CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Mustafa Kemal Atatürk - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1c35e86c-cc42-46b1-97ab-1a9fd5dad69e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Mustafa_Kemal_Atatürk","wgTitle":"Mustafa Kemal Atatürk","wgCurRevisionId":1276176080,"wgRevisionId":1276176080,"wgArticleId":1329090,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","Articles containing Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Pages with Turkish IPA","Articles containing Turkish-language text","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2016","Articles with Turkish-language sources (tr)","Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from June 2020", "CS1 Slovenian-language sources (sl)","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2014","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles that may be too long from February 2024","All articles that may be too long","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Use dmy dates from June 2020","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2024","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2024","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2023","Articles that may be too long from June 2024","Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from June 2024","All articles that are excessively detailed","Wikipedia articles with style issues from June 2024","All articles with style issues","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2015", "Articles needing additional references from November 2020","All articles needing additional references","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2024","Articles with hAudio microformats","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Commons category link from Wikidata","Articles with Open Library links","Open Library ID same as Wikidata","Articles with Internet Archive links","S-bef: 'before' parameter includes the word 'unknown'","Articles containing video clips","Date of birth uncertain","Mustafa Kemal Atatürk","Age controversies","1881 births","1938 deaths","20th-century prime ministers of Turkey","20th-century presidents of Turkey","Committee of Union and Progress politicians","Critics of religions","Deaths from cirrhosis","Deputies of Ankara","Dolmabahçe Palace","Field marshals of Turkey", "Leaders of the Republican People's Party (Turkey)","Macedonian Turks","Members of the Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)","Military personnel from Thessaloniki","Monastir Military High School alumni","Ottoman Army generals","Ottoman Military Academy alumni","Ottoman Military College alumni","Ottoman Thessalonica","Ottoman military personnel of World War I","Ottoman military personnel of the Balkan Wars","Ottoman military personnel of the Italo-Turkish War","Pashas","People from Salonica vilayet","People of the Dersim rebellion","People sentenced to death in absentia","Politicians from Thessaloniki","Recipients of the Imtiyaz Medal","Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class","Recipients of the Legion of Honour","Recipients of the Liakat Medal","Recipients of the Medal of Independence with Red-Green Ribbon (Turkey)","Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie, 1st class","Speakers of the Parliament of Turkey","Turkish anti-communists", "Turkish military personnel of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)","Turkish nationalists","Turkish political party founders","Turkish religious sceptics","Turkish reformers","Turkish revolutionaries","Turkish secularists","Turks from the Ottoman Empire","20th-century presidents in Asia"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Mustafa_Kemal_Atatürk","wgRelevantArticleId":1329090,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5152","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles": "ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Ataturk1930s.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1618"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Ataturk1930s.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1079"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ataturk1930s.jpg/640px-Ataturk1930s.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="863"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Mustafa_Kemal_Atatürk rootpage-Mustafa_Kemal_Atatürk skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Mustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Mustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Name </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Early life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Military career </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Military career subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Military_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Early years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italo-Turkish_War_(1911–12)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italo-Turkish_War_(1911–12)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Italo-Turkish War (1911–12) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italo-Turkish_War_(1911–12)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balkan_Wars_(1912–13)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balkan_Wars_(1912–13)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Balkan Wars (1912–13) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balkan_Wars_(1912–13)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_World_War_(1914–18)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War_(1914–18)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 First World War (1914–18) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_World_War_(1914–18)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_genocides_(1913–1924)_and_Atatürk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_genocides_(1913–1924)_and_Atatürk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Ottoman genocides (1913–1924) and Atatürk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_genocides_(1913–1924)_and_Atatürk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish_War_of_Independence_(1919–1923)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish_War_of_Independence_(1919–1923)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish_War_of_Independence_(1919–1923)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Establishment of the Republic of Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Presidency </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Presidency subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Domestic_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Domestic policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emergence_of_the_state,_1923–1924" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_of_the_state,_1923–1924"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Emergence of the state, 1923–1924 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_of_the_state,_1923–1924-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civic_independence_and_the_Caliphate,_1924–1925" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civic_independence_and_the_Caliphate,_1924–1925"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Civic independence and the Caliphate, 1924–1925 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civic_independence_and_the_Caliphate,_1924–1925-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Educational reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_attire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_attire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 Western attire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_attire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_insignia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_insignia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.5 Religious insignia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_insignia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_Atatürk_in_1924–1927" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_Atatürk_in_1924–1927"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.6 Opposition to Atatürk in 1924–1927 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_Atatürk_in_1924–1927-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernization_efforts,_1926–1930" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernization_efforts,_1926–1930"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.7 Modernization efforts, 1926–1930 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernization_efforts,_1926–1930-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_Atatürk_in_1930–1931" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_Atatürk_in_1930–1931"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.8 Opposition to Atatürk in 1930–1931 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_Atatürk_in_1930–1931-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernization_efforts,_1931–1938" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernization_efforts,_1931–1938"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.9 Modernization efforts, 1931–1938 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernization_efforts,_1931–1938-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unification_and_nationalisation_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unification_and_nationalisation_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.10 Unification and nationalisation efforts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unification_and_nationalisation_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_policy_reforms_and_economic_progress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_policy_reforms_and_economic_progress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.11 Social policy reforms and economic progress </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_policy_reforms_and_economic_progress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Foreign policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Issue_of_Mosul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue_of_Mosul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Issue of Mosul </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issue_of_Mosul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_the_Russian_SFSR/Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_the_Russian_SFSR/Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Relations with the Russian SFSR/Soviet Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_the_Russian_SFSR/Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish-Greek_alliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish-Greek_alliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Turkish-Greek alliance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish-Greek_alliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neighbours_to_the_east" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neighbours_to_the_east"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 Neighbours to the east </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neighbours_to_the_east-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish_Straits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish_Straits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.5 Turkish Straits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish_Straits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balkan_Pact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balkan_Pact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.6 Balkan Pact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balkan_Pact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issue_of_Hatay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue_of_Hatay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.7 Issue of Hatay </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issue_of_Hatay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Economic policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_intervention,_1923–1929" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_intervention,_1923–1929"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 State intervention, 1923–1929 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_intervention,_1923–1929-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Depression,_1929–1931" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Depression,_1929–1931"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Great Depression, 1929–1931 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Depression,_1929–1931-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberalization_and_planned_growth,_1931–1939" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberalization_and_planned_growth,_1931–1939"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Liberalization and planned growth, 1931–1939 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberalization_and_planned_growth,_1931–1939-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illness_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illness_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Illness and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illness_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worldwide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worldwide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Worldwide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worldwide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Translations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Awards and decorations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awards_and_decorations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Awards and decorations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire_and_Republic_of_Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire_and_Republic_of_Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Ottoman Empire and Republic of Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire_and_Republic_of_Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Foreign honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 202 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-202" aria-hidden="true" > 202 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8D_%D0%9A%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Мыстафэ Кэмал Ататурк – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Мыстафэ Кэмал Ататурк" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Мустафа Кемал Ататурк – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Мустафа Кемал Ататурк" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%99%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%8D%8B_%E1%8A%AC%E1%88%9B%E1%88%8D_%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%B3%E1%89%B1%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AD" title="ሙስታፋ ኬማል አታቱርክ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሙስታፋ ኬማል አታቱርክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%AD%D0%B0%D2%AD%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%80%D2%9B,_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D2%9A%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Аҭаҭиурқ, Мустафа Қьемал – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аҭаҭиурқ, Мустафа Қьемал" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%89_%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83" title="مصطفى كمال أتاتورك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مصطفى كمال أتاتورك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%98%DC%A8%DC%9B%DC%A6%DC%90_%DC%9F%DC%A1%DC%90%DC%A0_%DC%90%DC%9B%DC%90%DC%9B%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%A9" title="ܡܘܨܛܦܐ ܟܡܐܠ ܐܛܐܛܘܪܩ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܘܨܛܦܐ ܟܡܐܠ ܐܛܐܛܘܪܩ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%A1_%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D4%B1%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84" title="Մուսթաֆա Քեմալ Աթաթուրք – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մուսթաֆա Քեմալ Աթաթուրք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kamal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kamal Atatürk – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mustafa Kamal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="مصطفی کمال آتاتورک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مصطفی کمال آتاتورک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="মোস্তফা কামাল আতাতুর্ক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মোস্তফা কামাল আতাতুর্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Мостафа Кәмал Ататөрк – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мостафа Кәмал Ататөрк" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Мустафа Кемаль Атацюрк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мустафа Кемаль Атацюрк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Мустафа Кемаль Ататурк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мустафа Кемаль Ататурк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Мустафа Кемал Ататюрк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мустафа Кемал Ататюрк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Мустафа Кемаль Ататюрк – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Мустафа Кемаль Ататюрк" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ататюрк Мустафа Кемаль – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ататюрк Мустафа Кемаль" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Kemal Atatürk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%89_%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83" title="مصطفى كمال أتاتورك – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مصطفى كمال أتاتورك" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AC_%CE%9A%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BB_%CE%91%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BA" title="Μουσταφά Κεμάλ Ατατούρκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μουσταφά Κεμάλ Ατατούρκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Kemal Atatürk – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="مصطفی کمال آتاترک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مصطفی کمال آتاترک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%85%95%E6%96%AF%E4%BB%96%E5%8C%96%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%BA%A5%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%94%E7%AA%81" title="慕斯他化·克麥·阿塔突 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="慕斯他化·克麥·阿塔突" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B2_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%AB%E0%AA%BE_%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95" title="કમાલ મુસ્તફા અતાતુર્ક – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કમાલ મુસ્તફા અતાતુર્ક" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Мустафа Кемаль Ататюрк – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Мустафа Кемаль Ататюрк" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%ED%8C%8C_%EC%BC%80%EB%A7%90_%EC%95%84%ED%83%80%ED%8A%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC" title="무스타파 케말 아타튀르크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무스타파 케말 아타튀르크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kamal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kamal Atatürk – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mustafa Kamal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%A1_%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D4%B1%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84" title="Մուսթաֆա Քեմալ Աթաթուրք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մուսթաֆա Քեմալ Աթաթուրք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="कमाल अतातुर्क – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कमाल अतातुर्क" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA,_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ататюрк, Мустафа Кемаль – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ататюрк, Мустафа Кемаль" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Kemal Atatürk – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A4%D7%90_%D7%9B%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7" title="מוסטפא כמאל אטאטורק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוסטפא כמאל אטאטורק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕೆಮಾಲ್ ಅಟಾಟರ್ಕ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೆಮಾಲ್ ಅಟಾಟರ್ಕ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA,_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ататюрк, Мустафа Кемал – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Ататюрк, Мустафа Кемал" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98" title="ქემალ ათათურქი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქემალ ათათურქი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Мұстафа Кемал Ататүрік – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мұстафа Кемал Ататүрік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Kemal Atatürk – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Мустафа Кемел Ататүрк – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мустафа Кемел Ататүрк" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%B1%D1%80%D0%BA,_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ататӱрк, Мустафа Кемаль – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Ататӱрк, Мустафа Кемаль" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA,_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ататюрк, Мустапа Камал – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Ататюрк, Мустапа Камал" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustapha_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustapha Kemal Atatürk – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mustapha Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemals_Ataturks" title="Mustafa Kemals Ataturks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mustafa Kemals Ataturks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Мустафа Камал Ататуьрк – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Мустафа Камал Ататуьрк" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Мустафа Кемал Ататурк – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мустафа Кемал Ататурк" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AB_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="മുസ്തഫ കമാൽ അത്താതുർക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മുസ്തഫ കമാൽ അത്താതുർക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="मुस्तफा कमाल अतातुर्क – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मुस्तफा कमाल अतातुर्क" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98" title="მუსტაფა ქემალ ათათურქი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მუსტაფა ქემალ ათათურქი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%89_%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83" title="مصطفى كمال اتاتورك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مصطفى كمال اتاتورك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="آتاتورک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آتاتورک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Мустафа Кемал Ататүрк – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мустафа Кемал Ататүрк" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%96%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="မွတ်စတာဖာ ကီးမား အာတာတပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မွတ်စတာဖာ ကီးမား အာတာတပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="कमाल अतातुर्क – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कमाल अतातुर्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="केमेल अतातुर्क – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="केमेल अतातुर्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B1%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%82%BF%E3%83%86%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF" title="ムスタファ・ケマル・アタテュルク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムスタファ・ケマル・アタテュルク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA,_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ататюрк, Мустафа Кемаль – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ататюрк, Мустафа Кемаль" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA,_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ататюрк, Мустафа Кемаль – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Ататюрк, Мустафа Кемаль" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95" title="ਮੁਸਤਫ਼ਾ ਕਮਾਲ ਅਤਾਤੁਰਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੁਸਤਫ਼ਾ ਕਮਾਲ ਅਤਾਤੁਰਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="مصطفا کمال اتاترک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مصطفا کمال اتاترک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="مصطفی کمال اتاترک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مصطفی کمال اتاترک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Мустафа Кемал Ататюрк – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мустафа Кемал Ататюрк" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA,_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ататюрк, Мустафа Кемаль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ататюрк, Мустафа Кемаль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Мустафа Кемал Ататүрк – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мустафа Кемал Ататүрк" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D" title="मुस्ताफा केमल् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मुस्ताफा केमल्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A0_%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱟᱛᱟᱛᱩᱨᱠ ᱢᱩᱥᱛᱚᱯᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱢᱟᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱛᱟᱛᱩᱨᱠ ᱢᱩᱥᱛᱚᱯᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱢᱟᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%B0%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_(%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9)" title="مصطفٰی کمال (اتا ترک) – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="مصطفٰی کمال (اتا ترک)" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Qemal_Ataturku" title="Mustafa Qemal Ataturku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mustafa Qemal Ataturku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk" title="Mustafa Kemal Ataturk – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Ataturk" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A" title="මුස්තාෆා කෙමාල් අටාටුර්ක් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මුස්තාෆා කෙමාල් අටාටුර්ක්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%AA" title="ڪمال اتاترڪ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪمال اتاترڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%81%D8%A7_%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="مستەفا کەمال ئاتاتورک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مستەفا کەمال ئاتاتورک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Мустафа Кемал Ататурк – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мустафа Кемал Ататурк" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Kemal Atatürk – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="முஸ்தாபா கெமால் அத்தாதுர்க் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முஸ்தாபா கெமால் அத்தாதுர்க்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%E1%B9%ADafa_Kamal_Ataturk" title="Musṭafa Kamal Ataturk – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Musṭafa Kamal Ataturk" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%B6rek" title="Mostafa Kemal Atatörek – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Mostafa Kemal Atatörek" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" title="ముస్తఫా కమాల్ అతాతుర్క్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ముస్తఫా కమాల్ అతాతుర్క్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84" title="มุสทาฟา เคมัล อาทาทืร์ค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มุสทาฟา เคมัล อาทาทืร์ค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Мустафо Камол Отатурк – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мустафо Камол Отатурк" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA,_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ататюрк, Мустафа Кемаль – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Ататюрк, Мустафа Кемаль" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Мустафа Кемаль Ататюрк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мустафа Кемаль Ататюрк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%B0%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="مصطفٰی کمال اتاترک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مصطفٰی کمال اتاترک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%88%D8%B1%D9%83" title="مۇستاپا كامال ئاتاتۈرك – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مۇستاپا كامال ئاتاتۈرك" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Mustafa_Kemal%27" title="Atatürk Mustafa Kemal' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Atatürk Mustafa Kemal'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%B1%E6%9C%AB%E7%88%BE" title="凱末爾 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="凱末爾" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E6%B3%95%C2%B7%E5%87%AF%E6%9C%AB%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%94%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B" title="穆斯塔法·凯末尔·阿塔图尔克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="穆斯塔法·凯末尔·阿塔图尔克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%90_%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7" title="מוסטאפא קעמאל אטאטורק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מוסטאפא קעמאל אטאטורק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%B1%E6%9C%AB%E7%88%BE" title="凱末爾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="凱末爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemalis_Atatiorks" title="Mustafa Kemalis Atatiorks – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Mustafa Kemalis Atatiorks" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E6%B3%95%C2%B7%E5%87%AF%E6%9C%AB%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%94%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B" title="穆斯塔法·凯末尔·阿塔图尔克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="穆斯塔法·凯末尔·阿塔图尔克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustapa_Kamal_Basah" title="Mustapa Kamal Basah – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Mustapa Kamal Basah" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kamal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kamal Atatürk – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Mustafa Kamal Atatürk" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kamal_Atatyrk" title="Mustafa Kamal Atatyrk – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Mustafa Kamal Atatyrk" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5152#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&oldid=1276176080" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&id=1276176080&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMustafa_Kemal_Atat%25C3%25BCrk">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMustafa_Kemal_Atat%25C3%25BCrk">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" hreflang="en">Wikisource</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5152" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of Turkey from 1923 to 1938</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Mustafa Kamal, see <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kamal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Mustafa Kamal (disambiguation)">Mustafa Kamal (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Atatürk" redirects here. For the airport, see <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Airport" title="Atatürk Airport">Atatürk Airport</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Atatürk (disambiguation)">Atatürk (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Very_long plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-very_long" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">too long</a> to read and navigate comfortably. When this tag was added, its <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SIZERULE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SIZERULE">readable prose size</a> was 16,000 words. Consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> content into sub-articles, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">condensing</a> it, or adding <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections" title="Help:Section">subheadings</a>. Please discuss this issue on the article's <a href="/wiki/Talk:Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Talk:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">talk page</a>. (February 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;">Halâskâr <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_(warrior)" title="Ghazi (warrior)">Gazi</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mare%C5%9Fal_(Turkey)" title="Mareşal (Turkey)">Mareşal</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Ataturk1930s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ataturk1930s.jpg/220px-Ataturk1930s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ataturk1930s.jpg/330px-Ataturk1930s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ataturk1930s.jpg/440px-Ataturk1930s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="987" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Atatürk <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1930</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">President of Turkey</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 29 October 1923 – 10 November 1938</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet İnönü</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fethi_Okyar" title="Fethi Okyar">Fethi Okyar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cel%C3%A2l_Bayar" title="Celâl Bayar">Celâl Bayar</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Office established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">İsmet İnönü</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Turkey" title="Prime Minister of Turkey">Prime Minister of the Government of the Grand National Assembly</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 3 May 1920 – 24 January 1921</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Turkey" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey">Deputy</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" title="Fevzi Çakmak">Fevzi Çakmak</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Office established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Fevzi Çakmak</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Speaker of the Grand National Assembly">Speaker of the Grand National Assembly</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 24 April 1920 – 29 October 1923</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Office established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Fethi Okyar</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Leader of the Republican People's Party">Leader of the Republican People's Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 9 September 1923 – 10 November 1938</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Office established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">İsmet İnönü</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Ali Rıza oğlu Mustafa <a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a></div> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1881 <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Salonica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">10 November 1938(1938-11-10) (aged 57) <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnography_Museum_of_Ankara" title="Ethnography Museum of Ankara">Ethnography Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> (21 November 1938 – 10 November 1953) <a href="/wiki/An%C4%B1tkabir" title="Anıtkabir">Anıtkabir</a>, Ankara (since 10 November 1953)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data">Ottoman, Turkish</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Republican People's Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatan_ve_H%C3%BCrriyet" title="Vatan ve Hürriyet">Motherland and Liberty</a> (1906–1907)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> (1907–1918)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Liberal_People%27s_Party" title="Ottoman Liberal People's Party">Ottoman Liberal People's Party</a> (1918–1919)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Defence_of_National_Rights" title="Association for Defence of National Rights">Association for the Defence of the Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia</a> (1919–1923)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latife_U%C5%9Fakl%C4%B1gil" class="mw-redirect" title="Latife Uşaklıgil">Latife Uşaklıgil</a> (1923–1925)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_R%C4%B1za_Efendi" title="Ali Rıza Efendi">Ali Rıza Efendi</a> (father)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCbeyde_Han%C4%B1m" title="Zübeyde Hanım">Zübeyde Hanım</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Makbule_Atadan" title="Makbule Atadan">Makbule Atadan</a> (sister)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_awards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's awards">List (24 medals)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg/128px-Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg/192px-Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg/256px-Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="205" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (1893–1919)</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">State of Turkey</a> (1921–1923)</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> (1923–1927)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army_(1861%E2%80%931922)" title="Ottoman Army (1861–1922)">Ottoman Army</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces#War_of_Independence" title="Turkish Land Forces">Army of the GNA</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Turkish_Land_Forces_Command.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkish_Land_Forces_Command.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Turkish_Land_Forces_Command.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkish_Land_Forces_Command.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Turkish_Land_Forces_Command.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkish_Land_Forces_Command.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Turkish Army</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Mirliva" title="Mirliva">Brigadier General</a> (Ottoman Army)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mare%C5%9Fal_(Turkey)" title="Mareşal (Turkey)">Marshal</a> (Turkish Army)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/19th_Infantry_Division_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="19th Infantry Division (Ottoman Empire)">19th Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XVI_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="XVI Corps (Ottoman Empire)">16th Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Second Army (Ottoman Empire)">2nd Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Seventh Army (Ottoman Empire)">7th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yildirim_Army_Group" title="Yildirim Army Group">Yıldırım Army Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces#War_of_Independence" title="Turkish Land Forces">Army of Grand National Assembly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>See list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle" title="Macedonian Struggle">Macedonian Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">31 March Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Revolt_of_1910" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Revolt of 1910">Albanian Revolt of 1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tobruk_(1911)" title="Battle of Tobruk (1911)">Battle of Tobruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Derna_(1912)" title="Battle of Derna (1912)">Battle of Derna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bulair" title="Battle of Bulair">Battle of Bulair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(1913)" title="Siege of Adrianople (1913)">Siege of Adrianople (1913)</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern theatre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Gallipoli Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Anzac_Cove" title="Landing at Anzac Cove">Anzac Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Baby_700" title="Battle for Baby 700">Baby 700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_No.3_Post" title="Battle for No.3 Post">No. 3 Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nek" title="Battle of the Nek">Nek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chunuk_Bair" title="Battle of Chunuk Bair">Chunuk Bair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Scimitar_Hill" title="Battle of Scimitar Hill">Scimitar Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nek" title="Battle of the Nek">Kılıçbayır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_60_(Gallipoli)" title="Battle of Hill 60 (Gallipoli)">Hill 60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Suvla_Bay" title="Landing at Suvla Bay">Suvla Bay</a> <ul><li><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birinci_Anafartalar_Muharebesi" class="extiw" title="tr:Birinci Anafartalar Muharebesi">Anafartalar I</a></li> <li><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0kinci_Anafartalar_Muharebesi" class="extiw" title="tr:İkinci Anafartalar Muharebesi">Anafartalar II</a></li> <li><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koca%C3%A7imen_Tepe_Muharebesi" class="extiw" title="tr:Kocaçimen Tepe Muharebesi"> Kocaçimen tepe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sari_Bair" title="Battle of Sari Bair">Sari Bair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitlis" title="Battle of Bitlis">Battle of Bitlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mu%C5%9F" title="Battle of Muş">Ognot campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%87apak%C3%A7ur" title="Battle of Çapakçur">Battle of Çapakçur</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai and Palestine Campaign">Sinai and Palestine Campaign</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stalemate_in_Southern_Palestine" title="Stalemate in Southern Palestine">Southern Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Transjordan_attack" title="Third Transjordan attack">Transjordan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nablus_(1918)" title="Battle of Nablus (1918)">Nablus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Jisr_ed_Damieh" title="Capture of Jisr ed Damieh">Jisr ed Damieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Damascus_(1918)" title="Capture of Damascus (1918)">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jisr_Benat_Yakub" title="Battle of Jisr Benat Yakub">Jisr Benat Yakub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_at_Kiswe" title="Charge at Kiswe">Kiswe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_at_Kaukab" title="Charge at Kaukab">Kaukab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pursuit_to_Haritan" title="Pursuit to Haritan">Haritan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_at_Khan_Ayash" title="Charge at Khan Ayash">Khan Ayash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(1918)" title="Battle of Aleppo (1918)">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_at_Haritan" title="Charge at Haritan">Haritan II</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sakarya" title="Battle of the Sakarya">Sakarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Offensive" title="Great Offensive">Great Offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dumlup%C4%B1nar" title="Battle of Dumlupınar">Dumlupınar</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish-Armenian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish-Armenian War">Turkish-Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolts_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence">Revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_War_(1918%E2%80%931923)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Turkish War (1918–1923)">Anglo-Turkish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_rebellion" title="Assyrian rebellion">Assyrian rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict">Kurdish–Turkish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C3%A7giri_rebellion" title="Koçgiri rebellion">Koçgiri rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beytussebab_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Beytussebab rebellion">Beytussebab rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Said_rebellion" title="Sheikh Said rebellion">Sheikh Said rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ararat_rebellion" title="Ararat rebellion">Ararat rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Operation_Ararat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Operation Ararat (page does not exist)">Ararat I</a> <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birinci_A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1_Harekat%C4%B1" class="extiw" title="tr:Birinci Ağrı Harekatı">[tr]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Operation_Ararat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Operation Ararat (page does not exist)">Ararat II</a> <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0kinci_A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1_Harekat%C4%B1" class="extiw" title="tr:İkinci Ağrı Harekatı">[tr]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Operation_Ararat" title="Third Operation Ararat">Ararat III</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dersim_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dersim rebellion">Dersim rebellion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="margin-left: 87px;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Timeline of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Detailed chronology</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157919884">.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person{border:4px double #d69d36}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-title{font-size:110%;padding:0;line-height:150%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title-image{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:5px}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title>div{font-size:88%;line-height:normal}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-content{padding:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-navbar{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#ED1C24;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Portret_van_de_Turkse_leider_Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk_(Atat%C3%BCrk_Kemal_Pascha)_(1881-1938)_in_westers,_SFA003017837.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Portret_van_de_Turkse_leider_Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk_%28Atat%C3%BCrk_Kemal_Pascha%29_%281881-1938%29_in_westers%2C_SFA003017837.jpg/75px-Portret_van_de_Turkse_leider_Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk_%28Atat%C3%BCrk_Kemal_Pascha%29_%281881-1938%29_in_westers%2C_SFA003017837.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Portret_van_de_Turkse_leider_Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk_%28Atat%C3%BCrk_Kemal_Pascha%29_%281881-1938%29_in_westers%2C_SFA003017837.jpg/113px-Portret_van_de_Turkse_leider_Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk_%28Atat%C3%BCrk_Kemal_Pascha%29_%281881-1938%29_in_westers%2C_SFA003017837.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Portret_van_de_Turkse_leider_Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk_%28Atat%C3%BCrk_Kemal_Pascha%29_%281881-1938%29_in_westers%2C_SFA003017837.jpg/150px-Portret_van_de_Turkse_leider_Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk_%28Atat%C3%BCrk_Kemal_Pascha%29_%281881-1938%29_in_westers%2C_SFA003017837.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2727" data-file-height="3851" /></a></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#ED1C24;color: #FFF;"><div>This article is part of a series about</div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Personal_life_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Personal life of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Personal</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Timeline of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_International_Peace_Prize" title="Atatürk International Peace Prize">Atatürk International Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Centennial" title="Atatürk Centennial">Atatürk Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Military career of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Military career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Attempted assassination of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Attempted assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Death and state funeral of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Death and state funeral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%B1tkabir" title="Anıtkabir">Mausoleum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Reforms</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_sultanate" title="Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate">Abolition of the sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Caliphate" title="Abolition of the Caliphate">Abolition of the caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey#History" title="Education in Turkey">Educational reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language_reform" title="Turkish language reform">Turkish language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Turkey" title="Economic history of Turkey">Industrialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">Nation-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification#Modern_Turkey" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen,_speak_Turkish!" title="Citizen, speak Turkish!">Citizen, speak Turkish!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Language_Theory" title="Sun Language Theory">Sun Language Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_History_Thesis" title="Turkish History Thesis">Turkish History Thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname_Law_(Turkey)" title="Surname Law (Turkey)">Surname Law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Art_and_Sculpture_Museum" title="State Art and Sculpture Museum">State Art and Sculpture Museum</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Peace_at_Home,_Peace_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace at Home, Peace in the World">Peace at Home, Peace in the World</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Republican People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalist_historiography" title="Kemalist historiography">Historiography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nutuk" title="Nutuk">Nutuk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg/70px-Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg/105px-Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg/140px-Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="469" /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Atat%C3%BCrk_sidebar" title="Template:Atatürk sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Atat%C3%BCrk_sidebar" title="Template talk:Atatürk sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Atat%C3%BCrk_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Atatürk sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Progressivism" title="Category:Progressivism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Purple" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Purple_flag_waving.svg/75px-Purple_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Purple_flag_waving.svg/113px-Purple_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Purple_flag_waving.svg/150px-Purple_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">BLM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_for_the_Common_Good" title="Economy for the Common Good">ECG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_movement" title="Ethical movement">Ethical movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indivisible_movement" title="Indivisible movement">Indivisible movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">LGBTQ movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">#MeToo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Christianity" title="Progressive Christianity">Progressive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Conservatism">Progressive Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Progressive Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hygiene_movement" title="Social hygiene movement">Social hygiene</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Resistance_(American_political_movement)" title="The Resistance (American political movement)">The Resistance</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIMBY" title="YIMBY">YIMBY</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad_measures_of_economic_progress" title="Broad measures of economic progress">Broad measures of economic progress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_enhancement" title="Human enhancement">Human enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Moral universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of progress">Philosophy of progress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_education" title="Progressive education">Progressive education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_education_in_Latin_America#Educational_progressivism" title="Inclusive education in Latin America">In Latin America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_stack" title="Progressive stack">Progressive stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">Progressive taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">Religious liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Progressive nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice_warrior" title="Social justice warrior">Social justice warrior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization" title="Social organization">Social organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Social progress">Social progress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Social_Progress_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by Social Progress Index">List of countries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific progress">Scientific progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructivism" title="Social constructivism">Social constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_essentialism" title="Strategic essentialism">Strategic essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological engineering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery" title="Reparations for slavery">Reparations for slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Reparations for slavery in the United States">In the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_management" title="Scientific management">Scientific management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Unionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidarity Unionism">Solidarity unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-progressivism" title="Techno-progressivism">Techno-progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Abbott" title="Edith Abbott">Abbott (Edith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Abbott" title="Grace Abbott">Abbott (Grace)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imran_Ahmed_(strategist)" title="Imran Ahmed (strategist)">Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Alinsky" title="Saul Alinsky">Alinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Alexander" title="Michelle Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajamu_X" title="Ajamu X">Ajamu X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Archer" title="Deborah Archer">Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alva_Belmont" title="Alva Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophonisba_Breckinridge" title="Sophonisba Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Campbell,_Baroness_Campbell_of_Surbiton" title="Jane Campbell, Baroness Campbell of Surbiton">Cambell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cloward" title="Richard Cloward">Cloward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Debs" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Debs">Debs (Eugene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Dees" title="Morris Dees">Dees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirana_Hassan" title="Tirana Hassan">Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Heumann" title="Judith Heumann">Heumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Huang" title="Margaret Huang">Huang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jackson_(activist)" title="George Jackson (activist)">Jackson (George)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jackson (Jesse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Cooper_Jackson" title="Esther Cooper Jackson">Jackson (Esther)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anetta_Kahane" title="Anetta Kahane">Kahane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaun_King" title="Shaun King">King (Shaun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King (Jr.