there is no single political position that can be said to be closely allied to the modernist movement in English-language poetry. These poets came from a wide range of backgrounds and had a wide range of personal experiences and their political stances reflect these facts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernist_poetry_in_English&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modernist revolution of the word was not universally welcomed by readers or writers. By the 1930s, a new generation of poets had emerged who looked to more formally conservative poets like <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy">Thomas Hardy</a> and <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a> as models, and these writers struck a chord with a readership who were uncomfortable with the experimentation and uncertainty preferred by the modernists. Notwithstanding, modernist poetry cannot be positively characterised, there being no mainstream or dominant mode.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the 1950s saw the emergence, particularly in the United States, of a new generation of poets who looked to the modernists for inspiration. The influence of modernism can be seen in these poetic groups and movements, especially those associated with the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Renaissance" title="San Francisco Renaissance">San Francisco Renaissance</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Beat_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Beat generation">Beat generation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Mountain_poets" title="Black Mountain poets">Black Mountain poets</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Deep_image" title="Deep image">deep image</a> group. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Olson" title="Charles Olson">Charles Olson</a>, the theorist of the Black Mountain group, wrote in his 1950 essay, <i>Projectivist Verse</i> 'ONE PERCEPTION MUST IMMEDIATELY AND DIRECTLY LEAD TO A FURTHER PERCEPTION', a statement that links back directly to the Imagists. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Duncan_(poet)" title="Robert Duncan (poet)">Robert Duncan</a>, another Black Mountain poet admired H.D. while a third member of the group, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Creeley" title="Robert Creeley">Robert Creeley</a> did much to help revive interest in Zukofsky and other Objectivists. </p><p>Among the Beats, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Gary Snyder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a> studied Pound closely and were heavily influenced by his interest in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> poetry and the ecological concerns evident in the later <i>Cantos</i>. William Carlos Williams was another who had a strong impact on the Beat poets, encouraging poets like <a href="/wiki/Lew_Welch" title="Lew Welch">Lew Welch</a> and writing an introduction for the book publication of Ginsberg's seminal poem, <i><a href="/wiki/Howl_(poem)" title="Howl (poem)">Howl</a></i>. Many of these writers found a major platform for their work in <a href="/wiki/Cid_Corman" title="Cid Corman">Cid Corman</a>'s <i>Origin</i> magazine and press. <i>Origin</i> also published work by Louis Zukofsky, Lorine Niedecker and Wallace Stevens, helping to revive interest in these early modernist writers. The Objectivists, especially the strict formal experimentation of Zukofsky's later works, were also formative for the <a href="/wiki/Language_poets" title="Language poets">L=A=N=G=U=A=G=E</a> poets. </p><p>As the Beats and other American poets began to find readers in the UK and Ireland, a new generation of British poets with an interest in modernist experimentation began to appear. These poets, who included <a href="/wiki/Tom_Raworth" title="Tom Raworth">Tom Raworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Cobbing" title="Bob Cobbing">Bob Cobbing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gael_Turnbull" title="Gael Turnbull">Gael Turnbull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Pickard" title="Tom Pickard">Tom Pickard</a> and others formed the nucleus of the <a href="/wiki/British_Poetry_Revival" title="British Poetry Revival">British Poetry Revival</a>. This new generation helped bring about a renewed interest in the writings of Bunting, MacDiarmid, David Jones and David Gascoyne. Current practice includes the enormously influential canon of <a href="/wiki/Roy_Fisher" title="Roy Fisher">Roy Fisher</a> (also a major player in the Revival).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene2012426_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene2012426-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporary poets associated with Irish modernism include those associated with <a href="/wiki/New_Writers_Press" title="New Writers Press">New Writers Press</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Beau" class="mw-redirect" title="The Beau">The Beau</a></i> magazine; these include <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Joyce" title="Trevor Joyce">Trevor Joyce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Smith_(poet)" title="Michael Smith (poet)">Michael Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Squires" title="Geoffrey Squires">Geoffrey Squires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randolph_Healy" title="Randolph Healy">Randolph Healy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Mills_(poet)" title="Billy Mills (poet)">Billy Mills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Walsh_(poet)" title="Catherine Walsh (poet)">Catherine Walsh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Scully" title="Maurice Scully">Maurice Scully</a>. New Writers Press also published work by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_MacGreevy" title="Thomas MacGreevy">Thomas MacGreevy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Coffey" title="Brian Coffey">Brian Coffey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denis_Devlin" title="Denis Devlin">Denis Devlin</a>, introducing them to a new audience, and, in Coffey's case, facilitating a late flowering of new work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernist_poetry_in_English&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_verse" title="Free verse">Free verse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">Modernist poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-modernism">Post-modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Renaissance" title="Scottish Renaissance">Scottish Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vers_libre" class="mw-redirect" title="Vers libre">Vers libre</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernist_poetry_in_English&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernist_poetry_in_English&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://poetry.about.com/od/poeticschools/a/Imagism.htm">"Imagism: Poetry of Directness, Distillation, Tradition"</a>. <i>about.