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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankilostomidozlar" title="Ankilostomidozlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ankilostomidozlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancilostomosi" title="Ancilostomosi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ancilostomosi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Անկիլոստոմիդոզներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անկիլոստոմիդոզներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchilostomiasi" title="Anchilostomiasi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anchilostomiasi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Анкилостомидоз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Анкилостомидоз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Анкилостомидоздор – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Анкилостомидоздор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7" title="الانكلستوما – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الانكلستوما" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%A4%E8%99%AB%E7%97%87" title="鉤虫症 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鉤虫症" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankilostomidoz" title="Ankilostomidoz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ankilostomidoz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylostomatoza" title="Ankylostomatoza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ankylostomatoza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Анкилостомидозы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Анкилостомидозы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Анкилостомијаза – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Анкилостомијаза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Анкилостомидозҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Анкилостомидозҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankilostomiyaz" title="Ankilostomiyaz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ankilostomiyaz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Анкілостомози – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Анкілостомози" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%A4%E8%9F%B2%E7%97%87" title="鉤蟲症 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鉤蟲症" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Ancylostomiasis</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Anchylostomiasis, Ankylostomiasis</td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hookworm_filariform_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hookworm_filariform_A.jpg/220px-Hookworm_filariform_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hookworm_filariform_A.jpg/330px-Hookworm_filariform_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hookworm_filariform_A.jpg/440px-Hookworm_filariform_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Infective larva of <i><a href="/wiki/Ancylostoma_duodenale" title="Ancylostoma duodenale">Ancylostoma duodenale</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tropical_medicine" title="Tropical medicine">Tropical medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases_(medical_specialty)" title="Infectious diseases (medical specialty)">infectious diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasitology" title="Parasitology">parasitology</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137597?uselang=en#P1995" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ancylostomiasis</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Hookworm_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Hookworm disease">hookworm disease</a> caused by infection with <a href="/wiki/Ancylostoma" title="Ancylostoma">Ancylostoma</a> <a href="/wiki/Hookworm" title="Hookworm">hookworms</a>. The name is derived from Greek ancylos αγκύλος "crooked, bent" and stoma στόμα "mouth". </p><p>Ancylostomiasis is also known as <b>miner's anaemia</b>, <b>tunnel disease</b>, <b>brickmaker's anaemia</b> and <b>Egyptian chlorosis</b>. <a href="/wiki/Helminthiasis" title="Helminthiasis">Helminthiasis</a> may also refer to ancylostomiasis, but this term also refers to all other <a href="/wiki/Helminths" class="mw-redirect" title="Helminths">parasitic worm</a> diseases as well. In the United Kingdom, if acquired in the context of working in a mine, the condition is eligible for Industrial Injuries Disability Benefit. It is a prescribed disease (B4) under the relevant legislation.§<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancylostomiasis is caused when hookworms, present in large numbers, produce an <a href="/wiki/Iron_deficiency_anemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron deficiency anemia">iron deficiency anemia</a> by sucking blood from the host's intestinal walls. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancylostomiasis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depending on the organism, the signs and symptoms vary. <i><a href="/wiki/Ancylostoma_duodenale" title="Ancylostoma duodenale">Ancylostoma duodenale</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Necator_americanus" title="Necator americanus">Necator americanus</a></i> can enter the blood stream while <i><a href="/wiki/Ancylostoma_braziliensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancylostoma braziliensis">Ancylostoma braziliensis</a></i> cannot. Signs and symptoms of <i>Ancylostoma duodenale</i> and <i>Necator americanus</i> are given in corresponding page. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <i>Ancylostoma braziliensis</i> as the larvae are in an abnormal host, they do not mature to adults but instead migrate through the skin until killed by the host's inflammatory response. This migration causes local intense itching and a red <a href="/wiki/Serpiginous" title="Serpiginous">serpiginous</a> lesion. Treatment with a single dose of oral <a href="/wiki/Ivermectin" title="Ivermectin">ivermectin</a> results in cure rates of 94–100%.