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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="إلغاء الدولة العثمانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إلغاء الدولة العثمانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanl%C4%B1_sultanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_l%C9%99%C4%9Fvi" title="Osmanlı sultanlığının ləğvi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Osmanlı sultanlığının ləğvi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="উসমানীয় সালতানাতের বিলুপ্তি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উসমানীয় সালতানাতের বিলুপ্তি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D3%A9%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D2%AF" title="Ғосман солтанлығын бөтөрөү – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ғосман солтанлығын бөтөрөү" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Скасаванне Асманскага султанату – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Скасаванне Асманскага султанату" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Премахване на Османския султанат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Премахване на Османския султанат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9F%CE%B8%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Κατάργηση του Οθωμανικού Σουλτανάτου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κατάργηση του Οθωμανικού Σουλτανάτου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سرنگونی سلطنت عثمانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرنگونی سلطنت عثمانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolition_du_sultanat_ottoman" title="Abolition du sultanat ottoman – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Abolition du sultanat ottoman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BD%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Օսմանյան կայսրության վերացում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օսմանյան կայսրության վերացում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolizione_del_sultanato_ottomano" title="Abolizione del sultanato ottomano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Abolizione del sultanato ottomano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ოსმალეთის სასულთნოს გაუქმება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოსმალეთის სასულთნოს გაუქმება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Укинување на османлискиот султанат – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Укинување на османлискиот султанат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboli%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_sultanato_otomano" title="Abolição do sultanato otomano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Abolição do sultanato otomano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Упразднение Османского султаната – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Упразднение Османского султаната" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D2%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Осман султанаатын эһии – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Осман султанаатын эһии" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shfuqizimi_i_Sulltanatit_Osman" title="Shfuqizimi i Sulltanatit Osman – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shfuqizimi i Sulltanatit Osman" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="การล้มล้างระบอบสุลต่านออตโตมัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การล้มล้างระบอบสุลต่านออตโตมัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltanat%C4%B1n_kald%C4%B1r%C4%B1lmas%C4%B1" title="Saltanatın kaldırılması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Saltanatın kaldırılması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Скасування Османського султанату – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Скасування Османського султанату" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B7_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81" title="سقوط سلطنت عثمانیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سقوط سلطنت عثمانیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of the Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Coat of Arms of the Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/125px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/188px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1906" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Timeline of the Ottoman Empire">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1299–1453)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Osman" class="mw-redirect" title="Beylik of Osman">Beylik of Osman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Interregnum" title="Ottoman Interregnum">Interregnum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1402–1413)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1453–1566)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Women" title="Sultanate of Women">Sultanate of Women</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1533–1656)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1566–1703)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Köprülü Era">Köprülü Era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1656–1703)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Old Regime</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1703–1789)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_Era_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip Era in the Ottoman Empire">Tulip Era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1718–1730)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline & Modernization</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1789–1908)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nizam-i_Djedid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam-i Djedid">Nizam-i Djedid</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(late 18th and early 19th)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat Era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1839–1876)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)">1st Constitutional Era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1876–1878)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1908–1922)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">2nd Constitutional Era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1908–1920)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Empire during World War I">World War I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1914–1918)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partitioning</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918–1922)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abolition of the Sultanate</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Caliphate" title="Abolition of the Caliphate">Abolition of the Caliphate</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Historiography of the Ottoman Empire">Historiography</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ghaza_thesis" title="Ghaza thesis">Ghaza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_decline_thesis" title="Ottoman decline thesis">Decline</a>)</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template:History of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template talk:History of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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.sidebar-person .sidebar-navbar{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #ED1C24"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#ED1C24;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ataturk1930s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ataturk1930s.jpg/75px-Ataturk1930s.