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id="toc-Life_and_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Freemasonry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freemasonry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Freemasonry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freemasonry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weimar_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weimar_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Weimar Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weimar_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laban_under_National_Socialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laban_under_National_Socialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Laban under National Socialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laban_under_National_Socialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Laban_dance_students_and_associates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Laban_dance_students_and_associates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Notable Laban dance students and associates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Laban_dance_students_and_associates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_and_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_and_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Works and publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_and_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rudolf von Laban</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="رودولف لابان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رودولف لابان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_von_Laban" title="Rudolf von Laban – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rudolf von Laban" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рудольф фон Лабан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рудольф фон Лабан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_von_Laban" title="Rudolf von Laban – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rudolf von Laban" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_von_Laban" title="Rudolf von Laban – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rudolf von Laban" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Laban" title="Rudolf Laban – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rudolf Laban" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_von_Laban" title="Rudolf von Laban – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rudolf von Laban" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_von_Laban" title="Rudolf von Laban – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rudolf von Laban" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_von_Laban" title="Rudolf von Laban – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rudolf von Laban" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_L%C3%A1b%C3%A1n" title="Rudolf Lábán – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rudolf Lábán" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Laban" title="Rudolf Laban – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rudolf Laban" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="رودلف ون لابان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رودلف ون لابان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Laban" title="Rudolf Laban – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rudolf Laban" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_von_Laban" title="Rudolf von Laban – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rudolf von Laban" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EB%8F%8C%ED%94%84_%ED%8F%B0_%EB%9D%BC%EB%B0%98" title="루돌프 폰 라반 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루돌프 폰 라반" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_von_Laban" title="Rudolf von Laban – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rudolf von Laban" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_von_Laban" title="Rudolf von Laban – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rudolf von Laban" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Laban" title="Rudolf Laban – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rudolf Laban" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A3_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9F" title="רודולף לאבאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רודולף לאבאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рудольф фон Лабан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рудольф фон Лабан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolphus_Laban" title="Rudolphus Laban – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rudolphus Laban" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1b%C3%A1n_Rudolf" title="Lábán Rudolf – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lábán Rudolf" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_von_Laban" title="Rudolf von Laban – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Rudolf von Laban" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="رودولف لابان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رودولف لابان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_von_Laban" title="Rudolf von Laban – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rudolf von Laban" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3" title="ルドルフ・フォン・ラバン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルドルフ・フォン・ラバン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_von_Laban" title="Rudolf von Laban – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rudolf von Laban" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Laban" title="Rudolf Laban – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rudolf Laban" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Laban" title="Rudolf Laban – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rudolf Laban" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лабан, Рудольф фон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лабан, Рудольф фон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_von_Laban" title="Rudolf von Laban – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rudolf von Laban" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_von_Laban" title="Rudolf von Laban – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rudolf von Laban" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_fon_Laban" title="Rudolf fon Laban – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Rudolf fon Laban" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_von_Laban" title="Rudolf von Laban – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rudolf von Laban" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_von_Laban" title="Rudolf von Laban – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rudolf von Laban" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_von_Laban" title="Rudolf von Laban – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rudolf von Laban" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рудольф фон Лабан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рудольф фон Лабан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_von_Laban" title="Rudolf von Laban – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rudolf von Laban" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_von_Laban" title="Rudolf von Laban – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rudolf von Laban" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E9%82%A6" title="鲁道夫·拉邦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鲁道夫·拉邦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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He is considered a "founding father of <a href="/wiki/Expressionist_dance" title="Expressionist dance">expressionist dance</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-RLDC1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RLDC1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Modern_dance" title="Modern dance">modern dance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TLS1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TLS1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His theoretical innovations included <a href="/wiki/Laban_movement_analysis" title="Laban movement analysis">Laban movement analysis</a> (a way of documenting human movement) and <a href="/wiki/Labanotation" title="Labanotation">Labanotation</a> (a movement notation system), which paved the way for further developments in dance notation and movement analysis. He initiated one of the main approaches to <a href="/wiki/Dance_therapy" title="Dance therapy">dance therapy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Levy1988_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy1988-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work on <a href="/wiki/Theatrical" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatrical">theatrical</a> movement has also been influential.