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=about.com&rft.atitle=Imagism%3A+Poetry+of+Directness%2C+Distillation%2C+Tradition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoetry.about.com%2Fod%2Fpoeticschools%2Fa%2FImagism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernist+poetry+in+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lowell, Amy. “Sword Blades and Poppy Seed". The Macmillan Company, New York; and Macmillan & Co., London, 1914, 7-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gammel, Irene and Suzanne Zelazo. “Harpsichords Metallic Howl—“: The Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven’s Sound Poetry.” <i>Modernism/modernity</i> (Johns Hopkins UP), 18.2 (April 2011), 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gammel, Irene and Suzanne Zelazo. “Introduction: The First American Dada.” <i>Body Sweats: The Uncensored Writings of Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven</i>. Ed. Irene Gammel and Suzanne Zelazo. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011, 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gammel, Irene. <i>Baroness Elsa: Gender, Dada and Everyday Modernity</i>. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002, 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-norris-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-norris_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ken Norris, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwo.ca/english/canadianpoetry/cpjrn/vol11/norris.htm">The Beginnings of Canadian Modernism</a>," <i>Canadian Poetry: Studies/Documents/Reviews,</i> No. 11 (Fall/Winter, 1982), Canadian Poetry, UWO.ca, Web, Mar. 25, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Schmidt, <i>Reading Modern Poetry</i>. Routledge: London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415015691" title="Special:BookSources/9780415015691">9780415015691</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene2012426-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene2012426_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreene2012">Greene 2012</a>, p. 426.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernist_poetry_in_English&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Coughlan, Patricia & Davis, Alec eds. <i>Modernism and Ireland: The Poetry of the 1930s</i> (Cork University Press, 1995) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85918-061-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85918-061-2">1-85918-061-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roland_Greene" title="Roland Greene">Greene, Roland</a>; et al., eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uKiC6IeFR2UC&pg=PA425">"Poetry of England"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uKiC6IeFR2UC"><i>The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics</i></a> (4th rev. ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 420–428. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15491-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15491-6"><bdi>978-0-691-15491-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poetry+of+England&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Poetry+and+Poetics&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=420-428&rft.edition=4th+rev.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15491-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuKiC6IeFR2UC%26pg%3DPA425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModernist+poetry+in+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Guest, Barbara. <i>Herself Defined: The Poet H.D. and Her World</i>. (Collins, 1985) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-13129-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-13129-1">0-385-13129-1</a></li> <li>Jones, Peter (ed.). <i>Imagist Poetry</i> (Penguin, 1972).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Kenner" title="Hugh Kenner">Kenner, Hugh</a>. <i>The Pound Era</i>. (Faber & Faber, 1973).</li> <li>Perloff, Marjorie. <i>The Poetics of Indeterminacy</i>. (Northwestern University Press, 1999). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8101-1764-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8101-1764-9">0-8101-1764-9</a></li> <li>Redman, Tim. <i>Ezra Pound and Italian Fascism.</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Weinberger" title="Eliot Weinberger">Weinberger, Eliot</a>. <i>The New Directions Anthology of Classical Chinese Poetry</i>. (New Directions Publishing Corporation, 2004). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8112-1605-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8112-1605-5">0-8112-1605-5</a> Introduction, with translations by <a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">William Carlos Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Rexroth" title="Kenneth Rexroth">Kenneth Rexroth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Gary Snyder</a>, and David Hinton.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Gammel" title="Irene Gammel">Gammel, Irene</a>. <i>Baroness Elsa: Gender, Dada and Everyday Modernity</i> (MIT Press, 2002).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroness_Elsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroness Elsa">Freytag-Loringhoven, Elsa von</a>. <i>Body Sweats: The Uncensored Writings of Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven</i> (MIT Press, 2011). Introduction and edited by <a href="/wiki/Irene_Gammel" title="Irene Gammel">Irene Gammel</a> and Suzanne Zelazo.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernist_poetry_in_English&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expatriateliterarycircle.com/">Expatriate Literary Circle Magazine</a> designed to bring together a group of intellects looking to share good classic reads and stimulating discussions. The website has been set up to simulate the same Parisian cafe atmosphere of the 1920s as experienced by E. E. Cummings, Hemingway and their fellow Expats.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets.htm">Modern American Poetry</a> Captured 18 November 2004.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imagists.org/">Imagists.org</a> Captured 18 November 2004.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041204073341/http://students.washington.edu/dwhunts/objectivism.htm">The Objectivist Timeline Project</a> Captured 24 November 2004.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archiveofthenow.com/">Modernist poetry: audio & print archives of innovative British poetry</a> Captured March 9.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epc.buffalo.edu/authors/">The Electronic Poetry Center</a> Captured 24 November 2004.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uvm.edu/%7Esgutman/poetry.html">Modern Poetry</a> Captured 23 June 2005 Includes audio discussion of major modern poets</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailymotion.com/davidjonesfilms">In Search of David Jones: Artist, Soldier, Poet (2008)</a> The first in a trilogy of documentaries about <a href="/wiki/David_Jones_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Jones (poet)">David Jones</a>, artist and modernist poet.