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ludmer" title="Maurice Ludmer">Ludmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeRay_Mckesson" title="DeRay Mckesson">Mckesson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Page#Activism" title="Elliot Page">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_J._Pearson" title="Justin J. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Rothblatt" title="Gabriel Rothblatt">Rothblatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_J._Seligmann" title="Herbert J. Seligmann">Seligmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Smeeth" title="Ruth Smeeth">Smeeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Soros" title="Alexander Soros">Soros (Alexander)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">Soros (George)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha_Walia" title="Harsha Walia">Walia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Windsor#Activism" title="Edith Windsor">Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Wong_(activist)" title="Alice Wong (activist)">Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Woodhull</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imani_Barbarin" title="Imani Barbarin">Barbarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bedborough" title="George Bedborough">Bedborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Conover" title="Adam Conover">Conover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Criado_Perez" title="Caroline Criado Perez">Criado Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcy_Darnovsky" title="Marcy Darnovsky">Darnovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Dearden" title="Lizzie Dearden">Dearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Duberman" title="Martin Duberman">Duberman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Favreau_(speechwriter)" title="Jon Favreau (speechwriter)">Favreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesca_Fiorentini" title="Francesca Fiorentini">Fiorentini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Glaude" title="Eddie Glaude">Glaude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Goldberg" title="Michelle Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thom_Hartmann" title="Thom Hartmann">Hartmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medhi_Hasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Medhi Hasan">Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_Jennings" title="Jazz Jennings">Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Klein" title="Ezra Klein">Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Klippenstein" title="Ken Klippenstein">Klippenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyle_Kulinski" title="Kyle Kulinski">Kulinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_Levy_(writer)" title="Ariel Levy (writer)">Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Lovett" title="Jon Lovett">Lovett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Marshall" title="Josh Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_McKay" title="Adam McKay">McKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Miller" title="Stephanie Miller">Miller (Stephanie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Monroe" title="Jack Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Morgan" title="Robin Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Nagle" title="Angela Nagle">Nagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Okrent" title="Daniel Okrent">Okrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Oliver" title="John Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pakman" title="David Pakman">Pakman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Pfeiffer" title="Daniel Pfeiffer">Pfeiffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Piker" title="Hasan Piker">Piker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Rather" title="Dan Rather">Rather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Reich" title="Robert Reich">Reich (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Reid" title="Joy Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Seder" title="Sam Seder">Seder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Simpson_(journalist)" title="Mark Simpson (journalist)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Smith_(journalist)" title="Ben Smith (journalist)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Talbot" title="David Talbot">Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Thorn" title="Abigail Thorn">Thorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenk_Uygur" title="Cenk Uygur">Uygur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Vietor" title="Tommy Vietor">Vietor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Wise" title="Tim Wise">Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaush" title="Vaush">Kochinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ContraPoints" title="ContraPoints">Wynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Zuckerberg" title="Donna Zuckerberg">Zuckerberg</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_L._Allen" title="Anita L. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Anderson" title="Carol Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruha_Benjamin" title="Ruha Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liat_Ben-Moshe" title="Liat Ben-Moshe">Ben-Moshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">Beveridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Black" title="Edwin Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell">Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Bornstein" title="Kate Bornstein">Bornstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Brand" title="Adolf Brand">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">de Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drucilla_Cornell" title="Drucilla Cornell">Cornell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Davis_(scholar)" title="Mike Davis (scholar)">Davis (Mike)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_DiAngelo" title="Robin DiAngelo">DiAngelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Brown_Douglas" title="Kelly Brown Douglas">Douglas (Kelly)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Eric_Dyson" title="Michael Eric Dyson">Dyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havelock_Ellis" title="Havelock Ellis">Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Fredrickson" title="George M. Fredrickson">Fredrickson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelynn_M._Hammonds" title="Evelynn M. Hammonds">Hammonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_E._Helms" title="Janet E. Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld" title="Magnus Hirschfeld">Hirschfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">hooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Jeffries" title="Leonard Jeffries">Jeffries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Karenga" title="Maulana Karenga">Karenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibram_X._Kendi" title="Ibram X. Kendi">Kendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_McIntosh" title="Peggy McIntosh">McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Merriam" title="Charles Edward Merriam">Merriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Meyers" title="Robin Meyers">Meyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Mills" title="Charles W. Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Money" title="John Money">Money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_Moore" title="J. Howard Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Oastler#Political_philosophy" title="Richard Oastler">Oastler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Ostrowski" title="Marius Ostrowski">Ostrowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nell_Irvin_Painter" title="Nell Irvin Painter">Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Patterson" title="Orlando Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurit_Peled-Elhanan" title="Nurit Peled-Elhanan">Peled-Elhanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Reich (Wilhelm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Roberts" title="Dorothy Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rothstein" title="Richard Rothstein">Rothstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Saini" title="Angela Saini">Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abby_Stein" title="Abby Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_TallBear" title="Kim TallBear">TallBear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Cress_Welsing" title="Frances Cress Welsing">Welsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Wilderson_III" title="Frank B. Wilderson III">Wilderson III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshana_Zuboff" title="Shoshana Zuboff">Zuboff</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Ardern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cory_Booker" title="Cory Booker">Booker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Boric" title="Gabriel Boric">Boric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Brandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Casar" title="Greg Casar">Casar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">da Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Debs" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Debs">Debs (Eugene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howie_Hawkins" title="Howie Hawkins">Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Hessel" title="Stéphane Hessel">Hessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dario_Hunter" title="Dario Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramila_Jayapal" title="Pramila Jayapal">Jayapal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro_Khanna" title="Ro Khanna">Khanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">La Follette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Lee" title="Barbara Lee">Lee (Barbara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Lee" title="Summer Lee">Lee (Summer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Frost" title="Maxwell Frost">Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia">La Guardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyuh_Woon-hyung" title="Lyuh Woon-hyung">Lyuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Markey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Manley" title="Michael Manley">Manley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Merkley" title="Jeff Merkley">Merkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mia_Mottley" title="Mia Mottley">Mottley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomiichi_Murayama" title="Tomiichi Murayama">Murayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Murphy" title="Emily Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Nader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Holmes_Norton" title="Eleanor Holmes Norton">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador" title="Andrés Manuel López Obrador">Obrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Ocasio-Cortez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilhan_Omar" title="Ilhan Omar">Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Petro" title="Gustavo Petro">Petro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Pocan" title="Mark Pocan">Pocan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayanna_Pressley" title="Ayanna Pressley">Pressley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JB_Pritzker" title="JB Pritzker">Pritzker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamie_Raskin" title="Jamie Raskin">Raskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Eleanor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Franklin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Theodore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Sánchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashida_Tlaib" title="Rashida Tlaib">Tlaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Trudeau (Pierre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsai_Ing-wen" title="Tsai Ing-wen">Tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson (Harold)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar%C5%8D_Yamamoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarō Yamamoto">Yamamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Yavlinsky" title="Grigory Yavlinsky">Yavlinsky</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Better-World_Philosophy" title="Better-World Philosophy">Better-World Philosophy</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_and_Superman" title="Man and Superman">Man and Superman</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Universal_Kinship" title="The Universal Kinship">The Universal Kinship</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Conspiracy" title="The Open Conspiracy">The Open Conspiracy</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mass_Psychology_of_Fascism" title="The Mass Psychology of Fascism">The Mass Psychology of Fascism</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Sexualit%C3%A4t_im_Kulturkampf" title="Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf">Sexuality in the Cultural Struggle</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beveridge_Report" title="Beveridge Report">Beveridge Report</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_for_Radicals" title="Rules for Radicals">Rules for Radicals</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanist_Manifesto_II" title="Humanist Manifesto II">Humanist Manifesto II</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_Hating" title="Woman Hating">Woman Hating</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Handmaid%27s_Tale" title="The Handmaid's Tale">The Handmaid's Tale</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Athena" title="Black Athena">Black Athena</a> (1987–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Racial_Contract" title="The Racial Contract">The Racial Contract</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Against_the_Weak" title="War Against the Weak">War Against the Weak</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope">The Audacity of Hope</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Invention_of_the_Jewish_People" title="The Invention of the Jewish People">The Invention of the Jewish People</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Jim_Crow" title="The New Jim Crow">The New Jim Crow</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Speech_(Sanders_book)" title="The Speech (Sanders book)">The Speech</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Revolution_(Sanders_book)" title="Our Revolution (Sanders book)">Our Revolution</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Rage" title="White Rage">White Rage</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Color_of_Law" title="The Color of Law">The Color of Law</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_(book)" title="Inferior (book)">Inferior</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Zuckerberg#Not_All_Dead_White_Men" title="Donna Zuckerberg">Not All Dead White Men</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Fragility" title="White Fragility">White Fragility</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_Women:_Exposing_Data_Bias_in_a_World_Designed_for_Men" title="Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias in a World Designed for Men">Invisible Women</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_to_Be_an_Antiracist" title="How to Be an Antiracist">How to Be an Antiracist</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_After_Technology" title="Race After Technology">Race After Technology</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior:_The_Return_of_Race_Science" title="Superior: The Return of Race Science">Superior</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nice_Racism" title="Nice Racism">Nice Racism</a> (2021)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadeu_Antonio_Foundation" title="Amadeu Antonio Foundation">Amadeu Antonio Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">ACLU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sexual_Health_Association" title="American Sexual Health Association">ASHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_Global_Network_Foundation" title="Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation">BLMGNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Genetics_and_Society" title="Center for Genetics and Society">CGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brennan_Center_for_Justice" title="Brennan Center for Justice">Brennan Center for Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_Change" title="Color of Change">Color of Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Alliance" title="Democracy Alliance">Democracy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker_Center_for_Human_Rights" title="Ella Baker Center for Human Rights">Ella Baker Center for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_and_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Equality and Human Rights Commission">Equality and Human Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Network_Against_Racism" title="European Network Against Racism">ENAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Coefficients_(dining_club)" title="Coefficients (dining club)">Coefficients</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Immigration_Reform_Movement" title="Fair Immigration Reform Movement">FIRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_not_Hate" title="Hope not Hate">Hope not Hate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lesbian,_Gay,_Bisexual,_Trans_and_Intersex_Association" title="International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association">ILGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_Against_Racism" title="International Committee Against Racism">InCAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Public_Policy_Research" title="Institute for Public Policy Research">IPPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Foundation" title="MacArthur Foundation">MacArthur Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Black_Lives" title="Movement for Black Lives">Movement for Black Lives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_one_is_illegal" title="No one is illegal">No one is illegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Welfare_Rights_Organization" title="National Welfare Rights Organization">NWRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society_(2006_organization)" title="Students for a Democratic Society (2006 organization)">New SDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">OSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Revolution" title="Our Revolution">Our Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_American_Way" title="People for the American Way">PFAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance" title="Progressive Alliance">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_International" title="Progressive International">PI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_League" title="Progressive League">Progressive League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Majority" title="Progressive Majority">Progressive Majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProgressNow" title="ProgressNow">ProgressNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Flare" title="Red Flare">Red Flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wood_Johnson_Foundation" title="Robert Wood Johnson Foundation">RWJF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_for_the_People" title="Science for the People">SftP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tides_Foundation" title="Tides Foundation">Tides Foundation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CTXT" title="CTXT">CTXT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezebel_(website)" title="Jezebel (website)">Jezebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_the_Lightbearer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucifer the Lightbearer">Lucifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Progressive" title="The Progressive">The Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searchlight_(magazine)" title="Searchlight (magazine)">Searchlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Turks" title="The Young Turks">The Young Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_Wiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational Wiki">Rational Wiki</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirchnerism" title="Kirchnerism">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_political_parties_(Japan)" title="Progressive political parties (Japan)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_South_Korea" title="Progressivism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_Taiwan" title="Progressivism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_progressivism" title="Economic progressivism">Economic progressivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93green_alliance" title="Red–green alliance">Red–green alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">Left-wing populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">In United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">Pink tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress Studies">Progress Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #800080; border-bottom:1px solid #800080; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Progressivism_sidebar" title="Template:Progressivism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Progressivism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Progressivism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Progressivism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Progressivism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:22.0em; border:4px double #2E8B57; background:var( --background-color-base, #FFFFFF ); color: var( --color-base, inherit );"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Radicalism_(historical)" title="Category:Radicalism (historical)">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Radicalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Revolutions" title="Atlantic Revolutions">Atlantic Revolutions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">History of liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_radicalism" title="Cultural radicalism">Cultural radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor movement">Labor movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">Left-wing populism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement">Reform movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_France" title="Secularism in France">Laicité</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_spending" title="Welfare spending">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leandro_N._Alem" title="Leandro N. Alem">Alem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Alfons%C3%ADn" title="Raúl Alfonsín">Alfonsín</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Bonino" title="Emma Bonino">Bonino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">Bright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cartwright_(political_reformer)" title="John Cartwright (political reformer)">Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Castberg" title="Johan Castberg">Castberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Clemenceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cobbett" title="William Cobbett">Cobbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Dilke,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Dilke, 2nd Baronet">Dilke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Domergue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._H._Green" title="T. H. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hunt_(politician)" title="Henry Hunt (politician)">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Lacombe" title="Claire Lacombe">Lacombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">La Follette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Th%C3%A9ophile_Victor_Leclerc" title="Jean Théophile Victor Leclerc">Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Lerroux" title="Alejandro Lerroux">Lerroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mend%C3%A8s_France" title="Pierre Mendès France">Mendès France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">Mill (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill (John Stuart)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mossadegh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Mossadegh">Mossadegh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Pannella" title="Marco Pannella">Pannella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Papanastasiou" title="Alexandros Papanastasiou">Papanastasiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papandreou" title="Georgios Papandreou">Papandreou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Plastiras" title="Nikolaos Plastiras">Plastiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli" title="Carlo Rosselli">Rosselli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ettore_Sacchi" title="Ettore Sacchi">Sacchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Saint-Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Servan-Schreiber" title="Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber">Servan-Schreiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Varlet" title="Jean-François Varlet">Varlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Videla" title="Gabriel González Videla">Videla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Virchow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes" title="John Wilkes">Wilkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B3lito_Yrigoyen" title="Hipólito Yrigoyen">Yrigoyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Theodor_Zahle" title="Carl Theodor Zahle">Zahle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li>Action Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy,_1853)" title="Action Party (Italy, 1853)">1853</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy)" title="Action Party (Italy)">1942</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfarista_Radical_Front" title="Alfarista Radical Front">Alfarista Radical Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_Progress_Party" title="Alsatian Progress Party">Alsatian Progress Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Radicals_for_the_United_States_of_Europe" title="Association of Radicals for the United States of Europe">Association of Radicals for the United States of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authentic_Radical_Liberal_Party" title="Authentic Radical Liberal Party">Authentic Radical Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Party_(Dominican_Republic)" title="Blue Party (Dominican Republic)">Blue Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Union" title="Centre Union">Centre Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Union_%E2%80%93_New_Forces" title="Centre Union – New Forces">Centre Union – New Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Democratic_Centre_(Greece)" title="Union of the Democratic Centre (Greece)">Union of the Democratic Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Workers%27_Party" title="Civic Workers' Party">Civic Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Liberal_Party" title="Colombian Liberal Party">Colombian Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordeliers" title="Cordeliers">Cordeliers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indulgents" title="Indulgents">Dantonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9bertists" title="Hébertists">Hébertists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Grits" title="Clear Grits">Clear Grits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_National_Social_Party" title="Czech National Social Party">Czech National Social Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Realist_Party" title="Czech Realist Party">Czech Realist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Constitutionalist_Progressive_Party" title="Czech Constitutionalist Progressive Party">Czech Constitutionalist Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrat_Party_(Persia)" title="Democrat Party (Persia)">Democrat Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_of_Catalonia" title="Democratic Left of Catalonia">Democratic Left of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Party_of_Greece" title="Democratic Socialist Party of Greece">Democratic Socialist Party of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papandreou_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgios Papandreou Party">Georgios Papandreou Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_(Greece)" title="Democratic Union (Greece)">Democratic Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_and_Labour_Party" title="Agricultural and Labour Party">Democratic Union-Agricultural and Labour Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_66" title="Democrats 66">Democrats 66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Radical_Liberal_Party" title="Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party">Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Radical_Alliance" title="European Radical Alliance">European Radical Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Republicans_Movement" title="European Republicans Movement">European Republicans Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a> (elements)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Free-minded_Party" title="German Free-minded Party">German Free-minded Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party_(1868)" title="German People's Party (1868)">German People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Liberals_(Switzerland)" title="The Liberals (Switzerland)">FDP.The Liberals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-Left_(Hungary)" title="Far-Left (Hungary)">Far Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Democratic_Republican_Party" title="Federal Democratic Republican Party">Federal Democratic Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Free Democratic Party of Switzerland">Free Democratic Party/Radical Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-minded_People%27s_Party_(Germany)" title="Free-minded People's Party (Germany)">Free-minded People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-minded_Union" title="Free-minded Union">Free-minded Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-thinking_Democratic_League" title="Free-thinking Democratic League">Free-thinking Democratic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxite" title="Foxite">Foxite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0" title="Giustizia e Libertà">Giustizia e Libertà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GroenLinks" title="GroenLinks">GroenLinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Far_Left" title="Historical Far Left">Historical Far Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Club" title="Independence Club">Independence Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Radicals" title="Independent Radicals">Independent Radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Entente_of_Radical_and_Similar_Democratic_Parties" title="International Entente of Radical and Similar Democratic Parties">International Entente of Radical and Similar Democratic Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Democratic_Liberal_Party" title="Italian Democratic Liberal Party">Italian Democratic Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Radical_Party" title="Italian Radical Party">Italian Radical Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Radicals" title="Italian Radicals">Italian Radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republican_Party" title="Italian Republican Party">Italian Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobin">Jacobin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Mountain" title="The Mountain">The Mountain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Democratic_Party" title="Labour Democratic Party">Labour Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Centre" title="Left Centre">Left Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Liberals" title="Left Liberals">Left Liberals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberals,_Democrats_and_Radicals" title="Liberals, Democrats and Radicals">Liberals, Democrats and Radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Reformers" title="Liberal Reformers">Liberal Reformers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Swedish_Party" title="Liberal Swedish Party">Liberal Swedish Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhood_Suffrage_League" title="Manhood Suffrage League">Manhood Suffrage League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Liberal_Party" title="Mexican Liberal Party">Mexican Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_Europe" title="More Europe">More Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Constitutional_Freedoms" title="Movement for Constitutional Freedoms">Movement for Constitutional Freedoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_and_Social_Liberation" title="National and Social Liberation">National and Social Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Greece)" title="National Democratic Party (Greece)">National Radical Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Center_Union" title="National Progressive Center Union">National Progressive Center Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reform_Union" title="National Reform Union">National Reform Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Peru)" title="National Union (Peru)">National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Liberals_(Germany)" title="New Liberals (Germany)">New Liberals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunist_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Opportunist Republicans">Opportunist Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_rouge" title="Parti rouge">Parti rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Ecologista_Radical_Intransigente" title="Partido Ecologista Radical Intransigente">Partido Ecologista Radical Intransigente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Democratic_Socialism_(Greece)" title="Party of Democratic Socialism (Greece)">Party of Democratic Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Independence_and_%2748" title="Party of Independence and '48">Party of Independence and '48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Montenegro,_1906)" title="People's Party (Montenegro, 1906)">People's Party</a></li> <li>People's Radical Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Radical_Party" title="People's Radical Party">1881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_People%27s_Radical_Party" title="Serb People's Radical Party">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Radical_Party_(1990)" title="People's Radical Party (1990)">1990</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Party_of_Radicals" title="Political Party of Radicals">Political Party of Radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Councils">Popular Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Republican_Party" title="Portuguese Republican Party">Portuguese Republican Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Portugal)" title="Democratic Party (Portugal)">Democratic Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Democratic_Party_of_the_North" title="Progressive Democratic Party of the North">Progressive Democratic Party of the North</a></li> <li>Progressive Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(Belgium)" title="Progressive Party (Belgium)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(South_Korea,_2017)" title="Progressive Party (South Korea, 2017)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_People%27s_Party_(Germany)" title="Progressive People's Party (Germany)">Progressive People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Cause" title="Radical Cause">Radical Cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Change" title="Radical Change">Radical Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Civic_Union" title="Radical Civic Union">Radical Civic Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radicales_K" title="Radicales K">Radicales K</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_(Chile)" title="Radical Democracy (Chile)">Radical Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_Party_(United_States)" title="Radical Democracy Party (United States)">Radical Democracy Party</a></li> <li>Radical Democratic Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democratic_Party_(Bulgaria)" title="Radical Democratic Party (Bulgaria)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Radical_Democratic_Party" title="Estonian Radical Democratic Party">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democratic_Party_(India)" title="Radical Democratic Party (India)">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democratic_Party_(Spain)" title="Radical Democratic Party (Spain)">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Democratic_Party_(1904)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Democratic Party (1904)">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Federative_Movement" title="Radical Federative Movement">Radical Federative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_League" title="Radical League">Radical League</a></li> <li>Radical Liberal Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Liberal_Party_(Luxembourg)" title="Radical Liberal Party (Luxembourg)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Liberal_Party_(Paraguay)" title="Radical Liberal Party (Paraguay)">Paraguay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Social_Democracy_Party" title="Chilean Social Democracy Party">Radical Left Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Social_Liberal_Party" title="Danish Social Liberal Party">Radical Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Movement" title="Radical Movement">Radical Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Movement_of_Social_Democratic_Alliance" title="Radical Movement of Social Democratic Alliance">Radical Movement of Social Democratic Alliance</a></li> <li>Radical Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(Bolivia)" title="Radical Party (Bolivia)">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)" title="Radical Party (France)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Radical_Party" title="Hungarian Radical Party">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(Italy)" title="Radical Party (Italy)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(Luxembourg)" title="Radical Party (Luxembourg)">Luxembourg</a></li></ul></li> <li>Radical Party of Chile <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_of_Chile" title="Radical Party of Chile">1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_of_Chile_(2018)" title="Radical Party of Chile (2018)">2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_of_the_Left" title="Radical Party of the Left">Radical Party of the Left</a></li> <li>Radical People's Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_People%27s_Party_(Finland)" title="Radical People's Party (Finland)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_People%27s_Party_(Norway)" title="Radical People's Party (Norway)">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican_Party" title="Radical Republican Party">Radical Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li>Radical Socialist Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Socialist_Party_(Luxembourg)" title="Radical Socialist Party (Luxembourg)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Radical_Socialist_Party" title="Estonian Radical Socialist Party">Estonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Socialist_Republican_Party" title="Radical Socialist Republican Party">Radical Socialist Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Whigs" title="Radical Whigs">Radical Whigs</a></li> <li>Radicals of the Left</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radicals (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_League" title="Reform League">Reform League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Action_(Spain)" title="Republican Action (Spain)">Republican Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Democratic_Concentration" title="Republican Democratic Concentration">Republican Democratic Concentration</a></li> <li>Republican Left <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_(Spain)" title="Republican Left (Spain)">Spain (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_(Spain,_1977)" title="Republican Left (Spain, 1977)">Spain (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_(Italy)" title="Republican Left (Italy)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Union_(Spain,_1934)" title="Republican Union (Spain, 1934)">Republican Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolution_Party" title="Resolution Party">Resolution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_in_the_Fist" title="Rose in the Fist">Rose in the Fist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Street_Club" title="Rose Street Club">Rose Street Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROSSEM" title="ROSSEM">ROSSEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Social Democracy (Italy)">Social Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Iran)" title="Social Democratic Party (Iran)">Social Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Radical_Party_(Chile)" title="Socialist Radical Party (Chile)">Socialist Radical Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratford_Dialectical_and_Radical_Club" title="Stratford Dialectical and Radical Club">Stratford Dialectical and Radical Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_Radical_Party" title="Transnational Radical Party">Transnational Radical Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrag%C3%A9s" title="Enragés">Ultra-radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union,_Progress_and_Democracy" title="Union, Progress and Democracy">Union, Progress and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_League_for_the_Material_Elevation_of_the_Industrious_Classes" title="Universal League for the Material Elevation of the Industrious Classes">Universal League for the Material Elevation of the Industrious Classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Ireland" title="Young Ireland">Young Ireland</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Paraguay" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Radicalism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_English_Constitution_Produced_and_Illustrated" title="The English Constitution Produced and Illustrated">The English Constitution Produced and Illustrated</a> (1824)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Liberalism in Europe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/22px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Radicalism_sidebar" title="Template:Radicalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Radicalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Radicalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Radicalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Radicalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Mustafa Kemal Atatürk,<a href="#cite_note-3">[b]</a> also known as Mustafa Kemal Pasha<a href="#cite_note-4">[c]</a> until 1921, and Ghazi Mustafa Kemal<a href="#cite_note-5">[d]</a> from 1921 until the <a href="/wiki/Surname_Law_(Turkey)" title="Surname Law (Turkey)">Surname Law of 1934</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[2]</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1881<a href="#cite_note-7">[e]</a> – 10 November 1938), was a Turkish <a href="/wiki/Mare%C5%9Fal_(Turkey)" title="Mareşal (Turkey)">field marshal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">revolutionary</a> statesman, author, and a <a href="/wiki/Founding_father" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding father">founding father</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a>, serving as its first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">president</a> from 1923 until <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Death and state funeral of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">his death</a> in 1938. He undertook sweeping progressive <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">reforms</a>, which modernized Turkey into a <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">secular</a>, industrializing nation.<a href="#cite_note-ÁgostonMasters20092-8">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[5]</a> Ideologically a <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">nationalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">his policies</a> and socio-political theories became known as <a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a> (Atatürkism).<a href="#cite_note-ÁgostonMasters20092-8">[3]</a> Atatürk began his revolutionary career in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turk</a> when he joined the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a>, playing an important part in the <a href="/wiki/31_March_incident" title="31 March incident">31 March Incident</a>. He came to prominence for his role in securing the Ottoman victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gallipoli">Battle of Gallipoli</a> (1915) during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[6]</a> During this time, the Ottoman Empire perpetrated <a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">genocides</a> against its <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian subjects</a>; Atatürk's role in their aftermath was the subject of discussion. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, he led the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a>, which resisted the Empire's partition among the victorious <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied powers</a>. Establishing a <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">provisional government</a> in the present-day Turkish capital <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, he defeated the forces sent by the Allies, thus emerging victorious from what was later referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a>. He subsequently proceeded to <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_sultanate" title="Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate">abolish the Ottoman sultanate</a> in 1922 and <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey">proclaimed the foundation of the Turkish Republic</a> in its place the following year. As the president of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish Republic</a>, Atatürk initiated a rigorous program of political, economic, and cultural reforms with the ultimate aim of building a republican and secular nation-state. He made primary education free and compulsory, opening thousands of new schools all over the country. He also introduced the Latin-based <a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish alphabet</a>, replacing the old <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet" title="Ottoman Turkish alphabet">Ottoman Turkish alphabet</a>. Turkish women received <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">equal civil and political rights</a> during Atatürk's presidency.<a href="#cite_note-12">[7]</a> In particular, <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkish_politics" title="Women in Turkish politics">women were given voting rights</a> in local elections by Act no. 1580 on 3 April 1930 and a few years later, in 1934, full universal suffrage.<a href="#cite_note-tempo2-13">[8]</a> His government carried out a policy of <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a>, trying to create a homogeneous, unified and above all <a href="/wiki/Secular_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular nation">secular nation</a> under the Turkish banner.<a href="#cite_note-Tormented_by_history:_nationalism_in_Greece_and_Turkey2-14">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Citizenship_and_Minorities:_A_Historical_Overview_of_Turkey2-15">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Social_relations_in_Ottoman_Diyarbekir,_1870-19152-16">[11]</a> Under Atatürk, the <a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Turkey" title="Minorities in Turkey">minorities in Turkey</a> were ordered to <a href="/wiki/Citizen,_speak_Turkish!" title="Citizen, speak Turkish!">speak Turkish</a> in public, but were allowed to maintain their own languages in private and within their own communities;<a href="#cite_note-Turkey_beyond_nationalism:_towards_post-nationalist_identities2-17">[12]</a> non-Turkish <a href="/wiki/Place_name_changes_in_Turkey" title="Place name changes in Turkey">toponyms</a> were replaced and non-Turkish families were ordered to adopt a Turkish surname.<a href="#cite_note-18">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[14]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Turkish Parliament</a> granted him the surname Atatürk in 1934, which means "Father of the Turks", in recognition of the role he played in building the modern Turkish Republic.<a href="#cite_note-20">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Death and state funeral of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">He died</a> on 10 November 1938 at <a href="/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace" title="Dolmabahçe Palace">Dolmabahçe Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, at the age of 57;<a href="#cite_note-21">[16]</a> he was succeeded as president by his long-time prime minister <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet İnönü</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[17]</a> and was honored with a <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">state funeral</a>. In 1981, the centennial of Atatürk's birth, his memory was honoured by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, which declared it The Atatürk Year in the World and adopted the <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Centennial" title="Atatürk Centennial">Resolution on the Atatürk Centennial</a>, describing him as "the leader of the first struggle given against <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>" and a "remarkable promoter of the sense of understanding between peoples and durable peace between the nations of the world and that he worked all his life for the development of harmony and cooperation between peoples without distinction".<a href="#cite_note-ATATURK:_Creator_of_Modern_Turkey2-23">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Landau_19842-24">[19]</a> Atatürk was also credited for his <a href="/wiki/Peace_at_Home,_Peace_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace at Home, Peace in the World">peace-in-the-world</a> oriented foreign policy and friendship with neighboring countries such as Iran, Yugoslavia, Iraq, and Greece, as well as the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Pact" title="Balkan Pact">Balkan Pact</a> that resisted the expansionist aggressions of <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria">Tsarist Bulgaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[20]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> Atatürk was born <a href="/wiki/Mustafa" title="Mustafa">Mustafa</a>. His second name <a href="/wiki/Kemal_(name)" title="Kemal (name)">Kemal</a> (meaning "perfection" or "maturity" in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>) was given to him by his mathematics teacher, Captain Üsküplü Mustafa Efendi. According to <a href="/wiki/Afet_%C4%B0nan" title="Afet İnan">Afet İnan</a>, his teacher gave this name "in admiration of [Atatürk's] capability and maturity."<a href="#cite_note-26">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[22]</a> According to other sources, his teacher wanted to distinguish Atatürk from another student who was also named Mustafa.<a href="#cite_note-28">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mango" title="Andrew Mango">Andrew Mango</a> suggests that he may have chosen the name himself as a tribute to the nationalist poet <a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Namık Kemal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[25]</a> According to Alkan, Atatürk seems to have embraced the name Kemal during his army years.<a href="#cite_note-enis-31">[26]</a> After receiving the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> Atatürk on his first ID card in 1934, his name appeared as Kemal Atatürk, while the <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a> Mustafa had disappeared altogether. In February 1935, Atatürk began to use the <a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old Turkic</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[27]</a> name Kamâl. According to Tarama Dergisi (1934), kamal meant "fortification", "fortress", "army", and "shield".<a href="#cite_note-33">[28]</a> On 4 February 1935, the government's official news agency <a href="/wiki/Anadolu_Agency" title="Anadolu Agency">Anadolu Agency</a> gave the following explanation:<a href="#cite_note-34">[29]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">According to our intelligence, the name 'Kamâl' that Atatürk bears is not an Arabic word, nor does it have the meaning by the Arabic word kemal ['maturity', 'perfection']. Atatürk's given name, which is being retained, is 'Kamâl', the Turkish meaning of which is army and fortress. As the circumflex accent on the final 'â' softens the 'l' the pronunciation closely approximates that of the Arabic 'Kemal'.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Anadolu Agency</cite></div></blockquote> However, Atatürk returned to the old spelling of Kemal from May 1937 and onwards. To make a soft transition, he avoided using the name as much as he could, either by not using it at all or by signing documents as 'K. Atatürk'. An official explanation was never given, but it is widely agreed that the issue with Atatürk's name was linked to the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language_reform" title="Turkish language reform">Turkish language reform</a>.<a href="#cite_note-enis-31">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Personal_life_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Personal life of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Personal life of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkishcon_Salonika.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Turkishcon_Salonika.jpg/170px-Turkishcon_Salonika.