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancylostomiasis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The infection is usually contracted by people walking barefoot over contaminated soil. In penetrating the skin, the larvae may cause an allergic reaction. It is due to the itchy patch at the site of entry that the early infection gets its nickname "ground itch". Once larvae have broken through the skin, they enter the bloodstream and are carried to the lungs (however, unlike ascarids, hookworms do not usually cause pneumonia). The larvae migrate from the lungs up the windpipe to be swallowed and carried back down to the intestine. If humans come into contact with larvae of the dog hookworm or the cat hookworm, or of certain other hookworms that do not infect humans, the larvae may penetrate the skin. Sometimes, the larvae are unable to complete their migratory cycle in humans. Instead, the larvae migrate just below the skin producing snake-like markings. This is referred to as a creeping eruption or cutaneous larva migrans. <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancylostomiasis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>They commonly infect the skin, eyes, and viscera in humans.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancylostoma_brasiliensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancylostoma brasiliensis">Ancylostoma brasiliensis</a> causes <a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_larva_migrans" title="Cutaneous larva migrans">cutaneous larva migrans</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxocara" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxocara">Toxocara</a> causes <a href="/wiki/Visceral_larva_migrans" title="Visceral larva migrans">visceral larva migrans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancylostomiasis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Control of this parasite should be directed against reducing the level of environmental contamination. Treatment of heavily infected individuals is one way to reduce the source of contamination (one study has estimated that 60% of the total worm burden resides in less than 10% of the population). Other obvious methods are to improve access to <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Toilets" class="mw-redirect" title="Toilets">toilets</a>, but also convincing people to maintaining them in a clean, functional state, thereby making them conducive to use.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancylostomiasis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The drug of choice for the treatment of hookworm disease is <a href="/wiki/Mebendazole" title="Mebendazole">mebendazole</a> which is effective against both species, and in addition, will remove the intestinal worm Ascaris also, if present. The drug is very efficient, requiring only a single dose and is inexpensive. However, treatment requires more than giving the anthelmintic, the patient should also receive dietary supplements to improve their general level of health, in particular iron supplementation is very important. Iron is an important constituent of a multitude of enzyme systems involved in energy metabolism, DNA synthesis and drug detoxification.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An infection of <i>N. americanus</i> parasites can be treated by using <a href="/wiki/Imidazole" title="Imidazole">benzimidazoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albendazole" title="Albendazole">albendazole</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mebendazole" title="Mebendazole">mebendazole</a>. A blood transfusion may be necessary in severe cases of anemia. Light infections are usually left untreated in areas where reinfection is common. Iron supplements and a diet high in protein will speed the recovery process.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a case study involving 56–60 men with <i><a href="/wiki/Trichuris_trichiura" title="Trichuris trichiura">Trichuris trichiura</a></i> and/or <i>N. americanus</i> infections, both albendazole and mebendazole were 90% effective in curing <i>T. trichiura</i>. However, albendazole had a 95% cure rate for <i>N. americanus</i>, while mebendazole only had a 21% cure rate. This suggests albendazole is most effective for treating both <i>T. trichiura</i> and <i>N. americanus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1910s, common treatments for hookworm included <a href="/wiki/Thymol" title="Thymol">thymol</a>, <a href="/wiki/2-naphthol" class="mw-redirect" title="2-naphthol">2-naphthol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">chloroform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_oil" title="Eucalyptus oil">eucalyptus oil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenau1913_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenau1913-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1940s, the treatment of choice was <a href="/wiki/Tetrachloroethylene" title="Tetrachloroethylene">tetrachloroethylene</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> given as 3 to 4 cc in the fasting state, followed by 30 to 45 g of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_sulfate" title="Sodium sulfate">sodium sulfate</a>. Tetrachloroethylene was reported to have a cure rate of 80 percent for Necator infections, but 25 percent in Ancylostoma infections, requiring re-treatment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancylostomiasis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gotthardtunnel_Bauzug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Gotthardtunnel_Bauzug.jpg/220px-Gotthardtunnel_Bauzug.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Gotthardtunnel_Bauzug.jpg/330px-Gotthardtunnel_Bauzug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Gotthardtunnel_Bauzug.jpg/440px-Gotthardtunnel_Bauzug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1377" data-file-height="1607" /></a><figcaption>An epidemic of "miner's <a href="/wiki/Anaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaemia">anaemia</a>" caused by <i>Ancylostoma duodenale</i> among workers constructing the <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Tunnel" title="Gotthard Tunnel">Gotthard Tunnel</a> contributed to the understanding of ancylostomiasis.<sup id="cite_ref-Peduzzi_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peduzzi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Hookworm anaemia was first described by Wilhelm Griesenger in Egypt, Cairo in 1852. He found thousands of adult ancylostomes in the small bowel of a 20-year old soldier who was suffering from severe diarrhoea and anaemia (labelled at the time as Egyptian chlorosis).