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Schools_of_poetry" title="Template:Schools of poetry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Schools_of_poetry" title="Template talk:Schools of poetry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Schools_of_poetry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Schools of poetry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Schools_of_poetry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_groups_and_movements" title="List of poetry groups and movements">Schools</a> of <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acmeist_poetry" title="Acmeist poetry">Acmeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhmatova%27s_Orphans" title="Akhmatova's Orphans">Akhmatova's Orphans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angry_Penguins" title="Angry Penguins">Angry Penguins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auden_Group" title="Auden Group">Auden Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">The Beats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arts_Movement" title="Black Arts Movement">Black Arts Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mountain_poets" title="Black Mountain poets">Black Mountain poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Poetry_Revival" title="British Poetry Revival">British Poetry Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_poets" title="Cairo poets">Cairo poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castalian_Band" title="Castalian Band">Castalian Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_poet" title="Cavalier poet">Cavalier poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhayavaad" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhayavaad">Chhayavaad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graveyard_poets" title="Graveyard poets">Churchyard poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptismo" title="Conceptismo">Conceptismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_poetry" title="Confessional poetry">Confessionalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9olit%C3%A9" title="Créolité">Créolité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubo-Futurism" title="Cubo-Futurism">Cubo-Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culteranismo" title="Culteranismo">Culteranismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_Poets" title="Cyclic Poets">Cyclic Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_image" title="Deep image">Deep image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Della_Cruscans" title="Della Cruscans">Della Cruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolce_Stil_Novo" title="Dolce Stil Novo">Dolce Stil Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dymock_poets" title="Dymock poets">Dymock poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopoetry" title="Ecopoetry">Ecopoetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ego-Futurism" title="Ego-Futurism">Ego-Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_poets_of_Elan" class="mw-redirect" title="The poets of Elan">The poets of Elan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flarf_poetry" title="Flarf poetry">Flarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitives_(poets)" title="Fugitives (poets)">Fugitives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garip" title="Garip">Garip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistori_del_Gay_Saber" title="Consistori del Gay Saber">Gay Saber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_of_%2727" title="Generation of '27">Generation of '27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Generation_of_the_%2730s" title="Category:Generation of the '30s">Generation of the '30s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_of_%2798" title="Generation of '98">Generation of '98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian poets">Georgian poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliard" class="mw-redirect" title="Goliard">Goliard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Group_(literature)" title="The Group (literature)">The Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Aesthetes" title="Harvard Aesthetes">Harvard Aesthetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_generation" title="Hungry generation">Hungry generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaginism" title="Imaginism">Imaginism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informationist_poetry" title="Informationist poetry">Informationist poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0kinci_Yeni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İkinci Yeni (page does not exist)">İkinci Yeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindyworobak_Movement" title="Jindyworobak Movement">Jindyworobaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poets" title="Lake Poets">Lake Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_poets" title="Language poets">Language poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinism" title="Marinism">Marinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_poetry" title="Martian poetry">Martian poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_poets" title="Metaphysical poets">Metaphysical poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misty_Poets" title="Misty Poets">Misty Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">Modernist poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Movement_(literature)" title="The Movement (literature)">The Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gritude" title="Négritude">Négritude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoteric" title="Neoteric">Neotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_American_Poetry_1945%E2%80%931960" title="The New American Poetry 1945–1960">New American Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Apocalyptics" title="New Apocalyptics">New Apocalyptics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Formalism" title="New Formalism">New Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_School_(art)" title="New York School (art)">New York School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberiu" title="Oberiu">Oberiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivist_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivist poets">Objectivists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Others_(art_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Others (art group)">Others</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parnassianism" title="Parnassianism">Parnassian poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Pl%C3%A9iade" title="La Pléiade">La Pléiade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cieuses" title="Précieuses">Précieuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhymers%27_Club" title="Rhymers' Club">Rhymers' Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Renaissance" title="San Francisco Renaissance">San Francisco Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Renaissance" title="Scottish Renaissance">Scottish Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_School" title="Sicilian School">Sicilian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Ben_(literary_group)" title="Sons of Ben (literary group)">Sons of Ben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spasmodic_poets" title="Spasmodic poets">Spasmodic poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sung_poetry" title="Sung poetry">Sung poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranian_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranian poetry">Uranian poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zutiste" title="Zutiste">Zutiste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quill_and_ink.