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Turkishcon_Salonika.jpg/255px-Turkishcon_Salonika.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Turkishcon_Salonika.jpg/340px-Turkishcon_Salonika.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="857" /></a><figcaption>The house where Atatürk was born in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Salonica</a>, now a <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Museum_(Thessaloniki)" title="Atatürk Museum (Thessaloniki)">museum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali_Riza_Efendi_memorial_house_in_Kodzadzik,_Macedonia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ali_Riza_Efendi_memorial_house_in_Kodzadzik%2C_Macedonia.JPG/170px-Ali_Riza_Efendi_memorial_house_in_Kodzadzik%2C_Macedonia.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ali_Riza_Efendi_memorial_house_in_Kodzadzik%2C_Macedonia.JPG/255px-Ali_Riza_Efendi_memorial_house_in_Kodzadzik%2C_Macedonia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ali_Riza_Efendi_memorial_house_in_Kodzadzik%2C_Macedonia.JPG/340px-Ali_Riza_Efendi_memorial_house_in_Kodzadzik%2C_Macedonia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The reconstructed house of Atatürk's paternal grandparents, in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> village of <a href="/wiki/Kod%C5%BEad%C5%BEik" title="Kodžadžik">Kodžadžik</a></figcaption></figure> Atatürk was born either in the Ahmet Subaşı neighbourhood or at a house (preserved as a museum) in Islahhane Street (now Apostolou Pavlou Street) in the Koca Kasım Pasha neighbourhood in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Salonica</a> (Selanik),<a href="#cite_note-35">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. His parents were <a href="/wiki/Ali_R%C4%B1za_Efendi" title="Ali Rıza Efendi">Ali Rıza Efendi</a>, a military officer originally from <a href="/wiki/Kod%C5%BEad%C5%BEik" title="Kodžadžik">Kodžadžik</a> (Kocacık), title deed clerk and lumber trader, and <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCbeyde_Han%C4%B1m" title="Zübeyde Hanım">Zübeyde Hanım</a>. Only one of Mustafa's siblings, a sister named <a href="/wiki/Makbule_Atadan" title="Makbule Atadan">Makbule (Atadan)</a> survived childhood; she died in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-36">[31]</a> Claims and theories about Atatürk's ancestry are strikingly varied and contrasting.<a href="#cite_note-Zadrozna-37">[32]</a> According to Andrew Mango, his family was Muslim, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish-speaking</a> and precariously middle-class.<a href="#cite_note-38">[33]</a> His father Ali Rıza is thought to have been of <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanian</a> origin by some authors;<a href="#cite_note-39">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com.tr-40">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-p._144-41">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[38]</a> however, according to <a href="/wiki/Falih_R%C4%B1fk%C4%B1_Atay" title="Falih Rıfkı Atay">Falih Rıfkı Atay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vam%C4%B1k_Volkan" title="Vamık Volkan">Vamık D. Volkan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Itzkowitz" title="Norman Itzkowitz">Norman Itzkowitz</a>, Müjgân Cunbur, Numan Kartal and Hasan İzzettin Dinamo, Ali Rıza's ancestors were <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>, ultimately descending from <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6ke" title="Söke">Söke</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n_Province" title="Aydın Province">Aydın Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Çankaya17-44">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Macedonia_Travel_Blog_2013-49">[44]</a> His mother Zübeyde is thought to have been of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> origin,<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com.tr-40">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-p._144-41">[36]</a> and according to <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eevket_S%C3%BCreyya_Aydemir" title="Şevket Süreyya Aydemir">Şevket Süreyya Aydemir</a>, she was of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCks" title="Yörüks">Yörük</a> ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-50">[45]</a> According to some various claims, she descended from <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-51">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Torbe%C5%A1i" title="Torbeši">Torbeši</a>,<a href="#cite_note-52">[47]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Muslims" title="Bulgarian Muslims">Muslim Bulgarians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zadrozna-37">[32]</a> Due to the large <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Jewish</a> community of Salonica in the Ottoman period, many of his <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> opponents who were disturbed by <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">his reforms</a> <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_Turkey" title="Conspiracy theories in Turkey">claimed</a> that Atatürk had Jewish <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönme</a> ancestors.<a href="#cite_note-53">[48]</a> In his early years, his mother encouraged Atatürk to attend a religious school, something he did reluctantly and only briefly. Later, he attended the Şemsi Efendi School (a private school with a more secular curriculum) at the direction of his father. When he was seven years old, his father died.<a href="#cite_note-54">[49]</a> His mother wanted him to learn a trade, but without consulting them, Atatürk took the entrance exam for the Salonica Military School (Selanik Askeri Rüştiyesi) in 1893. In 1896, he enrolled in the <a href="/wiki/Monastir_Military_High_School" title="Monastir Military High School">Monastir Military High School</a> (in modern <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>) where he excelled at mathematics.<a href="#cite_note-55">[50]</a> On 14 March 1899,<a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay1-56">[51]</a> he enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Military_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Military Academy">Ottoman Military Academy</a> in the neighbourhood of Pangaltı<a href="#cite_note-Çankaya29-57">[52]</a> within the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ei%C5%9Fli" title="Şişli">Şişli</a> district of the Ottoman capital city <a href="/wiki/History_of_Istanbul#Ottoman_Empire" title="History of Istanbul">Constantinople</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>) and graduated in 1902. He later graduated from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Military_College" title="Ottoman Military College">Ottoman Military College</a> in Constantinople on 11 January 1905.<a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay1-56">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_career">Military career</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Military career of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Military career of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vatan_ve_H%C3%BCrriyet" title="Vatan ve Hürriyet">Vatan ve Hürriyet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustafa_Kemal,_1905.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mustafa_Kemal%2C_1905.png/170px-Mustafa_Kemal%2C_1905.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mustafa_Kemal%2C_1905.png/255px-Mustafa_Kemal%2C_1905.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mustafa_Kemal%2C_1905.png/340px-Mustafa_Kemal%2C_1905.png 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption>Atatürk on the day of graduation from the War Academy in 1905</figcaption></figure> Shortly after graduation, he was arrested by the police for his anti-monarchist activities. Following confinement for several months he was released only with the support of Rıza Pasha, his former school director.<a href="#cite_note-Atay-58">[53]</a> After his release, Atatürk was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Fifth Army (Ottoman Empire)">Fifth Army</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a> <a href="/wiki/Captain_(land_and_air)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (land and air)">Captain</a><a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay1-56">[51]</a> in the company of <a href="/wiki/Ali_Fuat_Cebesoy" title="Ali Fuat Cebesoy">Ali Fuat</a> (Cebesoy) and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCtfi_M%C3%BCfit_%C3%96zde%C5%9F" title="Lütfi Müfit Özdeş">Lütfi Müfit</a> (Özdeş).<a href="#cite_note-59">[54]</a> He joined a small secret revolutionary society of reformist officers led by a merchant <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Cantekin" title="Mustafa Cantekin">Mustafa Elvan</a> (Cantekin) called <a href="/wiki/Vatan_ve_H%C3%BCrriyet" title="Vatan ve Hürriyet">Vatan ve Hürriyet</a> ("Motherland and Liberty"). On 20 June 1907, he was promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Senior_Captain" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior Captain">Senior Captain</a> (Kolağası) and on 13 October 1907, was assigned to the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Third Army (Ottoman Empire)">Third Army</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Manastır</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay2-60">[55]</a> He joined the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a>, with membership number 322, although in later years he became known for his opposition to, and frequent criticism of, the policies pursued by the CUP leadership. On 22 June 1908, he was appointed the Inspector of the Ottoman Railways in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rumelia" title="Eastern Rumelia">Eastern Rumelia</a> (Doğu Rumeli Bölgesi Demiryolları Müfettişi).<a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay2-60">[55]</a> In July 1908, he played a role in the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a> which seized power from Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClhamid_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdülhamid II">Abdülhamid II</a> and restored the <a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)">constitutional monarchy</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustafa_Kemal,_Picardie_Manevralar%C4%B1%E2%80%99nda,_Fransa,_28_Eyl%C3%BCl_1910.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Mustafa_Kemal%2C_Picardie_Manevralar%C4%B1%E2%80%99nda%2C_Fransa%2C_28_Eyl%C3%BCl_1910.png/220px-Mustafa_Kemal%2C_Picardie_Manevralar%C4%B1%E2%80%99nda%2C_Fransa%2C_28_Eyl%C3%BCl_1910.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Mustafa_Kemal%2C_Picardie_Manevralar%C4%B1%E2%80%99nda%2C_Fransa%2C_28_Eyl%C3%BCl_1910.png/330px-Mustafa_Kemal%2C_Picardie_Manevralar%C4%B1%E2%80%99nda%2C_Fransa%2C_28_Eyl%C3%BCl_1910.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Mustafa_Kemal%2C_Picardie_Manevralar%C4%B1%E2%80%99nda%2C_Fransa%2C_28_Eyl%C3%BCl_1910.png/440px-Mustafa_Kemal%2C_Picardie_Manevralar%C4%B1%E2%80%99nda%2C_Fransa%2C_28_Eyl%C3%BCl_1910.png 2x" data-file-width="1105" data-file-height="813" /></a><figcaption>Atatürk (front row, second from left) with the Ottoman Turkish observers at the <a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardie</a> army manoeuvres in France, 28 September 1910</figcaption></figure> He proposed depoliticization in the army, a proposal which was disliked by the leaders of the CUP. As a result, he was sent away to <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripolitania Vilayet">Tripolitania Vilayet</a> (present <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, then an Ottoman territory) under the pretext of suppressing a tribal rebellion towards the end of 1908.<a href="#cite_note-Atay-58">[53]</a> According to Mikush however, he volunteered for this mission.<a href="#cite_note-61">[56]</a> He suppressed the revolt and returned to Constantinople in January 1909. In April 1909 in Constantinople, a group of soldiers began a counter-revolution (see <a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">31 March Incident</a>). Atatürk was instrumental in suppressing the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-62">[57]</a> In 1910, he was called to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ottoman_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ottoman Albania">Ottoman provinces in Albania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[59]</a> At that time <a href="/wiki/Isa_Boletini" title="Isa Boletini">Isa Boletini</a> was leading Albanian uprisings in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, and there were <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Revolt_of_1910" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Revolt of 1910">revolts in Albania</a> as well.<a href="#cite_note-65">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[61]</a> In 1910, Atatürk met with <a href="/wiki/Eqrem_Vlora" title="Eqrem Vlora">Eqrem Vlora</a>, the Albanian lord, politician, writer, and one of the delegates of the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Albanian Declaration of Independence">Albanian Declaration of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[63]</a> Later, in the autumn of 1910, he was among the Ottoman military observers who attended the <a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardie</a> army manoeuvres in France,<a href="#cite_note-AnaBritannica-69">[64]</a> and in 1911, served at the Ministry of War (Harbiye Nezareti) in Constantinople for a short time. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italo-Turkish_War_(1911–12)">Italo-Turkish War (1911–12)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tobruk_(1911)" title="Battle of Tobruk (1911)">Battle of Tobruk (1911)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurmay_Binba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Mustafa_Kemal,_M%C3%BCcahit_Bedevi_Kuvvetleri_%C3%B6n%C3%BCnde_emirlerini_yazd%C4%B1r%C4%B1rken.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kurmay_Binba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Mustafa_Kemal%2C_M%C3%BCcahit_Bedevi_Kuvvetleri_%C3%B6n%C3%BCnde_emirlerini_yazd%C4%B1r%C4%B1rken.jpg/220px-Kurmay_Binba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Mustafa_Kemal%2C_M%C3%BCcahit_Bedevi_Kuvvetleri_%C3%B6n%C3%BCnde_emirlerini_yazd%C4%B1r%C4%B1rken.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kurmay_Binba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Mustafa_Kemal%2C_M%C3%BCcahit_Bedevi_Kuvvetleri_%C3%B6n%C3%BCnde_emirlerini_yazd%C4%B1r%C4%B1rken.jpg/330px-Kurmay_Binba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Mustafa_Kemal%2C_M%C3%BCcahit_Bedevi_Kuvvetleri_%C3%B6n%C3%BCnde_emirlerini_yazd%C4%B1r%C4%B1rken.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kurmay_Binba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Mustafa_Kemal%2C_M%C3%BCcahit_Bedevi_Kuvvetleri_%C3%B6n%C3%BCnde_emirlerini_yazd%C4%B1r%C4%B1rken.jpg/440px-Kurmay_Binba%C5%9F%C4%B1_Mustafa_Kemal%2C_M%C3%BCcahit_Bedevi_Kuvvetleri_%C3%B6n%C3%BCnde_emirlerini_yazd%C4%B1r%C4%B1rken.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>Atatürk (left) with an Ottoman military officer and Bedouin forces in <a href="/wiki/Derna,_Libya" title="Derna, Libya">Derna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripolitania Vilayet">Tripolitania Vilayet</a>, 1912</figcaption></figure> In 1911, he volunteered to fight in the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-70">[65]</a> in the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripolitania Vilayet">Tripolitania Vilayet</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>).<a href="#cite_note-71">[66]</a> He served mainly in the areas near <a href="/wiki/Derna,_Libya" title="Derna, Libya">Derna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk">Tobruk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-70">[65]</a> The invading Italian army had a strength of 150,000 men;<a href="#cite_note-Italian-Turkish_War_page_96-72">[67]</a> it was opposed by 20,000 Bedouins and 8,000 Turks.<a href="#cite_note-Italian-Turkish_War_page_14-73">[68]</a> A short time before <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> declared war, many of the Ottoman troops in Libya were sent to the Ottoman province of <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemen Vilayet">Yemen Vilayet</a> to put down the rebellion there, so the Ottoman government was caught with inadequate resources to counter the Italians in Libya. Britain, which controlled the <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Ottoman provinces of Egypt and Sudan</a>, did not allow additional Ottoman troops to reach Libya through Egypt. Ottoman soldiers like Atatürk went to Libya either dressed as Arabs (risking imprisonment if noticed by the British authorities in Egypt) or by the very few available ferries (the Italians, who had superior naval forces, effectively controlled the sea routes to <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>). However, despite all the hardships, Atatürk's forces in Libya managed to repel the Italians on a number of occasions, such as at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tobruk_(1911)" title="Battle of Tobruk (1911)">Battle of Tobruk</a> on 22 December 1911. During the Battle of Derna on 16–17 January 1912, while Atatürk was assaulting the Italian-controlled fortress of Kasr-ı Harun, two Italian planes dropped bombs on the Ottoman forces; a <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> splinter from a damaged building's rubble struck Atatürk's left eye, causing permanent tissue damage, but not total loss of sight. He received medical treatment for nearly a month; he attempted to leave the <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Red Crescent</a>'s health facilities after only two weeks, but when his eye's situation worsened, he had to return and resume treatment. On 6 March 1912, Atatürk became the Commander of the Ottoman forces in Derna. He managed to defend and retain the city and its surrounding region until the end of the Italo-Turkish War on 18 October 1912. Atatürk, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smail_Enver" class="mw-redirect" title="İsmail Enver">Enver Bey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fethi_Okyar" title="Fethi Okyar">Fethi Bey</a>, and the other Ottoman military commanders in Libya had to return to <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_territories_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman territories in Europe">Ottoman Europe</a> following the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> on 8 October 1912. Having lost the war, the Ottoman government had to surrender <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan">Fezzan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a> (three provinces forming present-day Libya) to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ouchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Ouchy">Treaty of Lausanne (1912)</a> signed ten days later, on 18 October 1912. Since 1923, historians have preferred to name this treaty as the "Treaty of Ouchy", after the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Ouchy" title="Château d'Ouchy">Château d'Ouchy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a> where it was signed, to distinguish it from the later <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne (1923)</a> signed between the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies of World War I</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly of Turkey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> (at that time known as Angora).<a href="#cite_note-74">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balkan_Wars_(1912–13)">Balkan Wars (1912–13)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a></div> On 1 December 1912, Atatürk arrived at his new headquarters on the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli" title="Gallipoli">Gallipoli</a> peninsula and, during the <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a>, he took part in the amphibious landing at <a href="/wiki/Bolay%C4%B1r" title="Bolayır">Bulair</a> on the coast of <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> under <a href="/wiki/Binbashi" title="Binbashi">Binbaşı</a> <a href="/wiki/Fethi_Okyar" title="Fethi Okyar">Fethi Bey</a>, but this offensive was repulsed during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bulair" title="Battle of Bulair">Battle of Bulair</a> by <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Todorov_(general)" title="Georgi Todorov (general)">Georgi Todorov</a>'s 7th Rila Infantry Division<a href="#cite_note-75">[70]</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/Stiliyan_Kovachev" title="Stiliyan Kovachev">Stiliyan Kovachev</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Army_(Bulgaria)" title="Fourth Army (Bulgaria)">Bulgarian Fourth Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[71]</a> In June 1913, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a>, he took part in the Ottoman Army forces<a href="#cite_note-77">[72]</a> commanded by <a href="/wiki/Kaymakam" title="Kaymakam">Kaymakam</a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smail_Enver" class="mw-redirect" title="İsmail Enver">Enver Bey</a> that recovered <a href="/wiki/Dimetoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimetoka">Dimetoka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a> (Adrianople, the capital city of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> between 1365 and 1453, thus of utmost historic importance for the Turks) together with most of eastern <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> from the Bulgarians. In 1913, he was appointed the Ottoman military attaché to <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">all Balkan states</a> (his office was in <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, Bulgaria) and promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Kaymakam" title="Kaymakam">Kaymakam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Colonel">Lieutenant Colonel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a>) on 1 March 1914.<a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay1-56">[51]</a> While in Bulgaria, he met with Dimitrina Kovacheva, the daughter of Bulgarian general <a href="/wiki/Stiliyan_Kovachev" title="Stiliyan Kovachev">Stiliyan Kovachev</a> (against whose forces he had fought during the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a>), who had recently completed her education in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, during a <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">New Year's Eve</a> ball in Sofia and fell in love with her.<a href="#cite_note-DimitrinaKovacheva-78">[73]</a> The two danced at the ball and started to secretly date in the following days.<a href="#cite_note-DimitrinaKovacheva-78">[73]</a> Atatürk twice asked Dimitrina's parents for their permission to marry her (the second time was in 1915, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>) and was twice refused, which left him with a lifelong sadness.<a href="#cite_note-DimitrinaKovacheva-78">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_World_War_(1914–18)">First World War (1914–18)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Gallipoli Campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern theatre of World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tasviri_Efkar_Oct_29,_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tasviri_Efkar_Oct_29%2C_1915.jpg/170px-Tasviri_Efkar_Oct_29%2C_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tasviri_Efkar_Oct_29%2C_1915.jpg/255px-Tasviri_Efkar_Oct_29%2C_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tasviri_Efkar_Oct_29%2C_1915.jpg/340px-Tasviri_Efkar_Oct_29%2C_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cevat_%C3%87obanl%C4%B1" title="Cevat Çobanlı">Cevat Pasha</a> and Atatürk on the daily <a href="/wiki/Tasv%C3%AEr-i_Efk%C3%A2r" title="Tasvîr-i Efkâr">Tasvîr-i Efkâr</a> dated 29 October 1915</figcaption></figure> In 1914, the Ottoman Empire entered the <a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern theatres</a> of World War I allied with the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>. Atatürk was given the task of organizing and commanding the 19th Division attached to the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Fifth Army (Ottoman Empire)">Fifth Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Battle of Gallipoli</a>. He became the front-line commander after correctly anticipating where the Allies would attack, and held his position until they retreated. Following the Battle of Gallipoli, Atatürk served in <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a> until 14 January 1916. He was then assigned to the command of the <a href="/wiki/XVI_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="XVI Corps (Ottoman Empire)">XVI Corps</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Second Army (Ottoman Empire)">Second Army</a> and sent to the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasus Campaign">Caucasus Campaign</a> after the massive Russian offensive had reached key Anatolian cities. On 7 August, he rallied his troops and mounted a counteroffensive.<a href="#cite_note-lengyel68-79">[74]</a> Two of his divisions captured <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitlis" title="Battle of Bitlis">Bitlis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%9F" title="Muş">Muş</a>, upsetting the calculations of the Russian Command.<a href="#cite_note-kinross100-80">[75]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ataturk13.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ataturk13.JPG/170px-Ataturk13.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ataturk13.JPG/255px-Ataturk13.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ataturk13.JPG/340px-Ataturk13.JPG 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>Atatürk with Ottoman military officers during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gallipoli">Battle of Gallipoli</a>, Çanakkale, 1915</figcaption></figure> Following this victory, the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">CUP</a> government in Constantinople proposed to establish a new army in <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> (Hicaz Kuvve-i Seferiyesi) and appoint Atatürk to its command, but he refused the proposal and this army was never established.<a href="#cite_note-AnaBritannica-69">[64]</a> Instead, on 7 March 1917, Atatürk was promoted from the command of the XVI Corps to the overall command of the Second Army, although the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Caucasus_Army_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Caucasus Army (World War I)">Czar's armies</a> were soon withdrawn when the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution</a> erupted.<a href="#cite_note-AnaBritannica-69">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-lengyel68-79">[74]</a> In July 1917, he was appointed to the command of the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Seventh Army (Ottoman Empire)">Seventh Army</a>, replacing <a href="/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" title="Fevzi Çakmak">Fevzi Pasha</a> on 7 August 1917, who was under the command of the German general <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Falkenhayn" title="Erich von Falkenhayn">Erich von Falkenhayn</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Yildirim_Army_Group" title="Yildirim Army Group">Yildirim Army Group</a> (after the British forces of General <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Allenby" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Allenby">Edmund Allenby</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> in December 1917, Erich von Falkenhayn was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Liman_von_Sanders" title="Otto Liman von Sanders">Otto Liman von Sanders</a> who became the new commander of the Yıldırım Army Group in early 1918.)<a href="#cite_note-AnaBritannica-69">[64]</a> Atatürk did not get along well with General von Falkenhayn and, together with <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">Miralay İsmet Bey</a>, wrote a report to <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier">Grand Vizier</a> <a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Talaat Pasha</a> regarding the grim situation and lack of adequate resources in the Palestinian front. However, Talaat Pasha ignored their observations and refused their suggestion to form a stronger defensive line to the north, in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a> (in parts of the <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Beirut Vilayet">Beirut Vilayet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria Vilayet">Damascus Vilayet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleppo Vilayet">Aleppo Vilayet</a>), with Turks instead of Germans in command.<a href="#cite_note-AnaBritannica-69">[64]</a> Following the rejection of his report, Atatürk resigned from the Seventh Army and returned to Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-AnaBritannica-69">[64]</a> There, he was assigned with the task of accompanying the crown prince (and future sultan) <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_VI" title="Mehmed VI">Mehmed Vahideddin</a> during his train trip to <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> and Germany.<a href="#cite_note-AnaBritannica-69">[64]</a> While in Germany, Atatürk visited the German lines on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> and concluded that the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> would soon lose the war.<a href="#cite_note-AnaBritannica-69">[64]</a> He did not hesitate to openly express this opinion to Kaiser <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a> and his high-ranking generals in person.<a href="#cite_note-AnaBritannica-69">[64]</a> During the return trip, he briefly stayed in <a href="/wiki/Karlovy_Vary" title="Karlovy Vary">Karlsbad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> for medical treatment between 30 May and 28 July 1918.<a href="#cite_note-AnaBritannica-69">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_portrait.jpg/170px-Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_portrait.jpg/255px-Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_portrait.jpg/340px-Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>Atatürk in 1918, the Commander of the Yıldırım Army Group and an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_title_(award)" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary title (award)">Honorary</a> <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">aide-de-camp</a> of the Sultan</figcaption></figure> When <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_VI" title="Mehmed VI">Mehmed VI</a> became the new Sultan of the Ottoman Empire in July 1918, he called Atatürk to Constantinople, and after several meetings in the months July and August 1918, reassigned him to the command of the Seventh Army in Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-81">[76]</a> Atatürk arrived in <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> on 26 August 1918, then continued south to his headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a>. The Seventh Army was holding the central sector of the front lines. On 19 September, at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Battle of Megiddo</a>, the Eighth Army was holding the coastal flank but fell apart and Liman Pasha ordered the Seventh Army to withdraw to the north in order to prevent the British from conducting a short envelopment to the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>. The Seventh Army retired towards the Jordan River but was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)#Destruction_of_the_Ottoman_Seventh_Army" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">destroyed by British aerial bombardment</a> during its retreat from Nablus on 21 September 1918.<a href="#cite_note-82">[77]</a> Nevertheless, Atatürk managed to form a defence line to the north of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Balfour,_3rd_Baron_Kinross" title="Patrick Balfour, 3rd Baron Kinross">Lord Kinross</a>, Atatürk was the only Turkish general in the war who never suffered a defeat.<a href="#cite_note-83">[78]</a> The war ended with the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a> which was signed on 30 October 1918, and all German and Austro-Hungarian troops in the Ottoman Empire were granted ample time to withdraw. On 31 October, Atatürk was appointed to the command of the Yıldırım Army Group, replacing Liman von Sanders. Atatürk organized the distribution of weapons to the civilians in <a href="/wiki/Antep" class="mw-redirect" title="Antep">Antep</a> in case of a defensive conflict against the invading Allies.<a href="#cite_note-AnaBritannica-69">[64]</a> Atatürk's last active service in the Ottoman Army was organizing the return of the Ottoman troops left behind to the south of the defensive line. In early November 1918, the Yıldırım Army Group was officially dissolved, and Atatürk returned to an <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Constantinople">occupied Constantinople</a>, the Ottoman capital, on 13 November 1918.<a href="#cite_note-AnaBritannica-69">[64]</a> For a period of time, he worked at the headquarters of the Ministry of War (Harbiye Nezareti) in Constantinople and continued his activities in this city until 16 May 1919.<a href="#cite_note-AnaBritannica-69">[64]</a> Along the established lines of the <a href="/wiki/Partitioning_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire">partitioning of the Ottoman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> (British, Italian, French and Greek forces) occupied <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. The occupation of Constantinople, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Smyrna" title="Occupation of Smyrna">occupation of İzmir</a> (the two largest Ottoman cities at the time) sparked the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a> and the Turkish War of Independence.<a href="#cite_note-84">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_genocides_(1913–1924)_and_Atatürk">Ottoman genocides (1913–1924) and Atatürk</h3></div> At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">late Ottoman genocides</a> reportedly committed by the CUP and the declining Ottoman Empire, but now <a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">controversial</a>, Atatürk was a member of the CUP, and to that extent, a <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turk</a>, but so had many <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, and initially, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, as it was then simply an anti-<a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-85">[80]</a> As for the actual occurrences of the genocides, Atatürk had since divested from the movement and was serving as a relatively junior Lieutenant Colonel fighting in <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli" title="Gallipoli">Gallipoli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Thrace" title="Western Thrace">Western Thrace</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>. Historical evidence[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] shows that he was not involved with the killings, and that he later went on to condemn them.<a href="#cite_note-wilsoncenter.org-86">[81]</a> One such explicit condemnation was in September 1919, when Atatürk met with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> General <a href="/wiki/James_Harbord" title="James Harbord">James Harbord</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Harbord_Commission" title="Harbord Commission">Harbord Commission</a> into the genocides, in <a href="/wiki/Sivas" title="Sivas">Sivas</a>. Harbord would later recall that Atatürk told him of his disapproval of the Armenian genocide, and that he had allegedly stated that "the massacre and deportation of Armenians was the work of a small committee who had seized power", rather than by the government in actuality.<a href="#cite_note-87">[82]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] In 1920, before the Turkish Parliament, Atatürk called the genocides a "shameful act" but did not publicly deny them at that time.<a href="#cite_note-wilsoncenter.org-86">[81]</a> Atatürk's relations with <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a>, a key perpetrator of the genocides, has also been controversial but poorly understood. While the two men may have been close at times, Atatürk held a personal dislike of Enver Pasha; he once said to a confidant that Enver Pasha was a dangerous figure who might lead the country to ruin.<a href="#cite_note-Zürcher1984-88">[83]</a> The primary concern towards Atatürk was the Turkish government's involvement with and reaction to the <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Smyrna" title="Burning of Smyrna">burning of Smyrna</a> in 1922, which saw Muslim Turkish mobs and paramilitaries openly engaged in mass murder of Greeks and Armenians and destroy the city's Greek and Armenian quarters, killing an estimated 100,000 people. Whether these atrocities, including the fire, was part of the genocides of Asia Minor's Christian minorities that the Turkish army and government carried out during WWI is unclear, <a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_burning_of_Smyrna" title="Responsibility for the burning of Smyrna">responsibility</a> remains a contentious debate and it is unclear if the Turks entered the city with these intentions. Many Turkish apologists argue that the regular Turkish Army did not play a role in these events. At the time, Atatürk was commander of the Turkish armed forces, and sent a telegram to the Minister of Foreign Affairs <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Kemal_Tengir%C5%9Fenk" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf Kemal Tengirşenk">Yusuf Kemal</a> that described the official version of events in the city. In the telegram, he alleged the Greek and Armenian minorities had "pre-arranged plans" to "destroy İzmir".<a href="#cite_note-89">[84]</a> There are allegations[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] Atatürk chose to do little about the Greek and Armenian victims of the fires caused by Muslim rioters in order to rebuild the city as Turkish-dominated <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[85]</a> Although Atatürk was critical of the Armenian genocide and Kemalists had pledged to prosecute those involved with the genocide, on March 31, 1923, a general amnesty was declared for those who had been convicted of court-martial and by the municipal courts after the defeat of the Ottoman forces. Turkey also refused to deliver those involved with the crimes to the Allies, arguing that it would violate Turkish sovereignty. Some of the war criminals were also invited to the government of the new Turkish republic.<a href="#cite_note-91">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkish_War_of_Independence_(1919–1923)">Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk#War_of_Independence" title="Military career of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Military career of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk § War of Independence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amasya_Circular" title="Amasya Circular">Amasya Circular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Congress" title="Erzurum Congress">Erzurum Congress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sivas_Congress" title="Sivas Congress">Sivas Congress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amasya_Protocol" title="Amasya Protocol">Amasya Protocol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">Government of the Grand National Assembly</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1st_Parliament_of_Turkey" title="1st Parliament of Turkey">1st Parliament of Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%B0smet_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa_ile_konu%C5%9Furken_(1920).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%C4%B0smet_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa_ile_konu%C5%9Furken_%281920%29.jpg/170px-%C4%B0smet_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa_ile_konu%C5%9Furken_%281920%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%C4%B0smet_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa_ile_konu%C5%9Furken_%281920%29.jpg/255px-%C4%B0smet_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa_ile_konu%C5%9Furken_%281920%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%C4%B0smet_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa_ile_konu%C5%9Furken_%281920%29.jpg/340px-%C4%B0smet_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mustafa_Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa_ile_konu%C5%9Furken_%281920%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption>Atatürk (right) in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> with <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet Pasha</a> (left)</figcaption></figure> On 30 April 1919, Fahri Yaver-i Hazret-i Şehriyari ("Honorary Aide-de-camp to His Majesty Sultan") with the rank of <a href="/wiki/Mirliva" title="Mirliva">Mirliva</a>, Atatürk was assigned as the inspector of the <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)#After_Mudros" title="Ninth Army (Ottoman Empire)">Ninth Army Troops Inspectorate</a> to reorganize what remained of the Ottoman military units and to improve internal security.<a href="#cite_note-92">[87]</a> On 19 May 1919, he reached <a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsun</a>. His first goal was the establishment of an organized <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">national movement</a> against the occupying forces. In June 1919, he issued the <a href="/wiki/Amasya_Circular" title="Amasya Circular">Amasya Circular</a>, declaring the independence of the country was in danger. He resigned from the Ottoman Army on 8 July, and the Ottoman government issued a warrant for his arrest. But <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Karabekir" title="Kâzım Karabekir">Kâzım Karabekir</a> and other military commanders active in Eastern Anatolia followed Atatürk's lead and acknowledged him as their leader.<a href="#cite_note-93">[88]</a> On 4 September 1919, he assembled a <a href="/wiki/Sivas_Congress" title="Sivas Congress">congress</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sivas" title="Sivas">Sivas</a>. Those who opposed the Allies in various provinces in Turkey issued a declaration named <a href="/wiki/Misak-%C4%B1_Mill%C3%AE" title="Misak-ı Millî">Misak-ı Millî</a> ("National Pact"). Atatürk was appointed as the head of the executive committee of the Congress,<a href="#cite_note-:1-94">[89]</a> which gave him the legitimacy he needed for his future politics.<a href="#cite_note-95">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-94">[89]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1919_Ottoman_general_election" title="1919 Ottoman general election">last election</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman parliament</a> held in December 1919 gave a sweeping majority to candidates of the "Association for Defence of Rights for Anatolia and Roumelia" (Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti), headed by Atatürk, who himself remained in Angora, now known as <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>. The fourth (and last) term of the parliament opened in Constantinople on 12 January 1920. It was dissolved by British forces on 18 March 1920, shortly after it adopted the Misak-ı Millî ("National Pact"). Atatürk called for a national election to establish a new Turkish Parliament seated in Angora.<a href="#cite_note-feroz50-96">[91]</a> – the "<a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly</a>" (GNA). On 23 April 1920, the GNA opened with Atatürk as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Speakers of the Parliament of Turkey">the speaker</a>; this act effectively created the situation of <a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">diarchy</a> in the country.<a href="#cite_note-97">[92]</a> In May 1920, the power struggle between the two governments led to a death sentence in absentia for Atatürk by the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_courts-martial_of_1919%E2%80%931920" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish courts-martial of 1919–1920">Turkish courts-martial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-98">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Halide_Edib_Ad%C4%B1var" title="Halide Edib Adıvar">Halide Edib</a> (Adıvar) and <a href="/wiki/Ali_Fuat_Cebesoy" title="Ali Fuat Cebesoy">Ali Fuat</a> (Cebesoy) were also sentenced to death alongside Atatürk.<a href="#cite_note-:22-99">[94]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Abilene_Daily_Reporter_(Abilene,_Tex.),_Vol._24,_No._133,_Ed._1_Friday,_October_13,_1922_-_DPLA_-_4f8cde42a03b2ac9f5ff0aa395b4babf_(page_1)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/The_Abilene_Daily_Reporter_%28Abilene%2C_Tex.%29%2C_Vol._24%2C_No._133%2C_Ed._1_Friday%2C_October_13%2C_1922_-_DPLA_-_4f8cde42a03b2ac9f5ff0aa395b4babf_%28page_1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-The_Abilene_Daily_Reporter_%28Abilene%2C_Tex.%29%2C_Vol._24%2C_No._133%2C_Ed._1_Friday%2C_October_13%2C_1922_-_DPLA_-_4f8cde42a03b2ac9f5ff0aa395b4babf_%28page_1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/The_Abilene_Daily_Reporter_%28Abilene%2C_Tex.%29%2C_Vol._24%2C_No._133%2C_Ed._1_Friday%2C_October_13%2C_1922_-_DPLA_-_4f8cde42a03b2ac9f5ff0aa395b4babf_%28page_1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-The_Abilene_Daily_Reporter_%28Abilene%2C_Tex.%29%2C_Vol._24%2C_No._133%2C_Ed._1_Friday%2C_October_13%2C_1922_-_DPLA_-_4f8cde42a03b2ac9f5ff0aa395b4babf_%28page_1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/The_Abilene_Daily_Reporter_%28Abilene%2C_Tex.%29%2C_Vol._24%2C_No._133%2C_Ed._1_Friday%2C_October_13%2C_1922_-_DPLA_-_4f8cde42a03b2ac9f5ff0aa395b4babf_%28page_1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-The_Abilene_Daily_Reporter_%28Abilene%2C_Tex.%29%2C_Vol._24%2C_No._133%2C_Ed._1_Friday%2C_October_13%2C_1922_-_DPLA_-_4f8cde42a03b2ac9f5ff0aa395b4babf_%28page_1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Abilene_Daily_Reporter" class="mw-redirect" title="The Abilene Daily Reporter">The Abilene Daily Reporter</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, U.S., called Atatürk "Turkey's <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>" on 13 October 1922</figcaption></figure> On 10 August 1920, the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier">Grand Vizier</a> <a href="/wiki/Damat_Ferid_Pasha" title="Damat Ferid Pasha">Damat Ferid Pasha</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a>, finalizing plans for the <a href="/wiki/Partitioning_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire">partitioning of the Ottoman Empire</a>, including the regions that Turkish nationals viewed as their heartland. Atatürk insisted on the country's complete independence and the safeguarding of interests of the Turkish majority on "Turkish soil". He persuaded the GNA to gather a National Army. The GNA army faced the <a href="/wiki/Kuva-yi_Inzibatiye" title="Kuva-yi Inzibatiye">Caliphate army</a> propped up by the Allied occupation forces and had the immediate task of fighting the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Armenia#Military" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Armenia">Armenian forces</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Eastern Front</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Army#History" title="Hellenic Army">Greek forces</a> advancing eastward from <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> (today known as <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>) that they <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Smyrna" title="Occupation of Smyrna">had occupied</a> in May 1919, on the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)">Western Front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a> The GNA military successes against the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Armenia">Democratic Republic of Armenia</a> in the autumn of 1920 and later against the Greeks were made possible by a steady supply of gold and armaments to the Kemalists from the Russian <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> government from the autumn of 1920 onwards.<a href="#cite_note-101">[96]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atat%C3%BCrk_asker%C3%AE_birlikleri_denetlerken,_%C4%B0zmit,_18_Haziran_1922.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Atat%C3%BCrk_asker%C3%AE_birlikleri_denetlerken%2C_%C4%B0zmit%2C_18_Haziran_1922.png/220px-Atat%C3%BCrk_asker%C3%AE_birlikleri_denetlerken%2C_%C4%B0zmit%2C_18_Haziran_1922.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Atat%C3%BCrk_asker%C3%AE_birlikleri_denetlerken%2C_%C4%B0zmit%2C_18_Haziran_1922.png/330px-Atat%C3%BCrk_asker%C3%AE_birlikleri_denetlerken%2C_%C4%B0zmit%2C_18_Haziran_1922.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Atat%C3%BCrk_asker%C3%AE_birlikleri_denetlerken%2C_%C4%B0zmit%2C_18_Haziran_1922.png/440px-Atat%C3%BCrk_asker%C3%AE_birlikleri_denetlerken%2C_%C4%B0zmit%2C_18_Haziran_1922.png 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>Atatürk inspects the Turkish troops on 18 June 1922</figcaption></figure> After a series of battles during the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919-1922)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a>, the Greek army advanced as far as the <a href="/wiki/Sakarya_River" title="Sakarya River">Sakarya River</a>, just eighty kilometers west of Ankara. On 5 August 1921, Atatürk was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Commander_in_chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander in chief">commander in chief</a> of the forces by the GNA.<a href="#cite_note-AA-102">[97]</a> The ensuing <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sakarya" title="Battle of the Sakarya">Battle of the Sakarya</a> was fought from 23 August–13 September 1921 and ended with the defeat of the Greeks. After this victory, Atatürk was given the rank of <a href="/wiki/Mare%C5%9Fal_(Turkey)" title="Mareşal (Turkey)">Mareşal</a> and the title of <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_(warrior)" title="Ghazi (warrior)">Gazi</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly</a> on 19 September 1921. The Allies, ignoring the extent of Atatürk's successes, hoped to impose a modified version of the Treaty of Sèvres as a peace settlement on Angora, but the proposal was rejected. In August 1922, Atatürk launched an all-out attack on the Greek lines at <a href="/wiki/Afyonkarahisar" title="Afyonkarahisar">Afyonkarahisar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dumlup%C4%B1nar" title="Battle of Dumlupınar">Battle of Dumlupınar</a>, and Turkish forces regained control of İzmir on 9 September 1922.<a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a> On 10 September 1922, Atatürk sent a telegram to the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> stating that the Turkish population was so worked up that the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">Ankara Government</a> would not be responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Great_fire_of_Smyrna" class="mw-redirect" title="Great fire of Smyrna">ensuing</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of massacres during the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)">massacres</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey">Establishment of the Republic of Turkey</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne_(1923)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Lausanne (1923)">Treaty of Lausanne (1923)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Multiple_Dictator_-_British_propaganda_against_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_(7_November_1923).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/The_Multiple_Dictator_-_British_propaganda_against_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_%287_November_1923%29.jpg/220px-The_Multiple_Dictator_-_British_propaganda_against_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_%287_November_1923%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/The_Multiple_Dictator_-_British_propaganda_against_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_%287_November_1923%29.jpg/330px-The_Multiple_Dictator_-_British_propaganda_against_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_%287_November_1923%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/The_Multiple_Dictator_-_British_propaganda_against_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_%287_November_1923%29.jpg/440px-The_Multiple_Dictator_-_British_propaganda_against_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_%287_November_1923%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>A British cartoon of 1923 satirising Atatürk's rule in Turkey</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1922%E2%80%9323" class="mw-redirect" title="Lausanne Conference of 1922–23">Conference of Lausanne</a> began on 21 November 1922. Turkey, represented by <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet İnönü</a> of the GNA, refused any proposal that would compromise Turkish sovereignty,<a href="#cite_note-105">[100]</a> such as the control of Turkish finances, the <a href="/wiki/Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire">Capitulations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Straits">Straits</a> and other issues. Although the conference paused on 4 February, it continued after 23 April mainly focusing on the economic issues.<a href="#cite_note-kinross100-80">[75]</a> On 24 July 1923, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne_(1923)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Lausanne (1923)">Treaty of Lausanne</a> was signed by the Powers with the GNA, thus recognising the latter as the government of Turkey. On 29 October 1923, the Republic of Turkey was <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey">proclaimed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[101]</a> Since then, <a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(Turkey)" title="Republic Day (Turkey)">Republic Day</a> has been celebrated as a national holiday on that date.