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attempted to apply his ideas to several other fields, including <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">industry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">management</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TLS1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TLS1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following a dress rehearsal of Laban's last choral work, <i>Of the Warm Wind and New Joy</i>, which he had prepared for the <a href="/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics" title="1936 Summer Olympics">1936 Summer Olympics</a> in Berlin, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> cancelled the piece<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which time Laban fell out of favor with the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialism">National Socialist</a> government. He eventually left Germany for England in 1937 after four years of working with the Nazi regime.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1945 and 1946, he and his long-term collaborator and former student <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Ullmann" title="Lisa Ullmann">Lisa Ullmann</a> founded the Laban Art of Movement Guild in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, and the Art of Movement Studio in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, where he worked until his death. The <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Laban_Conservatoire_of_Music_and_Dance" title="Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance">Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance</a> in London has continued this legacy. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_work">Life and work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_von_Laban&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Rudolf_von_Laban" title="Special:EditPage/Rudolf von Laban">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Rudolf+von+Laban%22">"Rudolf von Laban"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Rudolf+von+Laban%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Rudolf+von+Laban%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Rudolf+von+Laban%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Rudolf+von+Laban%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Rudolf+von+Laban%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-08708,_Berlin,_Tanzschule_Laban.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-08708%2C_Berlin%2C_Tanzschule_Laban.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-08708%2C_Berlin%2C_Tanzschule_Laban.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-08708%2C_Berlin%2C_Tanzschule_Laban.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-08708%2C_Berlin%2C_Tanzschule_Laban.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-08708%2C_Berlin%2C_Tanzschule_Laban.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-08708%2C_Berlin%2C_Tanzschule_Laban.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A group of figures in front of a window, formed by dance students at Laban's Choreographic Institute in <a href="/wiki/Berlin-Grunewald" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin-Grunewald">Berlin-Grunewald</a> (November 1929).</figcaption></figure> <p>Laban was the son of Rudolf Laban Sr. (1843–1907), a military <a href="/wiki/Governor" title="Governor">governor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pressburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressburg">Pressburg</a> (Pozsony)<sup id="cite_ref-LRR1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LRR1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and (from 1899) <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal" title="Field marshal">field marshal</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Austro-Hungarian Army">Austro-Hungarian Army</a> in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Condominium_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia-Herzegovina</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MMRL1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MMRL1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Marie (née Bridling; 1858–1926).<sup id="cite_ref-LRR1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LRR1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1897, Laban senior was ennobled by the Hungarian monarchy in recognition of his military merit and received the nobiliary predicate "de" to his family name (choosing <i>Laban de <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1ralja" title="Váralja">Váralja</a></i>; a place name associated with the Laban family), whereupon Laban junior was rightly entitled to use "<a href="/wiki/Von" title="Von">von</a>" in his family name in the German-speaking world.<sup id="cite_ref-LRR1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LRR1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laban grew up in the courtly circles of <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>. </p><p>At a young age, Laban joined a <a href="/wiki/Cs%C3%A1rd%C3%A1s" title="Csárdás">csárdás</a> dance group. At age 15 Laban entered the <a href="/wiki/Theresian_Military_Academy" title="Theresian Military Academy">Theresian Military Academy</a>, but later turned his back on military service. In 1899, Laban moved to <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> and began studying at the Academy of Fine Arts (<i>Akademie der bildenden Künste</i>). There Laban met the painter Martha Fricke from <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, whom he married on 15 December 1900. They moved to <i>Arcisstr 44</i>, where their daughter Azraela was born in 1901. </p><p>Parallel to Laban's studies at the art academy, he took courses at the newly opened teaching and experimental studio for free and applied art (<i>Lehr- und Versuchsatelier für Freie und Angewandte Kunst</i>). There Laban met his future friend Hermann Obrist, who ran the nature studies course. In 1904 Laban decided to leave Munich to visit the most famous art school in Europe, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Beaux-Arts" title="École des Beaux-Arts">École des Beaux-Arts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> to study <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>. </p><p>Laban's son, Arpad, was born in Paris in 1905. After three years of a fulfilled <a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">bohemian lifestyle</a> with his wife, Martha Fricke died suddenly. Barely two months after the death of Laban's wife, his father also died, who had made it possible for Laban to lead an independent life with substantial financial support. From then onwards, Laban's two children grew up with their maternal grandparents. </p><p>In the years that followed, Laban led an unsteady life between Paris and Vienna, <a href="/wiki/Sanremo" title="Sanremo">Sanremo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>. Financially