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id="toc-Public_health_and_prevention_strategies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledvinovec_ps%C3%AD" title="Ledvinovec psí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ledvinovec psí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nierenwurm" title="Nierenwurm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nierenwurm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioctophyme_renale" title="Dioctophyme renale – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Dioctophyme renale" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioctophyma_renale" title="Dioctophyma renale – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dioctophyma renale" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="دایکتو فیما رنالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دایکتو فیما رنالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioctophyme_renale" title="Dioctophyme renale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dioctophyme renale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacing_ginjal_raksasa" title="Cacing ginjal raksasa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cacing ginjal raksasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioctophyme_renale" title="Dioctophyme renale – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dioctophyme renale" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioctophyme_renale" title="Dioctophyme renale – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Species of roundworm</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Dioctophyme renale</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dioctophyme_renale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt=""Dioctophyme renale" that was free floating in the abdomen of a dog" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Dioctophyme_renale.jpg/220px-Dioctophyme_renale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Dioctophyme_renale.jpg/330px-Dioctophyme_renale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Dioctophyme_renale.jpg/440px-Dioctophyme_renale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1939" data-file-height="1939" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i>Dioctophyme renale</i> that was free floating in the abdomen of a dog </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Dioctophyme" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">Nematoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromadorea" title="Chromadorea">Chromadorea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ascaridida" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascaridida">Ascaridida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dioctophymidae" title="Dioctophymidae">Dioctophymidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dioctophyme" title="Dioctophyme"><i>Dioctophyme</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>D. renale</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Dioctophyme renale</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Johann_August_Ephraim_Goeze" title="Johann August Ephraim Goeze">Goeze</a>, 1782)</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Dioctophyme renale</b></i>, commonly referred to as the <b>giant kidney worm</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Animal_Parasitology_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Animal_Parasitology-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Urinary_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urinary-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Homo_sapiens_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homo_sapiens-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a parasitic <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematode</a> (roundworm) whose mature form is found in the <a href="/wiki/Mammalian_kidney" title="Mammalian kidney">kidneys of mammals</a>. <i>D. renale</i> is distributed worldwide, but is less common in Africa and Oceania.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It affects fish-eating mammals, particularly mink<sup id="cite_ref-Animal_Parasitology_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Animal_Parasitology-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human infestation is rare, but results in kidney destruction, usually of one kidney and hence not fatal. A 2019 review listed a total of 37 known human cases of dioctophymiasis in 10 countries with the highest number (22) in China. Upon diagnosis through tissue sampling, the only treatment is surgical excision.<sup id="cite_ref-YangZhang2019_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YangZhang2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synonyms">Synonyms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioctophyme_renale&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Synonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dioctophymosis,<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dioctophymiasis, giant kidney worm, kidney worm infection,<sup id="cite_ref-Bears_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bears-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Dioctophyme renale</i> infection<sup id="cite_ref-Charisis_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charisis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GIDEON_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GIDEON-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_discovery">History of discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioctophyme_renale&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Dioctophyme renale</i> was discovered in 1583. Almost two centuries later, in 1782, Johann Goeze first described <i>D. renale</i> upon discovering the worms in a dog kidney. The family Dioctophymidae has only one genus (<i>Dioctophyme</i>), and the name of the genus was in contention (with the possibility of being <i>Dioctophyma</i>) for two hundred years. The issue was finally resolved by the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature">International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature</a> in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, <i>D. renale</i> eggs were discovered in six human <a href="/wiki/Coprolites" class="mw-redirect" title="Coprolites">coprolites</a> in the neolithic site Arbon-Bleiche 3, Switzerland. This location is near a lake, which likely provided early humans with access to freshwater fish and frogs. The samples were dated from 3384 to 3370 BC, and is evidence that the prevalence of this infection was higher in early human history (before full understanding of proper cooking techniques).