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ataturk1930s.jpg/113px-Ataturk1930s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ataturk1930s.jpg/150px-Ataturk1930s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="987" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#ED1C24;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Timeline of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_life_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Personal life of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Personal life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_International_Peace_Prize" title="Atatürk International Peace Prize">Atatürk International Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Centennial" title="Atatürk Centennial">Atatürk Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Military career of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Military career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Attempted assassination of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Attempted assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Death and state funeral of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Death and state funeral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%B1tkabir" title="Anıtkabir">Mausoleum</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Reforms</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abolition of the sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Caliphate" title="Abolition of the Caliphate">Abolition of the caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey#History" title="Education in Turkey">Educational reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language_reform" title="Turkish language reform">Turkish language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Turkey" title="Economic history of Turkey">Industrialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">Nation-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification#Modern_Turkey" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen,_speak_Turkish!" title="Citizen, speak Turkish!">Citizen, speak Turkish!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Language_Theory" title="Sun Language Theory">Sun Language Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_History_Thesis" title="Turkish History Thesis">Turkish History Thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname_Law_(Turkey)" title="Surname Law (Turkey)">Surname Law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Art_and_Sculpture_Museum" title="State Art and Sculpture Museum">State Art and Sculpture Museum</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></b> </p> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Peace_at_Home,_Peace_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace at Home, Peace in the World">Peace at Home, Peace in the World</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Republican People's Party</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Kemalist_historiography" title="Kemalist historiography">Historiography</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nutuk" title="Nutuk">Nutuk</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's signature"><img alt="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg/90px-Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg/135px-Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg/180px-Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="205" /></a></span></div> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg/40px-Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg/60px-Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg/80px-Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="469" /></span></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Atat%C3%BCrk_sidebar" title="Template:Atatürk sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Atat%C3%BCrk_sidebar" title="Template talk:Atatürk sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Atat%C3%BCrk_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Atatürk sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>abolition of the Ottoman sultanate</b> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Saltanatın kaldırılması</i>) by the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly of Turkey</a> on 1 November 1922 ended the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, which had lasted from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1299</span>. On 11 November 1922, at the <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1922%E2%80%931923" title="Lausanne Conference of 1922–1923">Conference of Lausanne</a>, the sovereignty of the Grand National Assembly exercised by the <a href="/wiki/Ankara_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankara Government">Government in Angora</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>) over Turkey was recognized. The last sultan, <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_VI" title="Mehmed VI">Mehmed VI</a>, departed the Ottoman capital, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>), on 17 November 1922. The legal position was solidified with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> on 24 July 1923. In March 1924, <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Caliphate" title="Abolition of the Caliphate">the Caliphate was abolished</a>, marking the end of Ottoman influence. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">Ottoman entry into World War I</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> occurred on 11 November 1914. The <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern theatre of World War I</a> ended with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a> on 30 October 1918. The <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Istanbul" title="Occupation of Istanbul">Occupation of Istanbul</a> by British, French and Italian forces occurred on 13 November 1918. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Partitioning_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire">partitioning of the Ottoman Empire</a> began with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London (1915)</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continued with multiple agreements, mostly unilateral among the Allies. British troops began to occupy the key buildings of the Empire and arrest nationalists after the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Constantinople#Military_occupation_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Constantinople">establishment of military rule</a> on the night of 15 March 1920. On 18 March 1920 the Ottoman parliament met and sent a protest to the Allies that it was unacceptable to arrest five of its members. That was the last meeting of the body and marked the end of the Ottoman political system. Sultan Mehmed VI dissolved the <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire">General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire</a> on 11 April 1920. The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Government_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Government (Ottoman Empire)">Istanbul government</a>, with the bureaucracy, but without the parliament, was left active with the Sultan as the decision maker.