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subject was revisited in Europe when there was an outbreak of "miner's anaemia" in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Tunnel" title="Gotthard Tunnel">Gotthard Tunnel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (1871–81), a large number of <a href="/wiki/Miner" title="Miner">miners</a> suffered from severe <a href="/wiki/Anaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaemia">anaemia</a> of unknown cause.<sup id="cite_ref-Bugnion_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bugnion-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peduzzi_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peduzzi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medical investigations let to the understanding that it was caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Ancylostoma_duodenale" title="Ancylostoma duodenale">Ancylostoma duodenale</a></i> (favoured by high temperatures and humidity) and to "major advances in <a href="/wiki/Parasitology" title="Parasitology">parasitology</a>, by way of research into the aetiology, epidemiology and treatment of ancylostomiasis".<sup id="cite_ref-Peduzzi_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peduzzi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hookworms still account for high proportion of debilitating disease in the tropics and 50–60,000 deaths per year can be attributed to this disease.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancylostomiasis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necatoriasis" title="Necatoriasis">Necatoriasis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancylostomiasis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/industrial-injuries-disablement-benefits-technical-guidance/industrial-injuries-disablement-benefits-technical-guidance#appendix-1-list-of-diseases-covered-by-industrial-injuries-disablement-benefit">"14. Appendix 1: List of diseases covered by Industrial Injuries Disablement Benefit: B4 Ankylostomiasis..."</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/industrial-injuries-disablement-benefits-technical-guidance/industrial-injuries-disablement-benefits-technical-guidance"><i>Guidance: Industrial Injuries Disablement Benefits: technical guidance</i></a>. 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dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137597" class="extiw" title="d:Q137597">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1542252776">1F68.0</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/B76.0">B76.0</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=126.9">126.9</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000724">D000724</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/ped/96-overview">ped/96</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Parasitic_disease_caused_by_helminthiases" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Helminthiases" title="Template:Helminthiases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Helminthiases" title="Template talk:Helminthiases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Helminthiases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Helminthiases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Parasitic_disease_caused_by_helminthiases" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Parasitic_disease" title="Parasitic disease">Parasitic disease</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Helminthiasis" title="Helminthiasis">helminthiases</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">Flatworm/<br />platyhelminth</a><br />infection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trematoda" title="Trematoda">Fluke/trematode</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Trematoda" title="Trematoda">Trematode infection</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schistosoma" title="Schistosoma">Blood fluke</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Schistosoma_mansoni" title="Schistosoma mansoni">Schistosoma mansoni</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Schistosoma_japonicum" title="Schistosoma japonicum"><i>S. japonicum</i></a> / <a href="/wiki/Schistosoma_mekongi" title="Schistosoma mekongi"><i>S. mekongi</i></a> / <a href="/wiki/Schistosoma_haematobium" title="Schistosoma haematobium"><i>S. haematobium</i></a> / <a href="/wiki/Schistosoma_intercalatum" title="Schistosoma intercalatum"><i>S. intercalatum</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schistosomiasis" title="Schistosomiasis">Schistosomiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichobilharzia_regenti" title="Trichobilharzia regenti">Trichobilharzia regenti</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swimmer%27s_itch" title="Swimmer's itch">Swimmer's itch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liver_fluke" title="Liver fluke">Liver fluke</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Clonorchis_sinensis" title="Clonorchis sinensis">Clonorchis sinensis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clonorchiasis" title="Clonorchiasis">Clonorchiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dicrocoelium_dendriticum" title="Dicrocoelium dendriticum">Dicrocoelium dendriticum</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Dicrocoelium_hospes" title="Dicrocoelium hospes"><i>D. hospes</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicrocoeliasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicrocoeliasis">Dicrocoeliasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasciola_hepatica" title="Fasciola hepatica">Fasciola hepatica</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Fasciola_gigantica" title="Fasciola gigantica"><i>F. gigantica</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasciolosis" title="Fasciolosis">Fasciolosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opisthorchis_viverrini" title="Opisthorchis viverrini">Opisthorchis viverrini</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Opisthorchis_felineus" title="Opisthorchis felineus"><i>O. felineus</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opisthorchiasis" title="Opisthorchiasis">Opisthorchiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paragonimus_westermani" title="Paragonimus westermani">Lung