<sup id="cite_ref-Bailly_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailly-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eggs were also found in 2019 in a well-preserved largely fish-eating settlement in England dating to 900 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dioctophymosis">Dioctophymosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioctophyme_renale&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dioctophymosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clinical_presentation_in_humans">Clinical presentation in humans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioctophyme_renale&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Clinical presentation in humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Individuals with <i>Dioctophyme renale</i> infestation (known as dioctophymosis) typically present with unspecific symptoms including <a href="/wiki/Hematuria" title="Hematuria">hematuria</a><sup id="cite_ref-Palmer_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Charisis_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charisis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (blood in urine), <a href="/wiki/Nephritis" title="Nephritis">nephritis</a>, loin pain,<sup id="cite_ref-Homo_sapiens_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homo_sapiens-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> renal enlargement, and/or <a href="/wiki/Renal_colic" title="Renal colic">renal colic</a><sup id="cite_ref-Palmer_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (intermittent pain in the kidney area), which may result from the rare migration of worms through ureters.<sup id="cite_ref-Animal_Parasitology_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Animal_Parasitology-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Homo_sapiens_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homo_sapiens-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Palmer_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Charisis_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charisis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases the fibrosis occurring after parasite infection is an incidental finding in ultrasound or CT scan, mimicking renal cancer, leading to radical nephrectomy.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adult worms typically only infect one kidney. The kidney is destroyed because of <a href="/wiki/Fibrosis" title="Fibrosis">fibrosis</a>, the development of excess fibrous connective tissue. Global renal dysfunction is typically limited because the non-infected kidney is usually capable of assuming the increased work. However, parenchymal inflammation can lead to death in extreme circumstances.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transmission_and_life_cycle">Transmission and life cycle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioctophyme_renale&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Transmission and life cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dioctophyme_renale_LifeCycle.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dioctophyme_renale_LifeCycle.gif/220px-Dioctophyme_renale_LifeCycle.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dioctophyme_renale_LifeCycle.gif/330px-Dioctophyme_renale_LifeCycle.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dioctophyme_renale_LifeCycle.gif/440px-Dioctophyme_renale_LifeCycle.gif 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>Life cycle of <i>Dioctophyme renale</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Adult <i>Dioctophyme renale</i> inhabit the kidney (typically the right kidney).<sup id="cite_ref-Urinary_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urinary-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bears_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bears-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Females produce eggs which are passed in urine. In aquatic environments, eggs embryonate after 15–100 days.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These eggs are ingested by an aquatic oligochaete, hatch, penetrate blood vessels, and develop into a stage three larvae. A <a href="/wiki/Paratenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paratenic">paratenic</a> host<sup id="cite_ref-Measures_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Measures-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may then ingest the <a href="/wiki/Oligochaete" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligochaete">oligochaete</a>. The oligochaete or <a href="/wiki/Paratenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paratenic">paratenic</a> host is then eaten by a definitive host, wherein juveniles penetrate intestinal lining and migrate to the liver. After maturing for approximately 50 days, the juveniles then migrate to the kidneys (typically the right kidney). Upon maturation, <i>D. renale</i> can survive for five years.<sup id="cite_ref-Animal_Parasitology_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Animal_Parasitology-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GIDEON_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GIDEON-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dogs_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dogs-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Definitive hosts are carnivorous mammals, notably <a href="/wiki/Mink" title="Mink">mink</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mace_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mace-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also includes <a href="/wiki/Wolves" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolves">wolves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyotes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ribeiro_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ribeiro-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nakagawa_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakagawa-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">raccoons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Weasels" class="mw-redirect" title="Weasels">weasels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bears_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bears-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Transmission to humans typically occurs upon ingestion of raw or undercooked freshwater fish or frog.<sup id="cite_ref-Homo_sapiens_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homo_sapiens-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Charisis_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charisis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are multiple reservoirs for <i>D. renale</i>. Confirmed cases of infection have occurred in minks,<sup id="cite_ref-Mech_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mech-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barros_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barros-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dogs,<sup id="cite_ref-Nakagawa_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakagawa-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> swine, bears, oxen, and humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Homo_sapiens_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homo_sapiens-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Palmer_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bears_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bears-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioctophyme_renale&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dioctophyme_renale_eggs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Dioctophyme_renale_eggs.jpg/300px-Dioctophyme_renale_eggs.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Dioctophyme_renale_eggs.jpg/450px-Dioctophyme_renale_eggs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Dioctophyme_renale_eggs.jpg/600px-Dioctophyme_renale_eggs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><i>Dioctophyme renale</i> eggs exhibiting the characteristic pitted and sculptured shell</figcaption></figure> <p><i>D. renale</i> is the largest <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematode</a> to parasitize humans. Adult male worms are 20–40 cm long and 5–6 mm wide; females can grow to 103 cm in length with a width of 10–12 mm.