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a> on 10 August 1920 finalized the partitioning of the Empire. At the time, in waves, approximately 150 politicians were <a href="/wiki/Malta_exiles" title="Malta exiles">exiled to Malta</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_national_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish national movement">Turkish national movement</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal</a>, established the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> on 23 April 1920. </p><p>The Grand National Assembly of Turkey waged the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a>. The war was against the monarchist Istanbul government.<sup id="cite_ref-AAT_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAT-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sultan Mehmed VI was the Caliph. The Istanbul government, without a parliament, formed the <a href="/wiki/Kuva-yi_Inzibatiye" title="Kuva-yi Inzibatiye">Kuva-yi Inzibatiye</a>, known as the "Army of the Caliphate", to fight against the Grand National Assembly's <a href="/wiki/Kuva-yi_Milliye" title="Kuva-yi Milliye">Kuva-yi Milliye</a>. </p><p>Conflicts occurred at Bolu, Düzce, Hendek, Adapazarı, along with the other <a href="/wiki/Revolts_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence">revolts during the Turkish War of Independence</a>. The Caliphate army was sympathetic to the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a>, hence the name, and armed by the British. The strategic goal of the Caliphate army and of the British was to prevent the National Forces advancing towards the Bosporus straits. The Army of the Caliphate was defeated by the Kuva-yi Milliye. Although the Kuva-yi Milliye was regarded as the first step of resistance in the liberation of Turkey, irregular warfare was abandoned later. Before the Greek war began, Kuva-yi Milliye became the seed of an organized Turkish army, which then became the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a> with the declaration of a Republic. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:592px;max-width:592px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Sultan's force against <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly of Turkey</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:191px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%A9bah_%26_Joaillier_-_Sultan_Mehmed_VI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/S%C3%A9bah_%26_Joaillier_-_Sultan_Mehmed_VI.jpg/123px-S%C3%A9bah_%26_Joaillier_-_Sultan_Mehmed_VI.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/S%C3%A9bah_%26_Joaillier_-_Sultan_Mehmed_VI.jpg/185px-S%C3%A9bah_%26_Joaillier_-_Sultan_Mehmed_VI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/S%C3%A9bah_%26_Joaillier_-_Sultan_Mehmed_VI.jpg/246px-S%C3%A9bah_%26_Joaillier_-_Sultan_Mehmed_VI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2631" data-file-height="4075" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1920</span> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_VI" title="Mehmed VI">Mehmed VI</a> on his throne.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:191px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Suleyman_Shefik_Pasha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Suleyman_Shefik_Pasha.jpg/136px-Suleyman_Shefik_Pasha.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Suleyman_Shefik_Pasha.jpg/204px-Suleyman_Shefik_Pasha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Suleyman_Shefik_Pasha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_%C5%9Eefik_Pasha" title="Süleyman Şefik Pasha">Süleyman Şefik Pasha</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate Army">Caliphate Army</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:323px;max-width:323px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:191px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan%27s_Lancers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sultan%27s_Lancers.jpg/321px-Sultan%27s_Lancers.jpg" decoding="async" width="321" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sultan%27s_Lancers.jpg/482px-Sultan%27s_Lancers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sultan%27s_Lancers.jpg/642px-Sultan%27s_Lancers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="435" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate Army">Caliphate Army</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_the_Ottoman_Empire">End of the Ottoman Empire</h2></div> <p>The Ottoman Empire's <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> was embodied in the dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Osman_I" title="Osman I">Osman I</a>, who was its founder and namesake. His family had ruled since 1299 in an unbroken lineage throughout the empire's history. The Ottoman sultan maintained supreme authority over the Ottoman Empire's polity. The sultan was the empire's sole and absolute regent, head of state and head of government. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_vizier" title="Grand vizier">grand viziers</a> and polity established by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_constitution_of_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman constitution of 1876">Ottoman Constitution</a> functioned at the pleasure of the sultan. </p><p>An Allied invitation was given to both the Constantinople and Ankara governments to appear at the <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1922%E2%80%9323" class="mw-redirect" title="Lausanne Conference of 1922–23">Conference of Lausanne</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal</a> was determined that only the Ankara government would be represented at the conference.<sup id="cite_ref-AAT_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAT-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 November 1922, the Grand National Assembly declared that the Sultanate's Constantinople government was no longer the legal representative. The Grand National Assembly also resolved that Constantinople had not been the capital of the nation since its occupation by the Allies.<sup id="cite_ref-AAT_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAT-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, they declared that the Sultanate was to be abolished.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abolition of the sultanate ended the Ottoman Empire. After hearing of the resolution, Mehmed VI sought refuge aboard the British warship <i><a href="/wiki/HMS_Malaya" title="HMS Malaya">Malaya</a></i> on 17 November.