<a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency">Presidency</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For conceptual analysis, see <a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk's reforms</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Very_long plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-very_long" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">too long</a> to read and navigate comfortably. Consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> content into sub-articles, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">condensing</a> it, or adding <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections" title="Help:Section">subheadings</a>. Please discuss this issue on the article's <a href="/wiki/Talk:Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Talk:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">talk page</a>. (June 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Overly_detailed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-overly_detailed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:DETAIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:DETAIL">detail</a> that may interest only a particular audience. Please help by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_forking#Article_spinoffs:_.22Summary_style.22_meta-articles_and_summary_sections" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Content forking">spinning off</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Handling_trivia#Recommendations_for_handling_trivia" title="Wikipedia:Handling trivia">relocating</a> any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia's inclusion policy</a>. (June 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Anti-monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_virtue" title="Civic virtue">Civic virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty#Republican_liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty as non-domination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_government" title="Mixed government">Mixed government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_representation" title="Political representation">Political representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_participation_(decision_making)" title="Public participation (decision making)">Public participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Res_publica" title="Res publica">Res publica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal republicanism">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism#Neo-republicanism" title="Republicanism">Neo-republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_republic" title="Capitalist republic">Capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_empire" title="Republican empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_republic" title="Peasant republic">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_republic" title="People's republic">People's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_republic" title="Revolutionary republic">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular republic">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">Sister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_republic" title="Soviet republic">Soviet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Baggini" title="Julian Baggini">Baggini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bello" title="Andrés Bello">Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo" title="Carlo Cattaneo">Cattaneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Grace_Chappell" title="Sophie Grace Chappell">Chappell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Crick" title="Bernard Crick">Crick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Honderich" title="Ted Honderich">Honderich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Pettit" title="Philip Pettit">Pettit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sandel" title="Michael Sandel">Sandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Sunstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Warburton" title="Nigel Warburton">Warburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Adams (Gerry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bartley" title="Jonathan Bartley">Bartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Bennett" title="Natalie Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Chapman" title="Maggie Chapman">Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katy_Clark" title="Katy Clark">Clark (Katy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Clarke (Tom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Davidson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Ian Davidson (Scottish politician)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Drakeford" title="Mark Drakeford">Drakeford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Etherington" title="Bill Etherington">Etherington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Fabiani" title="Linda Fabiani">Fabiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ferguson_(politician)" title="Mark Ferguson (politician)">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Flynn" title="Stephen Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Gambetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Jules Grévy">Grévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nia_Griffith" title="Nia Griffith">Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Griffiths_(Welsh_politician)" title="John Griffiths (Welsh politician)">Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Harvie" title="Patrick Harvie">Harvie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Hatton" title="Derek Hatton">Hatton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_Hopkins" title="Kelvin Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huppert" title="Julian Huppert">Huppert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhun_ap_Iorwerth" title="Rhun ap Iorwerth">Iorwerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenda_Jackson" title="Glenda Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elin_Jones" title="Elin Jones">Jones (Elin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Jones" title="Lynne Jones">Jones (Lynne)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_Kane" title="Rosie Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_La_Malfa" title="Ugo La Malfa">La Malfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Lewis_(politician)" title="Clive Lewis (politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Lucas" title="Caroline Lucas">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Mackay" title="Gillian Mackay">Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie" title="William Lyon Mackenzie">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magid_Magid" title="Magid Magid">Magid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Mannin" title="Ethel Mannin">Mannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDonnell" title="John McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_McKechin" title="Ann McKechin">McKechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Mullin_(politician)" title="Chris Mullin (politician)">Mullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Nandy" title="Lisa Nandy">Nandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Naysmith" title="Doug Naysmith">Naysmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pound" title="Stephen Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Ritchie" title="Ken Ritchie">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethan_Sayed" title="Bethan Sayed">Sayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Skates" title="Ken Skates">Skates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Skinner" title="Dennis Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Slater" title="Lorna Slater">Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Slaughter" title="Andy Slaughter">Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Smith" title="Cat Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Spadolini" title="Giovanni Spadolini">Spadolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Taverne" title="Dick Taverne">Taverne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Wilson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Bill Wilson (Scottish politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanne_Wood" title="Leanne Wood">Wood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a> (c. 375 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a> (54–51 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourses_on_Livy" title="Discourses on Livy">Discourses on Livy</a> (1531)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tenure_of_Kings_and_Magistrates" title="The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates">The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates</a> (1649)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Commonwealth_of_Oceana" title="The Commonwealth of Oceana">The Commonwealth of Oceana</a> (1656)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourses_Concerning_Government" title="Discourses Concerning Government">Discourses Concerning Government</a> (1698)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a> (1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_Inequality" title="Discourse on Inequality">Discourse on Inequality</a> (1755)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a> (1787–1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Peace:_A_Philosophical_Sketch" title="Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch">Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Revolution" title="On Revolution">On Revolution</a> (1963)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%87asa%E1%B9%85gha" title="Gaṇasaṅgha">Gaṇasaṅgha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">5 October 1910 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">Mongolian Revolution of 1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_September_1922_Revolution" title="11 September 1922 Revolution">11 September 1922 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Greek_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1935 Greek coup d'état attempt">1935 Greek coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">1946 Italian institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Zanzibar Revolution">Zanzibar Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Libyan coup d'état">1969 Libyan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1970 Cambodian coup d'état">1970 Cambodian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Fijian_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Fijian coups d'état">1987 Fijian coups d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Barbadian Republic Proclamation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Republicanism in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Bahamas" title="Republicanism in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Canada" title="Republicanism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Jamaica" title="Republicanism in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-monarchism_in_Japan" title="Anti-monarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Morocco" title="Republicanism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Republicanism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_New_Zealand" title="Republicanism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Norway" title="Republicanism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Spain" title="Republicanism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Sweden" title="Republicanism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_republicanism" title="Scottish republicanism">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_republicanism" title="Welsh republicanism">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Clothes" title="The Emperor's New Clothes">The Emperor's New Clothes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_republics" title="List of republics">List of republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_republic" title="Peasant republic">Peasant republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter pares">Primus inter pares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_without_republicans" title="Republic without republicans">Republic without republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_empire" title="Republican empire">Republican empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Republican Party (disambiguation)">Republican Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> With the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, efforts to modernise the country started. The new government analyzed the institutions and constitutions of Western states such as France, Sweden, Italy, and Switzerland and adapted them to the needs and characteristics of the Turkish nation. Highlighting the public's lack of knowledge regarding Atatürk's intentions, the public cheered: "We are returning to the days of the <a href="/wiki/The_first_four_Sunni_Caliphs_and_the_Sunnah" class="mw-redirect" title="The first four Sunni Caliphs and the Sunnah">first caliphs</a>."<a href="#cite_note-108">[103]</a> Atatürk placed <a href="/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" title="Fevzi Çakmak">Fevzi Çakmak</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_%C3%96zalp" title="Kâzım Özalp">Kâzım Özalp</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet İnönü</a> in political positions where they could institute his <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">reforms</a>. He capitalized on his reputation as an efficient military leader and spent the following years, up until his death in 1938, instituting political, economic, and social reforms. In doing so, he transformed Turkish society from perceiving itself as a Muslim part of a vast Empire into a modern, democratic, and secular nation-state. This had a positive influence on <a href="/wiki/Human_capital" title="Human capital">human capital</a> because from then on, what mattered at school was science and education; Islam was concentrated in mosques and religious places.<a href="#cite_note-109">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policies">Domestic policies</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atat%C3%BCrk_Samsun-%C3%87ar%C5%9Famba_tren_hatt%C4%B1_a%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1nda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Atat%C3%BCrk_Samsun-%C3%87ar%C5%9Famba_tren_hatt%C4%B1_a%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1nda.jpg/220px-Atat%C3%BCrk_Samsun-%C3%87ar%C5%9Famba_tren_hatt%C4%B1_a%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1nda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Atat%C3%BCrk_Samsun-%C3%87ar%C5%9Famba_tren_hatt%C4%B1_a%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1nda.jpg/330px-Atat%C3%BCrk_Samsun-%C3%87ar%C5%9Famba_tren_hatt%C4%B1_a%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1nda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Atat%C3%BCrk_Samsun-%C3%87ar%C5%9Famba_tren_hatt%C4%B1_a%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1nda.jpg/440px-Atat%C3%BCrk_Samsun-%C3%87ar%C5%9Famba_tren_hatt%C4%B1_a%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1nda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>Atatürk at the opening ceremony of the <a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsun</a>-<a href="/wiki/%C3%87ar%C5%9Famba" title="Çarşamba">Çarşamba</a> railroad (1928)</figcaption></figure> Atatürk's driving goal was the complete independence of the country.<a href="#cite_note-mango367-110">[105]</a> He clarified his position:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">...by complete independence, we mean of course complete economic, financial, juridical, military, cultural independence and freedom in all matters. Being deprived of independence in any of these is equivalent to the nation and country being deprived of all its independence.<a href="#cite_note-111">[106]</a></blockquote> He led wide-ranging reforms in social, cultural, and economic aspects, establishing the new Republic's backbone of legislative, judicial, and economic structures. Though he was later idealized by some as an originator of sweeping reforms, many of his reformist ideas were already common in Ottoman intellectual circles at the turn of the 20th century and were expressed more openly after the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hanioglu2011p55-112">[107]</a> Atatürk created a <a href="/wiki/The_Six_Arrows" title="The Six Arrows">banner</a> to mark the changes between the old Ottoman and the new republican rule. Each change was symbolized as an arrow in this banner. This defining ideology of the Republic of Turkey is referred to as the "Six Arrows", or <a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a>. Kemalism is based on Atatürk's conception of <a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">realism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">pragmatism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a> The fundamentals of nationalism, populism, and <a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">statism</a> were all defined under the Six Arrows. These fundamentals were not new in world politics or, indeed, among the elite of Turkey. What made them unique was that these interrelated fundamentals were explicitly formulated for Turkey's needs. A good example is the definition and application of secularism; the Kemalist secular state significantly differed from predominantly Christian states. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emergence_of_the_state,_1923–1924">Emergence of the state, 1923–1924</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustafa_Kemal_and_Mevlevi_Order_March_1923.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Mustafa_Kemal_and_Mevlevi_Order_March_1923.png/220px-Mustafa_Kemal_and_Mevlevi_Order_March_1923.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Mustafa_Kemal_and_Mevlevi_Order_March_1923.png 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="218" /></a><figcaption>Atatürk in 1923, with members of the <a href="/wiki/Mevlevi_Order" title="Mevlevi Order">Mevlevi Order</a>, before its institutional expression became illegal and their <a href="/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish">dervish</a> lodge was changed into the <a href="/wiki/Mevlana_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mevlana Museum">Mevlana Museum</a>. The Mevlevi Order managed to transform itself into a non-political organization which still exists.</figcaption></figure> Atatürk's private journal entries dated before the establishment of the republic in 1923 show that he believed in the importance of the sovereignty of the people. In forging the new republic, the Turkish revolutionaries turned their back on the perceived corruption and decadence of cosmopolitan Constantinople and its Ottoman heritage.<a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a> For instance, they made <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> (as Angora has been known in English since 1930), the country's new capital and reformed the <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Turkey" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Turkey">Turkish postal service</a>. Once a provincial town deep in Anatolia, the city was thus turned into the center of the independence movement. Atatürk wanted a "direct government by the Assembly"<a href="#cite_note-Mango,_Atatürk,_362-115">[110]</a> and visualized a <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty" title="Parliamentary sovereignty">parliamentary sovereignty</a>, where the National Parliament would be the ultimate source of power.<a href="#cite_note-Mango,_Atatürk,_362-115">[110]</a> In the following years, he altered his stance somewhat; the country needed an immense amount of reconstruction, and "direct government by the Assembly" could not survive in such an environment. The revolutionaries faced challenges from the supporters of the old Ottoman regime, and also from the supporters of newer ideologies such as <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>. Atatürk saw the consequences of fascist and communist doctrines in the 1920s and 1930s and rejected both.<a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a> He prevented the spread into Turkey of the <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> party rule which held sway in the Soviet Union, Germany, and Italy.<a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a> Some perceived his opposition and silencing of these ideologies as a means of eliminating competition; others believed it was necessary to protect the young Turkish state from succumbing to the instability of new ideologies and competing factions.<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a> Under Atatürk, the arrest process known as the <a href="/wiki/1927_Detentions" title="1927 Detentions">1927 Detentions</a> (1927 Tevkifatı) was launched, and a widespread arrest policy was put in place against the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Turkey_(historical)" title="Communist Party of Turkey (historical)">Communist Party of Turkey</a> members. Communist political figures such as <a href="/wiki/Hikmet_K%C4%B1v%C4%B1lc%C4%B1ml%C4%B1" title="Hikmet Kıvılcımlı">Hikmet Kıvılcımlı</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Hikmet" title="Nâzım Hikmet">Nâzım Hikmet</a>, and Şefik Hüsnü were tried and sentenced to prison terms. Then, in 1937, a delegation headed by Atatürk decided to censor the writings of Kıvılcımlı as harmful communist propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atat%C3%BCrk_1924%27te_Bursa_halk%C4%B1na_hitap_ediyor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Atat%C3%BCrk_1924%27te_Bursa_halk%C4%B1na_hitap_ediyor.jpg/220px-Atat%C3%BCrk_1924%27te_Bursa_halk%C4%B1na_hitap_ediyor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Atat%C3%BCrk_1924%27te_Bursa_halk%C4%B1na_hitap_ediyor.jpg/330px-Atat%C3%BCrk_1924%27te_Bursa_halk%C4%B1na_hitap_ediyor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Atat%C3%BCrk_1924%27te_Bursa_halk%C4%B1na_hitap_ediyor.jpg/440px-Atat%C3%BCrk_1924%27te_Bursa_halk%C4%B1na_hitap_ediyor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>In 1924, during his speech in <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a></figcaption></figure> The heart of the new republic was the GNA, established during the Turkish War of Independence by Atatürk.<a href="#cite_note-single-122">[117]</a> The elections were free and used an egalitarian electoral system that was based on a general ballot.<a href="#cite_note-single-122">[117]</a> Deputies at the GNA served as the voice of Turkish society by expressing its political views and preferences. It had the right to select and control both the government and the Prime Minister. Initially, it also acted as a legislative power, controlling the executive branch and, if necessary, served as an organ of scrutiny under the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1921" title="Turkish Constitution of 1921">Turkish Constitution of 1921</a>.<a href="#cite_note-single-122">[117]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1924" title="Turkish Constitution of 1924">Turkish Constitution of 1924</a> set a loose <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a> between the legislative and the executive organs of the state, whereas the separation of these two within the judiciary system was a strict one. Atatürk, then the President, occupied a dominant position in this political system. The one-party regime was established de facto in 1925 after the adoption of the 1924 constitution. The only political party of the GNA was the "People's Party", founded by Atatürk on 9 September 1923. (But according to the party culture the foundation date was the opening day of Sivas Congress on 4 September 1919). On 10 November 1924, it was renamed Cumhuriyet Halk Fırkası or <a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Republican People's Party</a> (the word fırka was replaced by the word parti in 1935). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civic_independence_and_the_Caliphate,_1924–1925">Civic independence and the Caliphate, 1924–1925</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reisicumhur_Mustafa_Kemal_Cumhuriyet_Bayram%C4%B1_kutlamalar%C4%B1nda,_Ankara,_29_Ekim_1925.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Reisicumhur_Mustafa_Kemal_Cumhuriyet_Bayram%C4%B1_kutlamalar%C4%B1nda%2C_Ankara%2C_29_Ekim_1925.png/180px-Reisicumhur_Mustafa_Kemal_Cumhuriyet_Bayram%C4%B1_kutlamalar%C4%B1nda%2C_Ankara%2C_29_Ekim_1925.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Reisicumhur_Mustafa_Kemal_Cumhuriyet_Bayram%C4%B1_kutlamalar%C4%B1nda%2C_Ankara%2C_29_Ekim_1925.png/270px-Reisicumhur_Mustafa_Kemal_Cumhuriyet_Bayram%C4%B1_kutlamalar%C4%B1nda%2C_Ankara%2C_29_Ekim_1925.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Reisicumhur_Mustafa_Kemal_Cumhuriyet_Bayram%C4%B1_kutlamalar%C4%B1nda%2C_Ankara%2C_29_Ekim_1925.png/360px-Reisicumhur_Mustafa_Kemal_Cumhuriyet_Bayram%C4%B1_kutlamalar%C4%B1nda%2C_Ankara%2C_29_Ekim_1925.png 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Atatürk during the <a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(Turkey)" title="Republic Day (Turkey)">Republic Day</a> celebrations on the second anniversary of the Turkish Republic, 29 October 1925</figcaption></figure> The abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a> and other cultural reforms were met with fierce opposition. The conservative elements were not appreciative, and they launched attacks on the Kemalist reformists.<a href="#cite_note-Calipinternational-123">[118]</a> This was an important dimension in Atatürk's drive to reform the political system and to promote national sovereignty. By the consensus of the Muslim majority in early centuries, the caliphate was the core political concept of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a> Abolishing the sultanate was easier because the survival of the caliphate at the time satisfied the partisans of the sultanate. This produced a split system with the new republic on one side and an Islamic form of government with the Caliph on the other side, and Atatürk and İnönü worried that "it nourished the expectations that the sovereign would return under the guise of Caliph."<a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a> Caliph <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClmecid_II" title="Abdülmecid II">Abdülmecid II</a> was elected after the abolition of the sultanate (1922). The caliph had his own personal treasury and also had a personal service that included military personnel; Atatürk said that there was no "religious" or "political" justification for this. He believed that Caliph Abdülmecid II was following in the steps of the sultans in domestic and foreign affairs: accepting of and responding to foreign representatives and reserve officers, and participating in official ceremonies and celebrations.<a href="#cite_note-Mango,_Atatürk,_401-126">[121]</a> He wanted to integrate the powers of the caliphate into the powers of the GNA. His initial activities began on 1 January 1924, when<a href="#cite_note-Mango,_Atatürk,_401-126">[121]</a> İnönü, Çakmak, and Özalp consented to the abolition of the caliphate. The caliph made a statement to the effect that he would not interfere with political affairs.<a href="#cite_note-Calipinternational-123">[118]</a> On 1 March 1924, at the Assembly, Atatürk said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The religion of Islam will be elevated if it will cease to be a political instrument, as had been the case in the past.<a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a></blockquote> On 3 March 1924, the caliphate was <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate#Abolition" title="Ottoman Caliphate">officially abolished</a> and its powers within Turkey were transferred to the GNA. Other Muslim nations debated the validity of Turkey's unilateral <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Caliphate" title="Abolition of the Caliphate">abolition of the caliphate</a> as they decided whether they should confirm the Turkish action or appoint a new caliph.<a href="#cite_note-Calipinternational-123">[118]</a> A "Caliphate Conference" was held in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> in May 1926 and a resolution was passed declaring the caliphate "a necessity in Islam", but failed to implement this decision.<a href="#cite_note-Calipinternational-123">[118]</a> Two other Islamic conferences were held in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> (1926) and <a href="/wiki/World_Islamic_Congress" title="World Islamic Congress">Jerusalem</a> (1931), but failed to reach a consensus.<a href="#cite_note-Calipinternational-123">[118]</a> Turkey did not accept the re-establishment of the caliphate and perceived it as an attack to its basic existence. Meanwhile, Atatürk and the reformists continued their own way.<a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a> On 8 April 1924, <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> courts were abolished with the law "Mehakim-i Şer'iyenin İlgasına ve Mehakim Teşkilatına Ait Ahkamı Muaddil Kanun".<a href="#cite_note-Hanioglu2011p158-129">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Educational_reform">Educational reform</h4></div> The removal of the caliphate was followed by an extensive effort to establish the separation of governmental and religious affairs. Education was the cornerstone in this effort. In 1923, there were three main educational groups of institutions. The most common institutions were <a href="/wiki/Medrese" class="mw-redirect" title="Medrese">medreses</a> based on Arabic, the Qur'an, and memorization. The second type of institution was idadî and sultanî, the reformist schools of the <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> era. The last group included colleges and minority schools in foreign languages that used the latest teaching models in educating pupils. The old medrese education was modernized.<a href="#cite_note-dew-131">[126]</a> Atatürk changed the classical Islamic education for a vigorously promoted reconstruction of educational institutions.<a href="#cite_note-dew-131">[126]</a> He linked educational reform to the liberation of the nation from <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a>, which he believed was more important than the Turkish War of Independence. He declared: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Today, our most important and most productive task is the national education [unification and modernization] affairs. We have to be successful in national education affairs and we shall be. The liberation of a nation is only achieved through this way."<a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a></blockquote> In the summer of 1924, Atatürk invited American educational reformer <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a> to Ankara to advise him on how to reform Turkish education.<a href="#cite_note-dew-131">[126]</a> His <a href="/wiki/Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">public education</a> reforms aimed to prepare citizens for roles in public life through increasing public literacy. He wanted to institute compulsory primary education for both girls and boys; since then this effort has been an ongoing task for the republic. He pointed out that one of the main targets of <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">education in Turkey</a> had to be raising a generation nourished with what he called the "public culture". The state schools established a common curriculum which became known as the "unification of education". Unification of education was put into force on 3 March 1924 by the Law on Unification of Education (No. 430). With the new law, education became inclusive, organized on a model of the civil community. In this new design, all schools submitted their curriculum to the "<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Education_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of National Education (Turkey)">Ministry of National Education</a>", a government agency modeled after other countries' ministries of education. Concurrently, the republic abolished the two ministries and made clergy subordinate to the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Religious_Affairs" title="Presidency of Religious Affairs">department of religious affairs</a>, one of the foundations of <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">secularism in Turkey</a>. The unification of education under one curriculum ended "clerics or clergy of the Ottoman Empire", but was not the end of religious schools in Turkey; they were moved to higher education until later governments restored them to their former position in secondary after Atatürk's death. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_attire">Western attire</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ataturk-hatreform.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ataturk-hatreform.jpg/220px-Ataturk-hatreform.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ataturk-hatreform.jpg/330px-Ataturk-hatreform.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ataturk-hatreform.jpg/440px-Ataturk-hatreform.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="914" /></a><figcaption>Atatürk with his <a href="/wiki/Panama_hat" title="Panama hat">Panama hat</a> just after <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/tr:Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn_Kastamonu_Nutku" class="extiw" title="s:tr:Atatürk'ün Kastamonu Nutku">the Kastamonu speech</a> in 1925</figcaption></figure> Beginning in the fall of 1925, Atatürk encouraged the Turks to wear <a href="/wiki/1920s_in_Western_fashion" title="1920s in Western fashion">modern European attire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-133">[128]</a> He was determined to force the abandonment of the sartorial traditions of the Middle East and finalize a series of dress reforms, which were originally started by <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-133">[128]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fez_(hat)" title="Fez (hat)">fez</a> was established by Sultan Mahmud II in 1826 as part of the Ottoman Empire's modernization effort. The <a href="/wiki/Hat_Revolution" title="Hat Revolution">Hat Law of 1925</a> introduced the use of Western-style hats instead of the fez. Atatürk first made the hat compulsory for civil servants.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-133">[128]</a> The guidelines for the proper dressing of students and state employees were passed during his lifetime; many civil servants adopted the hat willingly. In 1925, Atatürk wore a <a href="/wiki/Panama_hat" title="Panama hat">Panama hat</a> during a public appearance in <a href="/wiki/Kastamonu" title="Kastamonu">Kastamonu</a>, one of the most conservative towns in Anatolia, to explain that the hat was the headgear of civilized nations. The last part of reform on dress emphasized the need to wear modern Western suits with neckties as well as <a href="/wiki/Fedora" title="Fedora">Fedora</a> and Derby-style hats instead of antiquated religion-based clothing such as the veil and turban in the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/tr:Baz%C4%B1_Kisvelerin_Giyilemiyece%C4%9Fine_Dair_Kanun" class="extiw" title="s:tr:Bazı Kisvelerin Giyilemiyeceğine Dair Kanun">Law Relating to Prohibited Garments of 1934</a>. Even though he personally promoted modern dress for women, Atatürk never made specific reference to women's clothing in the law, as he believed that women would adapt to the new clothing styles of their own free will. He was frequently photographed on public business with his wife <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A2tife_U%C5%9Fakl%C4%B1gil" class="mw-redirect" title="Lâtife Uşaklıgil">Lâtife Uşaklıgil</a>, who covered her head in accordance with Islamic tradition. He was also frequently photographed on public business with women wearing modern Western clothes. But it was Atatürk's adopted daughters, <a href="/wiki/Sabiha_G%C3%B6k%C3%A7en" title="Sabiha Gökçen">Sabiha Gökçen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afet_%C4%B0nan" title="Afet İnan">Afet İnan</a>, who provided the real role model for the Turkish women of the future. He wrote: "The religious covering of women will not cause difficulty ... This simple style [of headcovering] is not in conflict with the morals and manners of our society."<a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious_insignia">Religious insignia</h4></div> On 30 August 1925, Atatürk's view on religious insignia used outside places of worship was introduced in his <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/tr:Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn_Kastamonu_Nutku" class="extiw" title="s:tr:Atatürk'ün Kastamonu Nutku">Kastamonu speech</a>. This speech also had another position. He said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In the face of knowledge, science, and of the whole extent of radiant civilization, I cannot accept the presence in Turkey's civilized community of people primitive enough to seek material and spiritual benefits in the guidance of sheiks. The Turkish republic cannot be a country of sheiks, dervishes, and disciples. The best, the truest order is the order of civilization. To be a man it is enough to carry out the requirements of civilization. The leaders of dervish orders will understand the truth of my words, and will themselves close down their lodges [tekke] and admit that their disciplines have grown up.<a href="#cite_note-mango435-135">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a></blockquote> On 2 September, the government issued a decree closing down all <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> orders, the <a href="/wiki/Zawiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Zawiyya">tekkes</a> and other religious ideological lodges. Atatürk ordered the <a href="/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish">dervish</a> lodges to be converted to museums, such as <a href="/wiki/Mevlana_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mevlana Museum">Mevlana Museum</a> in Konya. The institutional expression of religious ideologies became illegal in Turkey; a politically neutral form of any religious ideology, functioning as social associations, was permitted to exist.<a href="#cite_note-137">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opposition_to_Atatürk_in_1924–1927">Opposition to Atatürk in 1924–1927</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gazi_Mustafa_Kemal_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkada%27da_(14_Temmuz_1927).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gazi_Mustafa_Kemal_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkada%27da_%2814_Temmuz_1927%29.png/220px-Gazi_Mustafa_Kemal_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkada%27da_%2814_Temmuz_1927%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gazi_Mustafa_Kemal_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkada%27da_%2814_Temmuz_1927%29.png/330px-Gazi_Mustafa_Kemal_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkada%27da_%2814_Temmuz_1927%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gazi_Mustafa_Kemal_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkada%27da_%2814_Temmuz_1927%29.png/440px-Gazi_Mustafa_Kemal_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkada%27da_%2814_Temmuz_1927%29.png 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption>Atatürk is greeted by marines in <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkada" title="Büyükada">Büyükada</a> (14 July 1927).</figcaption></figure> In 1924, while the "<a href="/wiki/Mosul_question" title="Mosul question">Issue of Mosul</a>" was on the table, <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Said" title="Sheikh Said">Sheikh Said</a> began to organize the <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Said_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Said Rebellion">Sheikh Said Rebellion</a>. Sheikh Said was a wealthy Kurdish <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">tribal chief</a> of a local <a href="/wiki/Naqshbandi" title="Naqshbandi">Naqshbandi</a> order in <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r_Province" title="Diyarbakır Province">Diyarbakır</a>. He emphasized the issue of religion; he not only opposed the abolition of the Caliphate, but also the adoption of civil codes based on Western models, the closure of religious orders, the ban on polygamy, and the new obligatory civil marriage. Sheikh stirred up his followers against the policies of the government, which he considered anti-Islamic. In an effort to restore Islamic law, Sheik's forces moved through the countryside, seized government offices and marched on the important cities of <a href="/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F" title="Elazığ">Elazığ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a> Members of the government saw the Sheikh Said Rebellion as an attempt at a counter-revolution. They urged immediate military action to prevent its spread. With the support of Atatürk, the acting prime minister <a href="/wiki/Fethi_Okyar" title="Fethi Okyar">Ali Fethi (Okyar)</a> was replaced with <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet Pasha (İnönü)</a>, who on 3 March 1925 ordered the invocation of the "Law for the Maintenance of Order" in order to deal with the rebellion. It gave the government exceptional powers and included the authority to shut down subversive groups.<a href="#cite_note-:022-139">[134]</a> The law was repealed in March 1927.<a href="#cite_note-:023-140">[135]</a> There were also parliamentarians in the GNA who were not happy with these changes[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>]. So many members were denounced as opposition sympathizers at a private meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Republican People's Party</a> (CHP) that Atatürk expressed his fear of being among the minority in his own party.<a href="#cite_note-PRP-141">[136]</a> He decided not to purge this group.<a href="#cite_note-PRP-141">[136]</a> After a <a href="/wiki/Censure" title="Censure">censure motion</a> gave the chance to have a breakaway group, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Karabekir" title="Kâzım Karabekir">Kâzım Karabekir</a>, along with his friends, established such a group on 17 October 1924. The censure became a confidence vote at the CHP for Atatürk. On 8 November, the motion was rejected by 148 votes to 18, and 41 votes were absent.<a href="#cite_note-PRP-141">[136]</a> The CHP held all but one seat in the parliament. After the majority of the CHP chose him,<a href="#cite_note-PRP-141">[136]</a> Atatürk said, "the Turkish nation is firmly determined to advance fearlessly on the path of the republic, civilization and progress".<a href="#cite_note-PRP-141">[136]</a> On 17 November 1924, the breakaway group established the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Republican_Party_(Turkey)" title="Progressive Republican Party (Turkey)">Progressive Republican Party</a> (PRP) with 29 deputies and the first multi-party system began. Some of Atatürk's closest associates who had supported him in the early days of the War of Independence such as <a href="/wiki/Rauf_Orbay" title="Rauf Orbay">Rauf Bey</a> (later Rauf Orbay), <a href="/wiki/Refet_Bele" title="Refet Bele">Refet Pasha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ali_Fuat_Cebesoy" title="Ali Fuat Cebesoy">Ali Fuat Pasha</a> (later Ali Fuat Cebesoy) were among the members of the new party. The PRP's economic program suggested liberalism, in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">statism</a> of the CHP, and its social program was based on conservatism in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a> of the CHP. Leaders of the party strongly supported the Kemalist revolution in principle, but had different opinions on the cultural revolution and the principle of <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a> The PRP was not against Atatürk's main positions as declared in its program; they supported establishing secularism in the country and the civil law, or as stated, "the needs of the age" (article 3) and the uniform system of education (article 49).<a href="#cite_note-Mango_419-143">[138]</a> These principles were set by the leaders at the onset. The only legal opposition became a home for all kinds of differing views. During 1926, a <a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Attempted assassination of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">plot to assassinate Atatürk</a> was uncovered in Smyrna (İzmir). It originated with a former deputy who had opposed the abolition of the Caliphate. What originally was an inquiry into the planners shifted to a sweeping investigation. Ostensibly, its aims were to uncover subversive activities, but in truth, the investigation was used to undermine those disagreeing with Atatürk's cultural reforms. The investigation brought a number of political activists before the tribunal, including Karabekir, the leader of the PRP. A number of surviving leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Cavit_Bey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmet Cavit Bey">Mehmet Cavid</a>, Ahmed Şükrü, and İsmail Canbulat, were found guilty of treason and hanged.<a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a> Because the investigation found a link between the members of the PRP and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, the PRP was dissolved following the outcomes of the trial. The pattern of organized opposition was broken; this action was to be the only broad political purge during Atatürk's presidency. Atatürk's statement, "My mortal body will turn into dust, but the Republic of Turkey will last forever," was regarded as a will after the assassination attempt.<a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modernization_efforts,_1926–1930">Modernization efforts, 1926–1930</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ataturk_opens_Ankara_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_and_Sculpture.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ataturk_opens_Ankara_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_and_Sculpture.png/170px-Ataturk_opens_Ankara_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_and_Sculpture.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ataturk_opens_Ankara_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_and_Sculpture.png/255px-Ataturk_opens_Ankara_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_and_Sculpture.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Ataturk_opens_Ankara_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_and_Sculpture.png 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Atatürk at the 1927 opening of the <a href="/wiki/State_Art_and_Sculpture_Museum" title="State Art and Sculpture Museum">State Art and Sculpture Museum</a></figcaption></figure> In the years following 1926, Atatürk introduced a radical departure from previous reformations established by the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-Daisy-146">[141]</a> For the first time in history, Islamic law was separated from secular law and restricted to matters of religion.<a href="#cite_note-Daisy-146">[141]</a> He stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We must liberate our concepts of justice, our laws and our legal institutions from the bonds which, even though they are incompatible with the needs of our century, still hold a tight grip on us.<a href="#cite_note-147">[142]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ataturk_at_Cankaya_Library_16_July_1929.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ataturk_at_Cankaya_Library_16_July_1929.jpg/170px-Ataturk_at_Cankaya_Library_16_July_1929.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ataturk_at_Cankaya_Library_16_July_1929.jpg/255px-Ataturk_at_Cankaya_Library_16_July_1929.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ataturk_at_Cankaya_Library_16_July_1929.jpg/340px-Ataturk_at_Cankaya_Library_16_July_1929.jpg 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Atatürk at the library of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ankaya_K%C3%B6%C5%9Fk%C3%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Çankaya Köşkü">Çankaya Presidential Residence</a> in Ankara, on 16 July 1929</figcaption></figure> On 1 March 1926, the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">penal code</a>, modelled after the Italian penal code, was passed. On 4 October 1926, <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic courts</a> were closed. Establishing the civic law needed time, so Atatürk delayed the inclusion of the principle of <a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFcit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Laïcité">laïcité</a> (the constitutional principle of secularism in France) until 5 February 1937. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atat%C3%BCrk_in_Istanbul_University_Faculty_of_Law.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Atat%C3%BCrk_in_Istanbul_University_Faculty_of_Law.jpg/170px-Atat%C3%BCrk_in_Istanbul_University_Faculty_of_Law.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Atat%C3%BCrk_in_Istanbul_University_Faculty_of_Law.jpg/255px-Atat%C3%BCrk_in_Istanbul_University_Faculty_of_Law.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Atat%C3%BCrk_in_Istanbul_University_Faculty_of_Law.jpg/340px-Atat%C3%BCrk_in_Istanbul_University_Faculty_of_Law.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption>Atatürk attending a class at the Law School of the <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_University" title="Istanbul University">Istanbul House of Multiple Sciences</a> in 1930</figcaption></figure> In keeping with the Islamic practice of <a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation_and_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex segregation and Islam">sex segregation</a>, Ottoman practice discouraged social interaction between men and women. Atatürk began developing social reforms to address this issue very early, as was evident in his personal journal. He and his staff discussed issues such as abolishing the <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">veiling of women</a> and integrating women into the outside world. His plans to surmount the task were written in his journal in November 1915: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The social change can come by (1) educating capable mothers who are knowledgeable about life; (2) giving freedom to women; (3) a man can change his morals, thoughts, and feelings by leading a common life with a woman; as there is an inborn tendency towards the attraction of mutual affection.<a href="#cite_note-mango164-148">[143]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_Incredible_Turk.webm/170px--The_Incredible_Turk.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="170" height="128" data-durationhint="1549" data-mwtitle="The_Incredible_Turk.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:The_Incredible_Turk.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/The_Incredible_Turk.webm/The_Incredible_Turk.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/The_Incredible_Turk.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/The_Incredible_Turk.webm/The_Incredible_Turk.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/The_Incredible_Turk.webm/The_Incredible_Turk.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/The_Incredible_Turk.webm/The_Incredible_Turk.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>The Incredible Turk, a documentary film about Atatürk and the modernization of the Turkish Republic.</figcaption></figure> Atatürk needed a new civil code to establish his second major step of giving freedom to women. The first part was the education of girls, a feat established with the unification of education. On 4 October 1926, the new <a href="/wiki/Turkish_civil_code_(1926)" title="Turkish civil code (1926)">Turkish civil code</a>, modelled after the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Civil_Code" title="Swiss Civil Code">Swiss Civil Code</a>, was passed. Under the new code, women gained equality with men in such matters as inheritance and divorce, since Atatürk did not consider gender a factor in social organization. According to his view, society marched towards its goal with men and women united. He believed that it was scientifically impossible for Turkey to achieve progress and become civilized if Ottoman gender separation persisted.<a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a> During a meeting he declaimed: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">To the women: Win for us the battle of education and you will do yet more for your country than we have been able to do. It is to you that I appeal. To the men: If henceforward the women do not share in the social life of the nation, we shall never attain to our full development. We shall remain irremediably backward, incapable of treating on equal terms with the civilizations of the West.<a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a></blockquote> Additionally, the Kemalist <a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">one-party period of Turkey</a>'s labor participation rate was as high as 70%. The participation rate continued to decline after the democratization of Turkey due to the backlash of conservative norms in Turkish society.<a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a> In 1927, the <a href="/wiki/State_Art_and_Sculpture_Museum" title="State Art and Sculpture Museum">State Art and Sculpture Museum</a> (Ankara Resim ve Heykel Müzesi) opened its doors. The museum highlighted <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a>, which was rarely practised in Turkey due to the Islamic tradition of avoiding idolatry. Atatürk believed that "culture is the foundation of the Turkish Republic,"<a href="#cite_note-atillasoy15-152">[147]</a> and described modern Turkey's ideological thrust as "a creation of patriotism blended with a lofty humanist ideal." He included both his own nation's creative legacy and what he saw as the admirable values of global civilization. The pre-Islamic <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">culture of the Turks</a> became the subject of extensive research, and particular emphasis was placed on the widespread Turkish culture before the <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> civilizations. He instigated study of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">Anatolian civilizations</a> – <a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lydians" title="Lydians">Lydians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumerians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumerians">Sumerians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>. To attract public attention to past cultures, he personally named the banks "<a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCmerbank" title="Sümerbank">Sümerbank</a>" (1932) after the Sumerians and "<a href="/wiki/Etibank" title="Etibank">Etibank</a>" (1935) after the Hittites. He also stressed the folk arts of the countryside as a wellspring of Turkish creativity. At the time, the republic used the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish language</a> written in the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> with Arabic and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> loan vocabulary.<a href="#cite_note-dew-131">[126]</a> However, as little as 10% of the population was literate. Furthermore, the American reformer <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a>, invited by Atatürk to assist in educational reform, found that learning how to read and write Turkish in the traditional Arabic script took roughly three years.<a href="#cite_note-dew-131">[126]</a> In the spring of 1928, Atatürk met in Ankara with several linguists and professors from all over Turkey to unveil his plan to implement a new alphabet for the written <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a>, based on a modified <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>. The new <a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish alphabet</a> would serve as a replacement for the old Arabic script and a solution to the literacy problem, since the new alphabet did not retain the complexities of the Arabic script and could be learned within a few months.<a href="#cite_note-ATATURK:_Creator_of_Modern_Turkey2-23">[18]</a> When Atatürk asked the language experts how long it would take to implement the new alphabet into the Turkish language, most of the professors and linguists said between three and five years. Atatürk was said to have scoffed and openly stated, "We shall do it in three to five months".<a href="#cite_note-153">[148]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ataturk-September_20,_1928.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ataturk-September_20%2C_1928.jpg/170px-Ataturk-September_20%2C_1928.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ataturk-September_20%2C_1928.jpg/255px-Ataturk-September_20%2C_1928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ataturk-September_20%2C_1928.jpg/340px-Ataturk-September_20%2C_1928.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1162" /></a><figcaption>Atatürk introducing <a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">the new Turkish alphabet</a> to the people of <a href="/wiki/Kayseri" title="Kayseri">Kayseri</a> on 20 September 1928</figcaption></figure> Over the next several months, Atatürk pressed for the introduction of the new Turkish alphabet and made public announcements of the upcoming overhaul. The creation of the alphabet was undertaken by the Language Commission (Dil Encümeni) with the initiative of Atatürk.