fluke</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paragonimus_westermani" title="Paragonimus westermani">Paragonimus westermani</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Paragonimus_kellicotti" title="Paragonimus kellicotti"><i>P. kellicotti</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paragonimiasis" title="Paragonimiasis">Paragonimiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fasciolopsis" title="Fasciolopsis">Intestinal fluke</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Echinostoma" title="Echinostoma">Echinostoma</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Echinostomiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinostomiasis">Echinostomiasis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasciolopsis_buski" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasciolopsis buski">Fasciolopsis buski</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasciolopsiasis" title="Fasciolopsiasis">Fasciolopsiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gastrodiscoides_hominis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrodiscoides hominis">Gastrodiscoides hominis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphistomiasis" title="Amphistomiasis">Amphistomiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heterophyes_heterophyes" title="Heterophyes heterophyes">Heterophyes heterophyes</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterophyiasis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heterophyiasis (page does not exist)">Heterophyiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metagonimus_yokogawai" title="Metagonimus yokogawai">Metagonimus yokogawai</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metagonimiasis" title="Metagonimiasis">Metagonimiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cestoda" title="Cestoda">Cestoda</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Tapeworm_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapeworm infection">Tapeworm infection</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyclophyllidea" title="Cyclophyllidea">Cyclophyllidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Echinococcus_granulosus" title="Echinococcus granulosus">Echinococcus granulosus</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Echinococcus_multilocularis" title="Echinococcus multilocularis"><i>E. multilocularis</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echinococcosis" title="Echinococcosis">Echinococcosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taenia_saginata" title="Taenia saginata">Taenia saginata</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Taenia_asiatica" title="Taenia asiatica"><i>T. asiatica</i></a> / <a href="/wiki/Taenia_solium" title="Taenia solium"><i>T. solium</i> (pork)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taeniasis" title="Taeniasis">Taeniasis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cysticercosis" title="Cysticercosis">Cysticercosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hymenolepis_nana" title="Hymenolepis nana">Hymenolepis nana</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Hymenolepis_diminuta" title="Hymenolepis diminuta"><i>H. diminuta</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymenolepiasis" title="Hymenolepiasis">Hymenolepiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudophyllidea" title="Pseudophyllidea">Pseudophyllidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diphyllobothrium" title="Diphyllobothrium"><i>Diphyllobothrium latum</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diphyllobothriasis" title="Diphyllobothriasis">Diphyllobothriasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spirometra_erinaceieuropaei" title="Spirometra erinaceieuropaei">Spirometra erinaceieuropaei</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sparganosis" title="Sparganosis">Sparganosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diphyllobothrium_mansonoides" title="Diphyllobothrium mansonoides">Diphyllobothrium mansonoides</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sparganosis" title="Sparganosis">Sparganosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roundworm/<br /><a href="/wiki/Nematode_infection" title="Nematode infection">Nematode<br />infection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Secernentea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secernentea" title="Secernentea">Secernentea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spiruria" title="Spiruria">Spiruria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Camallanida" title="Camallanida">Camallanida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dracunculus_medinensis" title="Dracunculus medinensis">Dracunculus medinensis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dracunculiasis" title="Dracunculiasis">Dracunculiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spirurida" title="Spirurida">Spirurida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Filarioidea" title="Filarioidea">Filarioidea</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Filariasis" title="Filariasis">Filariasis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Onchocerca_volvulus" title="Onchocerca volvulus">Onchocerca volvulus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onchocerciasis" title="Onchocerciasis">Onchocerciasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loa_loa" title="Loa loa">Loa loa</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loa_loa_filariasis" title="Loa loa filariasis"><i>Loa loa</i> filariasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mansonella" title="Mansonella">Mansonella</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mansonelliasis" title="Mansonelliasis">Mansonelliasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dirofilaria_repens" title="Dirofilaria repens">Dirofilaria repens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirofilaria_immitis" title="Dirofilaria immitis"><i>D. immitis</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirofilariasis" title="Dirofilariasis">Dirofilariasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wuchereria_bancrofti" title="Wuchereria bancrofti">Wuchereria bancrofti</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Brugia_malayi" title="Brugia malayi">Brugia