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/16px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/24px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/32px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="152" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poetry" title="Portal:Poetry">Poetry portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modernism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modernism" title="Template talk:Modernism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modernism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Acmeist_poetry" title="Acmeist poetry">Acmeism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_School" title="Ashcan School">Ashcan School</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">Music</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></i></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_arts#Literary_arts" title="The arts">Literary arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire" title="Guillaume Apollinaire">Apollinaire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Djuna_Barnes" title="Djuna Barnes">Barnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bely" title="Andrei Bely">Bely</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">Breton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Broch" title="Hermann Broch">Broch</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov" title="Mikhail Bulgakov">Bulgakov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Conrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%B6blin" title="Alfred Döblin">Döblin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">Forster</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">Faulkner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Flaubert</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Ford" title="Ford Madox Ford">Ford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">Gide</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Hamsun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Ha%C5%A1ek" title="Jaroslav Hašek">Hašek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Hemingway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hesse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">Joyce</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Kafka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Koestler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield" title="Katherine Mansfield">Mansfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Musil" title="Robert Musil">Musil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Dos_Passos" title="John Dos Passos">Dos Passos</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Platonov" title="Andrei Platonov">Platonov</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="Katherine Anne Porter">Porter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Proust</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Stein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italo_Svevo" title="Italo Svevo">Svevo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Unamuno</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Woolf</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">Poetry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova" title="Anna Akhmatova">Akhmatova</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Aldington" title="Richard Aldington">Aldington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">Auden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_P._Cavafy" title="Constantine P. Cavafy">Cavafy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Cendrars" title="Blaise Cendrars">Cendrars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hart_Crane" title="Hart Crane">Crane</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H.D." title="H.D.">H.D.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Desnos" title="Robert Desnos">Desnos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard" title="Paul Éluard">Éluard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Elytis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">George</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Jacob" title="Max Jacob">Jacob</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca" title="Federico García Lorca">Lorca</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amy_Lowell" title="Amy Lowell">Lowell (Amy)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowell" title="Robert Lowell">Lowell (Robert)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Mallarmé</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Moore" title="Marianne Moore">Moore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Owen" title="Wilfred Owen">Owen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pessoa" title="Fernando Pessoa">Pessoa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rilke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Seferis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens">Stevens</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dylan_Thomas" title="Dylan Thomas">Thomas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tristan_Tzara" title="Tristan Tzara">Tzara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry" title="Paul Valéry">Valéry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">Yeats</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_Lost_Time" title="In Search of Lost Time">In Search of Lost Time</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1913–1927)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis" title="The Metamorphosis">The Metamorphosis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1915)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Mountain" title="The Magic Mountain">The Magic Mountain</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Dalloway" title="Mrs Dalloway">Mrs Dalloway</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises" title="The Sun Also Rises">The Sun Also Rises</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita" title="The Master and Margarita">The Master and Margarita</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1928–1940)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Fury" title="The Sound and the Fury">The Sound and the Fury</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Painting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josef_Albers" title="Josef Albers">Albers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Arp" title="Jean Arp">Arp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Balthus" title="Balthus">Balthus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Bellows" title="George Bellows">Bellows</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni" title="Umberto Boccioni">Boccioni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard" title="Pierre