<sup id="cite_ref-Homo_sapiens_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homo_sapiens-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both sexes appear bright red in color and taper at both the anterior and posterior ends. Male <i>D. renale</i> worms have a bursa, which is used to attach to facilitate mating.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Eggs are 60–80 micrometres x 39–47 micrometres, contain an embryo, and have characteristic sculpturing of the shell.<sup id="cite_ref-Homo_sapiens_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homo_sapiens-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have an oval-shape and brownish-yellow hue. Eggs have a thick shell, and the surface appears to be pitted except at the poles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioctophyme_renale&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The only means of obtaining a definitive diagnosis is through the identification of <i>D. renale</i> eggs in a patient's urine. However, obtaining patient history (i.e., if the patient has consumed undercooked or raw freshwater fish) is an important first step that can be coupled with radiological exams<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to search for enlarged or calcified kidneys. <a href="/wiki/Urinalysis" title="Urinalysis">Urinalysis</a> will likely show hematuria blood tests may reveal eosinophilia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Management">Management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioctophyme_renale&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Likely because of the rarity of human cases, there is no standard treatment<sup id="cite_ref-Bears_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bears-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for <i>D. renale</i> infection in humans. The only known means is surgical excision of either adult worms<sup id="cite_ref-GIDEON_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GIDEON-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the infected kidney.<sup id="cite_ref-Charisis_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charisis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nephrectomy" title="Nephrectomy">Nephrectomy</a> is generally considered extreme for human cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Ignjatovic_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ignjatovic-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A physician reportedly used <a href="/wiki/Ivermectin" title="Ivermectin">Ivermectin</a> to treat a patient, who was effectively cured.<sup id="cite_ref-Ignjatovic_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ignjatovic-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of anti-helminth drugs has not yet been evaluated as the proper course of action to treat this infection.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioctophyme_renale&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though <i>D. renale</i> is distributed worldwide, it is markedly less frequent in Africa and Oceania, where human infection is extremely rare. Regions around the Caspian Sea have the highest number of cases, with the most occurring in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-Ignjatovic_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ignjatovic-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infections are also most commonly found in areas where freshwater fish is a dietary mainstay.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Non-human infections are more common worldwide, especially in areas of temperate climate. Prevalence in mink populations may be high, such as portions of Ontario<sup id="cite_ref-Animal_Parasitology_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Animal_Parasitology-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Minnesota.<sup id="cite_ref-Mech_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mech-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, some minnow populations may be as high as 50%.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_health_and_prevention_strategies">Public health and prevention strategies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioctophyme_renale&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Public health and prevention strategies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No public health measures have been undertaken or vaccines developed because of the rarity<sup id="cite_ref-Dogs_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dogs-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of human infection. The majority of <i>D. renale</i> infections have resulted from undercooked or raw freshwater fish consumption. Thus, the simple practice of thoroughly cooking fish prior to consumption could be promoted and lead to eradication of <i>D. renale</i> infection in humans.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioctophyme_renale&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parasites_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of parasites (human)">List of parasites (human)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioctophyme_renale&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Animal_Parasitology-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Animal_Parasitology_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Animal_Parasitology_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Animal_Parasitology_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Animal_Parasitology_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Animal_Parasitology_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.k-state.edu/parasitology/classes/625nematode18.html">"Animal Parasitology"</a>. 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(October 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7589%2F0090-3558-26.4.538">"Dioctophymosis in the Little Grison (Galictis cuja)"</a>. <i>Journal of Wildlife Diseases</i>. <b>26</b> (4): 538–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7589%2F0090-3558-26.4.538">10.7589/0090-3558-26.4.538</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2250331">2250331</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7805746">7805746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Wildlife+Diseases&rft.atitle=Dioctophymosis+in+the+Little+Grison+%28Galictis+cuja%29&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=538-39&rft.date=1990-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7805746%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2250331&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7589%2F0090-3558-26.4.538&rft.aulast=Barros&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft.au=Lorini%2C+M.+L.&rft.au=Persson%2C+V.