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining ministers in his government accepted the new political reality. There is no official document that declared the state capitulated by the Ottoman Government or sultan; the system resolved by itself. The Conference of Lausanne, on 11 November 1922, recognized the sovereignty of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey replacing the Ottoman Empire. The last sultan, <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_VI" title="Mehmed VI">Mehmed VI</a>, departed Constantinople on 17 November 1922. </p><p>A list of 600 names to the Conference of Lausanne was presented, and were to be declared <i><a href="/wiki/Personae_non_gratae" class="mw-redirect" title="Personae non gratae">personae non gratae</a></i>. The list, which is a <a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Who" title="Who's Who">Who's Who</a> of the Ottoman Empire, had the purpose of eliminating the ruling elite of the Ottomans. Negotiations at Lausanne <a href="/wiki/150_personae_non_gratae_of_Turkey" title="150 personae non gratae of Turkey">limited the number to 150</a>, and the treaty was signed on 24 July 1923. </p><p>The Ottoman dynasty embodied the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman Caliphate</a> since the sixteenth century, starting with the reign of <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a>. The head of the Ottoman family kept the title <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a>, power over all Muslims, as Mehmed's cousin <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClmecid_II" title="Abdülmecid II">Abdülmecid II</a> took the title. The Ottoman dynasty was left as a political-religious successor to Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim community without borders in a post Ottoman Empire. Abdülmecid II's title was challenged in 1916 by the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> King <a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_Sharif_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca">Hussein bin Ali of Hejaz</a>, who denounced <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmet V">Mehmet V</a>, but his kingdom was defeated and annexed by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">Ibn Saud</a> in 1925. </p><p>Greek, Bulgarian and Serb subjects left the empire during the <a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1828%E2%80%931908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire (1828–1908)">decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire (1828–1908)</a>, while the Albanian and Armenian (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_national_movement" title="Armenian national movement">Armenian national movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a>) subjects left or were killed during the <a href="/wiki/Defeat_and_dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1908%E2%80%931922)" class="mw-redirect" title="Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922)">defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922)</a>. By 1922 most of the remaining inhabitants of Turkey were Muslims of either Turkish or Kurdish ethnicity. The Grand National Assembly of Turkey declared itself the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> on 29 October 1923. </p><p>There were members of the Ottoman dynasty who were in Turkey after the declaration of the republic. An exile list was also created and put into effect by the Republic of Turkey<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 23 April 1924 (revised on 1 June 1924) which included the names of 120 adherents of the deposed Ottoman dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-Finkel_546_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkel_546-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Caliphate" title="Abolition of the Caliphate">Abolition of the Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In March 1924, six months after the foundation, the vote came to assembly with the abolition of the caliphate.<sup id="cite_ref-Finkel_546_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkel_546-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFD._K._Fieldhouse2008" class="citation cs2">D. K. Fieldhouse (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199540839.001.0001/acprof-9780199540839-chapter-2"><i>War and Partition of Ottoman Empire, 1914–1922 – Oxford Scholarship</i></a>, Oxford Scholarship Online, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199540839.003.0002">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199540839.003.0002</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954083-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954083-9"><bdi>978-0-19-954083-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Partition+of+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1914%E2%80%931922+%E2%80%93+Oxford+Scholarship&rft.pub=Oxford+Scholarship+Online&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199540839.003.0002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954083-9&rft.au=D.+K.+Fieldhouse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199540839.001.0001%2Facprof-9780199540839-chapter-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolition+of+the+Ottoman+sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mehmed-VI">"Mehmed VI | Ottoman sultan"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Mehmed+VI+%7C+Ottoman+sultan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FMehmed-VI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolition+of+the+Ottoman+sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAT-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AAT_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAT_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAT_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allaboutturkey.com/kurtulus.htm">Turkish War of Independence</a>. All About Turkey. Retrieved on 2013-08-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinkel2007">Finkel 2007</a>, p. 545</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/mehmedvi.htm">Who's Who – Sultan Mehmed VI</a>. First World War.com (2009-08-22). Retrieved on 2013-08-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finkel_546-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Finkel_546_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkel_546_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinkel2007">Finkel 2007</a>, p. 546</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Finkel" title="Caroline Finkel">Finkel, Caroline</a> (2007). <i>Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire</i>. Basic Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osman%27s+Dream%3A+The+History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolition+of+the+Ottoman+sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_sultanate&oldid=1254733994">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_sultanate&oldid=1254733994</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pre-Republic_Turkey" title="Category:Pre-Republic Turkey">Pre-Republic Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Sultans of the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1920s_in_Turkey" title="Category:1920s in Turkey">1920s in Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1922_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:1922 in the Ottoman Empire">1922 in the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Category:Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:November_1922_events" title="Category:November 1922 events">November 1922 events</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Category:Abolition of monarchy">Abolition of monarchy</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_May_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from May 2021">Articles needing additional references from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2013" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2013">Use dmy dates from September 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Turkish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Turkish-language text">Articles containing Turkish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 November 2024, at 12:16<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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