<a href="#cite_note-dew-131">[126]</a> On 1 November 1928, he introduced the new Turkish alphabet and abolished the use of the Arabic script. The first <a href="/wiki/Turkish_newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish newspapers">Turkish newspaper</a> using the new alphabet was published on 15 December 1928. Atatürk himself travelled the countryside in order to teach citizens the new alphabet. After vigorous campaigns, the literacy rate more than doubled from 10.6% in 1927 to 22.4% in 1940.<a href="#cite_note-154">[149]</a> To supplement the literacy reform, a number of congresses were organized on scientific issues, education, history, economics, arts and language.<a href="#cite_note-155">[150]</a> Libraries were systematically developed, and mobile libraries and book transport systems were set up to serve remote districts.<a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a> Literacy reform was also supported by strengthening the private publishing sector with a new law on copyrights. Atatürk promoted modern <a href="/wiki/Teaching_method" title="Teaching method">teaching methods</a> at the primary education level, and Dewey proved integral to the effort.<a href="#cite_note-dew-131">[126]</a> Dewey presented a paradigmatic set of recommendations designed for developing societies moving towards modernity in his "Report and Recommendation for the Turkish educational system".<a href="#cite_note-dew-131">[126]</a> He was interested in <a href="/wiki/Adult_education" title="Adult education">adult education</a> with the goal of forming a <a href="/wiki/Skill_(labor)" title="Skill (labor)">skill base</a> in the country. Turkish women were taught not only child care, dress-making, and household management but also skills necessary for joining the economy outside the home. Atatürk's unified education program became a state-supervised system, which was designed to create a skill base for the social and economic progress of the country by educating responsible citizens as well as useful and appreciated members of society.<a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-dew-131">[126]</a> In addition, Turkish education became an integrative system, aimed to alleviate poverty and used <a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">female education</a> to establish <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a>. Atatürk himself put special emphasis on the education of girls and supported <a href="/wiki/Coeducation" class="mw-redirect" title="Coeducation">coeducation</a>, introducing it at university level in 1923–24 and establishing it as the norm throughout the educational system by 1927.<a href="#cite_note-158">[153]</a> Atatürk's reforms on education made it significantly more accessible: between 1923 and 1938, the number of students attending primary schools increased by 224% (from 342,000 to 765,000), the number of students attending middle schools increased by 12.5 times (from around 6,000 to 74,000), and the number of students attending high schools increased by almost 17 times (from 1,200 to 21,000).<a href="#cite_note-159">[154]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atat%C3%BCrk_TBMM%27den_%C3%A7%C4%B1karken.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Atat%C3%BCrk_TBMM%27den_%C3%A7%C4%B1karken.jpg/220px-Atat%C3%BCrk_TBMM%27den_%C3%A7%C4%B1karken.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Atat%C3%BCrk_TBMM%27den_%C3%A7%C4%B1karken.jpg/330px-Atat%C3%BCrk_TBMM%27den_%C3%A7%C4%B1karken.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Atat%C3%BCrk_TBMM%27den_%C3%A7%C4%B1karken.jpg/440px-Atat%C3%BCrk_TBMM%27den_%C3%A7%C4%B1karken.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3303" data-file-height="2339" /></a><figcaption>In 1930, leaving the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Parliament">parliament</a> after the 7th-year celebration meeting</figcaption></figure> Atatürk generated media attention to propagate modern education during this period. He instigated official education meetings called "Science Boards" and "Education Summits" to discuss the quality of education, training issues, and certain basic educational principles. He said, "our [schools' curriculum] should aim to provide opportunities for all pupils to learn and to achieve." He was personally engaged with the development of two textbooks. The first one, Vatandaş İçin Medeni Bilgiler (Civic knowledge for the citizens, 1930), introduced the science of comparative government and explained the means of administering public trust by explaining the rules of governance as applied to the new state institutions.<a href="#cite_note-160">[155]</a> The second, Geometri (Geometry, 1937), was a text for high schools and introduced many of the terms currently used in Turkey to describe <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opposition_to_Atatürk_in_1930–1931">Opposition to Atatürk in 1930–1931</h4></div> On 11 August 1930, Atatürk decided to try a multiparty movement once again and asked <a href="/wiki/Fethi_Okyar" title="Fethi Okyar">Fethi Okyar</a> to establish a new party. Atatürk insisted on the protection of secular reforms. The brand-new <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(Turkey)" title="Liberal Republican Party (Turkey)">Liberal Republican Party</a> succeeded all around the country. However, without the establishment of a real political spectrum, the party became the center to opposition of Atatürk's reforms, particularly in regard to the role of religion in public life. On 23 December 1930, a chain of violent incidents occurred, instigated by the rebellion of Islamic fundamentalists in <a href="/wiki/Menemen" title="Menemen">Menemen</a>, a small town in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean Region">Aegean Region</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Menemen_Incident" title="Menemen Incident">Menemen Incident</a> came to be considered a serious threat against secular reforms. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ataturk_and_Fethi_Okyar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ataturk_and_Fethi_Okyar.jpg/220px-Ataturk_and_Fethi_Okyar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ataturk_and_Fethi_Okyar.jpg/330px-Ataturk_and_Fethi_Okyar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ataturk_and_Fethi_Okyar.jpg/440px-Ataturk_and_Fethi_Okyar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Atatürk with the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(Turkey)" title="Liberal Republican Party (Turkey)">Liberal Republican Party</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Fethi_Okyar" title="Fethi Okyar">Fethi Okyar</a> and his daughter in <a href="/wiki/Yalova" title="Yalova">Yalova</a>, on 13 August 1930</figcaption></figure> In November 1930, Ali Fethi Okyar dissolved his own party. A more lasting <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey">multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey</a> began in 1945. In 1950, the CHP ceded the majority position to the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Turkey,_historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (Turkey, historical)">Democratic Party</a>. This came amidst arguments that Atatürk's single-party rule did not promote <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>. The reason experiments with <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">pluralism</a> failed during this period was that not all groups in the country had agreed to a minimal consensus regarding shared values (mainly secularism) and shared rules for conflict resolution. In response to such criticisms, Atatürk's biographer <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mango" title="Andrew Mango">Andrew Mango</a> writes: "between the two wars, democracy could not be sustained in many relatively richer and better-educated societies. Atatürk's enlightened authoritarianism left a reasonable space for free private lives. More could not have been expected in his lifetime."<a href="#cite_note-162">[157]</a> Even though, at times, he did not appear to be a democrat in his actions, Atatürk always supported the idea of building a <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a>: a system of voluntary civic and social organizations and institutions as opposed to the force-backed structures of the state. In one of his many speeches about the importance of democracy, Atatürk said in 1933: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Republic means the democratic administration of the state. We founded the Republic, reaching its tenth year. It should enforce all the requirements of democracy as the time comes.<a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modernization_efforts,_1931–1938">Modernization efforts, 1931–1938</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustafa_Kemal_and_establishment_of_Turkish_History_Institution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mustafa_Kemal_and_establishment_of_Turkish_History_Institution.png/220px-Mustafa_Kemal_and_establishment_of_Turkish_History_Institution.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mustafa_Kemal_and_establishment_of_Turkish_History_Institution.png/330px-Mustafa_Kemal_and_establishment_of_Turkish_History_Institution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mustafa_Kemal_and_establishment_of_Turkish_History_Institution.png/440px-Mustafa_Kemal_and_establishment_of_Turkish_History_Institution.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>In 1931, during the establishment ceremony of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Historical_Society" title="Turkish Historical Society">Turkish History Institution</a>. Atatürk is standing with <a href="/wiki/Afet_%C4%B0nan" title="Afet İnan">Afet İnan</a> (on his left) and <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Ak%C3%A7ura" title="Yusuf Akçura">Yusuf Akçura</a> (first from the left).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atat%C3%BCrk_Etimesgut_T%C3%BCrkku%C5%9Fu_Tesislerinin_a%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1nda,_Ankara,_3_May%C4%B1s_1935.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Atat%C3%BCrk_Etimesgut_T%C3%BCrkku%C5%9Fu_Tesislerinin_a%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1nda%2C_Ankara%2C_3_May%C4%B1s_1935.png/220px-Atat%C3%BCrk_Etimesgut_T%C3%BCrkku%C5%9Fu_Tesislerinin_a%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1nda%2C_Ankara%2C_3_May%C4%B1s_1935.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Atat%C3%BCrk_Etimesgut_T%C3%BCrkku%C5%9Fu_Tesislerinin_a%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1nda%2C_Ankara%2C_3_May%C4%B1s_1935.png/330px-Atat%C3%BCrk_Etimesgut_T%C3%BCrkku%C5%9Fu_Tesislerinin_a%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1nda%2C_Ankara%2C_3_May%C4%B1s_1935.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Atat%C3%BCrk_Etimesgut_T%C3%BCrkku%C5%9Fu_Tesislerinin_a%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1nda%2C_Ankara%2C_3_May%C4%B1s_1935.png/440px-Atat%C3%BCrk_Etimesgut_T%C3%BCrkku%C5%9Fu_Tesislerinin_a%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1nda%2C_Ankara%2C_3_May%C4%B1s_1935.png 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption>Atatürk at the opening of the Türkkuşu flight school in <a href="/wiki/Etimesgut" title="Etimesgut">Etimesgut</a> on 3 May 1935</figcaption></figure> In 1931, Atatürk established the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Language_Association" title="Turkish Language Association">Turkish Language Association</a> (Türk Dil Kurumu) for conducting research works in the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Historical_Society" title="Turkish Historical Society">Turkish Historical Society</a> (Türk Tarih Kurumu) was established in 1931, and began maintaining archives in 1932 for conducting research works on the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">history of Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TED-164">[159]</a> On 1 January 1928, he established the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Education_Association" title="Turkish Education Association">Turkish Education Association</a>,<a href="#cite_note-TED-164">[159]</a> which supported intelligent and hard-working children in financial need, as well as material and scientific contributions to the educational life. In 1933, Atatürk ordered the reorganization of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_University" title="Istanbul University">Istanbul University</a> into a modern institution and later established <a href="/wiki/Ankara_University" title="Ankara University">Ankara University</a> in the capital city.<a href="#cite_note-165">[160]</a> Atatürk dealt with the translation of scientific <a href="/wiki/Terminology" title="Terminology">terminology</a> into Turkish.<a href="#cite_note-Geoffrey-166">[161]</a> He wanted the Turkish language reform to be methodologically based. Any attempt to "cleanse" the Turkish language of foreign influence without modelling the integral structure of the language was inherently wrong to him. He personally oversaw the development of the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Language_Theory" title="Sun Language Theory">Sun Language Theory</a> (Güneş Dil Teorisi), which was a <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistic</a> theory which proposed that all human languages were descendants of one <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Asian">Central Asian</a> primal language. His ideas could be traced to the work by the French scientist <a href="/wiki/Hilaire_de_Barenton" title="Hilaire de Barenton">Hilaire de Barenton</a> titled L'Origine des Langues, des Religions et des Peuples, which postulates that all languages originated from <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyph">hieroglyphs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> used by Sumerians,<a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a> and the paper by Austrian linguist <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Feodor_Kvergi%C3%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann Feodor Kvergiç">Hermann F. Kvergić</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> titled "La psychologie de quelques éléments des langues Turques" ("the psychology of some elements of the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic Languages">Turkic Languages</a>").<a href="#cite_note-168">[163]</a> Atatürk formally introduced the Sun Language Theory into Turkish political and educational circles in 1935, although he did later correct the more extremist practices.<a href="#cite_note-Geoffrey-166">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saffet_Ar%C4%B1kan" title="Saffet Arıkan">Saffet Arıkan</a>, a politician who was the head of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Language_Association" title="Turkish Language Association">Turkish Language Association</a>, said "Ulu Önderimiz Ata Türk Mustafa Kemal" ("Our Great Leader Ata Türk Mustafa Kemal") in the opening speech of the 2nd Language Day on 26 September 1934. Later, the surname "Atatürk" ("father of the Turks") was accepted as the surname of Mustafa Kemal after the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Surname_Law_(Turkey)" title="Surname Law (Turkey)">Surname Law</a> in 1934.<a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a> Beginning in 1932, several hundred "<a href="/wiki/Halkevleri" title="Halkevleri">People's Houses</a>" (Halkevleri) and "<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Room" title="People's Room">People's Rooms</a>" (Halkodaları) across the country allowed greater access to a wide variety of artistic activities, sports, and other cultural events. Atatürk supported and encouraged the visual and the <a href="/wiki/Plastic_arts" title="Plastic arts">plastic arts</a>, which had been suppressed by Ottoman leaders, who regarded depiction of the human form as <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>. Many museums opened, architecture began to follow modern trends, and <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">classical Western music</a>, opera, ballet, and theatre took greater hold in the country. Book and magazine publications increased as well, and the film industry began to grow. Almost all Qur'ans in Turkey before the 1930s were printed in Old Arabic. However, in 1924, three Turkish translations of the Qur'an were published in Istanbul, and several renderings of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_translations_of_the_Qur%27an#Turkish" class="mw-redirect" title="List of translations of the Qur'an">Qur'an in the Turkish language</a> were read in front of the public, creating significant controversy.<a href="#cite_note-cleveland178-170">[165]</a> These Turkish Qur'ans were fiercely opposed by members of the religious community, and the incident impelled many leading Muslim modernists to call upon the Turkish Parliament to sponsor a Qur'an translation of suitable quality.<a href="#cite_note-171">[166]</a> With the support of Atatürk, the Parliament approved the project and the Directorate of Religious Affairs appointed Mehmet Akif (Ersoy) to compose a <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an translation">Qur'an translation</a>, and the Islamic scholar <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmal%C4%B1l%C4%B1_Hamdi_Yaz%C4%B1r" class="extiw" title="tr:Elmalılı Hamdi Yazır">Elmalılı Hamdi Yazır</a> to author a Turkish language Qur'anic commentary (<a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">tafsir</a>) titled <a href="/wiki/Hak_D%C4%ABni_Kur%27an_Dili" title="Hak Dīni Kur'an Dili">Hak Dini Kur'an Dili</a> (The Qur'an: the Tongue of the Religion of Truth).<a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a> However, it was only in 1935 that the version of Yazır's work read in public found its way to print.<a href="#cite_note-173">[168]</a> In 1932, Atatürk justified the translation of the Qur'an by stating how he wanted to "teach religion in Turkish to Turkish people who had been practising Islam without understanding it for centuries." Atatürk believed that the understanding of religion and its texts was too important to be left to a small group of people. Thus, his objective was to make the Qur'an accessible to a broader demographic by translating it into modern languages.<a href="#cite_note-Radu-174">[169]</a> In 1934, Atatürk commissioned the first Turkish operatic work, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zsoy" title="Özsoy">Özsoy</a>. The opera, staged at the People's House in Ankara, was composed by <a href="/wiki/Adnan_Saygun" class="mw-redirect" title="Adnan Saygun">Adnan Saygun</a> and performed by soprano <a href="/wiki/Semiha_Berksoy" title="Semiha Berksoy">Semiha Berksoy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[170]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_female_MPs_of_the_Turkish_Parliament_(1935).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/First_female_MPs_of_the_Turkish_Parliament_%281935%29.jpg/259px-First_female_MPs_of_the_Turkish_Parliament_%281935%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="259" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/First_female_MPs_of_the_Turkish_Parliament_%281935%29.jpg/389px-First_female_MPs_of_the_Turkish_Parliament_%281935%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/First_female_MPs_of_the_Turkish_Parliament_%281935%29.jpg/518px-First_female_MPs_of_the_Turkish_Parliament_%281935%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="815" /></a><figcaption>Eighteen female MPs joined the Turkish Parliament with the 1935 general elections.</figcaption></figure> On 5 December 1934, Turkey moved to grant full political rights to women. The equal rights of women in marriage had already been established in the earlier Turkish civil code.<a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a> The role of women in Atatürk's cultural reforms was expressed in the civic book prepared under his supervision.<a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a> In it, he stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There is no logical explanation for the political disenfranchisement of women. Any hesitation and negative mentality on this subject is nothing more than a fading social phenomenon of the past. ...Women must have the right to vote and to be elected; because democracy dictates that, because there are interests that women must defend, and because there are social duties that women must perform.<a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/1935_Turkish_general_election" title="1935 Turkish general election">1935 general elections</a> yielded 18 female MPs out of a total of 395 representatives, compared to nine out of 615 members in the <a href="/wiki/1935_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1935 United Kingdom general election">British House of Commons</a> and six out of 435 in the <a href="/wiki/1934_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1934 United States House of Representatives elections">US House of Representatives</a> inaugurated that year.<a href="#cite_note-commonslibraryblog.com_2013-179">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unification_and_nationalisation_efforts">Unification and nationalisation efforts</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Onur_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1_d%C3%B6k%C3%BCmhanede.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Onur_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1_d%C3%B6k%C3%BCmhanede.jpg/220px-Onur_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1_d%C3%B6k%C3%BCmhanede.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Onur_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1_d%C3%B6k%C3%BCmhanede.jpg/330px-Onur_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1_d%C3%B6k%C3%BCmhanede.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Onur_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1_d%C3%B6k%C3%BCmhanede.jpg/440px-Onur_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1_d%C3%B6k%C3%BCmhanede.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="1441" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Atatürk in Samsun</figcaption></figure> When the modern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> was founded in 1923, nationalism and secularism were two of the founding principles.<a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a> Atatürk aimed to create a nation state (ulus devlet) from the Turkish remnants of the Ottoman Empire. Kemalism defines the "Turkish People" as "those who protect and promote the moral, spiritual, cultural and humanistic values of the Turkish Nation."<a href="#cite_note-TurkishNational-181">[176]</a> One of the goals of the establishment of the new Turkish state was to ensure "the domination of Turkish national identity in every aspect of social life from the language that people speak in the streets to the language to be taught at schools, from the education to the industrial life, from the trade to the cadres of state officials, from the civil law to the settlement of citizens to particular regions."<a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a> The process of unification through <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> continued and was fostered under Atatürk's government with such policies as <a href="/wiki/Citizen_speak_Turkish!" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen speak Turkish!">Citizen speak Turkish!</a> (Vatandaş Türkçe konuş!), an initiative created in the 1930s by law students but sponsored by the government. This campaign aimed to put pressure on non-Turkish speakers to speak Turkish in public.<a href="#cite_note-Turkey_beyond_nationalism:_towards_post-nationalist_identities2-17">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grammatology_and_literary_modernity_in_Turkey-183">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-Citizenship_and_Minorities:_A_Historical_Overview_of_Turkey2-15">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tormented_by_history:_nationalism_in_Greece_and_Turkey2-14">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-Suny-186">[181]</a> However, the campaign went beyond the measures of a mere policy of speaking Turkish to an outright prevention of any other language.<a href="#cite_note-Turkey_beyond_nationalism:_towards_post-nationalist_identities2-17">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grammatology_and_literary_modernity_in_Turkey-183">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-Citizenship-188">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a> Another example of nationalisation was the <a href="/wiki/Surname_Law_(Turkey)" title="Surname Law (Turkey)">Surname Law</a>, which obligated the Turkish people to adopt fixed, hereditary surnames and forbade names that contained connotations of foreign cultures, nations, tribes, and religions.<a href="#cite_note-Citizenship_and_Minorities:_A_Historical_Overview_of_Turkey2-15">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Suny-186">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-Basak-191">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a> As a result, many ethnic Armenians, Greeks, and Kurds changed their surnames.<a href="#cite_note-Basak-191">[186]</a> Non-Turkish surnames ending with "yan, of, ef, viç, is, dis, poulos, aki, zade, shvili, madumu, veled, bin" could not be registered and were replaced by "-oğlu".<a href="#cite_note-193">[188]</a> Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/Geographical_name_changes_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical name changes in Turkey">geographical name changes</a> initiative by the Turkish government replaced non-Turkish geographical and topographic names within the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish Republic</a> with <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> names.<a href="#cite_note-Adını_unutan_ülke_:_Türkiye-194">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-Norşin-195">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-Social_relations_in_Ottoman_Diyarbekir,_1870-19152-16">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Turkification_of_the_Toponyms-196">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Hemshin:_history,_society_and_identity_in_the_highlands_of_northeast_Turkey-197">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_settlement_issue_in_Turkey_and_the_Kurds-198">[193]</a> The main proponent of the initiative had been a Turkish homogenization social-engineering campaign which aimed to assimilate geographical or topographical names that were deemed foreign and divisive against Turkish unity. The names that were considered foreign were usually of Armenian, Greek, <a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a>, Bulgarian, Kurdish, Assyrian, or Arabic origin.<a href="#cite_note-Adını_unutan_ülke_:_Türkiye-194">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-Social_relations_in_Ottoman_Diyarbekir,_1870-19152-16">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Hemshin:_history,_society_and_identity_in_the_highlands_of_northeast_Turkey-197">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_settlement_issue_in_Turkey_and_the_Kurds-198">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-Names_of_12,211_Villages_Were_Changed_in_Turkey-199">[194]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1934_Turkish_Resettlement_Law" title="1934 Turkish Resettlement Law">1934 Resettlement Law</a> was a policy adopted by the Turkish government which set forth the basic principles of immigration.<a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a> The law, however, is regarded by some as a policy of assimilation of non-Turkish minorities through a forced and collective resettlement.<a href="#cite_note-Joost-201">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_policy_reforms_and_economic_progress">Social policy reforms and economic progress</h4></div> Atatürk was also credited for his transformational change in Turkish agriculture and ecological development. The Kemalist government planted four million trees, modernized the Turkish agricultural mechanism, implemented flood controls, opened schools in rural areas with rural institutions such as agricultural banks, and implemented land reform that removed heavy taxes on peasants of the Ottoman era. He was described as the "Father of Turkish Agriculture".<a href="#cite_note-202">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[198]</a> Atatürk also massively boomed the Turkish economy with heavy industrial production increased by 150% and GDP per capita rose from 800 USD to around 2000 USD by late 1930s, on par with Japan.<a href="#cite_note-204">[199]</a> Atatürk's regime also passed the 1936 Labor Law, which gave substantial wage increases and improved the working conditions of workers in Turkish enterprises.<a href="#cite_note-205">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policies">Foreign policies</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_Amanullah_Han.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_Amanullah_Han.jpg/220px-Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_Amanullah_Han.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_Amanullah_Han.jpg/330px-Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_Amanullah_Han.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_Amanullah_Han.jpg/440px-Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_Amanullah_Han.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Atatürk with <a href="/wiki/King_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Afghanistan">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Am%C4%81null%C4%81h_Kh%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Amānullāh Khān">Amānullāh Khān</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, 1928. King Amānullāh attempted to emulate many of Atatürk's reforms in Afghanistan, but was overthrown.</figcaption></figure> Atatürk's foreign policy followed his motto "<a href="/wiki/Peace_at_home,_peace_in_the_world" title="Peace at home, peace in the world">Peace at home, peace in the world</a>",<a href="#cite_note-mango526-206">[201]</a> a perception of peace linked to his project of civilization and modernization.<a href="#cite_note-207">[202]</a> The outcomes of Atatürk's policies depended on the power of the parliamentary sovereignty established by the Republic.<a href="#cite_note-208">[203]</a> The Turkish War of Independence was the last time Atatürk used his military might in dealing with other countries. Foreign issues were resolved by peaceful methods during his presidency. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Issue_of_Mosul">Issue of Mosul</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mosul_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosul Question">Mosul Question</a></div> The Issue of Mosul, a dispute with the United Kingdom over control of <a href="/wiki/Mosul_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosul Vilayet">Mosul Vilayet</a>, was one of the first foreign affairs-related controversies of the new Republic. During the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamian campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Marshall_(British_Army_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Marshall (British Army officer)">William Marshall</a> followed the British War Office's instruction that "every effort was to be made to score as heavily as possible on the Tigris before the whistle blew", capturing Mosul three days after the signature of the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a> (30 October 1918).<a href="#cite_note-britainsoil-209">[204]</a> In 1920, the <a href="/wiki/Misak-%C4%B1_Milli" class="mw-redirect" title="Misak-ı Milli">Misak-ı Milli</a>, which consolidated the "Turkish lands", declared that Mosul Vilayet was a part of the historic Turkish heartland. The British were in a precarious situation with the Issue of Mosul and were adopting almost equally desperate measures to protect their interests. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_revolt_against_the_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi revolt against the British">Iraqi revolt against the British</a> was suppressed by the <a href="/wiki/RAF_Iraq_Command" title="RAF Iraq Command">RAF Iraq Command</a> during the summer of 1920. From the British perspective, if Atatürk stabilized Turkey, he would then turn his attention to Mosul and penetrate Mesopotamia, where the native population would likely join his cause. Such an event would result in an insurgent and hostile Muslim nation in close proximity to British territory in India. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atat%C3%BCrk_Belediye_%C4%B0l_Binas%C4%B1%27ndan_%C3%A7%C4%B1karken,_Kastamonu,_24_A%C4%9Fustos_1925.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Atat%C3%BCrk_Belediye_%C4%B0l_Binas%C4%B1%27ndan_%C3%A7%C4%B1karken%2C_Kastamonu%2C_24_A%C4%9Fustos_1925.png/220px-Atat%C3%BCrk_Belediye_%C4%B0l_Binas%C4%B1%27ndan_%C3%A7%C4%B1karken%2C_Kastamonu%2C_24_A%C4%9Fustos_1925.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Atat%C3%BCrk_Belediye_%C4%B0l_Binas%C4%B1%27ndan_%C3%A7%C4%B1karken%2C_Kastamonu%2C_24_A%C4%9Fustos_1925.png/330px-Atat%C3%BCrk_Belediye_%C4%B0l_Binas%C4%B1%27ndan_%C3%A7%C4%B1karken%2C_Kastamonu%2C_24_A%C4%9Fustos_1925.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Atat%C3%BCrk_Belediye_%C4%B0l_Binas%C4%B1%27ndan_%C3%A7%C4%B1karken%2C_Kastamonu%2C_24_A%C4%9Fustos_1925.png/440px-Atat%C3%BCrk_Belediye_%C4%B0l_Binas%C4%B1%27ndan_%C3%A7%C4%B1karken%2C_Kastamonu%2C_24_A%C4%9Fustos_1925.png 2x" data-file-width="1143" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>Atatürk in the days of the Mosul question, 1925</figcaption></figure> In 1923, Atatürk tried to persuade the GNA that accepting the arbitration of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne_(1923)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Lausanne (1923)">Treaty of Lausanne</a> did not signify relinquishing Mosul, but rather waiting for a time when Turkey might be stronger. Nevertheless, the artificially drawn border had an unsettling effect on the population on both sides. Later, it was claimed that Turkey began where the oil ends, as the border was drawn by the British geophysicists based on locations of oil reserves. Atatürk did not want this separation.<a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a> To address Atatürk's concerns, the <a href="/wiki/British_Foreign_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="British Foreign Secretary">British Foreign Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">George Curzon</a> attempted to disclaim the existence of oil in the Mosul area. On 23 January 1923, Curzon argued that the existence of oil was no more than hypothetical.<a href="#cite_note-britainsoil-209">[204]</a> However, according to the biographer <a href="/wiki/Harold_Courtenay_Armstrong" title="Harold Courtenay Armstrong">H. C. Armstrong</a>, "England wanted Mosul and its oil. The Kurds were the key to Mosul and the oil of Irak."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1972225-211">[206]</a> While three inspectors from the League of Nations Committee were sent to the region to oversee the situation in 1924, the <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Said_rebellion" title="Sheikh Said rebellion">Sheikh Said rebellion</a> (1924–1927) set out to establish a new government positioned to cut Turkey's link to Mesopotamia. The relationship between the rebels and Britain was investigated. In fact, British assistance was sought after the rebels decided that the rebellion could not stand by itself.<a href="#cite_note-212">[207]</a> In 1925, the League of Nations formed a three-member committee to study the case while the Sheikh Said Rebellion was on the rise. Partly because of the continuing uncertainties along the northern frontier (present-day northern Iraq), the committee recommended that the region should be connected to Iraq with the condition that the UK would hold the <a href="/wiki/British_Mandate_of_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Mandate of Mesopotamia">British Mandate of Mesopotamia</a>. By the end of March 1925, the necessary troop movements were completed, and the whole area of the Sheikh Said rebellion was encircled.<a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a> As a result of these manoeuvres, the revolt was put down. Britain, Iraq, and Atatürk made a treaty on 5 June 1926, which mostly followed the decisions of the League Council. The agreement left a large section of the Kurdish population and the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen</a> on the non-Turkish side of the border.<a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-mangokurds20-215">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relations_with_the_Russian_SFSR/Soviet_Union">Relations with the Russian SFSR/Soviet Union</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations#Turkey_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Russia–Turkey relations">Russia–Turkey relations § Turkey and the Soviet Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diplomatic_reception_held_in_the_Soviet_Embassy_in_Ankara_1927_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Diplomatic_reception_held_in_the_Soviet_Embassy_in_Ankara_1927_cropped.jpg/220px-Diplomatic_reception_held_in_the_Soviet_Embassy_in_Ankara_1927_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Diplomatic_reception_held_in_the_Soviet_Embassy_in_Ankara_1927_cropped.jpg/330px-Diplomatic_reception_held_in_the_Soviet_Embassy_in_Ankara_1927_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Diplomatic_reception_held_in_the_Soviet_Embassy_in_Ankara_1927_cropped.jpg/440px-Diplomatic_reception_held_in_the_Soviet_Embassy_in_Ankara_1927_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption>During a reception at the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> Embassy in Ankara, on 7 November 1927</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustafa_Kemal_and_Voroshilov_on_29_October_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mustafa_Kemal_and_Voroshilov_on_29_October_1933.jpg/220px-Mustafa_Kemal_and_Voroshilov_on_29_October_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mustafa_Kemal_and_Voroshilov_on_29_October_1933.jpg/330px-Mustafa_Kemal_and_Voroshilov_on_29_October_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mustafa_Kemal_and_Voroshilov_on_29_October_1933.jpg/440px-Mustafa_Kemal_and_Voroshilov_on_29_October_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Exchanges on the concept of a Balkan Federation during the visit of <a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Voroshilov</a>, a vision of Atatürk's which was never achieved</figcaption></figure> In his 26 April 1920 message to <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, the Bolshevik leader and head of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>'s government, Atatürk promised to coordinate his military operations with the Bolsheviks' "fight against <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialist</a> governments" and requested 5 million <a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">lira</a> in gold as well as armaments "as first aid" to his forces.<a href="#cite_note-LetterLenin-216">[211]</a> In 1920 alone, the Lenin government supplied the Kemalists with 6,000 <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifles</a>, over 5 million <a href="/wiki/Rifle_cartridge" title="Rifle cartridge">rifle cartridges</a>, 17,600 projectiles as well as 200.6 kg of gold <a href="/wiki/Bullion" title="Bullion">bullion</a>. In the subsequent two years, the amount of aid increased.<a href="#cite_note-AidInfo-217">[212]</a> In March 1921, the GNA representatives in Moscow signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Moscow_(1921)" title="Treaty of Moscow (1921)">Treaty of Moscow ("Friendship and Brotherhood" Treaty)</a> with Soviet Russia, which was a major diplomatic breakthrough for the Kemalists. The Treaty of Moscow, followed by the identical <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars" title="Treaty of Kars">Treaty of Kars</a> in October the same year, gave Turkey a favourable settlement of its north-eastern frontier at the expense of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>, then nominally an independent state. Relations between the two countries were friendly but were based on the fact that they were against a common enemy: Britain and the West.<a href="#cite_note-Yılmaz-218">[213]</a> In 1920, Atatürk toyed with the idea of using a state-controlled <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Communist_Party_(official)" title="Turkish Communist Party (official)">Turkish Communist Party</a> to forestall the perceived spread of communist ideas in the country and gain access to the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a>'s financing. Despite his relations with the Soviet Union, Atatürk was not willing to commit Turkey to communism. "Friendship with Russia," he said, "is not to adopt their ideology of communism for Turkey."<a href="#cite_note-Yılmaz-218">[213]</a> Moreover, Atatürk declared, "Communism is a social issue. Social conditions, religion, and national traditions of our country confirm the opinion that Russian Communism is not applicable in Turkey."<a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a> And in a speech on 1 November 1924, he said, "Our amicable relations with our old friend the Soviet Russian Republic are developing and progressing every day. As in past our Republican Government regards genuine and extensive good relations with Soviet Russia as the keystone of our foreign policy."<a href="#cite_note-Yılmaz-218">[213]</a> After the Turks withdrew their delegation from <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> on 16 December 1925, they left the League of Nations Council to grant a mandate for the Mosul region to Britain without their consent. Atatürk countered<a href="#cite_note-220">[215]</a> by concluding a <a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_pact" title="Non-aggression pact">non-aggression pact</a> with the USSR on 17 December.<a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a> In 1935, the pact was prolonged for another 10 years.<a href="#cite_note-222">[217]</a> In 1933, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Defence_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Defence Minister">Soviet Defence Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a> visited Turkey and attended the tenth year celebrations of the Republic.<a href="#cite_note-BalkanFed-223">[218]</a> Atatürk explained his position regarding the realization of his plan for a <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Federation" title="Balkan Federation">Balkan Federation</a> economically uniting Turkey, Greece, Romania, Yugoslavia and Bulgaria.<a href="#cite_note-BalkanFed-223">[218]</a> During the second half of the 1930s, Atatürk tried to establish a closer relationship with Britain and other major Western powers, which caused displeasure on the part of the Soviets. The second edition of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a> (Volume 20, 1953) was unequivocally critical of Atatürk's policies in the last years of his rule, calling his domestic policies "anti-popular" and his foreign course as aimed at <a href="/wiki/Rapprochement" title="Rapprochement">rapprochement</a> with the "imperialist powers".<a href="#cite_note-224">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkish-Greek_alliance">Turkish-Greek alliance</h4></div> The post-war leader of Greece, <a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a>, was also determined to establish normal relations between his country and Turkey. The war had devastated <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean Region">Western Anatolia</a>, and the financial burden of <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Ottoman Muslim refugees</a> from Greece blocked rapprochement. Venizelos moved forward with an agreement with Turkey, despite accusations of conceding too much on the issues of naval armaments and the properties of Ottoman Greeks from Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-225">[220]</a> In spite of Turkish animosity against the Greeks, Atatürk resisted the pressures of historic enmities and was sensitive towards past tensions; at one point, he ordered the removal of a painting showing a Turkish soldier plunging his bayonet into a Greek soldier by stating, "What a revolting scene!"<a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a> Greece renounced all its claims over Turkish territory, and the two sides concluded an agreement on 30 April 1930. On 25 October, Venizelos visited Turkey and signed a treaty of friendship.<a href="#cite_note-227">[222]</a> Venizelos even forwarded Atatürk's name for the 1934 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-228">[223]</a> Even after Venizelos' fall from power, Greco-Turkish relations remained cordial. Indeed, Venizelos' successor <a href="/wiki/Panagis_Tsaldaris" title="Panagis Tsaldaris">Panagis Tsaldaris</a> came to visit Atatürk in September 1933 and signed a more comprehensive agreement called the Entente Cordiale between Greece and Turkey, which was a stepping stone for the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Pact" title="Balkan Pact">Balkan Pact</a>. Greek Premier <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Ioannis Metaxas</a> once stated, with regard to Atatürk, that "...Greece, which has the highest estimation of the renowned leader, heroic soldier, and enlightened creator of Turkey. We will never forget that President Atatürk was the true founder of the Turkish-Greek alliance based on a framework of common ideals and peaceful cooperation. He developed ties of friendship between the two nations which it would be unthinkable to dissolve. Greece will guard its fervent memories of this great man, who determined an unalterable future path for the noble Turkish nation."<a href="#cite_note-229">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neighbours_to_the_east">Neighbours to the east</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reza_Shah_Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Reza_Shah_Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk.jpg/260px-Reza_Shah_Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Reza_Shah_Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk.jpg/390px-Reza_Shah_Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Reza_Shah_Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk.jpg/520px-Reza_Shah_Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Atatürk (right) with <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah</a> <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a> (left) of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Shah_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah of Iran">Shah</a>'s visit to Turkey</figcaption></figure> From 1919, Afghanistan was in the midst of a <a href="/wiki/Reforms_of_Amanullah_Khan_and_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Reforms of Amanullah Khan and civil war">reformation period</a> under <a href="/wiki/Am%C4%81null%C4%81h_Kh%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Amānullāh Khān">Amanullah Khan</a>. Afghan Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Tarzi" title="Mahmud Tarzi">Mahmud Tarzi</a> was a follower of Atatürk's domestic policy. Tarzi encouraged Amanullah Khan in social and political reform but urged that reforms should built on a strong government. During the late 1920s, Anglo-Afghan relations soured over British fears of an Afghan-Soviet friendship. On 20 May 1928, Anglo-Afghan politics gained a positive perspective, when Amanullah Khan and his wife, Queen <a href="/wiki/Soraya_Tarzi" title="Soraya Tarzi">Soraya Tarzi</a>, were received by Atatürk in Istanbul.<a href="#cite_note-230">[225]</a> This meeting was followed by a Turkey-Afghanistan Friendship and Cooperation pact on 22 May 1928. Atatürk supported Afghanistan's integration into international organizations. In 1934, Afghanistan's relations with the international community improved significantly when it joined the League of Nations.<a href="#cite_note-231">[226]</a> Mahmud Tarzi received Atatürk's personal support until he died on 22 November 1933 in Istanbul. Atatürk and <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah</a>, leader of Iran, had a common approach regarding <a href="/wiki/British_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="British imperialism">British imperialism</a> and its influence in their countries, resulting in a slow but continuous rapprochement between Ankara and Tehran. Both governments sent diplomatic missions and messages of friendship to each other during the Turkish War of Independence.<a href="#cite_note-232">[227]</a> The policy of the Ankara government in this period was to give moral support in order to reassure Iranian independence and territorial integrity.<a href="#cite_note-iran-233">[228]</a> The relations between the two countries were strained after the abolishment of the Caliphate. Iran's <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_clergy" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a clergy">Shi'a clergy</a> did not accept Atatürk's stance, and Iranian religious power centres perceived the real motive behind Atatürk's reforms was to undermine the power of the clergy.<a href="#cite_note-iran-233">[228]</a> By the mid-1930s, Reza Shah's efforts had upset the clergy throughout Iran, thus widening the gap between religion and government.<a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a> As Russia and Great Britain strengthened their holds in the Middle East, Atatürk feared the occupation and dismemberment of Iran as a multi-ethnic society by these European powers.<a href="#cite_note-iran-233">[228]</a> Like Atatürk, Reza Shah wanted to secure Iran's borders, and in 1934, the Shah visited Atatürk. In 1935, the draft of what would become the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saadabad" title="Treaty of Saadabad">Treaty of Saadabad</a> was paragraphed in Geneva, but its signing was delayed due to the <a href="/wiki/Iran-Iraq_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran-Iraq border">border dispute between Iran and Iraq</a>. On 8 July 1937, Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Afghanistan signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saadabad" title="Treaty of Saadabad">Saadabad Pact</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>. The signatories agreed to preserve their common frontiers, to consult together in all matters of common interest, and to commit no aggression against one another's territory. The treaty united the Afghan King <a href="/wiki/Zahir_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahir Shah">Zahir Shah</a>'s call for greater Oriental-Middle Eastern cooperation, Reza Shah's goal in securing relations with Turkey that would help free Iran from Soviet and British influence, and Atatürk's foreign policy of ensuring stability in the region. The treaty's immediate outcome, however, was deterring Italian leader <a href="/wiki/Mussolini" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussolini">Mussolini</a> from interfering in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-235">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkish_Straits">Turkish Straits</h4></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atat%C3%BCrk_asker%C3%AE_tatbikatta_askerleri_izliyor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Atat%C3%BCrk_asker%C3%AE_tatbikatta_askerleri_izliyor.jpg/280px-Atat%C3%BCrk_asker%C3%AE_tatbikatta_askerleri_izliyor.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Atat%C3%BCrk_asker%C3%AE_tatbikatta_askerleri_izliyor.jpg/420px-Atat%C3%BCrk_asker%C3%AE_tatbikatta_askerleri_izliyor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Atat%C3%BCrk_asker%C3%AE_tatbikatta_askerleri_izliyor.jpg/560px-Atat%C3%BCrk_asker%C3%AE_tatbikatta_askerleri_izliyor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Atatürk observes the Turkish troops during the military exercise on 28 May 1936.</figcaption></figure> On 24 July 1923, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne_(1923)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Lausanne (1923)">Treaty of Lausanne</a> included the Lausanne Straits Agreement. The Lausanne Straits Agreement stated that the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> should remain open to all commercial vessels: seizure of foreign military vessels was subject to certain limitations during peacetime, and, even as a neutral state, Turkey could not limit any military passage during wartime. The Lausanne Straits Agreement stated that the waterway was to be demilitarised and its management left to the Straits Commission. The demilitarised zone heavily restricted Turkey's domination and sovereignty over the Straits, and the defence of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> was impossible without sovereignty over the water that passed through it. In March 1936, Hitler's <a href="/wiki/Remilitarization_of_the_Rhineland" class="mw-redirect" title="Remilitarization of the Rhineland">reoccupation of the Rhineland</a> gave Atatürk the opportunity to resume full control over the Straits. "The situation in Europe", Atatürk declared "is highly appropriate for such a move. We shall certainly achieve it".<a href="#cite_note-236">[231]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tevfik_R%C3%BC%C5%9Ft%C3%BC_Aras" title="Tevfik Rüştü Aras">Tevfik Rüştü Aras</a>, Turkey's foreign minister, initiated a move to revise the Straits' regime. Aras claimed that he was directed by Atatürk, rather than the Prime Minister, İsmet İnönü. İnönü was worried about harming relations with Britain, France, and Balkan neighbors over the Straits. However, the signatories of the Treaty of Lausanne agreed to join the conference, since unlimited military passage had become unfavourable to Turkey with the changes in world politics. Atatürk demanded that the members of the Turkish Foreign Office devise a solution that would transfer full control of the waterway to Turkey. On 20 July 1936, the <a href="/wiki/Montreux_Convention_Regarding_the_Regime_of_the_Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits">Montreux Convention</a> was signed by Bulgaria, Great Britain, Australia, France, Japan, Romania, the Soviet Union, Turkey, Yugoslavia and Greece. It became the primary instrument governing the passage of commercial and war vessels through the Dardanelles Strait. The agreement was ratified by the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">GNAT</a> on 31 July 1936 and went into effect on 9 November 1936.<a href="#cite_note-237">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Balkan_Pact">Balkan Pact</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Special:EditPage/Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk%22">"Mustafa Kemal Atatürk"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (November 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia_and_Mustafa_Kemal_in_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia_and_Mustafa_Kemal_in_1933.jpg/220px-Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia_and_Mustafa_Kemal_in_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia_and_Mustafa_Kemal_in_1933.jpg/330px-Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia_and_Mustafa_Kemal_in_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia_and_Mustafa_Kemal_in_1933.jpg/440px-Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia_and_Mustafa_Kemal_in_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>During the visit of King <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia" title="Alexander I of Yugoslavia">Alexander I of Yugoslavia</a> in 1931</figcaption></figure> Until the early 1930s, Turkey followed a neutral foreign policy with the West by developing joint friendship and neutrality agreements. These bilateral agreements aligned with Atatürk's worldview. By the end of 1925, Turkey had signed fifteen joint agreements with Western states. In the early 1930s, changes and developments in world politics required Turkey to make multilateral agreements to improve its security. Atatürk strongly believed that close cooperation between the Balkan states based on the principle of equality would have an important effect on European politics. These states had been ruled by the Ottoman Empire for centuries and had proved to be a powerful force. While the origins of the Balkan agreement may date as far back as 1925, the Balkan Pact came into being in the mid-1930s. Several important developments in Europe helped the original idea materialise, such as improvements in the Turkish-Greek alliance and the rapprochement between Bulgaria and Yugoslavia. The most important factor in driving Turkish foreign policy from the mid-1930s onwards was the fear of Italy. <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> had frequently proclaimed his intention to place the entire <a href="/wiki/Mare_Nostrum" title="Mare Nostrum">Mediterranean under Italian control</a>. Both the Turks and the various Balkan states felt threatened by Italian ambitions. The <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Pact" title="Balkan Pact">Balkan Pact</a> was negotiated by Atatürk with Greece, Romania, and Yugoslavia. This mutual-defence agreement intended to guarantee the signatories' territorial integrity and political independence against attack from another Balkan state such as Bulgaria or Albania. It countered the increasingly aggressive foreign policy of fascist Italy and the effect of a potential Bulgarian alignment with Nazi Germany. Atatürk thought of the Balkan Pact as a medium of balance in Turkey's relations with the European countries.