bankrupt, Laban completed an apprenticeship as an <a href="/wiki/Accountant" title="Accountant">accountant</a> in Nice, from which he also successfully graduated. That was to be Laban's only encounter with a regular working life. </p><p>Living with his mother in Vienna, Laban made a living as a graphic artist and caricaturist. Laban drew for the magazines <i><a href="/wiki/Simplicissimus_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplicissimus (magazine)">Simplicissimus</a></i> and <i>Jugend</i> and continued the studies he had begun in Paris on historical dance forms. At a cultural event, Laban met the singer Maja Lederer from Munich and married her on 8 May 1910 in <a href="/wiki/Pressburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressburg">Pressburg</a>. In the same year, they moved to Munich. With his second wife, Laban moved into a dwelling in <a href="/wiki/Schwabing" title="Schwabing">Schwabing</a> at <i>Hohenzollernstraße 120</i>. </p><p>In 1911, Laban rented a room in a rear building in Munich's <i>Theresienstraße</i>, which he set up as a makeshift movement studio. Laban couldn't make a living with his school; he had to continue working as a commercial artist and caricaturist. Overworked to the point of exhaustion, Laban collapsed in 1912 and went to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lahmann-Sanatorium_Wei%C3%9Fer_Hirsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lahmann-Sanatorium Weißer Hirsch (page does not exist)">Lahmann-Sanatorium Weißer Hirsch</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahmann-Sanatorium" class="extiw" title="de:Lahmann-Sanatorium">de</a>]</span> near <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> for a cure, where patients were cared for according to the life-reform (<i><a href="/wiki/Lebensreform" title="Lebensreform">Lebensreform</a></i>) principles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDörr200824–45_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDörr200824–45-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this natural healing institution, Laban met and fell in love with <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Perrottet" title="Suzanne Perrottet">Suzanne Perrottet</a>, who was also a patient there. In the years that followed, a largely harmonious triangular relationship developed between Perrottet, Laban and his wife. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Wigman.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mary_Wigman.gif/220px-Mary_Wigman.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mary_Wigman.gif/330px-Mary_Wigman.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mary_Wigman.gif/440px-Mary_Wigman.gif 2x" data-file-width="811" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wigman" title="Mary Wigman">Mary Wigman</a> (Wiegmann) in <a href="/wiki/Monte_Verit%C3%A0" title="Monte Verità">Monte Verità</a> on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maggiore" title="Lake Maggiore">Lake Maggiore</a>, enrolled at the Rudolf von Laban School for Art, between 1913 and 1918</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-08707,_Berlin,_Tanzschule_Laban.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-08707%2C_Berlin%2C_Tanzschule_Laban.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-08707%2C_Berlin%2C_Tanzschule_Laban.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-08707%2C_Berlin%2C_Tanzschule_Laban.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-08707%2C_Berlin%2C_Tanzschule_Laban.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-08707%2C_Berlin%2C_Tanzschule_Laban.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-08707%2C_Berlin%2C_Tanzschule_Laban.jpg 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>Young people performing a rhythmic dance at Laban's Choreographic Institute in Berlin-Grunewald (1929).</figcaption></figure> <p>Perrottet was to become Laban's most important collaborator (along with <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wigman" title="Mary Wigman">Mary Wigman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Katja_Wulff" title="Katja Wulff">Katja Wulff</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDörr200824–45_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDörr200824–45-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lover and mother of his child Allar Perrottet (later André Perrottet von Laban) in <a href="/wiki/Ascona" title="Ascona">Ascona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, Laban created a school on the natural healing colony <a href="/wiki/Monte_Verit%C3%A0" title="Monte Verità">Monte Verità</a> in the Swiss canton of <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a>, in the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Ascona" title="Ascona">Ascona</a>, which soon attracted many followers of the new dance art.<sup id="cite_ref-DIU1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DIU1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was here that Laban conducted his famous summer dance courses from 1913 to 1919. Here the students also strived to live in harmony with nature by growing their own food, vegetarianism, weaving cloth and making their own <a href="/wiki/Victorian_dress_reform#Germany" title="Victorian dress reform">reform-style clothing</a>, and dancing in the great outdoors nature often nude experimenting with dynamic improvisations.<sup id="cite_ref-DIU1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DIU1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TLODG1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TLODG1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here Laban experienced his intellectual and artistic breakthrough, celebrating the "<i>neuen Menschen</i>", "<i>Fiur-Menschen</i>", "<i>Anarchos</i>", and "<i>Orgiastos</i>" in expressionist dance dramas.<sup id="cite_ref-DIU1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DIU1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1915 Laban, his wife and their two children and Perrottet and son Allar moved to <a href="/wiki/Hombrechtikon" title="Hombrechtikon">Hombrechtikon</a> near Zürich. There, the extended family lived a self-sufficient lifestyle similar to that on Monte Verità, growing their own food, doing a lot of manual work and sewing their own clothes (e.g. Perrottet developed comfortable clothing for everyday work and dance, which can be attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_dress_reform#Germany" title="Victorian dress reform">dress reform movement</a>). At the same time, Laban founded a school for the art of movement (<i>Schule für Bewegungskunst</i>) in Zürich. It included interdisciplinary dance art, pantomime, improvisation and experiments with the body, voice, instruments, texts and even drawing. Later Laban only mentioned the terms: form, sound, word. </p><p>The conclusion of a large vegetarian and pacifist congress at the end of summer 1917 on Monte Verità in Ascona was the three-part dance drama <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sang_an_die_Sonne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sang an die Sonne (page does not exist)">Sang an die Sonne</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sang_an_die_Sonne" class="extiw" title="de:Sang an die Sonne">de</a>]</span></i> to a text by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Borngr%C3%A4ber" title="Otto Borngräber">Otto Borngräber</a>. It began with the setting of the sun, which was followed by the dance of the demons of the night. This part was staged at midnight high in the mountains in front of poet-prophet <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Gr%C3%A4ser" title="Gustav Gräser">Gustav Gräser</a>'s rock grotto. The face masks were created by the <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dadaist</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Janco" title="Marcel Janco">Marcel Janco</a>. Early in the morning the rising, "victorious" sun