Bonnard">Bonnard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i" title="Constantin Brâncuși">Brâncuși</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Braque</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Calder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Cassatt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Cézanne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Chagall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico" title="Giorgio de Chirico">Chirico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Camille_Claudel" title="Camille Claudel">Claudel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Dalí</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Degas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning" title="Willem de Kooning">Kooning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Delaunay" title="Robert Delaunay">Delaunay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Delaunay" title="Sonia Delaunay">Delaunay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Demuth" title="Charles Demuth">Demuth</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Dix" title="Otto Dix">Dix</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Doesburg" title="Theo van Doesburg">Doesburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Duchamp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Dufy" title="Raoul Dufy">Dufy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Ensor" title="James Ensor">Ensor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Ernst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Gauguin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti" title="Alberto Giacometti">Giacometti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Goncharova" title="Natalia Goncharova">Goncharova</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Gris" title="Juan Gris">Gris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Grosz" title="George Grosz">Grosz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hannah_H%C3%B6ch" title="Hannah Höch">Höch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hopper" title="Edward Hopper">Hopper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Kahlo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Kandinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner" title="Ernst Ludwig Kirchner">Kirchner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka">Kokoschka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger" title="Fernand Léger">Léger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">Magritte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich" title="Kazimir Malevich">Malevich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Manet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Marc" title="Franz Marc">Marc</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Matisse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Metzinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Miró</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Modigliani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Mondrian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Monet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Moore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Munch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Nolde" title="Emil Nolde">Nolde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">O'Keeffe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Picabia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Picasso</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Pissarro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Ray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Redon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Renoir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Rodin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Rousseau" title="Henri Rousseau">Rousseau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Egon_Schiele" title="Egon Schiele">Schiele</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat">Seurat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Signac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sisley" title="Alfred Sisley">Sisley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Soutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Soutine">Soutine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Steichen" title="Edward Steichen">Steichen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz" title="Alfred Stieglitz">Stieglitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Toulouse-Lautrec</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Van Gogh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Vuillard" title="Édouard Vuillard">Vuillard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grant_Wood" title="Grant Wood">Wood</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Akerman" title="Chantal Akerman">Akerman</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aldrich" title="Robert Aldrich">Aldrich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Antonioni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tex_Avery" title="Tex Avery">Avery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Bergman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bresson" title="Robert Bresson">Bresson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Buñuel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Carn%C3%A9" title="Marcel Carné">Carné</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Cassavetes" title="John Cassavetes">Cassavetes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Chaplin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Clair" title="René Clair">Clair</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Cocteau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dassin" title="Jules Dassin">Dassin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maya_Deren" title="Maya Deren">Deren</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dovzhenko" title="Alexander Dovzhenko">Dovzhenko</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Theodor_Dreyer" title="Carl Theodor Dreyer">Dreyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blake_Edwards" title="Blake Edwards">Edwards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Eisenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Epstein" title="Jean Epstein">Epstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder" title="Rainer Werner Fassbinder">Fassbinder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Fellini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Flaherty" title="Robert J. Flaherty">Flaherty</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">Ford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fuller" title="Samuel Fuller">Fuller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abel_Gance" title="Abel Gance">Gance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Godard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Hubley" title="John Hubley">Hubley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Jones" title="Chuck Jones">Jones</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Keaton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Kubrick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kuleshov" title="Lev