<a href="#cite_note-238">[233]</a> He was particularly anxious to establish a region of security and alliances to the west of Turkey in Europe, which the Balkan Pact helped achieve.<a href="#cite_note-239">[234]</a> The Balkan Pact provided for regular military and diplomatic consultations. The importance of the agreement is best seen in a message Atatürk sent to the Greek Premier <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Ioannis Metaxas</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The borders of the allies in the Balkan Pact are a single border. Those who covet this border will encounter the burning beams of the sun. I recommend avoiding this. The forces that defend our borders are a single and inseparable force.<a href="#cite_note-240">[235]</a></blockquote> The Balkan Pact was signed by the GNA on 28 February. The Greek and Yugoslav Parliaments ratified the agreement a few days later. The unanimously ratified Balkan pact was formally adopted on 18 May 1935 and lasted until 1940.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Balkan Pact turned out to be ineffective for reasons that were beyond Atatürk's control. The pact failed when Bulgaria attempted to raise the <a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a> issue, only to end with the <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a> on 7 April 1939. These <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">conflicts</a> spread rapidly, eventually triggering World War II. The goal of Atatürk to protect southeast Europe failed with the dissolution of the pact. In 1938, the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Army</a> at peacetime strength consisted of 174,000 soldiers and 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">officers</a> forming 11 <a href="/wiki/Army_corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Army corps">army corps</a>, 23 <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a>, one armoured <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigade</a>, 3 <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> brigades, and 7 frontier commands.<a href="#cite_note-241">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Issue_of_Hatay">Issue of Hatay</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kemal_Ataturk_congratulation_of_the_Hatay%27s_decision.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kemal_Ataturk_congratulation_of_the_Hatay%27s_decision.png/220px-Kemal_Ataturk_congratulation_of_the_Hatay%27s_decision.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kemal_Ataturk_congratulation_of_the_Hatay%27s_decision.png/330px-Kemal_Ataturk_congratulation_of_the_Hatay%27s_decision.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kemal_Ataturk_congratulation_of_the_Hatay%27s_decision.png/440px-Kemal_Ataturk_congratulation_of_the_Hatay%27s_decision.png 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Telegram sent by Atatürk after the local legislative assembly accepted his proposal for the <a href="/wiki/Hatay_State" title="Hatay State">Hatay State</a>'s flag</figcaption></figure> During the second half of the 1930s, Atatürk tried to form a closer relationship with Britain. The risks of this policy change put the two men at odds. The Hatay issue and the Lyon agreement were two important developments in foreign policy that played a significant role in severing relations between Atatürk and İnönü. In 1936, Atatürk raised the "Issue of Hatay" at the League of Nations. <a href="/wiki/Hatay_State" title="Hatay State">Hatay</a> was based on the old administrative unit of the Ottoman Empire called the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Alexandretta" title="Sanjak of Alexandretta">Sanjak of Alexandretta</a>. On behalf of the League of Nations, the representatives of France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Turkey prepared a constitution for Hatay, which established it as an autonomous <a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">sanjak</a> within Syria. Despite some inter-ethnic violence, an election was conducted in 1938 by the local legislative assembly. The cities of <a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a> (Antioch) and <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skenderun" title="İskenderun">İskenderun</a> (Alexandretta) joined Turkey in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-hatay-243">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_policies">Economic policies</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For conceptual analysis, see <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms#Economic_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk's reforms § Economic reforms</a>.</div> Atatürk instigated economic policies to develop small and large scale businesses, but also to create social strata (i.e. industrial bourgeoisie coexisting with the peasantry of Anatolia) that were virtually non-existent during the Ottoman Empire. The primary problem faced by the politics of his period was the lag in the development of political institutions and social classes which would steer such social and economic changes.<a href="#cite_note-244">[239]</a> Atatürk's vision regarding early Turkish economic policy was apparent during the <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir_Economic_Congress" title="İzmir Economic Congress">İzmir Economic Congress</a> of 1923. The initial choices of Atatürk's economic policies reflected the realities of his time. After World War I, due to the lack of any real potential investors to fund private sector industry, Atatürk established many state-owned factories for agriculture, machinery, and textile industries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="State_intervention,_1923–1929">State intervention, 1923–1929</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atat%C3%BCrk_Nazilli_Basma_Fabrikas%C4%B1%27n%C4%B1n_a%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1nda_(1937).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Atat%C3%BCrk_Nazilli_Basma_Fabrikas%C4%B1%27n%C4%B1n_a%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1nda_%281937%29.jpg/220px-Atat%C3%BCrk_Nazilli_Basma_Fabrikas%C4%B1%27n%C4%B1n_a%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1nda_%281937%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Atat%C3%BCrk_Nazilli_Basma_Fabrikas%C4%B1%27n%C4%B1n_a%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1nda_%281937%29.jpg/330px-Atat%C3%BCrk_Nazilli_Basma_Fabrikas%C4%B1%27n%C4%B1n_a%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1nda_%281937%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Atat%C3%BCrk_Nazilli_Basma_Fabrikas%C4%B1%27n%C4%B1n_a%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1nda_%281937%29.jpg/440px-Atat%C3%BCrk_Nazilli_Basma_Fabrikas%C4%B1%27n%C4%B1n_a%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1nda_%281937%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Atatürk and <a href="/wiki/Cel%C3%A2l_Bayar" title="Celâl Bayar">Celâl Bayar</a> visiting the Sümerbank Nazilli Cotton Factory, which was established as a part of the cotton-related industry</figcaption></figure> Atatürk and <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet İnönü</a>'s pursuit of state-controlled economic policies was guided by a national vision; their goal was to knit the country together, eliminate foreign control of the economy, and improve communications within Turkey. Resources were channeled away from Istanbul, a trading port with international foreign enterprises, in favor of other, less developed cities in order to achieve a more balanced economic development throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-mango470-245">[240]</a> For Atatürk and his supporters, tobacco remained wedded to his pursuit of economic independence. <a href="/wiki/Turkish_tobacco" title="Turkish tobacco">Turkish tobacco</a> was an important industrial crop, but its cultivation and manufacture had been under French monopolies granted by <a href="/wiki/Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire">capitulations of the Ottoman Empire</a>. The tobacco and cigarette trade was controlled by two French companies: the <a href="/wiki/Regie_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Regie Company">Regie Company</a> and Narquileh Tobacco.<a href="#cite_note-246">[241]</a> The Ottoman Empire had given the tobacco monopoly to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bank" title="Ottoman Bank">Ottoman Bank</a> as a limited company under the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Public_Debt_Administration" title="Ottoman Public Debt Administration">Council of the Public Debt</a>. Regie, as part of the council, had control over tobacco production, storage, and distribution (including export) with unchallenged price control. Consequently, Turkish farmers were dependent on the company for their livelihoods.<a href="#cite_note-247">[242]</a> In 1925, Regie was taken over by the state and named <a href="/wiki/Tekel" title="Tekel">Tekel</a>. Government control of tobacco was one of the greatest achievements of the Kemalist political machinery's "<a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a>" of the economy for a country that did not produce <a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_oil_supplies" title="Nationalization of oil supplies">oil</a>. Kemalists accompanied this achievement with the development of the country's cotton industry, which peaked during the early 1930s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Cotton was the second most important industrial crop in Turkey at the time. In 1924, with the initiative of Atatürk, the first Turkish bank <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9F_Bankas%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="İş Bankası">İş Bankası</a> was established, with Atatürk as the bank's first member. The bank's creation was a response to the growing need for a truly national establishment and a banking system which was capable of backing up economic activities, managing funds accumulated through policies of savings incentives, and offering resources where necessary to trigger industrial impetus.<a href="#cite_note-248">[243]</a> In 1927, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_State_Railways" title="Turkish State Railways">Turkish State Railways</a> was established. Because Atatürk considered the development of a national <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail network</a> as another important step in industrialisation, railways were given high priority. The Turkish State Railway developed an extensive railway network in a very short time[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">weasel words</a>].[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Turkish government under Atatürk developed many economic and infrastructure projects within the first decade of the republic. However, the Turkish economy was still largely agrarian, with primitive tools and methods. Roads and transportation facilities were still far from sufficient, and management of the economy was inefficient.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> brought many changes to this picture. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Great_Depression,_1929–1931">Great Depression, 1929–1931</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustafa_Kemal_surveying_the_model_of_the_quarter_of_Ministries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Mustafa_Kemal_surveying_the_model_of_the_quarter_of_Ministries.jpg/220px-Mustafa_Kemal_surveying_the_model_of_the_quarter_of_Ministries.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Mustafa_Kemal_surveying_the_model_of_the_quarter_of_Ministries.jpg/330px-Mustafa_Kemal_surveying_the_model_of_the_quarter_of_Ministries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Mustafa_Kemal_surveying_the_model_of_the_quarter_of_Ministries.jpg/440px-Mustafa_Kemal_surveying_the_model_of_the_quarter_of_Ministries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Atatürk supported large-scale government subsidized industrial complexes, such as <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCmerbank" title="Sümerbank">Sümerbank</a>, increasingly after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.</figcaption></figure> The young republic, like the rest of the world, found itself in a deep economic crisis during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. Atatürk reacted to conditions of this period by moving toward integrated economic policies and establishing a central bank to control exchange rates. However, Turkey could not finance essential imports; its currency was shunned, and zealous revenue officials seized the meagre possessions of peasants who could not pay their taxes.<a href="#cite_note-mango470-245">[240]</a> In 1929, Atatürk signed a treaty that resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Debt_restructuring" title="Debt restructuring">restructuring of Turkey's debt</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Public_Debt_Administration" title="Ottoman Public Debt Administration">Ottoman Public Debt Administration</a>. At the time, Atatürk not only had to deal with the payment of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_public_debt" title="Ottoman public debt">Ottoman public debt</a> but also the turbulent economic issues of the Great Depression. For example, until the early 1930s, Turkish private business could not acquire exchange credits. It was impossible to integrate the Turkish economy without a solution to these problems.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1931, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey">Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey</a> was established.<a href="#cite_note-249">[244]</a> The bank's primary purpose was to control the exchange rate and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bank" title="Ottoman Bank">Ottoman Bank</a>'s role during its initial years as a central bank was phased out.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Later specialized banks such as the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCmerbank" title="Sümerbank">Sümerbank</a> (1932) and the <a href="/wiki/Etibank" title="Etibank">Etibank</a> (1935) were founded. From the <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> perspective, Atatürk faced the problem of political upheaval. The establishment of a new party with a different economic perspective was necessary; he asked Ali Fethi Okyar to meet this end. The <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(Turkey)" title="Liberal Republican Party (Turkey)">Liberal Republican Party</a> (August 1930) was founded with a liberal program and proposed that state monopolies should be ended, foreign capital should be attracted, and state investment should be curtailed. Nevertheless, Atatürk maintained the view that "it is impossible to attract foreign capital for essential development," and state capitalism became the dominant agenda during the depression era. In 1931, Atatürk proclaimed: "In the economic area ...the programme of the party is statism."<a href="#cite_note-250">[245]</a> However, the effect of free republicans was felt strongly and state intervention became more moderate and more akin to a form of <a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">state capitalism</a>. One of Atatürk's radical left-wing supporters, <a href="/wiki/Yakup_Kadri_Karaosmano%C4%9Flu" title="Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu">Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Kadro" title="Kadro">Kadro</a> (The Cadre) movement, claimed that Atatürk found a third way between capitalism and socialism.<a href="#cite_note-251">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liberalization_and_planned_growth,_1931–1939">Liberalization and planned growth, 1931–1939</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nazilli_Cotton_Factory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nazilli_Cotton_Factory.jpg/220px-Nazilli_Cotton_Factory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nazilli_Cotton_Factory.jpg/330px-Nazilli_Cotton_Factory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nazilli_Cotton_Factory.jpg/440px-Nazilli_Cotton_Factory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>Atatürk and <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet İnönü</a> at Nazilli Cotton Factory (1937)</figcaption></figure> The first (1929–1933) and second five-year economic plans were enacted under the supervision of Atatürk. The first five-year economic plan promoted consumer substitution industries. However, these economic plans changed drastically with the death of Atatürk and the rise of World War II. Subsequent governments took measures that harmed the economic productivity of Turkey in various ways.<a href="#cite_note-etatism-252">[247]</a> The achievements of the 1930s were credited to early 1920s implementations of the economic system based on Atatürk's national policies.<a href="#cite_note-253">[248]</a> In 1931, Atatürk watched the development of the first national aircraft, MMV-1. He realised the important role of aviation and stated, "the future lies in the skies".<a href="#cite_note-254">[249]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Aeronautical_Association" title="Turkish Aeronautical Association">Turkish Aeronautical Association</a> was founded on 16 February 1925 by his directive.<a href="#cite_note-255">[250]</a> He also ordered the establishment of the Turkish Aircraft Association Lottery. Instead of the traditional raffle prizes, this new lottery paid money prizes. Most of the lottery income was used to establish a new factory and fund aviation projects.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] However, Atatürk did not live to see the flight of the first Turkish military aircraft built at that factory. Operational American <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_Hawk" title="Curtiss Hawk">Curtiss Hawk</a> fighters were being produced in Turkey soon after his death and before the onset of World War II.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_Bayar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_Bayar.jpg/220px-Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_Bayar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_Bayar.jpg/330px-Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_Bayar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_Bayar.jpg/440px-Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_Bayar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>Atatürk and Celâl Bayar</figcaption></figure> In 1932, liberal economist <a href="/wiki/Cel%C3%A2l_Bayar" title="Celâl Bayar">Celâl Bayar</a> became the Minister of Economy at Atatürk's request and served until 1937.<a href="#cite_note-256">[251]</a> During this period, the country moved toward a mixed economy with its first private initiatives. Textile, sugar, paper, and steel factories (financed by a loan from Britain) were the private sectors of the period. Besides these businesses, government-owned power plants, banks, and insurance companies were established. In this period, Atatürk promoted public-private sector cooperation and the expansion of private businesses with private shareholders firms allowed to purchase shares in state-owned enterprises. In 1935, the first Turkish cotton print factory "Nazilli <a href="/wiki/Calico_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calico (textile)">Calico</a> print factory" opened. As part of the industrialization process, cotton planting was promoted to furnish raw material for future factory settlements.<a href="#cite_note-257">[252]</a> By 1935, <a href="/wiki/Nazilli" title="Nazilli">Nazilli</a> became a major industrial center beginning with the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Cotton_mill" title="Cotton mill">cotton mills</a> followed by a calico print factory.<a href="#cite_note-258">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[254]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuri_Demirag_Nu.D.36.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nuri_Demirag_Nu.D.36.jpg/220px-Nuri_Demirag_Nu.D.36.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nuri_Demirag_Nu.D.36.jpg/330px-Nuri_Demirag_Nu.D.36.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nuri_Demirag_Nu.D.36.jpg/440px-Nuri_Demirag_Nu.D.36.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nuri_Demira%C4%9F_Nu_D.36" title="Nuri Demirağ Nu D.36">Nu D.36</a> built by the <a href="/wiki/Nuri_Demira%C4%9F" title="Nuri Demirağ">Nuri Demirağ Aircraft Works</a> in Istanbul</figcaption></figure> In 1936, Turkish industrialist <a href="/wiki/Nuri_Demira%C4%9F" title="Nuri Demirağ">Nuri Demirağ</a> established the first Turkish aircraft factory in the <a href="/wiki/Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F" title="Beşiktaş">Beşiktaş</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Demirag-260">[255]</a> The first Turkish airplanes, <a href="/wiki/Nuri_Demira%C4%9F_Nu_D.36" title="Nuri Demirağ Nu D.36">Nu D.36</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuri_Demira%C4%9F_Nu_D.38" title="Nuri Demirağ Nu D.38">Nu D.38</a>, were produced in this factory.<a href="#cite_note-Demirag-260">[255]</a> On 25 October 1937, Atatürk appointed <a href="/wiki/Cel%C3%A2l_Bayar" title="Celâl Bayar">Celâl Bayar</a> as the prime minister of the 9th government. Integrated economic policies reached their peak with the signing of the 1939 Treaty with Britain and France.<a href="#cite_note-etatism-252">[247]</a> The treaty signaled a turning point in Turkish history since it was the first step towards an alliance with the West.<a href="#cite_note-etatism-252">[247]</a> After İsmet İnönü became president in 1938, the differences between İnönü (who promoted state control) and Bayar (who was liberal) came to the forefront. On 25 January 1939, Prime Minister Bayar resigned.<a href="#cite_note-261">[256]</a> Atatürk also supported the establishment of the automobile industry. The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Automobile_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Automobile Association">Turkish Automobile Association</a> was founded in 1923,<a href="#cite_note-262">[257]</a> and its motto was: "The Turkish driver is a man of the most exquisite sensitivities."<a href="#cite_note-263">[258]</a> In 1935, Turkey was becoming an industrial society based on the Western European model set by Atatürk.<a href="#cite_note-5year-264">[259]</a> However, the gap between Atatürk's goals and the achievements of the socio-political structure of the country had not yet been closed.<a href="#cite_note-5year-264">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Personal_life_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Personal life of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Personal life of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latife_Han%C4%B1m_ve_Mustafa_Kemal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Latife_Han%C4%B1m_ve_Mustafa_Kemal.jpg/220px-Latife_Han%C4%B1m_ve_Mustafa_Kemal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Latife_Han%C4%B1m_ve_Mustafa_Kemal.jpg/330px-Latife_Han%C4%B1m_ve_Mustafa_Kemal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Latife_Han%C4%B1m_ve_Mustafa_Kemal.jpg/440px-Latife_Han%C4%B1m_ve_Mustafa_Kemal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption>Kemal Atatürk and his wife <a href="/wiki/Latife_U%C5%9F%C5%9Faki" class="mw-redirect" title="Latife Uşşaki">Latife Uşakizâde</a> during a trip to <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a>, 1924</figcaption></figure> Atatürk's name is associated with four women: <a href="/wiki/Eleni_Karinte" title="Eleni Karinte">Eleni Karinte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fikriye" title="Fikriye">Fikriye Hanım</a>, Dimitrina Kovacheva,<a href="#cite_note-265">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[261]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latife_U%C5%9Faki" title="Latife Uşaki">Latife Uşaki</a>. After the Turkish army entered İzmir in 1922, Atatürk met Latife while staying at the house of her father, the shipping magnate Muammer Uşakizade (later Uşaklı). Latife fell in love with Atatürk; again the extent to which this was reciprocated is unknown, but Atatürk was impressed by Latife's intellect: she was a graduate of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Sorbonne</a> and was studying English in London when the war broke out. On 29 January 1923, they were married. Latife was jealous of Fikriye and demanded that she leave the house in Çankaya; Fikriye was devastated and immediately left in a carriage. According to official accounts, she shot herself with a pistol Atatürk had given her as a present.<a href="#cite_note-267">[262]</a> The triangle of Atatürk, Fikriye, and Latife became the subject of a manuscript by Atatürk's close friend, Salih Bozok, though the work remained unpublished until 2005.<a href="#cite_note-268">[263]</a> Latife was briefly and literally the face of the new Turkish woman, appearing in public in Western clothing with her husband.<a href="#cite_note-latife1-269">[264]</a> However, their marriage was not happy; after frequent arguments, the two were divorced on 5 August 1925.<a href="#cite_note-270">[265]</a> During his lifetime, Atatürk adopted thirteen children: a boy and twelve girls. Of these, the most famous is <a href="/wiki/Sabiha_G%C3%B6k%C3%A7en" title="Sabiha Gökçen">Sabiha Gökçen</a>, Turkey's first female pilot and the world's first female fighter pilot.<a href="#cite_note-271">[266]</a> Atatürk's religious beliefs became a subject of debate.<a href="#cite_note-272">[267]</a> Some researchers have emphasized that his discourses about religion are periodic and that his positive views related to this subject are limited in the early 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-273">[268]</a> Some Turkish sources claim he was a devout <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[271]</a> However, according to other sources, Atatürk himself was an agnostic, i.e. non-doctrinaire <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">deist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-277">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[273]</a> or even an <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-279">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[276]</a> who was antireligious and anti-Islamic in general.<a href="#cite_note-282">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Illness_and_death">Illness and death</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Death and state funeral of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Death and state funeral of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn_cenazesi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn_cenazesi.png/220px-Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn_cenazesi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn_cenazesi.png/330px-Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn_cenazesi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn_cenazesi.png/440px-Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn_cenazesi.png 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>A view from the state funeral of Atatürk, November 1938</figcaption></figure> Throughout most of his life, Atatürk was a moderate-to-heavy drinker, often consuming half a litre of <a href="/wiki/Rak%C4%B1" title="Rakı">rakı</a> a day; he also smoked tobacco, predominantly in the form of <a href="/wiki/Cigarette" title="Cigarette">cigarettes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-284">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[281]</a> During 1937, indications that Atatürk's health was worsening started to appear. In early 1938, while on a trip to <a href="/wiki/Yalova" title="Yalova">Yalova</a>, he suffered from a serious illness. He went to Istanbul for treatment, where he was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a>. During his stay in Istanbul, he made an effort to keep up with his regular lifestyle, but eventually succumbed to his illness. He died on 10 November 1938, at the age of 57, in the <a href="/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace" title="Dolmabahçe Palace">Dolmabahçe Palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-287">[282]</a> Atatürk's funeral called forth both sorrow and pride in Turkey, and 17 countries sent special representatives, while nine contributed armed detachments to the <a href="/wiki/Cort%C3%A8ge" class="mw-redirect" title="Cortège">cortège</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mango526-206">[201]</a> Atatürk's remains were originally laid to rest in the <a href="/wiki/Ethnography_Museum_of_Ankara" title="Ethnography Museum of Ankara">Ethnography Museum of Ankara</a>, but they were transferred on 10 November 1953 (15 years after his death) in a 42-ton <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a> to a mausoleum overlooking Ankara, <a href="/wiki/An%C4%B1tkabir" title="Anıtkabir">Anıtkabir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-288">[283]</a> In his <a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">will</a>, Atatürk donated all of his possessions to the Republican People's Party, provided that the yearly interest of his funds<a href="#cite_note-289">[284]</a> would be used to look after his sister Makbule and his adopted children, and fund the higher education of İsmet İnönü's children.<a href="#cite_note-:2-290">[285]</a> The remainder was willed to the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Language_Association" title="Turkish Language Association">Turkish Language Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Historical_Society" title="Turkish Historical Society">Turkish Historical Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-290">[285]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's cult of personality">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's cult of personality</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protect_Your_Republic_Protest_-_6_(2007-04-14)_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Protect_Your_Republic_Protest_-_6_%282007-04-14%29_edit.jpg/220px-Protect_Your_Republic_Protest_-_6_%282007-04-14%29_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Protect_Your_Republic_Protest_-_6_%282007-04-14%29_edit.jpg/330px-Protect_Your_Republic_Protest_-_6_%282007-04-14%29_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Protect_Your_Republic_Protest_-_6_%282007-04-14%29_edit.jpg/440px-Protect_Your_Republic_Protest_-_6_%282007-04-14%29_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2329" data-file-height="1469" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/An%C4%B1tkabir" title="Anıtkabir">Anıtkabir</a>, the mausoleum of Atatürk in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, is visited by large crowds every year during national holidays such as Republic Day on October 29.</figcaption></figure> Kemal Atatürk is commemorated by many memorials throughout Turkey, such as the <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Atatürk International Airport">Atatürk International Airport</a> in Istanbul, the <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Bridge" title="Atatürk Bridge">Atatürk Bridge</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horn" title="Golden Horn">Golden Horn</a> (Haliç), the <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Dam" title="Atatürk Dam">Atatürk Dam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Olympic_Stadium" title="Atatürk Olympic Stadium">Atatürk Stadium</a>. Atatürk statues have been erected in all Turkish cities by the Turkish Government, and most towns have their own memorial to him. His face and name are seen and heard everywhere in Turkey; his portrait can be seen in public buildings, in schools, on all <a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Turkish lira</a> banknotes, and in the homes of many Turkish families.<a href="#cite_note-292">[287]</a> At 9:05 am on every 10 November, at the exact time of Atatürk's death, most vehicles and people in the country's streets pause for one minute in remembrance.<a href="#cite_note-293">[288]</a> In 1951, the <a href="/wiki/Democrat_Party_(Turkey,_historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democrat Party (Turkey, historical)">Democrat Party</a>-controlled Turkish parliament led by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Adnan_Menderes" title="Adnan Menderes">Adnan Menderes</a> (despite being the conservative opposition to Atatürk's own <a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Republican People's Party</a>) issued <a href="/wiki/Law_on_Crimes_Committed_Against_Atat%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Law on Crimes Committed Against Atatürk">a law (Law on Crimes Committed Against Atatürk)</a> outlawing <a href="/wiki/Law_on_Crimes_Committed_Against_Atat%C3%BCrk#1.1" class="mw-redirect" title="Law on Crimes Committed Against Atatürk">insults to his memory</a> (hatırasına alenen hakaret) and <a href="/wiki/Law_on_Crimes_Committed_Against_Atat%C3%BCrk#1.2" class="mw-redirect" title="Law on Crimes Committed Against Atatürk">destruction of objects</a> representing him.<a href="#cite_note-294">[289]</a> The demarcation between a criticism and an insult was defined as a political argument, and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of Justice (Turkey)">Minister of Justice</a> (a political position) was <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/tr:5816_say%C4%B1l%C4%B1_kanun#5.1" class="extiw" title="s:tr:5816 sayılı kanun">assigned in Article 5</a> to execute the law rather than the <a href="/wiki/Public_prosecutor" class="mw-redirect" title="Public prosecutor">public prosecutor</a>. A government website was created to denounce websites that violate this law.<a href="#cite_note-295">[290]</a> In 2010, the French-based NGO <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> objected to the Turkish laws protecting the memory of Atatürk, arguing that they contradict the current <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> standards of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> in news media.<a href="#cite_note-296">[291]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Worldwide">Worldwide</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:JFKennedy_November1963.ogg" title="File:JFKennedy November1963.ogg">John F. Kennedy's speech concerning Atatürk</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="118" data-mwtitle="JFKennedy_November1963.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/JFKennedy_November1963.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/JFKennedy_November1963.ogg/JFKennedy_November1963.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJFKennedy_November1963.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div> <div class="description">November 1963</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustapha_Kemal,_Handsome_Head_of_Turk_Republic,_Ranks_as_Second_Valentino_and_Is_Swamped_Under_Admirers%27_%27Mash%27_Notes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Mustapha_Kemal%2C_Handsome_Head_of_Turk_Republic%2C_Ranks_as_Second_Valentino_and_Is_Swamped_Under_Admirers%27_%27Mash%27_Notes.jpg/220px-Mustapha_Kemal%2C_Handsome_Head_of_Turk_Republic%2C_Ranks_as_Second_Valentino_and_Is_Swamped_Under_Admirers%27_%27Mash%27_Notes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Mustapha_Kemal%2C_Handsome_Head_of_Turk_Republic%2C_Ranks_as_Second_Valentino_and_Is_Swamped_Under_Admirers%27_%27Mash%27_Notes.jpg/330px-Mustapha_Kemal%2C_Handsome_Head_of_Turk_Republic%2C_Ranks_as_Second_Valentino_and_Is_Swamped_Under_Admirers%27_%27Mash%27_Notes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Mustapha_Kemal%2C_Handsome_Head_of_Turk_Republic%2C_Ranks_as_Second_Valentino_and_Is_Swamped_Under_Admirers%27_%27Mash%27_Notes.jpg/440px-Mustapha_Kemal%2C_Handsome_Head_of_Turk_Republic%2C_Ranks_as_Second_Valentino_and_Is_Swamped_Under_Admirers%27_%27Mash%27_Notes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> news article about the admiration of women from different parts of the world for Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the handsome leader of the Turkish Republic</figcaption></figure> In 1981, the centennial of Atatürk's birth, his memory was honoured by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, which declared it The Atatürk Year in the World and adopted the <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Centennial" title="Atatürk Centennial">Resolution on the Atatürk Centennial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ATATURK:_Creator_of_Modern_Turkey2-23">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Landau_19842-24">[19]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_Monument,_Mexico_City" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Monument, Mexico City">Atatürk Monument in Mexico City</a> on <a href="/wiki/Paseo_de_la_Reforma" title="Paseo de la Reforma">Paseo de la Reforma</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_Monument,_Baku" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Monument, Baku">Atatürk Monument in Baku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>; the Atatürk Monument in <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>; the Atatürk Memorial in <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> (which also serves as a memorial to the ANZAC troops who died at Gallipoli); the <a href="/wiki/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk_Memorial,_Canberra" title="Kemal Atatürk Memorial, Canberra">Atatürk Memorial in the place of honour on Anzac Parade</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>; and squares called the Plaza Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and the Largo Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> are a few examples of Atatürk memorials outside Turkey. He has roads named after him in several countries, such as the Kemal Atatürk Marg in <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Atat%C3%BCrk_Avenue" title="Kamal Atatürk Avenue">Kamal Atatürk Avenues</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>; the Atatürk Avenue in the heart of <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>; the Atatürk Road in the southern city of <a href="/wiki/Larkana" title="Larkana">Larkana</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, Pakistan; Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Street in <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>; Mustafá Kemal Atatürk Street in the Naco district of <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_residential_area" title="Atatürk residential area">the street and memorial Atatürk</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam-Noord" title="Amsterdam-Noord">Amsterdam-Noord</a> borough of <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. In addition, the entrance to Princess Royal Harbour in <a href="/wiki/Albany,_Western_Australia" title="Albany, Western Australia">Albany, Western Australia</a> is named <a href="/wiki/Princess_Royal_Harbour#History" title="Princess Royal Harbour">Atatürk Channel</a>. There are many statues and streets named after Atatürk in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>. Despite his radical secular reforms, Atatürk remained broadly popular in the Muslim world.<a href="#cite_note-Hanioglu2011p128-297">[292]</a> He is remembered for being the creator of a new, fully independent Muslim country at a time of encroachment by Christian powers, and for having prevailed in a struggle against Western imperialism.<a href="#cite_note-Hanioglu2011p128-297">[292]</a> When he died, the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a> eulogised him as a "truly great personality in the Islamic world, a great general, and a great statesman", declaring that his memory would "inspire Muslims all over the world with courage, perseverance, and manliness".<a href="#cite_note-Hanioglu2011p128-297">[292]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk_Reforma_Mex_D.F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk_Reforma_Mex_D.F.jpg/220px-Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk_Reforma_Mex_D.F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk_Reforma_Mex_D.F.jpg/330px-Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk_Reforma_Mex_D.F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk_Reforma_Mex_D.F.jpg/440px-Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk_Reforma_Mex_D.F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3251" data-file-height="2561" /></a><figcaption>Atatürk memorial on <a href="/wiki/Paseo_de_la_Reforma" title="Paseo de la Reforma">Paseo de la Reforma</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></figcaption></figure> The range of Atatürk's admirers extends from the British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, his opponent in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, to the German <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> leader and dictator <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>,<a href="#cite_note-298">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[296]</a> who called Atatürk a "star in the darkness".<a href="#cite_note-302">[297]</a> Some presidents of the United States, including <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, also respected Atatürk. President Kennedy paid tribute to Atatürk in 1963 on the 25th anniversary of his death.<a href="#cite_note-303">[298]</a> As a role model that encouraged national sovereignty, Atatürk was especially revered in countries of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a>, which saw him as the pioneer of independence from colonial powers. The leaders of such countries included Atatürk's Iranian contemporary <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah Pahlavi</a>, the Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, the Tunisian President <a href="/wiki/Habib_Bourguiba" title="Habib Bourguiba">Habib Bourguiba</a>, and the Egyptian President <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-304">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-hg228-305">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-Girbeau-306">[301]</a> The Pakistani poet and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis" title="Bangladeshis">Bangladeshi</a> national poet <a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a> wrote poems in his honor. The Twelfth International Women Conference was held in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> on 18 April 1935, and Egyptian nationalist-feminist <a href="/wiki/Huda_Sha%27arawi" title="Huda Sha'arawi">Huda Sha'arawi</a> was elected by the conference as the vice-president of the International Women's Union. Huda considered Atatürk as a role model for her actions and wrote in her memoirs: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">After the Istanbul conference ended, we received an invitation to attend the celebration held by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the liberator of modern Turkey ... and I said: If the Turks considered you the worthiness of their father and they called you Atatürk, I say that this is not enough, but you are for us "Atasharq" [Father of the East]. Its meaning did not come from any female head of delegation, and thanked me very much for the great influence, and then I begged him to present us with a picture of his Excellency for publication in the journal <a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89gyptienne_(magazine)" title="L'Égyptienne (magazine)">L'Égyptienne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-307">[302]</a></blockquote> In the epilogue of Grey Wolf, Mustafa Kemal: An Intimate Study of a Dictator, first published in 1932 and the first biography of Atatürk published in his lifetime, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Courtenay_Armstrong" title="Harold Courtenay Armstrong">H. C. Armstrong</a> wrote these words: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">He is a man born out of due season, an anachronism, a throw-back to the Tartars of the Steppes, a fierce elemental force of a man. Had he been born in the centuries when all Central Asia was on the move he would have ridden out with <a href="/wiki/Suleyman_Shah" title="Suleyman Shah">Sulyman Shah</a>[sic] under the banner of the Grey Wolf, and with the heart and instincts of a Grey Wolf. With his military genius, and his ruthless determination unweakened by sentiments, loyalties or moralities, he might well have been a <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Tamerlane</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Jenghis Khan</a> riding at the head of great hordes of wild horsemen, conquering countries, devouring and destroying cities, and filling in the intervals of peace between campaigns with wild and hideous orgies of wine and women.<a href="#cite_note-308">[303]</a></blockquote> However, Atatürk's acclaim is not universal. As the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">national movement of 1919–1923</a>, Atatürk was described by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> and Istanbul journalist <a href="/wiki/Ali_Kemal" title="Ali Kemal">Ali Kemal</a> (who believed the liberation efforts would fail and cause a more severe punishment by the Allies) as a "bandit chief". <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Lord Balfour</a> in this context called him the "most terrible of all the terrible Turks".<a href="#cite_note-309">[304]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2></div> <ul><li>Cumalı Ordugâhı - Süvâri: Bölük, Alay, Liva Tâlim ve Manevraları [Cumalı Camp - Cavalry: Company, Regiment, Brigade Training and Maneuvers], Thessaloniki, 1909.</li> <li>Ta’biye ve Tatbîkat Seyahati [Organization and Application Trip], Selanik Askeri Matbaası, 1911.</li> <li>Ta’biye Mes’elesinin Halli ve Emirlerin Sûret-i Tahrîrine Dâir Nasâyih [Advice on the Solution to the Problem of Organization and the Methods of Recording Orders], Edirne Sanayi Mektebi Matbaası, 1916.</li> <li>Taʼlîm ve Terbiye-i Askeriyye Hakkında Nokta-i Nazarlar [Points of View on Instruction and Military Training], Edirne Sanayi Mektebi Matbaası, 1916.</li> <li>Zâbit ve Kumandan ile Hasb-ı Hâl [Discourse with an Officer and a Commander], Minber Matbaası, 1918.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutuk" title="Nutuk">Nutuk</a> [Speech], <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Aeronautical_Association" title="Turkish Aeronautical Association">Turkish Aeronautical Association</a>, Ankara, 1927.</li> <li>Vatandaş için Medeni Bilgiler [Civic Information for Citizens], Milliyet Matbaası, İstanbul, 1930.</li> <li>Geometri [Geometry], 1937.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations">Translations</h3></div> <ul><li>Takımın Muharebe Tâlimi [Combat Training for the Squad], Selanik Asır Matbaası, Thessaloniki, 1908. (From German)</li> <li>Bölüğün Muharebe Tâlimi [Combat Training for the Company], 1912. (From German)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_decorations">Awards and decorations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_awards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's awards">List of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's awards</a></div> He received awards and decorations before, during, and after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-310">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[306]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire_and_Republic_of_Turkey">Ottoman Empire and Republic of Turkey</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mare%C5%9Fal_Atat%C3%BCrk_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Mare%C5%9Fal_Atat%C3%BCrk_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1.jpg/150px-Mare%C5%9Fal_Atat%C3%BCrk_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Mare%C5%9Fal_Atat%C3%BCrk_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1.jpg/225px-Mare%C5%9Fal_Atat%C3%BCrk_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Mare%C5%9Fal_Atat%C3%BCrk_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1.jpg/300px-Mare%C5%9Fal_Atat%C3%BCrk_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Atatürk in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> Ottoman Empire: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Medjidie" title="Order of the Medjidie">Fifth Class Knight Order of the Medjidie</a> awarded by <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a> (25 December 1906)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> Ottoman Empire: <a href="/wiki/Imtiyaz_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Imtiyaz Medal">Silver Imtiyaz Medal</a> awarded by <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a> (30 April 1915)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> Ottoman Empire: <a href="/wiki/Liakat_Medal" title="Liakat Medal">Silver Liakat Medal</a> awarded by <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a> (1 September 1915)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> Ottoman Empire: <a href="/wiki/Liakat_Medal" title="Liakat Medal">Golden Liakat Medal</a> awarded by <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a> (17 January 1916)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> Ottoman Empire: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Osmanieh" title="Order of Osmanieh">Second Class Knight Order of Osmanieh</a> awarded by <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a> (1 February 1916)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> Ottoman Empire: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Medjidie" title="Order of the Medjidie">Second Class Knight Order of the Medjidie</a> awarded by <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a> (12 December 1916)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> Ottoman Empire: <a href="/wiki/Imtiyaz_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Imtiyaz Medal">Golden Imtiyaz Medal</a> awarded by <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a> (23 September 1917)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> Ottoman Empire: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Medjidie" title="Order of the Medjidie">First Class Knight Order of the Medjidie</a> awarded by <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a> (16 December 1917)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> Ottoman Empire: <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Star_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Star (Ottoman Empire)">Gallipoli Star</a> awarded by <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_VI" title="Mehmed VI">Mehmed VI</a> (11 May 1918)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> Turkey: <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Independence_(Turkey)" title="Medal of Independence (Turkey)">Medal of Independence</a> awarded by <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly of Turkey</a> (21 November 1923)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> Turkey: Murassa Order awarded by <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Aeronautical_Association" title="Turkish Aeronautical Association">Turkish Aeronautical Association</a> (20 May 1925)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_honours">Foreign honours</h3></div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> Kingdom of Bulgaria: <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Bulgaria" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Bulgaria">Commander Grand Cross Order of Saint Alexander</a> awarded by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Ferdinand I of Bulgaria">Ferdinand I</a> (1915)<a href="#cite_note-:3-312">[307]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> German Empire: <a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> awarded by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a> (1915)<a href="#cite_note-:3-312">[307]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> Austria-Hungary: <a href="/wiki/Military_Merit_Medal_(Austria-Hungary)" title="Military Merit Medal (Austria-Hungary)">Military Merit Medal (Austria-Hungary)</a> awarded by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I</a> (1916)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> Austria-Hungary: <a href="/wiki/Military_Merit_Medal_(Austria-Hungary)" title="Military Merit Medal (Austria-Hungary)">2nd Class Military Merit Cross (Austria-Hungary)</a> awarded by <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles I</a> (1916)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> Austria-Hungary: <a href="/wiki/Military_Merit_Cross_(Austria-Hungary)" title="Military Merit Cross (Austria-Hungary)">3rd Class Military Merit Cross (Austria-Hungary)</a> awarded by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I</a> (27 July 1916)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> German Empire: <a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">1st Class Iron Cross</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> awarded by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a> (1917)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> German Empire: <a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">2nd Class Iron Cross</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> awarded by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a> (9 September 1917)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="540" /> Kingdom of Prussia: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(Prussia)" title="Order of the Crown (Prussia)">1st Class Order of the Crown Prussia</a> awarded by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a> (1918)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Kingdom of Afghanistan: Alüyülala Order of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Kingdom of Afghanistan</a> awarded by <a href="/wiki/Am%C4%81null%C4%81h_Kh%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Amānullāh Khān">Amānullāh Khān</a> (27 March 1923)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/48px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/64px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Forest_Farm_and_Zoo" title="Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo">Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_interwar_dictatorships" title="European interwar dictatorships">European interwar dictatorships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0leri" title="İleri">İleri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalist_historiography" title="Kemalist historiography">Kemalist historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_on_Crimes_Committed_Against_Atat%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Law on Crimes Committed Against Atatürk">Law on Crimes Committed Against Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_covers_of_Time_magazine_(1920s)" title="List of covers of Time magazine (1920s)">List of covers of Time magazine (1920s)</a> – 24 March 1923 and 21 February 1927</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Language_Theory" title="Sun Language Theory">Sun Language Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Timeline of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Timeline of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_History_Thesis" title="Turkish History Thesis">Turkish History Thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-ranking_commanders_of_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="List of high-ranking commanders of the Turkish War of Independence">List of high-ranking commanders of the Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Timeline of the Turkish War of Independence">Timeline of the Turkish War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: علی رضا اوغلی مصطفی, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ottoman_Turkish" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ottoman Turkish">romanized</a>: Ali Rıza oğlu Mustafa; Mustafa, son of Ali Rıza </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmʊstəfə kəˌmɑːl ˈætətɜːrk/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f7\/En-us-Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk_from_Turkey_pronunciation_%28Voice_of_America%29.ogg\/En-us-Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk_from_Turkey_pronunciation_%28Voice_of_America%29.