was greeted as an expression of the hope of overcoming the war and a utopian higher development of mankind. At these performances worked also <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wigman" title="Mary Wigman">Mary Wigman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Taeuber" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophie Taeuber">Sophie Taeuber</a> and Suzanne Perrottet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_von_Laban&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Freemasonry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Laban had been a member of a <a href="/wiki/Freemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemason">Freemason</a> association since 1913, and had founded his own masonic lodge "Johannis lodge of ancient Freemasons of the Scottish-and-Memphis-and-Misraim-Rites in the valley of Zürich" which had six brothers and ten sisters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDörr200867–68_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDörr200867–68-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst on Monte Verità, Laban met the occultist <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Reuss" title="Theodor Reuss">Theodor Reuss</a>, who had been on Monte Verità for some time and had established a local Freemason lodge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDörr200867–68_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDörr200867–68-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 October 1917, Reuss issued a charter to Laban and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Rudolf_Hilfiker-Dunn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Rudolf Hilfiker-Dunn (page does not exist)">Hans Rudolf Hilfiker-Dunn</a> (1882–1955) to operate a III° <a href="/wiki/Ordo_Templi_Orientis" title="Ordo Templi Orientis">Ordo Templi Orientis</a> Lodge in Zürich called <i>Libertas et Fraternitas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDörr200867–68_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDörr200867–68-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weimar_Germany">Weimar Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_von_Laban&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Weimar Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laban_and_pupils.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Laban_and_pupils.jpg/220px-Laban_and_pupils.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Laban_and_pupils.jpg/330px-Laban_and_pupils.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Laban_and_pupils.jpg/440px-Laban_and_pupils.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>Rudolf von Laban in the midst of his students (ca. 1929).</figcaption></figure> <p>After the end of World War I, Laban returned to Germany. The Zürich Laban School was taken over and continued by Perrottet. After an interlude in <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, where Laban worked with the painter <a href="/wiki/Max_Ackermann" title="Max Ackermann">Max Ackermann</a>, Laban founded the <i>Tanzbühne Laban</i> (Dance Stage Laban) in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Weimar Germany">Weimar Germany</a> in 1922. </p><p>The first public performance of a dance poem by Laban took place in <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a> in the autumn of 1922 in the State Theatre. They called the performance poster by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Gatermann_the_Elder" title="Karl Gatermann the Elder">Karl Gatermann the Elder</a> <i>Der schwingende Tempel</i> (The Swinging Temple), archived under the number PLK-Laban 29 in the Dance Archive <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>. In 1923, the first Laban school was founded, which had its own movement choir. The numerous graduates of the Hamburg School successfully carried Laban's method on to various cities in Germany and Europe. In the years that followed, 24 Laban schools were set up across Europe. </p><p>In addition, Laban built up a "Choreographic Institute" in <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a> (1926/27) and <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> (1928/29). Together with Dussia Bereska, Laban also directed the Chamber Dance Stage (<i>Kammertanzbühne</i>) (1925–1927). Bereska from the Laban School in Hamburg features in the popular 1925 German cultural silent film <i><a href="/wiki/Wege_zu_Kraft_und_Sch%C3%B6nheit" class="mw-redirect" title="Wege zu Kraft und Schönheit">Wege zu Kraft und Schönheit</a></i> (Ways to Strength and Beauty) performing <i>Die Orchidee</i> (The Orchid); also featuring in the same film is Mary Wigman and her dance group and the end scene from Laban's dance drama <i>Das lebende Idol</i> (The living Idol) where Laban himself makes an appearance. </p><p>From 1930 to 1934, Laban took over the direction of the ballet of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_State_Opera" title="Berlin State Opera">Berlin State Opera</a>. Laban integrated the ideas of psychologist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgson201672_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgson201672-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in Laban's warm up program the practices of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pilates" title="Joseph Pilates">Joseph Pilates</a>, whom according to Pilates, Laban had observed whilst Pilates was working with patients in Hamburg.<sup id="cite_ref-JPDB1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPDB1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laban_under_National_Socialism">Laban under National Socialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_von_Laban&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Laban under National Socialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Laban directed major festivals of dance under the funding of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a>' propaganda ministry from 1934 to 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laban even wrote during this time that "we want to dedicate our means of expression and the articulation of our power to the service of the great tasks of our <i><a href="/wiki/Volk" title="Volk">Volk</a></i> (People). With unswerving clarity our <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a></i> points the way".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1936 Laban become the chairman of the association "German workshops for dance" and received a salary of 1250 <a href="/wiki/%E2%84%9B%E2%84%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="ℛℳ">ℛℳ</a> per month,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a duodenal ulcer in August of that year bed bound him for two months, eventually leading him to ask to reduce his responsibilities to consultancy.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was accepted and his wage reduced to 500 ℛℳ, Laban's employment then ran until March 1937 when his contract ended.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several allegations of Laban's attachment to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ideology">Nazi ideology</a> have been made, for instance, as early as July 1933 Laban was removing all pupils branded as non-<a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryan</a> from the children's course he was running as a ballet director.