Kuleshov">Kuleshov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Kurosawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Lang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Losey" title="Joseph Losey">Losey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ida_Lupino" title="Ida Lupino">Lupino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Marker" title="Chris Marker">Marker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli">Minnelli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/F._W._Murnau" title="F. W. Murnau">Murnau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yasujir%C5%8D_Ozu" title="Yasujirō Ozu">Ozu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G._W._Pabst" title="G. W. Pabst">Pabst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Pudovkin" title="Vsevolod Pudovkin">Pudovkin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ray" title="Nicholas Ray">Ray (Nicholas)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Ray (Satyajit)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Resnais" title="Alain Resnais">Resnais</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Renoir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Richardson" title="Tony Richardson">Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Rossellini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Sirk" title="Douglas Sirk">Sirk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Sj%C3%B6str%C3%B6m" title="Victor Sjöström">Sjöström</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josef_von_Sternberg" title="Josef von Sternberg">Sternberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Tarkovsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Tati" title="Jacques Tati">Tati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Trnka" title="Jiří Trnka">Trnka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">Truffaut</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Varda" title="Agnès Varda">Varda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dziga_Vertov" title="Dziga Vertov">Vertov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vigo" title="Jean Vigo">Vigo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Welles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wiene" title="Robert Wiene">Wiene</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Wood" title="Ed Wood">Wood</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer">Breuer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bunshaft" title="Gordon Bunshaft">Bunshaft</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD" title="Antoni Gaudí">Gaudí</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Gropius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hector_Guimard" title="Hector Guimard">Guimard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Horta" title="Victor Horta">Horta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Friedensreich_Hundertwasser" title="Friedensreich Hundertwasser">Hundertwasser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Kahn" title="Louis Kahn">Kahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Loos" title="Adolf Loos">Loos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Melnikov" title="Konstantin Melnikov">Melnikov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mendelsohn" title="Erich Mendelsohn">Mendelsohn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pier_Luigi_Nervi" title="Pier Luigi Nervi">Nervi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neutra" title="Richard Neutra">Neutra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Niemeyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld" title="Gerrit Rietveld">Rietveld</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Saarinen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Steiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Sullivan" title="Louis Sullivan">Sullivan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tatlin" title="Vladimir Tatlin">Tatlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Mies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Wright</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte" title="A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte">A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1886)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mont_Sainte-Victoire_(C%C3%A9zanne)" title="Mont Sainte-Victoire (Cézanne)">Mont Sainte-Victoir</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1887)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Starry_Night" title="The Starry Night">The Starry Night</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1889)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon" title="Les Demoiselles d'Avignon">Les Demoiselles d'Avignon</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1907)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dance_(Matisse)" title="Dance (Matisse)">The Dance</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1909–1910)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Nude_Descending_a_Staircase,_No._2" title="Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2">Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Square" title="Black Square">Black Square</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1915)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari" title="The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari">The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ballet_M%C3%A9canique" title="Ballet Mécanique">Ballet Mécanique</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Battleship_Potemkin" title="Battleship Potemkin">Battleship Potemkin</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1927)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Un_Chien_Andalou" title="Un Chien Andalou">Un Chien Andalou</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Villa_Savoye" title="Villa Savoye">Villa Savoye</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1931)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fallingwater" title="Fallingwater">Fallingwater</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon" title="Meshes of the Afternoon">Meshes of the Afternoon</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1943)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing<br />arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">Antheil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Berg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Berio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger" title="Nadia Boulanger">Boulanger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Boulez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Copland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Debussy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Dutilleux" title="Henri Dutilleux">Dutilleux</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla" title="Manuel de Falla">Falla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Morton_Feldman" title="Morton Feldman">Feldman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki">Górecki</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Hindemith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Honegger" title="Arthur