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7589%252F0090-3558-26.4.538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioctophyme+renale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ignjatovic-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ignjatovic_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ignjatovic_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ignjatovic_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgnjatovicStojkovicKutlesicTasic2003" class="citation journal cs1">Ignjatovic, I; Stojkovic, I; Kutlesic, C & Tasic, S (January 2003). "Infestation of the Human Kidney with Dioctophyma renale". <i>Urologia Internationalis</i>. <b>70</b> (1): 70–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000067695">10.1159/000067695</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12566820">12566820</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36839206">36839206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urologia+Internationalis&rft.atitle=Infestation+of+the+Human+Kidney+with+Dioctophyma+renale&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=70-73&rft.date=2003-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36839206%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12566820&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000067695&rft.aulast=Ignjatovic&rft.aufirst=I&rft.au=Stojkovic%2C+I&rft.au=Kutlesic%2C+C&rft.au=Tasic%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADioctophyme+renale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioctophyme_renale&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paragonimus_westermani" title="Paragonimus westermani">Lung fluke</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paragonimus_westermani" title="Paragonimus westermani">Paragonimus westermani</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Paragonimus_kellicotti" title="Paragonimus kellicotti"><i>P. kellicotti</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paragonimiasis" title="Paragonimiasis">Paragonimiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fasciolopsis" title="Fasciolopsis">Intestinal fluke</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Echinostoma" title="Echinostoma">Echinostoma</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Echinostomiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinostomiasis">Echinostomiasis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasciolopsis_buski" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasciolopsis buski">Fasciolopsis buski</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasciolopsiasis" title="Fasciolopsiasis">Fasciolopsiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gastrodiscoides_hominis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrodiscoides hominis">Gastrodiscoides hominis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphistomiasis" title="Amphistomiasis">Amphistomiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heterophyes_heterophyes" title="Heterophyes heterophyes">Heterophyes heterophyes</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterophyiasis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heterophyiasis (page does not exist)">Heterophyiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metagonimus_yokogawai" title="Metagonimus yokogawai">Metagonimus yokogawai</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metagonimiasis" title="Metagonimiasis">Metagonimiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cestoda" title="Cestoda">Cestoda</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Tapeworm_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapeworm infection">Tapeworm infection</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyclophyllidea" title="Cyclophyllidea">Cyclophyllidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Echinococcus_granulosus" title="Echinococcus granulosus">Echinococcus granulosus</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Echinococcus_multilocularis" title="Echinococcus multilocularis"><i>E. multilocularis</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echinococcosis" title="Echinococcosis">Echinococcosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taenia_saginata" title="Taenia saginata">Taenia saginata</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Taenia_asiatica" title="Taenia asiatica"><i>T. asiatica</i></a> / <a href="/wiki/Taenia_solium" title="Taenia solium"><i>T. solium</i> (pork)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taeniasis" title="Taeniasis">Taeniasis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cysticercosis" title="Cysticercosis">Cysticercosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hymenolepis_nana" title="Hymenolepis nana">Hymenolepis nana</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Hymenolepis_diminuta" title="Hymenolepis diminuta"><i>H. diminuta</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymenolepiasis" title="Hymenolepiasis">Hymenolepiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudophyllidea" title="Pseudophyllidea">Pseudophyllidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diphyllobothrium" title="Diphyllobothrium"><i>Diphyllobothrium latum</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diphyllobothriasis" title="Diphyllobothriasis">Diphyllobothriasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spirometra_erinaceieuropaei" title="Spirometra erinaceieuropaei">Spirometra erinaceieuropaei</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sparganosis" title="Sparganosis">Sparganosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diphyllobothrium_mansonoides" title="Diphyllobothrium mansonoides">Diphyllobothrium mansonoides</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sparganosis" title="Sparganosis">Sparganosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roundworm/<br /><a href="/wiki/Nematode_infection" title="Nematode infection">Nematode<br />infection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Secernentea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secernentea" title="Secernentea">Secernentea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spiruria" title="Spiruria">Spiruria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Camallanida" title="Camallanida">Camallanida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dracunculus_medinensis" title="Dracunculus medinensis">Dracunculus medinensis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dracunculiasis" title="Dracunculiasis">Dracunculiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spirurida" title="Spirurida">Spirurida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Filarioidea" title="Filarioidea">Filarioidea</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Filariasis" title="Filariasis">Filariasis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Onchocerca_volvulus" title="Onchocerca volvulus">Onchocerca volvulus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onchocerciasis" title="Onchocerciasis">Onchocerciasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loa_loa" title="Loa loa">Loa loa</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loa_loa_filariasis" title="Loa loa filariasis"><i>Loa loa</i> filariasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mansonella" title="Mansonella">Mansonella</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mansonelliasis" title="Mansonelliasis">Mansonelliasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dirofilaria_repens" title="Dirofilaria repens">Dirofilaria repens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirofilaria_immitis" title="Dirofilaria immitis"><i>D. immitis</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirofilariasis" title="Dirofilariasis">Dirofilariasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wuchereria_bancrofti" title="Wuchereria bancrofti">Wuchereria bancrofti</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Brugia_malayi" title="Brugia malayi">Brugia malayi</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Brugia_timori" title="Brugia timori"><i>B. timori</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_filariasis" title="Lymphatic filariasis">Lymphatic filariasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thelazioidea" title="Thelazioidea">Thelazioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gnathostoma_spinigerum" title="Gnathostoma spinigerum">Gnathostoma spinigerum</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Gnathostoma_hispidum" title="Gnathostoma hispidum"><i>G. hispidum</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomiasis" title="Gnathostomiasis">Gnathostomiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thelazia" title="Thelazia">Thelazia</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thelaziasis" title="Thelaziasis">Thelaziasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spiruroidea" title="Spiruroidea">Spiruroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gongylonema" title="Gongylonema">Gongylonema</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strongylida" title="Strongylida">Strongylida</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Hookworm" title="Hookworm">hookworm</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hookworm_infection" title="Hookworm infection">Hookworm infection</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancylostoma_duodenale" title="Ancylostoma duodenale">Ancylostoma duodenale</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Ancylostoma_braziliense" title="Ancylostoma braziliense"><i>A. braziliense</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancylostomiasis" title="Ancylostomiasis">Ancylostomiasis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_larva_migrans" title="Cutaneous larva migrans">Cutaneous larva migrans</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Necator_americanus" title="Necator americanus">Necator americanus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necatoriasis" title="Necatoriasis">Necatoriasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angiostrongylus_cantonensis" title="Angiostrongylus cantonensis">Angiostrongylus cantonensis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angiostrongyliasis" title="Angiostrongyliasis">Angiostrongyliasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metastrongylus" title="Metastrongylus">Metastrongylus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metastrongylosis" title="Metastrongylosis">Metastrongylosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oesophagostomum" title="Oesophagostomum">Oesophagostomum</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oesophagostomiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oesophagostomiasis">Oesophagostomiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichostrongylus" title="Trichostrongylus"><i>Trichostrongylus</i> spp.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trichostrongyliasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichostrongyliasis">Trichostrongyliasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ascaridida" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascaridida">Ascaridida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ascaris_lumbricoides" title="Ascaris lumbricoides">Ascaris lumbricoides</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascariasis" title="Ascariasis">Ascariasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anisakis" title="Anisakis">Anisakis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisakiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisakiasis">Anisakiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toxocara_canis" title="Toxocara canis">Toxocara canis</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Toxocara_cati" title="Toxocara cati"><i>T. cati</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visceral_larva_migrans" title="Visceral larva migrans">Visceral larva migrans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toxocariasis" title="Toxocariasis">Toxocariasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baylisascaris" title="Baylisascaris">Baylisascaris</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dioctophyme renale</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dioctophymosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioctophymosis">Dioctophymosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parascaris_equorum" title="Parascaris equorum">Parascaris equorum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhabditida" title="Rhabditida">Rhabditida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Strongyloides_stercoralis" title="Strongyloides stercoralis">Strongyloides stercoralis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strongyloidiasis" title="Strongyloidiasis">Strongyloidiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Halicephalobus_gingivalis" title="Halicephalobus gingivalis">Halicephalobus gingivalis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oxyurida" title="Oxyurida">Oxyurida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Enterobius_vermicularis" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterobius vermicularis">Enterobius vermicularis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enterobiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterobiasis">Enterobiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adenophorea" title="Adenophorea">Adenophorea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichinella_spiralis" title="Trichinella spiralis">Trichinella spiralis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trichinosis" title="Trichinosis">Trichinosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichuris_trichiura" title="Trichuris trichiura">Trichuris trichiura</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Trichuriasis" title="Trichuriasis">Trichuriasis / Whipworm</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capillaria_philippinensis" title="Capillaria philippinensis">Capillaria philippinensis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_capillariasis" title="Intestinal capillariasis">Intestinal capillariasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capillaria_hepatica" title="Capillaria hepatica"><i>C. hepatica</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Dioctophyme renale</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5279085" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q5279085">Q5279085</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Dioctophyma_renale" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Dioctophyma renale">Dioctophyma renale</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id87281">87281</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=897525">897525</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/250735">250735</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:391546">391546</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/8d0a52cd-cd0e-4f7c-a787-c119e6dc8f59">8d0a52cd-cd0e-4f7c-a787-c119e6dc8f59</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4554247">4554247</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/417535">417535</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11479086">11479086</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=513045">513045</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System" title="Ocean Biodiversity Information System">OBIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obis.org/taxon/458944">458944</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=521937">521937</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=458944">458944</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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