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some Laban scholars have pointed out<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that such actions were necessary for survival in Nazi Germany at that time, and that his position was precarious as he was neither a German citizen nor a <a href="/wiki/Nazi_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi party">Nazi party</a> member. In fact, the seizure of power by the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialists">National Socialists</a> in 1933 had an immediate effect on Laban's work through the new law passed against racial overcrowding in German schools and universities of 25 April 1933 (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesetz_gegen_die_%C3%9Cberf%C3%BCllung_deutscher_Schulen_und_Hochschulen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gesetz gegen die Überfüllung deutscher Schulen und Hochschulen (page does not exist)">Gesetz gegen die Überfüllung deutscher Schulen und Hochschulen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesetz_gegen_die_%C3%9Cberf%C3%BCllung_deutscher_Schulen_und_Hochschulen" class="extiw" title="de:Gesetz gegen die Überfüllung deutscher Schulen und Hochschulen">de</a>]</span></i>), Laban was thus bound by this new law of vetting students with the racial characteristic of a "non-Aryan" descent. His work under the Nazi regime culminated in 1936 with Goebbel's banning of <i>Vom Tauwind und der Neuen Freude</i> (Of the Spring Wind and the New Joy), a choreography intended for the <a href="/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics" title="1936 Summer Olympics">1936 Summer Olympics</a> in Berlin, for not furthering the Nazi agenda.<sup id="cite_ref-EOE1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOE1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England">England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_von_Laban&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In very poor health, Laban managed to travel to Paris in August 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, he was invited to England, where in February 1938 he joined up with two of his former students <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Jooss" title="Kurt Jooss">Kurt Jooss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Leeder" title="Sigurd Leeder">Sigurd Leeder</a> at the Jooss-Leeder Dance School they had founded at <a href="/wiki/Dartington_Hall" title="Dartington Hall">Dartington Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> (thanks to the philanthropy of <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Knight_Elmhirst" title="Leonard Knight Elmhirst">Leonard Elmhirst</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Payne_Whitney" title="Dorothy Payne Whitney">Dorothy Whitney</a>), where innovative dance was already being taught by other refugees from Nazi Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laban was greatly assisted in his dance teaching during these years by his close associates and long-term partners <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Ullmann" title="Lisa Ullmann">Lisa Ullmann</a> and Sylvia Bodmer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCaw2011XVIII_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCaw2011XVIII-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their collaboration led to the founding of the Laban Art of Movement Guild (now known as <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Laban_Conservatoire_of_Music_and_Dance" title="Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance">Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance</a>) in 1945 and The Art of Movement Studio in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCaw2011XVIII_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCaw2011XVIII-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1947, together with management consultant Fredrick Lawrence, Laban published a book <i>Effort</i>, <a href="/wiki/Fordism" title="Fordism">Fordistic</a> study of the time taken to perform tasks in the industrial workplace and the energy used.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCaw2011XVIII_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCaw2011XVIII-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laban tried to provide methods intended to help eliminate <i>"shadow movements"</i> (which he believed wasted energy and time) and to focus instead on constructive movements necessary to the job at hand. Laban published <i>Modern Educational Dance</i> in 1948 when his ideas on dance for all including children were taught in many British schools. Laban died in England in 1958. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_Laban_dance_students_and_associates">Notable Laban dance students and associates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_von_Laban&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable Laban dance students and associates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among Laban's students, friends, and associates were <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wigman" title="Mary Wigman">Mary Wigman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Perrottet" title="Suzanne Perrottet">Suzanne Perrottet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katja_Wulff" title="Katja Wulff">Katja Wulff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Jooss" title="Kurt Jooss">Kurt Jooss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Ullmann" title="Lisa Ullmann">Lisa Ullmann</a>, Albrecht Knust, Dussia Bereska, <a href="/wiki/Lilian_Harmel" title="Lilian Harmel">Lilian Harmel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Taeuber-Arp" title="Sophie Taeuber-Arp">Sophie Taeuber-Arp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hilde_Holger" title="Hilde Holger">Hilde Holger</a>, Ana Maletić, <a href="/wiki/Mil%C4%8Da_Mayerov%C3%A1" title="Milča Mayerová">Milča Mayerová</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gertrud_Kraus" title="Gertrud Kraus">Gertrud Kraus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gisa_Geert" title="Gisa Geert">Gisa Geert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warren_Lamb" title="Warren Lamb">Warren Lamb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Sneddon" title="Elizabeth Sneddon">Elizabeth Sneddon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dilys_Price" title="Dilys Price">Dilys Price</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yat_Malmgren" title="Yat Malmgren">Yat Malmgren</a>, Sylvia Bodmer, <a href="/wiki/Betty_Meredith-Jones" title="Betty Meredith-Jones">Betty Meredith-Jones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Irmgard_Bartenieff" title="Irmgard Bartenieff">Irmgard Bartenieff</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_von_Laban&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://calm.trinitylaban.ac.uk/calmview/Record.aspx?src=Catalog&id=LC">Laban Collection in the Laban Archive</a> at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Laban_Conservatoire_of_Music_and_Dance" title="Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance">Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance</a> documents Laban's life and work in the 1920s-1950s. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121223151918/http://calmarchivecat.surrey.ac.uk/CalmViewNRCD/Record.aspx?src=Catalog&id=L">Rudolf Laban Archive at the National Resource Centre for Dance</a>, collected and organised by <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Ullmann" title="Lisa Ullmann">Lisa Ullmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ellinor_Hinks" title="Ellinor Hinks">Ellinor Hinks</a>, documents his educational work in the UK and contains many of his original drawings. The John Hodgson Collection in the Brotherton Library at Leeds University holds original documents relating to Laban's career in Europe in the early twentieth century. Other archives holding material about Laban include the Tanzarchiv Leipzig, Dartington Archive, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Dance_Archives,_Cologne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Dance Archives, Cologne (page does not exist)">German Dance Archives, Cologne</a>. </p><p>Laban's students went on to found their own schools of modern dance, influencing their own pupils through the 20th century: </p> <ul><li>Rudolf von Laban <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Jooss" title="Kurt Jooss">Kurt Jooss</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ausdruckstanz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ausdruckstanz">Ausdruckstanz</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pina_Bausch" title="Pina