malayi</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Brugia_timori" title="Brugia timori"><i>B. timori</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_filariasis" title="Lymphatic filariasis">Lymphatic filariasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thelazioidea" title="Thelazioidea">Thelazioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gnathostoma_spinigerum" title="Gnathostoma spinigerum">Gnathostoma spinigerum</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Gnathostoma_hispidum" title="Gnathostoma hispidum"><i>G. hispidum</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomiasis" title="Gnathostomiasis">Gnathostomiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thelazia" title="Thelazia">Thelazia</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thelaziasis" title="Thelaziasis">Thelaziasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spiruroidea" title="Spiruroidea">Spiruroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gongylonema" title="Gongylonema">Gongylonema</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strongylida" title="Strongylida">Strongylida</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Hookworm" title="Hookworm">hookworm</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hookworm_infection" title="Hookworm infection">Hookworm infection</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancylostoma_duodenale" title="Ancylostoma duodenale">Ancylostoma duodenale</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Ancylostoma_braziliense" title="Ancylostoma braziliense"><i>A. braziliense</i></a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ancylostomiasis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_larva_migrans" title="Cutaneous larva migrans">Cutaneous larva migrans</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Necator_americanus" title="Necator americanus">Necator americanus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necatoriasis" title="Necatoriasis">Necatoriasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angiostrongylus_cantonensis" title="Angiostrongylus cantonensis">Angiostrongylus cantonensis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angiostrongyliasis" title="Angiostrongyliasis">Angiostrongyliasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metastrongylus" title="Metastrongylus">Metastrongylus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metastrongylosis" title="Metastrongylosis">Metastrongylosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oesophagostomum" title="Oesophagostomum">Oesophagostomum</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oesophagostomiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oesophagostomiasis">Oesophagostomiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichostrongylus" title="Trichostrongylus"><i>Trichostrongylus</i> spp.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trichostrongyliasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichostrongyliasis">Trichostrongyliasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ascaridida" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascaridida">Ascaridida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ascaris_lumbricoides" title="Ascaris lumbricoides">Ascaris lumbricoides</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascariasis" title="Ascariasis">Ascariasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anisakis" title="Anisakis">Anisakis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisakiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisakiasis">Anisakiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toxocara_canis" title="Toxocara canis">Toxocara canis</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Toxocara_cati" title="Toxocara cati"><i>T. cati</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visceral_larva_migrans" title="Visceral larva migrans">Visceral larva migrans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toxocariasis" title="Toxocariasis">Toxocariasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baylisascaris" title="Baylisascaris">Baylisascaris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dioctophyme_renale" title="Dioctophyme renale">Dioctophyme renale</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dioctophymosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioctophymosis">Dioctophymosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parascaris_equorum" title="Parascaris equorum">Parascaris equorum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhabditida" title="Rhabditida">Rhabditida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Strongyloides_stercoralis" title="Strongyloides stercoralis">Strongyloides stercoralis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strongyloidiasis" title="Strongyloidiasis">Strongyloidiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Halicephalobus_gingivalis" title="Halicephalobus gingivalis">Halicephalobus gingivalis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oxyurida" title="Oxyurida">Oxyurida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Enterobius_vermicularis" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterobius vermicularis">Enterobius vermicularis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enterobiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterobiasis">Enterobiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adenophorea" title="Adenophorea">Adenophorea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichinella_spiralis" title="Trichinella spiralis">Trichinella spiralis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trichinosis" title="Trichinosis">Trichinosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichuris_trichiura" title="Trichuris trichiura">Trichuris trichiura</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Trichuriasis" title="Trichuriasis">Trichuriasis / Whipworm</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capillaria_philippinensis" title="Capillaria philippinensis">Capillaria philippinensis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_capillariasis" title="Intestinal capillariasis">Intestinal capillariasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capillaria_hepatica" title="Capillaria hepatica"><i>C. hepatica</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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