Honegger">Honegger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Ives</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Janáček</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">Ligeti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Lutosławski</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Milhaud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Nono</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Partch" title="Harry Partch">Partch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Russolo" title="Luigi Russolo">Russolo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Satie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Stockhausen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski" title="Karol Szymanowski">Szymanowski</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Varèse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Villa-Lobos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Weill</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_theatre" title="Modernist theatre">Theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Anderson" title="Maxwell Anderson">Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Anouilh" title="Jean Anouilh">Anouilh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Artaud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Ibsen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jarry" title="Alfred Jarry">Jarry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser">Kaiser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maeterlinck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Mayakovsky" title="Vladimir Mayakovsky">Mayakovsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Casey" title="Seán O'Casey">O'Casey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">O'Neill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Osborne" title="John Osborne">Osborne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Pirandello</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Piscator" title="Erwin Piscator">Piscator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">Strindberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Toller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wedekind" title="Frank Wedekind">Wedekind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Wilder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ignacy_Witkiewicz" title="Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz">Witkiewicz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_dance" title="Modern dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Balanchine" title="George Balanchine">Balanchine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Merce_Cunningham" title="Merce Cunningham">Cunningham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev" title="Sergei Diaghilev">Diaghilev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isadora_Duncan" title="Isadora Duncan">Duncan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Fokine" title="Michel Fokine">Fokine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Loie_Fuller" title="Loie Fuller">Fuller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Graham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hanya_Holm" title="Hanya Holm">Holm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Laban">Laban</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onide_Massine" title="Léonide Massine">Massine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky" title="Vaslav Nijinsky">Nijinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Shawn" title="Ted Shawn">Shawn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Sokolow" title="Anna Sokolow">Sokolow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_St._Denis" title="Ruth St. Denis">St. Denis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Tamiris" title="Helen Tamiris">Tamiris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grete_Wiesenthal" title="Grete Wiesenthal">Wiesenthal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wigman" title="Mary Wigman">Wigman</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(Strauss)" title="Don Juan (Strauss)">Don Juan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1888)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ubu_Roi" title="Ubu Roi">Ubu Roi</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1896)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Verkl%C3%A4rte_Nacht" title="Verklärte Nacht">Verklärte Nacht</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1899)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">Pelléas et Mélisande</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1902)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salome</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1905)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">The Firebird</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1910)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Afternoon_of_a_Faun_(Nijinsky)" title="Afternoon of a Faun (Nijinsky)">Afternoon of a Faun</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring" title="The Rite of Spring">The Rite of Spring</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1913)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1917)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Six_Characters_in_Search_of_an_Author" title="Six Characters in Search of an Author">Six Characters in Search of an Author</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1921)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera" title="The Threepenny Opera">The Threepenny Opera</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1928)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot" title="Waiting for Godot">Waiting for Godot</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_modernism" title="American modernism">American modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armory_Show" title="Armory Show">Armory Show</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group" title="Bloomsbury Group">Bloomsbury Group</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_art" title="Degenerate art">Degenerate art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ecomodernism" title="Ecomodernism">Ecomodernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art" title="Fourth dimension in art">Fourth dimension in art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_literature" title="Fourth dimension in literature">Fourth dimension in literature</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor School of Modern Art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hanshinkan_Modernism" title="Hanshinkan Modernism">Hanshinkan Modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/High_modernism" title="High modernism">High modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Hippie modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_in_music" title="Impressionism in music">Music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_(literature)" title="Impressionism (literature)">Literature</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a 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