Bausch">Pina Bausch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tanztheater" title="Tanztheater">Tanztheater</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wigman" title="Mary Wigman">Mary Wigman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Expressionist_dance" title="Expressionist dance">Expressionist dance</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_Cain" title="Ursula Cain">Ursula Cain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heike_Hennig" title="Heike Hennig">Heike Hennig</a> (see <i><a href="/wiki/Dancing_with_Time" title="Dancing with Time">Dancing with Time</a></i>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanya_Holm" title="Hanya Holm">Hanya Holm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Bettis" title="Valerie Bettis">Valerie Bettis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alwin_Nikolais" title="Alwin Nikolais">Alwin Nikolais</a>—<i>decentralization</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Louis" title="Murray Louis">Murray Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Schmidt_Blossom" title="Beverly Schmidt Blossom">Beverly Schmidt Blossom</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_and_publications">Works and publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_von_Laban&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Works and publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>(Undated). <i>Harmonie Lehre Der Bewegung</i> (German). (Handwritten copy by Sylvia Bodmer of a book by Rudolf Laban) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://calm.trinitylaban.ac.uk/calmview/Record.aspx?src=Catalog&id=LC">London: Laban Collection</a> S. B. 48.</li> <li>(1920). <i>Die Welt des Taenzers</i> [The world of Dancers] (German). Stuttgart: Walter Seifert. (3rd edition, 1926)</li> <li>(1926). <i>Choreographie: Erstes Heft</i> (German). Jena: Eugen Diederichs.</li> <li>(1926). <i>Gymnastik und Tanz</i> (German). Oldenburg: Stalling.</li> <li>(1926). <i>Des Kindes Gymnastik und Tanz</i> (German). Oldenburg: Stalling.</li> <li>(1928). <i>Schrifttanz: Methodik, Orthographie, Erlaeuterungen</i> (German). Vienna: Universal Edition.</li> <li>(1929). "Das Choreographische Institut Laban" in <i>Monographien der Ausbildungen fuer Tanz und Taenzerische Koeperbildung</i> (German). Edited by Liesel Freund. Berlin-Charlottenburg: L. Alterthum.</li> <li>(1947). with F. C. Lawrence. <i>Effort: Economy of Human Movement</i> London: MacDonald and Evans. (4th reprint 1967)</li> <li>(1948). <i>Modern Educational Dance</i>. London: MacDonald and Evans. (2nd Edition 1963, revised by Lisa Ullmann)</li> <li>(1948). "President's address at the annual general meeting of the Laban art of movement guild". <i>Laban Art of Movement Guild News Sheet</i>. 1 (April): 5–8.</li> <li>(1950). <i>The Mastery of Movement on the Stage</i>. London: MacDonald and Evans.</li> <li>(1951). "What has led you to study movement? Answered by R. Laban". <i>Laban Art of Movement Guild News Sheet</i>. 7 (Sept.): 8–11.</li> <li>(1952). "The art of movement in the school". <i>Laban Art of Movement Guild News Sheet</i>. 8 (March): 10–16.</li> <li>(1956). <i>Laban's Principles of Dance and Movement Notation</i>. London: MacDonald and Evans. (2nd edition 1975, annotated and edited by Roderyk Lange)</li> <li>(1960). <i>The Mastery of Movement</i>. (2nd Edition of <i>The Mastery of Movement on the Stage</i>), revised and enlarged by Lisa Ullmann. London: MacDonald and Evans. (3rd Edition, 1971. London: MacDonald and Evans) (1st American Edition, 1971. Boston: Plays) (4th Edition, 1980. Plymouth, UK: Northcote House)</li> <li>(1966). <i>Choreutics</i>. Annotated and edited by Lisa Ullmann. London: MacDonald and Evans.</li> <li>(1974). <i>The Language of Movement; A Guide Book to Choreutics</i>. Annotated and edited by Lisa Ullmann. Boston: Plays. (American publication of <i>Choreutics</i>)</li> <li>(1975). <i>A Life For Dance; Reminiscencs</i>. Translated and annotated by Lisa Ullmann. London: MacDonald & Evans. (Original German published 1935.)</li> <li>(1984). <i>A Vision of Dynamic Space</i>. Compiled by Lisa Ullmann. London: The Falmer Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_von_Laban&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An old source (Samuel Thornton, <i>Laban's Theory of Movement: A New Perspective</i>, Plays, 1971, p. 3) giving the birth name <i>Lábán Rezső Keresztelő Szent János Attila</i> is considered discredited and anecdotal as per Suzanne Walther, <i>Dance of Death: Kurt Jooss and the Weimar Years</i>, Routledge, 2013, p. 41 n. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LRR1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LRR1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LRR1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LRR1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LRR1_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVojtek1999" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vojtek, Miklós (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kalligramoz.eu/Kalligram/Archivum/1999/VIII.-evf.-1999.-december/Laban-Rudolf-pozsonyi-gyoekerei">"Lábán Rudolf pozsonyi gyökerei"</a> [The roots of Rudolf in Bratislava] (in Hungarian). Bratislava: Kalligram Publishing House<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=L%C3%A1b%C3%A1n+Rudolf+pozsonyi+gy%C3%B6kerei&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Vojtek&rft.aufirst=Mikl%C3%B3s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kalligramoz.eu%2FKalligram%2FArchivum%2F1999%2FVIII.-evf.-1999.-december%2FLaban-Rudolf-pozsonyi-gyoekerei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+von+Laban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RLDC1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RLDC1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDörr2008" class="citation book cs1">Dörr, Evelyn (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lGGMhEEtg04C"><i>Rudolf Laban, The Dancer of the Crystal</i></a>. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. pp. 99–101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810860070" title="Special:BookSources/9780810860070"><bdi>9780810860070</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rudolf+Laban%2C+The+Dancer+of+the+Crystal&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=99-101&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780810860070&rft.aulast=D%C3%B6rr&rft.aufirst=Evelyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlGGMhEEtg04C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+von+Laban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TLS1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TLS1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TLS1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCaw2011" class="citation news cs1">McCaw, Dick (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZU1ZBwAAQBAJ">"The Laban Sourcebook"</a>. London, New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415543330" title="Special:BookSources/9780415543330"><bdi>9780415543330</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Laban+Sourcebook&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780415543330&rft.aulast=McCaw&rft.aufirst=Dick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZU1ZBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+von+Laban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levy1988-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Levy1988_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy_FJ1988" class="citation book cs1">Levy FJ (1988). "Laban movement analysis and dance therapy in the United States". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED291746.pdf"><i>Dance/movement therapy: a healing art</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Reston, Va.: <a href="/wiki/National_Dance_Association" title="National Dance Association">National Dance Association</a>. pp. 131–164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88314-380-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-88314-380-1"><bdi>0-88314-380-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121012819/http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED291746.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 January 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Education_Sciences" title="Institute of Education Sciences">Institute of Education Sciences</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Laban+movement+analysis+and+dance+therapy+in+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Dance%2Fmovement+therapy%3A+a+healing+art&rft.place=Reston%2C+Va.&rft.pages=131-164&rft.pub=National+Dance+Association&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-88314-380-1&rft.au=Levy+FJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffiles.eric.ed.gov%2Ffulltext%2FED291746.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+von+Laban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2009" class="citation book cs1">Evans M (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/67544f70-8861-3714-5111-f43d6c90d24a/1/Evans2008.pdf"><i>Movement training for the modern actor</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York: Routledge. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203883549" title="Special:BookSources/9780203883549"><bdi>9780203883549</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181102052517/https://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/file/67544f70-8861-3714-5111-f43d6c90d24a/1/Evans2008.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 November 2018 – via <a href="/wiki/Coventry_University" title="Coventry University">Coventry University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Movement+training+for+the+modern+actor&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780203883549&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcurve.coventry.ac.uk%2Fopen%2Fitems%2F67544f70-8861-3714-5111-f43d6c90d24a%2F1%2FEvans2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+von+Laban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lilian Karina in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarinaMarion_Kant2004" class="citation book cs1">Karina, Lilian; Marion Kant (2004). <i>Hitler's Dancers: German Modern Dance and the Third Reich</i>. Translated by Jonathan Steinberg. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Dancers%3A+German+Modern+Dance+and+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Karina&rft.aufirst=Lilian&rft.au=Marion+Kant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+von+Laban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranco2012" class="citation book cs1">Franco, Susanne (2012). "Rudolf Laban's Dance Film Projects". In Manning, Susan; Ruprecht, Lucia (eds.). <i>New German Dance Studies</i>. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252078439" title="Special:BookSources/9780252078439"><bdi>9780252078439</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rudolf+Laban%27s+Dance+Film+Projects&rft.btitle=New+German+Dance+Studies&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780252078439&rft.aulast=Franco&rft.aufirst=Susanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+von+Laban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MMRL1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MMRL1_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson2016" class="citation book cs1">Hodgson, John (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3IWDAAAQBAJ"><i>Mastering Movement, The Life and Work of Rudolf Laban</i></a>. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135860868" title="Special:BookSources/9781135860868"><bdi>9781135860868</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mastering+Movement%2C+The+Life+and+Work+of+Rudolf+Laban&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781135860868&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY3IWDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+von+Laban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDörr200824–45-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDörr200824–45_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDörr200824–45_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDörr2008">Dörr 2008</a>, pp. 24–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DIU1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DIU1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DIU1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DIU1_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas2007" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas, Larraine (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=58AdAQAAIAAJ"><i>Dancing in Utopia</i></a>. Binsted, England: Dance Books. pp. 36–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781852731212" title="Special:BookSources/9781852731212"><bdi>9781852731212</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dancing+in+Utopia&rft.place=Binsted%2C+England&rft.pages=36-41&rft.pub=Dance+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781852731212&rft.aulast=Nicholas&rft.aufirst=Larraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D58AdAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+von+Laban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TLODG1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TLODG1_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavrami2019" class="citation book cs1">Savrami, Katia (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Ve-DwAAQBAJ"><i>Tracing the Landscape of Dance in Greece</i></a>. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 26–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781527543331" title="Special:BookSources/9781527543331"><bdi>9781527543331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tracing+the+Landscape+of+Dance+in+Greece&rft.place=Newcastle+upon+Tyne&rft.pages=26-27&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781527543331&rft.aulast=Savrami&rft.aufirst=Katia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Ve-DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+von+Laban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDörr200867–68-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDörr200867–68_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDörr200867–68_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDörr200867–68_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDörr2008">Dörr 2008</a>, pp. 67–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgson201672-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgson201672_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodgson2016">Hodgson 2016</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JPDB1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JPDB1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRincke2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rincke, Eva (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=49laDwAAQBAJ"><i>Joseph Pilates, Die Biografie</i></a> [<i>Joseph Pilates, The Biography</i>] (in German). Feiburg im Breisgau: Verlag Herder. pp. 96–97, 147, 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783451600425" title="Special:BookSources/9783451600425"><bdi>9783451600425</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+Pilates%2C+Die+Biografie&rft.place=Feiburg+im+Breisgau&rft.pages=96-97%2C+147%2C+173&rft.pub=Verlag+Herder&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9783451600425&rft.aulast=Rincke&rft.aufirst=Eva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D49laDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+von+Laban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manning, Susan. "Reinterpreting Laban" a review of "Body-Space-Expression: The Development of Rudolf Laban's Movement and Dance Concepts" by Vera Maletic. <i>Dance Chronicle</i>, Vol. 11, No. 2 (1988), pp. 315–320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudolf Laban, "Meister und Werk in der Tanzkunst," Deutsche Tanzzeitschrift, May 1936, quoted in <a href="/wiki/Horst_Koegler" title="Horst Koegler">Horst Koegler</a>, "Vom Ausdruckstanz zum 'Bewegungschor' des deutschen Volkes: Rudolf von Laban," in Intellektuellen im Bann des National Sozialismus, ed. Karl Corino (Hamburg: Hoffmann & Campe, 1980), p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karina, Lillian & Kant, Marion, 2003 (translator: Steinberg, Jonathan). "Hitler's Dancers: German Modern Dance and the Third Reich", New York & Oxford: Berghahn Books, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karina, Lillian & Kant, Marion, 2003 (translator: Steinberg, Jonathan). "Hitler's Dancers: German Modern Dance and the Third Reich", New York & Oxford: Berghahn Books, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karina, Lillian & Kant, Marion, 2003 (translator: Steinberg, Jonathan). "Hitler's Dancers: German Modern Dance and the Third Reich", New York & Oxford: Berghahn Books, p. 256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karina, Lillian & Kant, Marion (translator: Steinberg, Jonathan). "Hitler's Dancers: German Modern Dance and the Third Reich", New York & Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston-Dunlop, Valerie. "Rudolf Laban An Extraordinary Life" (Dance Books, 1998) (especially Chap. 9 'The Nazification of Culture' and Chap. 10 'Survival').</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EOE1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EOE1_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToepfer1997" class="citation book cs1">Toepfer, Karl Eric (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FgvYUZh75WwC"><i>Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910–1935</i></a>. Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford: University of California Press. p. 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520918276" title="Special:BookSources/9780520918276"><bdi>9780520918276</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+Ecstasy%3A+Nudity+and+Movement+in+German+Body+Culture%2C+1910%E2%80%931935.&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Los+Angeles%2C+Oxford&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780520918276&rft.aulast=Toepfer&rft.aufirst=Karl+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFgvYUZh75WwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+von+Laban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kew, Carole. "From Weimar Movement Choir to Nazi Community Dance: The Rise and Fall of Rudolf Laban's "Festkultur"".<i>Dance Research: The Journal of the Society for Dance Research</i>, Vol. 17, No. 2 (1999): pp. 73–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston-Dunlop 1998, pp. 201-203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston-Dunlop 1998, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCaw2011XVIII-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCaw2011XVIII_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCaw2011XVIII_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCaw2011XVIII_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCaw2011">McCaw 2011</a>, p. XVIII.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_von_Laban&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rudolf_von_Laban" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rudolf von Laban">Rudolf von Laban</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt0t1nc9dc">Guide to the Rudolf Laban Icosahedron.</a> Special Collections and Archives, The University of California Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trinitylaban.ac.uk/about-us/our-history/rudolf-laban">Rudolf Laban</a> - biography from Trinity Laban site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.limsonline.org">Limsonline</a> Laban/Bartenieff Institute of Movement Studies - LIMS NYC</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142054/http://www.labanproject.com/bios.html">Short biographies of Laban and some leading Laban practitioners</a> - website of Laban Project</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laban-eurolab.org/">EUROLAB - European Association of Laban/Bartenieff Movement Studies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laban-bartenieff-berlin.de/">EUROLAB Certificate Programs in Laban/Bartenieff Movement Studies</a></li> <li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Laban,_Rudolf_von" class="extiw" title="scores:Category:Laban, Rudolf von">Free scores by Rudolf von Laban</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a> (IMSLP)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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Murnau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wiene" title="Robert Wiene">Robert Wiene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bf2608; color:White;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_dance" title="Expressionist dance"><span style="color:white;">Expressionist dance</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pina_Bausch" title="Pina Bausch">Pina Bausch</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rudolf von Laban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wigman" title="Mary Wigman">Mary Wigman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bf2608; color:White;;width:1%">Expressionist <br /> Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Baciu" title="Ștefan Baciu">Ștefan 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bf2608; color:White;;width:1%">Expressionist Sculpture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Barlach" title="Ernst Barlach">Ernst Barlach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Heckel" title="Erich Heckel">Erich Heckel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bf2608; color:White;;width:1%">Influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Figurative_Expressionism" title="American Figurative Expressionism">American Figurative Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Expressionism" title="Boston Expressionism">Boston Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-expressionism" title="Neo-expressionism">Neo-expressionism</a></li> <li><a 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118568434">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50041902">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12171783r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12171783r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00446605">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0150696&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071318542">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90104708">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000191835&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000012857&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=64218">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199615707">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/jgvx0zj25gh69sk">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810664008705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007586343705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512905006706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14545874">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01157937?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500433949">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmlo.de/l0004">BMLO</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118568434.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118568434">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028973739">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/009514">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tls.theaterwissenschaft.ch/wiki/Rudolf_von_Laban">Theaterlexikon</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6fx7c62">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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