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Mustafa Kemal Ataturk from Turkey pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/En-us-Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk_from_Turkey_pronunciation_%28Voice_of_America%29.ogg/En-us-Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk_from_Turkey_pronunciation_%28Voice_of_America%29.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk_from_Turkey_pronunciation_(Voice_of_America).ogg" title="File:En-us-Mustafa Kemal Ataturk from Turkey pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">MUUSS-tə-fə kə-MAHL AT-ə-turk</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Turkish: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish" title="Help:IPA/Turkish">[mʊsta'fɑ ce'mɑʎ̟ ɑ'tɑtyrc]</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Surname_Law_(Turkey)" title="Surname Law (Turkey)">Surname Law of 1934</a>, he <a href="/wiki/File:Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn_993_814_seri_numaral%C4%B1_n%C3%BCfus_c%C3%BCzdan%C4%B1.jpg" title="File:Atatürk'ün 993 814 seri numaralı nüfus cüzdanı.jpg">first</a> appeared as Kemal Atatürk and <a href="/wiki/File:Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn_993_815_seri_numaral%C4%B1_n%C3%BCfus_c%C3%BCzdan%C4%B1.jpg" title="File:Atatürk'ün 993 815 seri numaralı nüfus cüzdanı.jpg">then</a> as Kamâl Atatürk on his <a href="/wiki/Turkish_identity_card" title="Turkish identity card">identity documents</a>. See <a href="#Name">name section</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: مصطفی كمال پاشا; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Mustafa Kemal Paşa; in this <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a> style name, the given name is Mustafa Kemal, the title is <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">Pasha</a>, and there is no family name. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: غازی مصطفی كمال; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Gazi Mustafa Kemal; in this Ottoman Turkish style name, the given name is Mustafa Kemal, the title is <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_(warrior)" title="Ghazi (warrior)">Ghazi</a>, and there is no family name. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> His birthday is unknown. 19 May–the day he landed to Samsun in 1919 to start the nationalist resistance–is considered his symbolic birthday. It was also claimed that he was born in 1880. See <a href="/wiki/Personal_life_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk#Birth_date" title="Personal life of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Personal life of Atatürk § Birth date</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mango" title="Andrew Mango">Andrew Mango</a> Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey, Overlook Press, 2002, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58567-334-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58567-334-6">978-1-58567-334-6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cO50m62MA8AC&dq=halaskar+gazi+ataturk&pg=PT350">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423183736/https://books.google.com/books?id=cO50m62MA8AC&dq=halaskar+gazi+ataturk&pg=PT350">Archived</a> 23 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasan_Eren1988–2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hasan Eren (1988–2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mustafa-kemal-ataturk">"II. ATATÜRK ve TÜRK DİLİ"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TDV_Encyclopedia_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="TDV Encyclopedia of Islam">TDV Encyclopedia of Islam</a> (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Religious_Affairs" title="Presidency of Religious Affairs">Turkiye Diyanet Foundation</a>, Centre for Islamic Studies. <q>24 Kasım 1934'te Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi 2587 sayılı kanunla Gazi Mustafa Kemal'e Atatürk soyadını verdi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=II.+ATAT%C3%9CRK+ve+T%C3%9CRK+D%C4%B0L%C4%B0&rft.btitle=TDV+Encyclopedia+of+Islam+%2844%2B2+vols.%29&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pub=Turkiye+Diyanet+Foundation%2C+Centre+for+Islamic+Studies&rft.date=1988%2F2016&rft.au=Hasan+Eren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamansiklopedisi.org.tr%2Fmustafa-kemal-ataturk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ÁgostonMasters20092-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ÁgostonMasters20092_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ÁgostonMasters20092_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuthell_Jr.2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cuthell Jr., David Cameron (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA56">"Atatürk, Kemal (Mustafa Kemal)"</a>. In Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Facts_On_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Facts On File">Facts On File</a>. pp. 56–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6259-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6259-1"><bdi>978-0-8160-6259-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008020716">2008020716</a>. Retrieved 23 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Atat%C3%BCrk%2C+Kemal+%28Mustafa+Kemal%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E56-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008020716&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-6259-1&rft.aulast=Cuthell+Jr.&rft.aufirst=David+Cameron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjzYdCxumFcC%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldencyclopedi00oxfo">"Atatürk, Kemal"</a>, World Encyclopedia, Philip's, 2014, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199546091.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199546091" title="Special:BookSources/9780199546091"><bdi>9780199546091</bdi></a>, retrieved 9 June 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Atat%C3%BCrk%2C+Kemal&rft.btitle=World+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Philip%27s&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199546091.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780199546091&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldencyclopedi00oxfo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooks2003" class="citation cs2">Books, Market House Books Market House (2003), Books, Market House (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whoswhointwentie00brig">"Atatürk, Kemal"</a>, Who's Who in the Twentieth Century, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192800916.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780192800916.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192800916" title="Special:BookSources/9780192800916"><bdi>9780192800916</bdi></a>, retrieved 9 June 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Who%27s+Who+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.atitle=Atat%C3%BCrk%2C+Kemal&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192800916.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780192800916&rft.aulast=Books&rft.aufirst=Market+House+Books+Market+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhoswhointwentie00brig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZürcher1993" class="citation book cs1">Zürcher, Erik Jan (1993). "Biographical Notes". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psi424.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/Zurcher,%20Turkey-A%20Mod%20Hist.PDF#page=395">Turkey : a modern history</a> (PDF). London: I.B. Tauris. p. 384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850436140" title="Special:BookSources/9781850436140"><bdi>9781850436140</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29416622">29416622</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230227062237/https://psi424.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/Zurcher,%20Turkey-A%20Mod%20Hist.PDF#page=395">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biographical+Notes&rft.btitle=Turkey+%3A+a+modern+history&rft.place=London&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29416622&rft.isbn=9781850436140&rft.aulast=Z%C3%BCrcher&rft.aufirst=Erik+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsi424.cankaya.edu.tr%2Fuploads%2Ffiles%2FZurcher%2C%2520Turkey-A%2520Mod%2520Hist.PDF%23page%3D395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe1988" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, Norman (1988). Mastering Modern World History. Macmillan Master Series (2nd ed.). Basingstoke or London: MacMillan Education. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19922607">19922607</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mastering+Modern+World+History&rft.place=Basingstoke+or+London&rft.series=Macmillan+Master+Series&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=MacMillan+Education&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19922607&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333485538" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333485538">978-0333485538</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333465769" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333465769">978-0333465769</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333465776" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333465776">978-0333465776</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-tempo2-13"><a href="#cite_ref-tempo2_13-0">^</a> Türkiye'nin 75 yılı, Tempo Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 1998, pp. 48, 59, 250 </li> <li id="cite_note-Tormented_by_history:_nationalism_in_Greece_and_Turkey2-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tormented_by_history:_nationalism_in_Greece_and_Turkey2_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tormented_by_history:_nationalism_in_Greece_and_Turkey2_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSofos2008" class="citation book cs1">Sofos, Umut Özkırımlı & Spyros A. (2008). Tormented by history: nationalism in Greece and Turkey. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231700528" title="Special:BookSources/9780231700528"><bdi>9780231700528</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tormented+by+history%3A+nationalism+in+Greece+and+Turkey&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780231700528&rft.aulast=Sofos&rft.aufirst=Umut+%C3%96zk%C4%B1r%C4%B1ml%C4%B1+%26+Spyros+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Citizenship_and_Minorities:_A_Historical_Overview_of_Turkey2-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Citizenship_and_Minorities:_A_Historical_Overview_of_Turkey2_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Citizenship_and_Minorities:_A_Historical_Overview_of_Turkey2_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Citizenship_and_Minorities:_A_Historical_Overview_of_Turkey2_15-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToktaş2005" class="citation journal cs1">Toktaş, Şule (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/761586">"Citizenship and Minorities: A Historical Overview of Turkey's Jewish Minority"</a>. Journal of Historical Sociology. 18 (4): 394–429. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-6443.2005.00262.x">10.1111/j.1467-6443.2005.00262.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0952-1909">0952-1909</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59138386">59138386</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200503083439/https://www.academia.edu/761586/Citizenship_and_Minorities_A_Historical_Overview_of_Turkey_s_Jewish_Minority">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Historical+Sociology&rft.atitle=Citizenship+and+Minorities%3A+A+Historical+Overview+of+Turkey%27s+Jewish+Minority&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E394-%3C%2Fspan%3E429&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59138386%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0952-1909&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-6443.2005.00262.x&rft.aulast=Tokta%C5%9F&rft.aufirst=%C5%9Eule&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F761586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Social_relations_in_Ottoman_Diyarbekir,_1870-19152-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Social_relations_in_Ottoman_Diyarbekir,_1870-19152_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Social_relations_in_Ottoman_Diyarbekir,_1870-19152_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Social_relations_in_Ottoman_Diyarbekir,_1870-19152_16-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJongerdenVerheij2012" class="citation book cs1">Jongerden, Joost; Verheij, Jelle, eds. (3 August 2012). Social relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870–1915. Leiden: Brill. p. 300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22518-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22518-3"><bdi>978-90-04-22518-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+relations+in+Ottoman+Diyarbekir%2C+1870%E2%80%931915&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012-08-03&rft.isbn=978-90-04-22518-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turkey_beyond_nationalism:_towards_post-nationalist_identities2-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turkey_beyond_nationalism:_towards_post-nationalist_identities2_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turkey_beyond_nationalism:_towards_post-nationalist_identities2_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turkey_beyond_nationalism:_towards_post-nationalist_identities2_17-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieser2006" class="citation book cs1">Kieser, Hans-Lukas, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VKVSHjjUT2UC">Turkey beyond nationalism: towards post-nationalist identities</a> ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). London: Tauris. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845111410" title="Special:BookSources/9781845111410"><bdi>9781845111410</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey+beyond+nationalism%3A+towards+post-nationalist+identities&rft.place=London&rft.pages=45&rft.edition=%5BOnline-Ausg.%5D&rft.pub=Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781845111410&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVKVSHjjUT2UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖktem2008" class="citation journal cs1">Öktem, Kerem (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejts.revues.org/index2243.html">"The Nation's Imprint: Demographic Engineering and the Change of Toponymes in Republican Turkey"</a>. European Journal of Turkish Studies (7). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fejts.2243">10.4000/ejts.2243</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121229074313/http://ejts.revues.org/index2243.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2012. Retrieved 18 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Turkish+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Nation%27s+Imprint%3A+Demographic+Engineering+and+the+Change+of+Toponymes+in+Republican+Turkey&rft.issue=7&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fejts.2243&rft.aulast=%C3%96ktem&rft.aufirst=Kerem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fejts.revues.org%2Findex2243.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAslan2009" class="citation journal cs1">Aslan, Senem (29 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejts.revues.org/index4142.html">"Incoherent State: The Controversy over Kurdish Naming in Turkey"</a>. European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey (10). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fejts.4142">10.4000/ejts.4142</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120726111611/http://ejts.revues.org/index4142.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2013. <q>the Surname Law was meant to foster a sense of Turkishness within society and prohibited surnames that were related to foreign ethnicities and nations</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Turkish+Studies.+Social+Sciences+on+Contemporary+Turkey&rft.atitle=Incoherent+State%3A+The+Controversy+over+Kurdish+Naming+in+Turkey&rft.issue=10&rft.date=2009-12-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fejts.4142&rft.aulast=Aslan&rft.aufirst=Senem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fejts.revues.org%2Findex4142.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isteataturk.com/Kronolojik/Tarih/1934/11/24/Mustafa-Kemal-Ataturkun-Nufus-Huviyet-Cuzdani-24111934/1">"Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'ün Nüfus Hüviyet Cüzdanı. (24.11.1934)"</a>. İşte Atatürk | Atatürk Hakkında Bilmek İstediğiniz Herşey. www.isteataturk.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005174851/https://isteataturk.com/Kronolojik/Tarih/1934/11/24/Mustafa-Kemal-Ataturkun-Nufus-Huviyet-Cuzdani-24111934/1">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C4%B0%C5%9Fte+Atat%C3%BCrk+%7C+Atat%C3%BCrk+Hakk%C4%B1nda+Bilmek+%C4%B0stedi%C4%9Finiz+Her%C5%9Fey&rft.atitle=Mustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn+N%C3%BCfus+H%C3%BCviyet+C%C3%BCzdan%C4%B1.+%2824.11.1934%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisteataturk.com%2FKronolojik%2FTarih%2F1934%2F11%2F24%2FMustafa-Kemal-Ataturkun-Nufus-Huviyet-Cuzdani-24111934%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-commemorates-ataturk-on-78th-anniversary-of-his-passing-105951">"Turkey commemorates Atatürk on 78th anniversary of his passing"</a>. News > Türkiye > Local. Hürriyet Daily News. Ankara. 10 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211211010956/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-commemorates-ataturk-on-78th-anniversary-of-his-passing-105951">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Turkey+commemorates+Atat%C3%BCrk+on+78th+anniversary+of+his+passing&rft.date=2016-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fturkey-commemorates-ataturk-on-78th-anniversary-of-his-passing-105951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayapalan1999" class="citation book cs1">Jayapalan, N. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=twi8hGdcwoUC&q=mustafa+kemal+ataturk+succeeded+by+ismail+inonu&pg=PA133">Modern Asia Since 1900</a>. Vishal Enclave, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (P) Ltd. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788171567515" title="Special:BookSources/9788171567515"><bdi>9788171567515</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Asia+Since+1900&rft.place=Vishal+Enclave%2C+New+Delhi&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distributors+%28P%29+Ltd.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788171567515&rft.aulast=Jayapalan&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtwi8hGdcwoUC%26q%3Dmustafa%2Bkemal%2Bataturk%2Bsucceeded%2Bby%2Bismail%2Binonu%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ATATURK:_Creator_of_Modern_Turkey2-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ATATURK:_Creator_of_Modern_Turkey2_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATATURK:_Creator_of_Modern_Turkey2_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATATURK:_Creator_of_Modern_Turkey2_23-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKandoganSeferoglu1994" class="citation web cs1">Kandogan, Eser; Seferoglu, Süleyman Sadi (12 January 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/~sss31/Turkiye/ata/hayati.html">"Ataturk: Creator of Modern Turkey / Mustafa Kemal Atatürk"</a>. Türkiye On The Web: A Cultural Warehouse. Thousand Lakes Web Pages. New York: Columbia University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151109083247/http://www.columbia.edu/~sss31/Turkiye/ata/hayati.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thousand+Lakes+Web+Pages&rft.atitle=Ataturk%3A+Creator+of+Modern+Turkey+%2F+Mustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk&rft.date=1994-01-12&rft.aulast=Kandogan&rft.aufirst=Eser&rft.au=Seferoglu%2C+S%C3%BCleyman+Sadi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2F~sss31%2FTurkiye%2Fata%2Fhayati.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Landau_19842-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Landau_19842_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landau_19842_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandau1984" class="citation book cs1">Landau, Jacob M. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8_n93Kq5PwMC&q=1981+declared+ataturk+year&pg=PR13">"Atatürk's Achievement: Some Considerations"</a>. Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey. A Westview Replica Edition. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, Inc. and Leiden, The Netherlands: E.J. Brill. p. xiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004070707" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004070707"><bdi>978-9004070707</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/83-16872">83-16872</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801000322/https://books.google.com/books?id=8_n93Kq5PwMC&q=1981+declared+ataturk+year&pg=PR13">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Atat%C3%BCrk%27s+Achievement%3A+Some+Considerations&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk+and+the+Modernization+of+Turkey&rft.series=A+Westview+Replica+Edition&rft.pages=xiii&rft.pub=Boulder%2C+Colorado%3A+Westview+Press%2C+Inc.+and+Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands%3A+E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F83-16872&rft.isbn=978-9004070707&rft.aulast=Landau&rft.aufirst=Jacob+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8_n93Kq5PwMC%26q%3D1981%2Bdeclared%2Bataturk%2Byear%26pg%3DPR13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/articles/balkan-pact-and-turkey.pdf">Balkan Pact and Turkey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221005015819/https://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/articles/balkan-pact-and-turkey.pdf">Archived</a> 5 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" by Esra S. Değerli </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Afet_%C4%B0nan" title="Afet İnan">Afet İnan</a>, Atatürk hakkında hâtıralar ve belgeler, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1959, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EWwaAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Matematik+%C3%B6%C4%9Fretmeni+Mustafa+Efendi%22">p. 8.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408045133/https://books.google.com/books?id=EWwaAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Matematik+%C3%B6%C4%9Fretmeni+Mustafa+Efendi%22">Archived</a> 8 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927211519/http://www.turkishembassy.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=300&Itemid=317">"Mustafa Kemal Atatürk"</a>. Turkish Embassy website. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkishembassy.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=300&Itemid=317">the original</a> on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk&rft.pub=Turkish+Embassy+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkishembassy.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D300%26Itemid%3D317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Fuat_Cebesoy" title="Ali Fuat Cebesoy">Ali Fuat Cebesoy</a>, Sınıf arkadaşım Atatürk: okul ve genç subaylık hâtıraları, İnkılâp ve Aka Kitabevleri, 1967, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-D4NAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Kemal+koyal%C4%B1m%22">p. 6.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408045105/https://books.google.com/books?id=-D4NAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Kemal+koyal%C4%B1m%22">Archived</a> 8 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Benim adım Mustafa. Senin adın da Mustafa. Arada bir fark olmalı, ne dersin, senin adının sonuna bir de Kemal koyalım. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRustow1968" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dankwart_Rustow" title="Dankwart Rustow">Rustow, Dankwart A.</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20023842">"Atatürk as Founder of a State"</a>. Daedalus. 97 (3): 793–828. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-5266">0011-5266</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20023842">20023842</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220403165154/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20023842">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daedalus&rft.atitle=Atat%C3%BCrk+as+Founder+of+a+State&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E793-%3C%2Fspan%3E828&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20023842%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0011-5266&rft.aulast=Rustow&rft.aufirst=Dankwart+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20023842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Mango, Atatürk, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-enis-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-enis_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-enis_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnis_Dinç2020" class="citation book cs1">Enis Dinç (2020). Atatürk on Screen: Documentary Film and the Making of a Leader. p. 180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk+on+Screen%3A+Documentary+Film+and+the+Making+of+a+Leader&rft.pages=180&rft.date=2020&rft.au=Enis+Din%C3%A7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Murat Belge, Tanıl Bora, Murat Gültekingil. Milliyetçilik (2002), İletişim Yayınları, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YBI_AQAAIAAJ&q=Kam%C3%A2l">p. 254</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120604114809/http://books.google.com.tr/books?ei=K4GtTd6-JsvEsgav_5nXDA&ct=result&id=YBI_AQAAIAAJ&dq=Atat%C3%BCrk+Kam%C3%A2l+isim+de%C4%9Fi%C5%9Ftirme&q=Kam%C3%A2l#search_anchor">Archived</a> 4 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Tarama Dergisi (1934), volume 2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8yU-AQAAIAAJ&q=tarama+dergisi+kamal">p. 1064</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240416190117/https://books.google.com/books?id=8yU-AQAAIAAJ&q=tarama+dergisi+kamal&dq=tarama+dergisi+kamal&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjEnveRkd35AhWBr6QKHcybDBYQ6wF6BAgLEAE">Archived</a> 16 April 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Niyazi Ahmet Banoğlu, Atatürk'ün İstanbul'daki Hayatı, volume 2, Millî Eğitim Matbaası, 1974, p. 131. İstihbaratımıza nazaran, Atatürk'ün taşıdığı Kamâl adı Arapça bir kelime olmadığı gibi, Arapça Kemal kelimesinin delâlet ettiği manada da değildir. Atatürk'ün muhafaza edilen öz adı, Türkçe 'ordu ve kale' manasında olan Kamâl'dır. Son 'â' üstündeki tahfif işareti 'l'i yumuşattığı için, telâffuz hemen hemen Arapça 'Kemal' telâffuzuna yaklaşır. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMéropi_AnastassiadouMéropi_Anastassiadou-Dumont1997" class="citation book cs1">Méropi Anastassiadou; Méropi Anastassiadou-Dumont (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qSjAqaQTI7EC&pg=PA71">Salonique, 1830–1912: une ville ottomane à l'âge des Réformes</a>. Brill. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10798-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10798-4"><bdi>978-90-04-10798-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salonique%2C+1830%E2%80%931912%3A+une+ville+ottomane+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A2ge+des+R%C3%A9formes&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10798-4&rft.au=M%C3%A9ropi+Anastassiadou&rft.au=M%C3%A9ropi+Anastassiadou-Dumont&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqSjAqaQTI7EC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCemal_Çelebi_Granda2007" class="citation book cs1">Cemal Çelebi Granda (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hFcwAQAAIAAJ">Cemal Granda anlatıyor</a>. Pal Medya ve Organizasyon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9944-203-01-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9944-203-01-2"><bdi>978-9944-203-01-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801000815/https://books.google.com/books?id=hFcwAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cemal+Granda+anlat%C4%B1yor&rft.pub=Pal+Medya+ve+Organizasyon&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9944-203-01-2&rft.au=Cemal+%C3%87elebi+Granda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhFcwAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Zadrozna-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zadrozna_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zadrozna_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZadrożna2017" class="citation journal cs1">Zadrożna, Anna (31 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00905992.2017.1287690">"Reconstructing the past in a post-Ottoman village: Turkishness in a transnational context"</a>. Nationalities Papers. 45 (4): 524–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00905992.2017.1287690">10.1080/00905992.2017.1287690</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:132176422">132176422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationalities+Papers&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+the+past+in+a+post-Ottoman+village%3A+Turkishness+in+a+transnational+context&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E524-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2017-07-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00905992.2017.1287690&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A132176422%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zadro%C5%BCna&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00905992.2017.1287690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Andrew Mango Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey, Overlook Press, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58567-334-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58567-334-6">978-1-58567-334-6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nu68vd_AmuYC&q=Turkish+speaking+family+">pp. 25–27</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423183734/https://books.google.com/books?id=nu68vd_AmuYC&q=Turkish+speaking+family+">Archived</a> 23 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 27ff. – "Feyzullah's family is said to have come from the country near Vodina (now Edhessa in western Greek Macedonia). The surname Sofuzade, meaning 'son of a pious man', suggests that the ancestors of Zübeyde and Ali Rıza had a similar background. Cemil Bozok, son of Salih Bozok, who was a distant cousin of Atatürk and, later, his ADC, claims to have been related to both Ali Rıza's and Zübeyde's families. This would mean that the families of Atatürk's parents were interrelated. Cemil Bozok also notes that his paternal grandfather, Safer Efendi, was of Albanian origin. This may have a bearing on the vexed question of Atatürk's ethnic origin. Atatürk's parents and relatives all used Turkish as their mother tongue. This suggests that some at least of their ancestors had originally come from Turkey, since local Muslims of Albanian and Slav origin who had no ethnic connection with Turkey spoke Albanian, Serbo-Croat or Bulgarian, at least so long as they remained in their native land. But in looks Atatürk resembled local Albanians and Slavs.[...] But there is no evidence that either Ali Riza or Zübeyde was descended from such Turkish nomads." page 28; "It is much more likely that Atatürk inherited his looks from his Balkan ancestors.[...] But Albanians and Slavs are likely to have figured among his ancestors." </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Mango, Andrew, Atatürk: the biography of the founder of modern Turkey, (Overlook TP, 2002), p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com.tr-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com.tr_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com.tr_40-1">b</a> Jackh, Ernest, The Rising Crescent, (Goemaere Press, 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pxs-DAIVxqYC&q=Turkish+mother">p. 31, Turkish mother and Albanian father</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408045134/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pxs-DAIVxqYC&q=Turkish+mother">Archived</a> 8 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-p._144-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p._144_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p._144_41-1">b</a> Isaac Frederick Marcosson, Turbulent Years, Ayer Publishing, 1969, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=399LkTqBLdAC&q=Ali+Riza">p. 144.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325103241/https://books.google.com/books?id=399LkTqBLdAC&q=Ali+Riza">Archived</a> 25 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichmond1995" class="citation book cs1">Richmond, Yale (1995). From Da to Yes: Understanding the East Europeans. Intercultural Press Inc. p. 212.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Da+to+Yes%3A+Understanding+the+East+Europeans&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Intercultural+Press+Inc.&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Richmond&rft.aufirst=Yale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03068373908730899">"Ataturk"</a>. Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society. 26 (1): 117–120. January 1939. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03068373908730899">10.1080/03068373908730899</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-8789">0035-8789</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Central+Asian+Society&rft.atitle=Ataturk&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.date=1939-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03068373908730899&rft.issn=0035-8789&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F03068373908730899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Çankaya17-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Çankaya17_44-0">^</a> Falih Rıfkı Atay, Çankaya: Atatürk'ün doğumundan ölümüne kadar, İstanbul: Betaş, 1984, p. 17. (in Turkish) </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Vamık D. Volkan & Norman Itzkowitz, Ölümsüz Atatürk (Immortal Atatürk), Bağlam Yayınları, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-7696-97-8" title="Special:BookSources/975-7696-97-8">975-7696-97-8</a>, p. 37, dipnote no. 6 (Atay, 1980, s. 17) </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Cunbur, Müjgân. Türk dünyası edebiyatçıları ansiklopedisi, 2. cilt (2004), Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Başkanlığı: "Babası Ali Rıza Efendi (doğ. 1839), annesi Zübeyde Hanımdır, baba dedesi Hafız Ahmet Efendi, 14–15. yy.da Anadolu'dan göç ederek Makedonya'ya yerleşen Kocacık Yörüklerindendir." </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Kartal, Numan. Atatürk ve Kocacık Türkleri (2002), T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı: "Aile Selânik'e Manastır ilinin Debrei Bâlâ sancağına bağlı Kocacık bucağından gelmişti. Ali Rıza Efendi'nin doğum yeri olan Kocacık bucağı halkı da Anadolu'dan gitme ve tamamıyla Türk, Müslüman Oğuzların Türkmen boylarındandırlar." </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Dinamo, Hasan İzzettin. Kutsal İsyan: Millî Kurtuluş Savaşı'nın Gerçek Hikâyesi, 2. cilt (1986), Tekin Yayınevi. </li> <li id="cite_note-Macedonia_Travel_Blog_2013-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Macedonia_Travel_Blog_2013_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141104163319/http://whereismacedonia.org/en/where-to-go-in-macedonia/museums-in-macedonia/327-mustafa-kemal-ataturk-memorial-museum-in-village-kodzadzik-in-municipality-centar-zupa">"Mustafa Kemal Ataturk – memorial museum in village Kodzadzik (Коџаџик) in Municipality Centar Zupa (Центар Жупа)"</a>. Macedonia Travel Blog. 24 May 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whereismacedonia.org/mustafa-kemal-ataturk-memorial-museum-in-village-kodzadzik-in-municipality-centar-zupa/">the original</a> on 4 November 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Macedonia+Travel+Blog&rft.atitle=Mustafa+Kemal+Ataturk+%E2%80%93+memorial+museum+in+village+Kodzadzik+%28%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%9F%D0%B0%D1%9F%D0%B8%D0%BA%29+in+Municipality+Centar+Zupa+%28%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80+%D0%96%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%29&rft.date=2013-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhereismacedonia.org%2Fmustafa-kemal-ataturk-memorial-museum-in-village-kodzadzik-in-municipality-centar-zupa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Şevket Süreyya Aydemir, Tek Adam: Mustafa Kemal, Birinci Cilt (1st vol.): 1881–1919, 14th ed., Remzi Kitabevi, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-14-0212-3" title="Special:BookSources/975-14-0212-3">975-14-0212-3</a>, p. 31. (in Turkish) </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFodor1939" class="citation book cs1">Fodor, Marcel William (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BxiHAAAAMAAJ&q=His+mother,+Subeida,+was+the+daughter+of+a+small+tenant+of+a+farm+in+Southern+Albania.+According+to+such+reliable+evidence+as+I+was+able+to+collect,+this+blonde-haired,+blue-eyed,+robust+woman+was+an+Albanian+whose+mother,+in+turn,+was+a+Macedonian.+Mus-tapha+Kemal.+with+his+blue+eves+and+blond+hair.+resembled+his">South of Hitler</a>. United States, University of Wisconsin – Madison: Houghton Mifflin. p. 73. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240309052849/https://books.google.com/books?id=BxiHAAAAMAAJ&q=His+mother,+Subeida,+was+the+daughter+of+a+small+tenant+of+a+farm+in+Southern+Albania.+According+to+such+reliable+evidence+as+I+was+able+to+collect,+this+blonde-haired,+blue-eyed,+robust+woman+was+an+Albanian+whose+mother,+in+turn,+was+a+Macedonian.+Mus-tapha+Kemal.+with+his+blue+eves+and+blond+hair.+resembled+his">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024. <q>His mother, Subeida, was the daughter of a small tenant of a farm in Southern Albania. According to such reliable evidence as I was able to collect, this blonde-haired, blue-eyed, robust woman was an Albanian whose mother, in turn, was a Macedonian. Mustapha Kemal with his blue eyes and blond hair resembled his...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+of+Hitler&rft.place=United+States%2C+University+of+Wisconsin+%E2%80%93+Madison&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Fodor&rft.aufirst=Marcel+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBxiHAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DHis%2Bmother%2C%2BSubeida%2C%2Bwas%2Bthe%2Bdaughter%2Bof%2Ba%2Bsmall%2Btenant%2Bof%2Ba%2Bfarm%2Bin%2BSouthern%2BAlbania.%2BAccording%2Bto%2Bsuch%2Breliable%2Bevidence%2Bas%2BI%2Bwas%2Bable%2Bto%2Bcollect%2C%2Bthis%2Bblonde-haired%2C%2Bblue-eyed%2C%2Brobust%2Bwoman%2Bwas%2Ban%2BAlbanian%2Bwhose%2Bmother%2C%2Bin%2Bturn%2C%2Bwas%2Ba%2BMacedonian.%2BMus-tapha%2BKemal.%2Bwith%2Bhis%2Bblue%2Beves%2Band%2Bblond%2Bhair.%2Bresembled%2Bhis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100522203055/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,860057-2,00.html">"Turkey: The land a dictator turned into a democracy"</a>. Time Magazine. 12 October 1953. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,860057-2,00.html">the original</a> on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 28 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=Turkey%3A+The+land+a+dictator+turned+into+a+democracy&rft.date=1953-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C860057-2%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem">Gershom Scholem</a>, "Doenmeh", Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd ed.; Volume 5: Coh-Doz, Macmillan Reference US, Thomson Gale, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-865933-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-865933-3">0-02-865933-3</a>, p. 732. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Bernd Rill: Kemal Atatürk. Rowohlt, Reinbek 1985 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtatürk1998" class="citation book cs1">Atatürk, Kemal (1998). Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Akşit. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mustafa+Kemal+Ataturk&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Ak%C5%9Fit&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Atat%C3%BCrk&rft.aufirst=Kemal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Genelkurmay1-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay1_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay1_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay1_56-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay1_56-3">d</a> T. C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Yayınları, Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri, Ankara: Genkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, 1972, p. 1. (in Turkish) </li> <li id="cite_note-Çankaya29-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Çankaya29_57-0">^</a> Falih Rıfkı Atay, Çankaya: Atatürk'ün doğumundan ölümüne kadar, İstanbul: Betaş, 1984, p. 29. (in Turkish) </li> <li id="cite_note-Atay-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atay_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atay_58-1">b</a> Falih Rıfkı Atay: Çankaya, Pozitif Yayınları, İstanbul, 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-6461-05-5" title="Special:BookSources/975-6461-05-5">975-6461-05-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Mango, ibid, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-Genelkurmay2-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay2_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay2_60-1">b</a> T.C. Genelkurmay Başkanlığı Yayınları, ibid, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> D.V.Mikusch: Zwichen Europe und Asien (translation Esat Mermi Erendor), İkarus Yayınları, İstanbul, 1981 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-5834-32-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-605-5834-32-6">978-605-5834-32-6</a> p. 67 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Patrick Kinross: Rebirth of a Nation (translation Ayhan Tezel), Sander yayınları, İstanbul, 1972 p. 68 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://albania.dyndns.org/Presse/2004/01102004.htm">"1910, Albania broke a major uprising. Minister of War, Shefqet Mahmut Pasha, was personally involved in its printing. For this purpose decided to call his war headquarters Qemali Mustafa who was known as one of the generals prepared and laid him drafting the plan of operations. Mustafa at this time was in the Fifth Army Headquarters in Salonica"</a>. Albania.dyndns.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726010303/http://albania.dyndns.org/Presse/2004/01102004.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1910%2C+Albania+broke+a+major+uprising.+Minister+of+War%2C+Shefqet+Mahmut+Pasha%2C+was+personally+involved+in+its+printing.+For+this+purpose+decided+to+call+his+war+headquarters+Qemali+Mustafa+who+was+known+as+one+of+the+generals+prepared+and+laid+him+drafting+the+plan+of+operations.+Mustafa+at+this+time+was+in+the+Fifth+Army+Headquarters+in+Salonica.&rft.pub=Albania.dyndns.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falbania.dyndns.org%2FPresse%2F2004%2F01102004.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806013843/http://www.zeriyt.com/mustafa-ataturku-krijuesi-i-turqise-moderne-t37510.0.html">"Mustafa Atatürk had assisted in the military operation in Albania in 1910"</a>. Zeriyt.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeriyt.com/mustafa-ataturku-krijuesi-i-turqise-moderne-t37510.0.html">the original</a> on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mustafa+Atat%C3%BCrk+had+assisted+in+the+military+operation+in+Albania+in+1910&rft.pub=Zeriyt.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeriyt.com%2Fmustafa-ataturku-krijuesi-i-turqise-moderne-t37510.0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022231544/http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1912_3.html">"1912 | Aubrey Herbert: A Meeting with Isa Boletini"</a>. Albanianhistory.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1912_3.html">the original</a> on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1912+%26%23124%3B+Aubrey+Herbert%3A+A+Meeting+with+Isa+Boletini&rft.pub=Albanianhistory.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albanianhistory.net%2Ftexts20_1%2FAH1912_3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Enstehung und Ausbau der Königsdiktatur in Albanien, 1912–1939 Von Michael Schmidt-Neke </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albislam.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1137:prezantim-per-librin-kujtime-&catid=580:libri&Itemid=774">"I remember well the meeting very interesting, I had casually with Mustafa Qemali in 1910, at the time, still a mere lieutenant"</a>. Albislam.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226000429/http://www.albislam.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1137:prezantim-per-librin-kujtime-&catid=580:libri&Itemid=774">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+remember+well+the+meeting+very+interesting%2C+I+had+casually+with+Mustafa+Qemali+in+1910%2C+at+the+time%2C+still+a+mere+lieutenant&rft.pub=Albislam.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albislam.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D1137%3Aprezantim-per-librin-kujtime-%26catid%3D580%3Alibri%26Itemid%3D774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> KUJTIME nga: Eqrem Bej Vlora. Ekrem Bey Vlora, Lebenserinnerungen – Teilband II: 1912–1925 </li> <li id="cite_note-AnaBritannica-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AnaBritannica_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AnaBritannica_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AnaBritannica_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AnaBritannica_69-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AnaBritannica_69-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AnaBritannica_69-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AnaBritannica_69-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AnaBritannica_69-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AnaBritannica_69-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AnaBritannica_69-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AnaBritannica_69-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AnaBritannica_69-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AnaBritannica_69-12">m</a> Ana Britannica (1987) Vol. 2 (Ami – Avr): Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal. p. 490. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandau1984" class="citation book cs1">Landau, Jacob M. (1984). Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0865319863" title="Special:BookSources/0865319863"><bdi>0865319863</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk+and+the+Modernization+of+Turkey&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0865319863&rft.aulast=Landau&rft.aufirst=Jacob+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Jacob M. Landau, (1984), p. 48 </li> <li id="cite_note-Italian-Turkish_War_page_96-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Italian-Turkish_War_page_96_72-0">^</a> William Henry Beehler, The History of the Italian-Turkish War, page 96 </li> <li id="cite_note-Italian-Turkish_War_page_14-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Italian-Turkish_War_page_14_73-0">^</a> Beehler, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErik_Goldstein2005" class="citation book cs1">Erik Goldstein (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KWWKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37">Wars and Peace Treaties: 1816 to 1991</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134899128" title="Special:BookSources/9781134899128"><bdi>9781134899128</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801001336/https://books.google.com/books?id=KWWKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+and+Peace+Treaties%3A+1816+to+1991&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781134899128&rft.au=Erik+Goldstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKWWKAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Richard C. Hall, The Balkan Wars 1912–1913: Prelude to the First World War, Routledge, 2002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2-zAeObDX_gC&dq=Georgi+Todorov+Bulair&pg=PA81">p. 81.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423183855/https://books.google.com/books?id=2-zAeObDX_gC&dq=Georgi+Todorov+Bulair&pg=PA81">Archived</a> 23 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Edward J. Erickson, Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913, Praeger, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97888-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-97888-5">0-275-97888-5</a>, p. 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kemal-Ataturk">"Kemal Atatürk"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921175512/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kemal-Ataturk">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FKemal-Ataturk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DimitrinaKovacheva-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DimitrinaKovacheva_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DimitrinaKovacheva_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DimitrinaKovacheva_78-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/ataturkun-bulgar-aski-belgesel-oldu-4272436">"Atatürk'ün Bulgar aşkı belgesel oldu"</a>. <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet" title="Hürriyet">Hürriyet</a>. 18 April 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220710134141/https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/ataturkun-bulgar-aski-belgesel-oldu-4272436">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn+Bulgar+a%C5%9Fk%C4%B1+belgesel+oldu&rft.pub=H%C3%BCrriyet&rft.date=2006-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyet.com.tr%2Fgundem%2Fataturkun-bulgar-aski-belgesel-oldu-4272436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lengyel68-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lengyel68_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lengyel68_79-1">b</a> Lengyel, They called him Atatürk, 68 </li> <li id="cite_note-kinross100-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kinross100_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kinross100_80-1">b</a> Patrick Kinross, Atatürk: The Rebirth of a Nation, 100 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJäschke1975" class="citation journal cs1">Jäschke, Gotthard (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1569959">"Mustafa Kemal und England in Neuer Sicht"</a>. Die Welt des Islams. 16 (1/4): 169. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1569959">10.2307/1569959</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-2539">0043-2539</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1569959">1569959</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210925074533/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1569959">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt+des+Islams&rft.atitle=Mustafa+Kemal+und+England+in+Neuer+Sicht&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=169&rft.date=1975&rft.issn=0043-2539&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1569959%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1569959&rft.aulast=J%C3%A4schke&rft.aufirst=Gotthard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1569959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012161627/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/h144.html">"RAF History – Bomber Command 60th Anniversary"</a>. Raf.mod.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/h144.html">the original</a> on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RAF+History+%E2%80%93+Bomber+Command+60th+Anniversary&rft.pub=Raf.mod.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Fbombercommand%2Fh144.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Patrick Kinross, Rebirth of a Nation (translation Ayhan Tezel), Sander yayınları, İstanbul, 1972 p. 210 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Mustafa Kemal Pasha's speech on his arrival in Angora (now Ankara) in November 1919[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">where?</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorringer2014" class="citation book cs1">Worringer, Renée (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kjbFAgAAQBAJ">Ottomans Imagining Japan: East, Middle East, and Non-Western Modernity at the Turn of the Twentieth Century</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137384607" title="Special:BookSources/9781137384607"><bdi>9781137384607</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801001821/https://books.google.com/books?id=kjbFAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottomans+Imagining+Japan%3A+East%2C+Middle+East%2C+and+Non-Western+Modernity+at+the+Turn+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781137384607&rft.aulast=Worringer&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkjbFAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wilsoncenter.org-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wilsoncenter.org_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilsoncenter.org_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/facing-history-denial-and-turkish-national-security">""Facing History: Denial and Turkish National Security." | Wilson Center"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars" title="Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars">Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220402001546/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/facing-history-denial-and-turkish-national-security">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Woodrow+Wilson+International+Center+for+Scholars&rft.atitle=%22Facing+History%3A+Denial+and+Turkish+National+Security.%22+%7C+Wilson+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fevent%2Ffacing-history-denial-and-turkish-national-security&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOeconomos1922" class="citation book cs1">Oeconomos, Lysimachos (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/martyrdomofsmyrn00oecoiala">The martyrdom of Smyrna and eastern Christendom; a file of overwhelming evidence, denouncing the misdeeds of the Turks in Asia Minor and showing their responsibility for the horrors of Smyrna</a>. University of California Libraries. London, G. Allen & Unwin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+martyrdom+of+Smyrna+and+eastern+Christendom%3B+a+file+of+overwhelming+evidence%2C+denouncing+the+misdeeds+of+the+Turks+in+Asia+Minor+and+showing+their+responsibility+for+the+horrors+of+Smyrna&rft.pub=London%2C+G.+Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Oeconomos&rft.aufirst=Lysimachos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmartyrdomofsmyrn00oecoiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zürcher1984-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Zürcher1984_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZürcher1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erik-Jan_Z%C3%BCrcher" title="Erik-Jan Zürcher">Zürcher, Erik Jan</a> (1 January 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BUGIBa78aWwC&pg=PA59">The Unionist Factor: The Rôle [sic] of the Committee of Union and Progress in the Turkish National Movement, 1905–1926</a>. Brill. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-07262-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-07262-4"><bdi>90-04-07262-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801001824/https://books.google.com/books?id=BUGIBa78aWwC&pg=PA59">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unionist+Factor%3A+The+R%C3%B4le+%26%2391%3Bsic%26%2393%3B+of+the+Committee+of+Union+and+Progress+in+the+Turkish+National+Movement%2C+1905%E2%80%931926&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1984-01-01&rft.isbn=90-04-07262-4&rft.aulast=Z%C3%BCrcher&rft.aufirst=Erik+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBUGIBa78aWwC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Niki Karavasilis, The Whispering Voices of Smyrna, Dorrance Publishing, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4349-6381-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4349-6381-9">978-1-4349-6381-9</a>, pp. 208–209. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKırlı2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kırlı, Biray Kolluoḡlu (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25472814">"Forgetting the Smyrna Fire"</a>. History Workshop Journal. 60 (60): 25–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhwj%2Fdbi005">10.1093/hwj/dbi005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1363-3554">1363-3554</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25472814">25472814</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331103504/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25472814">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Workshop+Journal&rft.atitle=Forgetting+the+Smyrna+Fire&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=60&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=1363-3554&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25472814%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhwj%2Fdbi005&rft.aulast=K%C4%B1rl%C4%B1&rft.aufirst=Biray+Kolluo%E1%B8%A1lu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25472814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Dadrian, Vahakn N. and Taner Akçam. Judgement at Istanbul: the Armenian Genocide Trials. Bergham Books, 2011. pp. 104-105 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Andrew Mango, Atatürk, John Murray, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6592-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6592-2">978-0-7195-6592-2</a>, p. 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFindley2010" class="citation book cs1">Findley, Carter V. (21 September 2010). Turkey, Islam, Nationalism, and Modernity: A History, 1789-2007. Yale University Press. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15260-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15260-9"><bdi>978-0-300-15260-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey%2C+Islam%2C+Nationalism%2C+and+Modernity%3A+A+History%2C+1789-2007&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2010-09-21&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15260-9&rft.aulast=Findley&rft.aufirst=Carter+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_94-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Dankwart_Rustow" title="Dankwart Rustow">Rustow, Dankwart A.</a> (1968). pp.794–795 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Kinross" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Kinross">Patrick Kinross</a>: Rebirth of a Nation (translation Ayhan Tezel), Sander yayınları, İstanbul, 1972 p.293 </li> <li id="cite_note-feroz50-96"><a href="#cite_ref-feroz50_96-0">^</a> Ahmad, The Making of Modern Turkey, 50 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeperSayari2013" class="citation book cs1">Heper, Metin; Sayari, Sabri (7 May 2013). The Routledge Handbook of Modern Turkey. Routledge. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-30964-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-30964-9"><bdi>978-1-136-30964-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Modern+Turkey&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-05-07&rft.isbn=978-1-136-30964-9&rft.aulast=Heper&rft.aufirst=Metin&rft.au=Sayari%2C+Sabri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-98"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDadrianAkçam2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vahakn_Dadrian" title="Vahakn Dadrian">Dadrian, Vahakn N.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Taner_Ak%C3%A7am" title="Taner Akçam">Akçam, Taner</a> (2011). Judgment at Istanbul: The Armenian Genocide Trials. Berghahn Books. pp. 196, 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-251-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-251-1"><bdi>978-0-85745-251-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judgment+at+Istanbul%3A+The+Armenian+Genocide+Trials&rft.pages=196%2C+199&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-85745-251-1&rft.aulast=Dadrian&rft.aufirst=Vahakn+N.&rft.au=Ak%C3%A7am%2C+Taner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-99"><a href="#cite_ref-:22_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacfie2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._L._Macfie" title="A. L. Macfie">Macfie, A.L.</a> (2014). Atatürk. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-83-647-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-83-647-1"><bdi>978-1-138-83-647-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-138-83-647-1&rft.aulast=Macfie&rft.aufirst=A.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Documents on British Foreign Policy, vol. vii, p. 303. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> В. Шеремет. Босфор. Moscow, 1995, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-AA-102"><a href="#cite_ref-AA_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080109132901/http://www.aa.com.tr/tarihce_en/">"A short history of AA"</a>. Anadolu Ajansı Genel Müdürlüğü. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aa.com.tr/tarihce_en/">the original</a> on 9 January 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2008. <q>Ikdam newspaper dated 9 August 1921, reproducing the dispatches of AA dated 5 August and 6th, 1921, announced that Atatürk was promoted to Chief Commander</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+short+history+of+AA&rft.pub=Anadolu+Ajans%C4%B1+Genel+M%C3%BCd%C3%BCrl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Ftarihce_en%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Greco-Turkish wars, Britannica CD 99 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> James, Edwin L. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=980DEED81039EF3ABC4952DFBF668389639EDE">Kemal Won't Insure Against Massacres</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214102/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=980DEED81039EF3ABC4952DFBF668389639EDE">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>, 11 September 1922. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, 365 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Declaration-of-the-Turkish-republic">"Turkey – Declaration of the Turkish republic | history – geography"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200914215229/https://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Declaration-of-the-Turkish-republic">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Turkey+%E2%80%93+Declaration+of+the+Turkish+republic+%7C+history+%E2%80%93+geography&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FTurkey%2FDeclaration-of-the-Turkish-republic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/turkey/republic-day">"Republic Day in Turkey"</a>. www.timeanddate.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220821012612/https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/turkey/republic-day">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.timeanddate.com&rft.atitle=Republic+Day+in+Turkey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeanddate.com%2Fholidays%2Fturkey%2Frepublic-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Mango, Atatürk, 394 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaten,_Jörg2016" class="citation book cs1">Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107507180" title="Special:BookSources/9781107507180"><bdi>9781107507180</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Global+Economy.+From+1500+to+the+Present.&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781107507180&rft.au=Baten%2C+J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mango367-110"><a href="#cite_ref-mango367_110-0">^</a> Mango, Atatürk, 367 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Gerd Nonneman, Analyzing Middle East foreign policies and the relationship with Europe, Published 2005 Routledge, p. 204 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-8427-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-8427-9">0-7146-8427-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanioglu2011p55-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Hanioglu2011p55_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Şükrü_Hanioğlu2011" class="citation book cs1">M. Şükrü Hanioğlu (9 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dNFhZzug6tMC&pg=PA55">Atatürk: An Intellectual Biography</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3817-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3817-2"><bdi>978-1-4008-3817-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801001821/https://books.google.com/books?id=dNFhZzug6tMC&pg=PA55">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk%3A+An+Intellectual+Biography&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011-05-09&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3817-2&rft.au=M.+%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC+Hanio%C4%9Flu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdNFhZzug6tMC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Webster, The Turkey of Atatürk: social process in the Turkish reformation, 245 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Mango, Atatürk, 391–392 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mango,_Atatürk,_362-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mango,_Atatürk,_362_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mango,_Atatürk,_362_115-1">b</a> Mango, Atatürk, 362 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Landau, Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey, 252 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Mango, Atatürk, 501 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBozkurt2003" class="citation magazine cs1">Bozkurt, Gülnihal (2003). "Atatürk Dönemi Türk Dış Politikası". Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atat%C3%BCrk+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rma+Merkezi+Dergisi&rft.atitle=Atat%C3%BCrk+D%C3%B6nemi+T%C3%BCrk+D%C4%B1%C5%9F+Politikas%C4%B1&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Bozkurt&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BClnihal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Demirci, Fatih Kadro Hareketi ve Kadrocular, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2006, sayı 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Ergüder, J. 1927 Komünist Tevkifatı, "İstanbul Ağır Ceza Mahkemesindeki Duruşma", Birikim Yayınları, İstanbul, 1978 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikisosyalizm.org/images/5/5f/K%C4%B1v%C4%B1lc%C4%B1m_yasak.jpg">Başvekalet Kararlar Dairesi Müdürlüğü 15 Aralık 1937 tarih, 7829 nolu kararname</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160607200226/http://www.wikisosyalizm.org/images/5/5f/K%C4%B1v%C4%B1lc%C4%B1m_yasak.jpg">Archived</a> 7 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Erişim tarihi: 9 Şubat 2019. Ayrıca: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160607200226/http://www.wikisosyalizm.org/images/5/5f/K%C4%B1v%C4%B1lc%C4%B1m_yasak.jpg">Arşiv bağlantısı</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-single-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-single_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-single_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-single_122-2">c</a> Koçak, Cemil (2005) "Parliament Membership during the Single-Party System in Turkey (1925–1945)", European Journal of Turkish Studies </li> <li id="cite_note-Calipinternational-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Calipinternational_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calipinternational_123-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calipinternational_123-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calipinternational_123-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calipinternational_123-4">e</a> Majid Khadduri (2006) War and peace in the law of Islam, The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58477-695-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-58477-695-1">1-58477-695-1</a>. pp. 290–91 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080213114848/http://www.nationalinterest.org/Article.aspx?id=13296">"Review: Revivalism, Shi'a Style"</a>. The National Interest. 3 January 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalinterest.org/Article.aspx?id=13296">the original</a> on 13 February 2008. Retrieved 6 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Review%3A+Revivalism%2C+Shi%27a+Style&rft.pub=The+National+Interest&rft.date=2007-01-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalinterest.org%2FArticle.aspx%3Fid%3D13296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Mango, Atatürk, 403 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mango,_Atatürk,_401-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mango,_Atatürk,_401_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mango,_Atatürk,_401_126-1">b</a> Mango, Atatürk, 401 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Mango, Atatürk, 404 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEksi2008" class="citation news cs1">Eksi, Oktay (16 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hurarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/goster/haber.aspx?id=8711441&yazarid=1">"Paralardaki resimler"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hurriyet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurriyet">Hurriyet</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111121170457/http://hurarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/goster/haber.aspx?id=8711441&yazarid=1">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2011. Retrieved 24 April 2008. <q>İsmet Paşa "kurumlaşma" ile neyi kastettiğini de şöyle anlattı: Biz Cumhuriyeti kurduğumuz zaman onu yaşatıp yaşatamayacağımız en büyük sorun idi. Çünkü Saltanatın ve Hilafetin lağvına karşı olanların sayısı çoktu ve hedefleri de Cumhuriyetti. Cumhuriyetin 10 yaşına bastığını görmek o yüzden önemliydi. Nitekim büyük Atatürk'ün emriyle 10'uncu yıl kutlamaları çok büyük bir bayram oldu. Biz de Cumhuriyetin ve devletin kurumlaştığını göstermeye bundan sonra hep itina ettik...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet&rft.atitle=Paralardaki+resimler&rft.date=2008-04-16&rft.aulast=Eksi&rft.aufirst=Oktay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhurarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr%2Fgoster%2Fhaber.aspx%3Fid%3D8711441%26yazarid%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanioglu2011p158-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Hanioglu2011p158_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Şükrü_Hanioğlu2011" class="citation book cs1">M. Şükrü Hanioğlu (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dNFhZzug6tMC&pg=PA158">Atatürk: An Intellectual Biography</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3817-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3817-2"><bdi>978-1-4008-3817-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801001821/https://books.google.com/books?id=dNFhZzug6tMC&pg=PA158">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk%3A+An+Intellectual+Biography&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3817-2&rft.au=M.+%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC+Hanio%C4%9Flu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdNFhZzug6tMC%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kultur.gov.tr/TR,25259/1924.html">"1924"</a>. Ministry of Culture And Tourism. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221115/http://www.kultur.gov.tr/TR,25259/1924.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 4 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1924&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Culture+And+Tourism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kultur.gov.tr%2FTR%2C25259%2F1924.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dew-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dew_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dew_131-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dew_131-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dew_131-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dew_131-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dew_131-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dew_131-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dew_131-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dew_131-8">i</a> Wolf-Gazo, John Dewey in Turkey: An Educational Mission, 15–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRepublic_of_Turkey_Ministry_of_National_Education" class="citation web cs1">Republic of Turkey Ministry of National Education. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071028090833/http://www.meb.gov.tr/Stats/apk2001ing/Section_0/AtaturksViewon.htm">"Atatürk's views on education"</a>. T.C. Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meb.gov.tr/Stats/apk2001ing/Section_0/AtaturksViewon.htm">the original</a> on 28 October 2007. Retrieved 20 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk%27s+views+on+education&rft.pub=T.C.+Government&rft.au=Republic+of+Turkey+Ministry+of+National+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meb.gov.tr%2FStats%2Fapk2001ing%2FSection_0%2FAtaturksViewon.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_133-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_133-2">c</a> İğdemir, Atatürk, 165–70 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Quoted in Atatürkism, Vol. 1 (Istanbul: Office of the Chief of General Staff, 1982), 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-mango435-135"><a href="#cite_ref-mango435_135-0">^</a> Mango, Atatürk, 435 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/tr:Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn_Kastamonu_Nutku" class="extiw" title="s:tr:Atatürk'ün Kastamonu Nutku">Kastamonu Nutku</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arsiv.sabah.com.tr/2005/10/28/gun107.html">"SABAH – 28/10/2005 – Mevlevi Alayı ile Atatürk'e destek oldular"</a>. arsiv.sabah.com.tr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221090908/http://arsiv.sabah.com.tr/2005/10/28/gun107.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arsiv.sabah.com.tr&rft.atitle=SABAH+%E2%80%93+28%2F10%2F2005+%E2%80%93+Mevlevi+Alay%C4%B1+ile+Atat%C3%BCrk%27e+destek+oldular&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farsiv.sabah.com.tr%2F2005%2F10%2F28%2Fgun107.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Patrick Kinross, Atatürk: The Rebirth of a Nation, 397 </li> <li id="cite_note-:022-139"><a href="#cite_ref-:022_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÜngör" class="citation web cs1">Üngör, Umut. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/867135/65687_13.pdf">"Young Turk social engineering : mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913–1950"</a> (PDF). University of Amsterdam. pp. 235–36. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201103062815/https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/867135/65687_13.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 November 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Amsterdam&rft.atitle=Young+Turk+social+engineering+%3A+mass+violence+and+the+nation+state+in+eastern+Turkey%2C+1913%E2%80%931950&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.aulast=%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r&rft.aufirst=Umut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.uva.nl%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F867135%2F65687_13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:023-140"><a href="#cite_ref-:023_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÜngör" class="citation web cs1">Üngör, Umut. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/867135/65687_13.pdf">"Young Turk social engineering : mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913–1950"</a> (PDF). University of Amsterdam. p. 258. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201103062815/https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/867135/65687_13.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 November 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Amsterdam&rft.atitle=Young+Turk+social+engineering+%3A+mass+violence+and+the+nation+state+in+eastern+Turkey%2C+1913%E2%80%931950&rft.pages=258&rft.aulast=%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r&rft.aufirst=Umut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.uva.nl%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F867135%2F65687_13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PRP-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PRP_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRP_141-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRP_141-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRP_141-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRP_141-4">e</a> Mango, Atatürk, 418 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Weiker, Book Review of Zürcher's "Political Opposition in the Early Turkish Republic: The Progressive Republican Party, 1924–1925", 297–98 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mango_419-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Mango_419_143-0">^</a> Mango, Atatürk, 419 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Touraj Atabaki, Erik Jan Zürcher, 2004, Men of Order: authoritarian modernization under Atatürk and Reza Shah, I.B. Tauris, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-426-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-426-0">1-86064-426-0</a>, page 207 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsk.mil.tr/eng/Anitkabir/p24.html">The Tomb Room</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080505055349/http://www.tsk.mil.tr/eng/Anitkabir/p24.html">Archived</a> 5 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daisy-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daisy_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daisy_146-1">b</a> Daisy Hilse Dwyer, (1990), "Law and Islam in the Middle East", p. 77, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-151-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-151-6">978-0-89789-151-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Atillasoy, Atatürk : The First President and Founder of the Turkish Republic, 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-mango164-148"><a href="#cite_ref-mango164_148-0">^</a> Mango, Atatürk, 164 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Tüfekçi, Universality of Atatürk's philosophy </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Kinross, Atatürk: The Rebirth of a Nation, p. 343 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGöksel2013" class="citation journal cs1">Göksel, İdil (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277539513000721">"Female labor force participation in Turkey: The role of conservatism"</a>. Women's Studies International Forum. 41: 45–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.wsif.2013.04.006">10.1016/j.wsif.2013.04.006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+Studies+International+Forum&rft.atitle=Female+labor+force+participation+in+Turkey%3A+The+role+of+conservatism&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.wsif.2013.04.006&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6ksel&rft.aufirst=%C4%B0dil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0277539513000721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-atillasoy15-152"><a href="#cite_ref-atillasoy15_152-0">^</a> Atillasoy, Atatürk : first president and founder of the Turkish Republic, 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Falih Rıfkı Atay (1969). Çankaya. Istanbul. p. 440 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Landau, Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey, 190 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKayadibi2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kayadibi, Fahri (2006). "Atatürk Döneminde Eğitim ve Bilim Alanında Gelişmeler". Istanbul University Journal of the Faculty of Theology (in Turkish) (13): 1–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Istanbul+University+Journal+of+the+Faculty+of+Theology&rft.atitle=Atat%C3%BCrk+D%C3%B6neminde+E%C4%9Fitim+ve+Bilim+Alan%C4%B1nda+Geli%C5%9Fmeler&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Kayadibi&rft.aufirst=Fahri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiegandDavis1994" class="citation book cs1">Wiegand, Wayne A.; Davis, Donald G., eds. (1994). Encyclopedia of Library History. Routledge. p. 462.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Library+History&rft.pages=462&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Özelli, The Evolution of the Formal Educational System and Its Relation to Economic Growth Policies in the First Turkish Republic, 77–92 </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Landau, Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey, 191 </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapluhan2011" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kapluhan, Erol (2011), Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nde Atatürk Dönemi Eğitim Politikaları (1923–1938) ve Coğrafya Eğitimi (PhD thesis) (in Turkish), <a href="/wiki/Marmara_University" title="Marmara University">Marmara University</a>, pp. 203–5</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C3%BCrkiye+Cumhuriyeti%27nde+Atat%C3%BCrk+D%C3%B6nemi+E%C4%9Fitim+Politikalar%C4%B1+%281923%E2%80%931938%29+ve+Co%C4%9Frafya+E%C4%9Fitimi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E203-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pub=Marmara+University&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Kapluhan&rft.aufirst=Erol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGürses2010" class="citation cs2">Gürses, Fatma (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170409111102/http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/73971">"Kemalizm'in Model Ders Kitabı: Vatandaş İçin Medeni Bilgiler"</a>, Akademik Bakış, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 233–49, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/73971">the original</a> on 9 April 2017, retrieved 29 May 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Akademik+Bak%C4%B1%C5%9F&rft.atitle=Kemalizm%27in+Model+Ders+Kitab%C4%B1%3A+Vatanda%C5%9F+%C4%B0%C3%A7in+Medeni+Bilgiler&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCrses&rft.aufirst=Fatma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.gov.tr%2Fdownload%2Farticle-file%2F73971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Landau, Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey, 204–05 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Mango, Atatürk, 536 </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> İnan, Atatürk Hakkında Hatıralar ve Belgeler, 260 </li> <li id="cite_note-TED-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TED_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TED_164-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071117232115/http://www.ted.org.tr/EN/BelgeGoster.aspx?17A16AE30572D313AAF6AA849816B2EF01E9BE68C047FEF5">"About Us"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ted.org.tr/EN/BelgeGoster.aspx?17A16AE30572D313AAF6AA849816B2EF01E9BE68C047FEF5">the original</a> on 17 November 2007. Retrieved 1 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ted.org.tr%2FEN%2FBelgeGoster.aspx%3F17A16AE30572D313AAF6AA849816B2EF01E9BE68C047FEF5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaikalSchnabel2003" class="citation book cs1">Saikal, Amin; Schnabel, Albrecht (2003) [Digitized 13 July 2023]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7oLorPxb3GEC&q=Ankara">Democratization in the Middle East: Experiences, Struggles, Challenges</a>. United Nations University Press. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-808-1085-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-808-1085-1"><bdi>978-92-808-1085-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2002155283">2002155283</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005174847/https://books.google.com/books?id=7oLorPxb3GEC&q=Ankara">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratization+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Experiences%2C+Struggles%2C+Challenges&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=United+Nations+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2002155283&rft.isbn=978-92-808-1085-1&rft.aulast=Saikal&rft.aufirst=Amin&rft.au=Schnabel%2C+Albrecht&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7oLorPxb3GEC%26q%3DAnkara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geoffrey-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geoffrey_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geoffrey_166-1">b</a> Geoffrey L. Lewis (1999), The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-823856-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-823856-8">0-19-823856-8</a>. p. 66 </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Turks Teach New Theories". <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Istanbul. 9 February 1936.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Turks+Teach+New+Theories&rft.date=1936-02-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Laut (2002) </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320030651/http://www.haberturk.com/yasam/haber/592222-gazi-onerilen-14-soyadini-kabul-etmis">"Gazi, önerilen 14. soyadını kabul etmiş!"</a>. Habertürk. Retrieved 18 December 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-cleveland178-170"><a href="#cite_ref-cleveland178_170-0">^</a> Cleveland, A History of the Modern Middle East, 181 </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, M. Brett (2009). "The First Translations of the Qur'an in Modern Turkey (1924–1938)". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 41 (3): 419–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0020743809091132">10.1017/s0020743809091132</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73683493">73683493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+First+Translations+of+the+Qur%27an+in+Modern+Turkey+%281924%E2%80%931938%29&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E419-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0020743809091132&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A73683493%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=M.+Brett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Ünal, The Qur'an with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English, xxxix </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Elmalılı Hamdi Yazır, (1935), "Hak dini Kur'an dili: Yeni mealli Türkçe tefsir" 9 volumes, printed in Istanbul </li> <li id="cite_note-Radu-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Radu_174-0">^</a> Michael Radu, (2003), "Dangerous Neighborhood: Contemporary Issues in Turkey's Foreign Relations", p. 125, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0166-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0166-1">978-0-7658-0166-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaydak2000" class="citation news cs1">Paydak, Selda (January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030418082022/http://www.deltur.cec.eu.int/english/guncel/ghaber-jan00_18.html">"Interview with Semiha Berksoy"</a>. Representation of the European Commission to Turkey. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deltur.cec.eu.int/english/guncel/ghaber-jan00_18.html">the original</a> on 18 April 2003. Retrieved 11 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Semiha+Berksoy&rft.date=2000-01&rft.aulast=Paydak&rft.aufirst=Selda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deltur.cec.eu.int%2Fenglish%2Fguncel%2Fghaber-jan00_18.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Omur, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theturkishtimes.com/archive/02/12_01/c_women.html">Modernity and Islam: Experiences of Turkish Women</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071007232154/http://www.theturkishtimes.com/archive/02/12_01/c_women.html">Archived</a> 7 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Atatürk, Vatandaş İçin Medeni Bilgiler </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> İnan, Medeni bilgiler ve M. Kemal Atatürk'ün el yazıları </li> <li id="cite_note-commonslibraryblog.com_2013-179"><a href="#cite_ref-commonslibraryblog.com_2013_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180423232505/http://commonslibraryblog.com/2013/11/18/the-history-and-geography-of-women-mps-since-1918-in-numbers">"commonslibraryblog.com"</a>. commonslibraryblog.com (in Slovenian). 18 November 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://commonslibraryblog.com/2013/11/18/the-history-and-geography-of-women-mps-since-1918-in-numbers">the original</a> on 23 April 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=commonslibraryblog.com&rft.atitle=commonslibraryblog.com&rft.date=2013-11-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommonslibraryblog.com%2F2013%2F11%2F18%2Fthe-history-and-geography-of-women-mps-since-1918-in-numbers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFindley2010" class="citation book cs1">Findley, Carter Vaughn (2010). Turkey, Islam, nationalism, and modernity : a history, 1789–2007. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15260-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15260-9"><bdi>978-0-300-15260-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey%2C+Islam%2C+nationalism%2C+and+modernity+%3A+a+history%2C+1789%E2%80%932007&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15260-9&rft.aulast=Findley&rft.aufirst=Carter+Vaughn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-TurkishNational-181"><a href="#cite_ref-TurkishNational_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRepublic_Of_Turkey_Ministry_Of_National_Education" class="citation web cs1">Republic Of Turkey Ministry Of National Education. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080207000723/http://www.meb.gov.tr/Stats/apk2001ing/Section_1/1Generalprincipals.htm">"Turkish National Education System"</a>. T.C. Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meb.gov.tr/Stats/apk2001ing/Section_1/1Generalprincipals.htm">the original</a> on 7 February 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkish+National+Education+System&rft.pub=T.C.+Government&rft.au=Republic+Of+Turkey+Ministry+Of+National+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meb.gov.tr%2FStats%2Fapk2001ing%2FSection_1%2F1Generalprincipals.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Ayhan Aktar, "Cumhuriyet'in İlk Yıllarında Uygulanan 'Türkleştirme' Politikaları," in Varlık Vergisi, ve 'Türkleştirme' Politikaları, 2nd ed. (Istanbul: İletişim, 2000), 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-Grammatology_and_literary_modernity_in_Turkey-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grammatology_and_literary_modernity_in_Turkey_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grammatology_and_literary_modernity_in_Turkey_183-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErtürk2011" class="citation book cs1">Ertürk, Nergis (2011). Grammatology and literary modernity in Turkey. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974668-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974668-2"><bdi>978-0-19-974668-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammatology+and+literary+modernity+in+Turkey&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-974668-2&rft.aulast=Ert%C3%BCrk&rft.aufirst=Nergis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSibel_BozdoǧanGülru_NecipoğluJulia_Bailey2007" class="citation book cs1">Sibel Bozdoǧan; Gülru Necipoğlu; Julia Bailey, eds. (2007). Muqarnas : an annual on the visual culture of the Islamic world. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004163201" title="Special:BookSources/9789004163201"><bdi>9789004163201</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muqarnas+%3A+an+annual+on+the+visual+culture+of+the+Islamic+world.&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789004163201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAslan2007" class="citation journal cs1">Aslan, Senem (April 2007). ""Citizen, Speak Turkish!": A Nation in the Making". Nationalism and Ethnic Politics. 13 (2): 245–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13537110701293500">10.1080/13537110701293500</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144367148">144367148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationalism+and+Ethnic+Politics&rft.atitle=%22Citizen%2C+Speak+Turkish%21%22%3A+A+Nation+in+the+Making&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E245-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13537110701293500&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144367148%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Aslan&rft.aufirst=Senem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suny-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suny_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suny_186-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunyGöçekNaimark2011" class="citation book cs1">Suny, Ronald Grigor; Göçek, Fatma Müge; Naimark, Norman M., eds. (23 February 2011). A question of genocide : Armenians and Turks at the end of the Ottoman Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539374-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539374-3"><bdi>978-0-19-539374-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+question+of+genocide+%3A+Armenians+and+Turks+at+the+end+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-02-23&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539374-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBali1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bali, Rifat N. (1999). Cumhuriyet yıllarında Türkiye Yahudileri bir türkleştirme serüveni; (1923–1945) (in Turkish) (7 ed.). İstanbul: İletişim. pp. 137–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789754707632" title="Special:BookSources/9789754707632"><bdi>9789754707632</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cumhuriyet+y%C4%B1llar%C4%B1nda+T%C3%BCrkiye+Yahudileri+bir+t%C3%BCrkle%C5%9Ftirme+ser%C3%BCveni%3B+%281923%E2%80%931945%29&rft.place=%C4%B0stanbul&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E137-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.edition=7&rft.pub=%C4%B0leti%C5%9Fim&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9789754707632&rft.aulast=Bali&rft.aufirst=Rifat+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Citizenship-188"><a href="#cite_ref-Citizenship_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFİnce2012" class="citation book cs1">İnce, Başak (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ydpiawe35DwC">Citizenship and identity in Turkey : from Atatürk's republic to the present day</a>. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780760261" title="Special:BookSources/9781780760261"><bdi>9781780760261</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207090520/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ydpiawe35DwC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship+and+identity+in+Turkey+%3A+from+Atat%C3%BCrk%27s+republic+to+the+present+day&rft.place=London&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781780760261&rft.aulast=%C4%B0nce&rft.aufirst=Ba%C5%9Fak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYdpiawe35DwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Vryonis, Speros (2005). The Mechanism of Catastrophe: The Turkish Pogrom of 6–7 September 1955, and the Destruction of the Greek Community of Istanbul. New York: Greekworks.com, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9747660-3-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9747660-3-8">0-9747660-3-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurkoz2004" class="citation journal cs1">Turkoz, Meltem (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI3125908/">"The Social Life of the State's Fantasy: Memories and Documents on Turkey's Surname Law of 1934"</a>. ScholarlyCommons. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>: 1–226. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608051637/https://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI3125908/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ScholarlyCommons&rft.atitle=The+Social+Life+of+the+State%27s+Fantasy%3A+Memories+and+Documents+on+Turkey%27s+Surname+Law+of+1934&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E226&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Turkoz&rft.aufirst=Meltem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.upenn.edu%2Fdissertations%2FAAI3125908%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Basak-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Basak_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basak_191-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFİnce2012" class="citation book cs1">İnce, Başak (15 June 2012). Citizenship and identity in Turkey : from Atatürk's republic to the present day. London: I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-026-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-026-1"><bdi>978-1-78076-026-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship+and+identity+in+Turkey+%3A+from+Atat%C3%BCrk%27s+republic+to+the+present+day&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2012-06-15&rft.isbn=978-1-78076-026-1&rft.aulast=%C4%B0nce&rft.aufirst=Ba%C5%9Fak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAslan2009" class="citation journal cs1">Aslan, Senem (29 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejts.revues.org/index4142.html">"Incoherent State: The Controversy over Kurdish Naming in Turkey"</a>. European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey (10). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fejts.4142">10.4000/ejts.4142</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120726111611/http://ejts.revues.org/index4142.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2017. <q>the Surname Law was meant to foster a sense of Turkishness within society and prohibited surnames that were related to foreign ethnicities and nations</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Turkish+Studies.+Social+Sciences+on+Contemporary+Turkey&rft.atitle=Incoherent+State%3A+The+Controversy+over+Kurdish+Naming+in+Turkey&rft.issue=10&rft.date=2009-12-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fejts.4142&rft.aulast=Aslan&rft.aufirst=Senem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fejts.revues.org%2Findex4142.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkmekcioglu2010" class="citation book cs1">Ekmekcioglu, Lerna (2010). Improvising Turkishness: Being Armenian in post-Ottoman Istanbul (1918–1933). Ann Arbor: New York University. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-124-04442-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-124-04442-2"><bdi>978-1-124-04442-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Improvising+Turkishness%3A+Being+Armenian+in+post-Ottoman+Istanbul+%281918%E2%80%931933%29&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=New+York+University&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-124-04442-2&rft.aulast=Ekmekcioglu&rft.aufirst=Lerna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adını_unutan_ülke_:_Türkiye-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adını_unutan_ülke_:_Türkiye_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adını_unutan_ülke_:_Türkiye_194-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNişanyan2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nişanyan, Sevan (2010). Adını unutan ülke: Türkiye'de adı değiştirilen yerler sözlüğü (in Turkish) (1. basım. ed.). İstanbul: Everest Yayınları. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-289-730-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-289-730-4"><bdi>978-975-289-730-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ad%C4%B1n%C4%B1+unutan+%C3%BClke%3A+T%C3%BCrkiye%27de+ad%C4%B1+de%C4%9Fi%C5%9Ftirilen+yerler+s%C3%B6zl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC&rft.place=%C4%B0stanbul&rft.edition=1.+bas%C4%B1m.&rft.pub=Everest+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-975-289-730-4&rft.aulast=Ni%C5%9Fanyan&rft.aufirst=Sevan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norşin-195"><a href="#cite_ref-Norşin_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalis2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Halis, Mujgan (30 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sabah.com.tr/Cumartesi/2011/07/30/norsinden-potamyaya-hayali-cografyalarimiz">"Norşin'den Potamya'ya hayali coğrafyalarımız"</a>. Sabah (in Turkish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040226/http://www.sabah.com.tr/Cumartesi/2011/07/30/norsinden-potamyaya-hayali-cografyalarimiz">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sabah&rft.atitle=Nor%C5%9Fin%27den+Potamya%27ya+hayali+co%C4%9Frafyalar%C4%B1m%C4%B1z&rft.date=2011-07-30&rft.aulast=Halis&rft.aufirst=Mujgan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabah.com.tr%2FCumartesi%2F2011%2F07%2F30%2Fnorsinden-potamyaya-hayali-cografyalarimiz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turkification_of_the_Toponyms-196"><a href="#cite_ref-Turkification_of_the_Toponyms_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahakyan2010" class="citation book cs1">Sahakyan, Lusine (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ararat-center.org/upload/files/Toponym_Lusine.pdf">Turkification of the Toponyms in the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey</a> (PDF). Montreal: Arod Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9699879-7-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9699879-7-0"><bdi>978-0-9699879-7-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526060554/http://www.ararat-center.org/upload/files/Toponym_Lusine.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 May 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkification+of+the+Toponyms+in+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+the+Republic+of+Turkey&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=Arod+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-9699879-7-0&rft.aulast=Sahakyan&rft.aufirst=Lusine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ararat-center.org%2Fupload%2Ffiles%2FToponym_Lusine.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Hemshin:_history,_society_and_identity_in_the_highlands_of_northeast_Turkey-197">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Hemshin:_history,_society_and_identity_in_the_highlands_of_northeast_Turkey_197-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Hemshin:_history,_society_and_identity_in_the_highlands_of_northeast_Turkey_197-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonian2007" class="citation book cs1">Simonian, Hovann H. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130503043711/http://hemshin.org/books/TheHemshin-Full.pdf">The Hemshin: history, society and identity in the highlands of northeast Turkey</a> (PDF) (Repr. ed.). London: Routledge. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0656-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0656-3"><bdi>978-0-7007-0656-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hemshin.org/books/TheHemshin-Full.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hemshin%3A+history%2C+society+and+identity+in+the+highlands+of+northeast+Turkey&rft.place=London&rft.pages=161&rft.edition=Repr.&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-0656-3&rft.aulast=Simonian&rft.aufirst=Hovann+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhemshin.org%2Fbooks%2FTheHemshin-Full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_settlement_issue_in_Turkey_and_the_Kurds-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_settlement_issue_in_Turkey_and_the_Kurds_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_settlement_issue_in_Turkey_and_the_Kurds_198-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJongerden2007" class="citation book cs1">Jongerden, Joost (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ME5oLvCd088C">The settlement issue in Turkey and the Kurds : an analysis of spatial policies, modernity and war</a> ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill. p. 354. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15557-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15557-2"><bdi>978-90-04-15557-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+settlement+issue+in+Turkey+and+the+Kurds+%3A+an+analysis+of+spatial+policies%2C+modernity+and+war&rft.place=Leiden%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.pages=354&rft.edition=%5BOnline-Ausg.%5D.&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15557-2&rft.aulast=Jongerden&rft.aufirst=Joost&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DME5oLvCd088C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Names_of_12,211_Villages_Were_Changed_in_Turkey-199"><a href="#cite_ref-Names_of_12,211_Villages_Were_Changed_in_Turkey_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorkut2009" class="citation news cs1">Korkut, Tolga (14 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bianet.org/english/minorities/114491-names-of-12-211-villages-were-changed-in-turkey">"Names of 12,211 Villages Were Changed in Turkey"</a>. Bianet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090720005719/http://bianet.org/english/minorities/114491-names-of-12-211-villages-were-changed-in-turkey">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2009. Retrieved 19 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bianet&rft.atitle=Names+of+12%2C211+Villages+Were+Changed+in+Turkey&rft.date=2009-05-14&rft.aulast=Korkut&rft.aufirst=Tolga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bianet.org%2Fenglish%2Fminorities%2F114491-names-of-12-211-villages-were-changed-in-turkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Çağatay, Soner 2002 'Kemalist dönemde göç ve iskan politikaları: Türk kimliği üzerine bir çalışma' (Policies of migration and settlement in the Kemalist era: a study on Turkish identity), Toplum ve Bilim, no. 93, pp. 218–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-Joost-201"><a href="#cite_ref-Joost_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJongerden2007" class="citation book cs1">Jongerden, Joost (2007). The settlement issue in Turkey and the Kurds : an analysis of spatial policies, modernity and war ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004155572" title="Special:BookSources/9789004155572"><bdi>9789004155572</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+settlement+issue+in+Turkey+and+the+Kurds+%3A+an+analysis+of+spatial+policies%2C+modernity+and+war&rft.place=Leiden%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.edition=%5BOnline-Ausg.%5D.&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789004155572&rft.aulast=Jongerden&rft.aufirst=Joost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudak" class="citation web cs1">Budak, Derya Nil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210804051122/https://globalmediajournaltr.yeditepe.edu.tr/sites/default/files/10_derya_nil_budak.pdf">"Atatürk, The National Agricultural Leader, Father of Modern Turkish Agriculture and The National Development: A Review From the Perspective of Agricultural Communications and Leadership"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalmediajournaltr.yeditepe.edu.tr/sites/default/files/10_derya_nil_budak.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk%2C+The+National+Agricultural+Leader%2C+Father+of+Modern+Turkish+Agriculture+and+The+National+Development%3A+A+Review+From+the+Perspective+of+Agricultural+Communications+and+Leadership&rft.aulast=Budak&rft.aufirst=Derya+Nil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalmediajournaltr.yeditepe.edu.tr%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F10_derya_nil_budak.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://businessturkeytoday.com/factories-established-by-great-ataturk-founder-of-turkey-in-first-15-years-of-republic.html">"Factories established by Atatürk, the founder of Turkey, in first 15 years of Republic"</a>. 23 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211215172234/https://businessturkeytoday.com/factories-established-by-great-ataturk-founder-of-turkey-in-first-15-years-of-republic.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Factories+established+by+Atat%C3%BCrk%2C+the+founder+of+Turkey%2C+in+first+15+years+of+Republic&rft.date=2020-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusinessturkeytoday.com%2Ffactories-established-by-great-ataturk-founder-of-turkey-in-first-15-years-of-republic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Turkish-GDP-per-capita-and-GDP-growth-1923-1990-Source-Compiled-and-drawn-based-on_fig1_256014311">"Turkish GDP per capita and GDP growth, 1923–1990"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220902213702/https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Turkish-GDP-per-capita-and-GDP-growth-1923-1990-Source-Compiled-and-drawn-based-on_fig1_256014311">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 9 October 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkish+GDP+per+capita+and+GDP+growth%2C+1923%E2%80%931990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Ffigure%2FTurkish-GDP-per-capita-and-GDP-growth-1923-1990-Source-Compiled-and-drawn-based-on_fig1_256014311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1983" class="citation journal cs1">Singer, Morris (July 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4282948">"Atatürk's Economic Legacy"</a>. Middle Eastern Studies. 19 (3): 301–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263208308700552">10.1080/00263208308700552</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4282948">4282948</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230918070458/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4282948">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Atat%C3%BCrk%27s+Economic+Legacy&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E301-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=1983-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263208308700552&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4282948%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4282948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mango526-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mango526_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mango526_206-1">b</a> Mango, Atatürk, 526 </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamza_Eroğlu" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hamza Eroğlu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atam.gov.tr/index.php?Page=DergiIcerik&IcerikNo=72">"Peace at home and peace in the world"</a> (in Turkish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080130162240/http://www.atam.gov.tr/index.php?Page=DergiIcerik&IcerikNo=72">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2008. <q>'Yurtta Sulh' herşeyden önce ülkede, o insanın, insanca yaşamasını, insanlık tıynetinin gereğinin tanınmasını ifade eder.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peace+at+home+and+peace+in+the+world&rft.au=Hamza+Ero%C4%9Flu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atam.gov.tr%2Findex.php%3FPage%3DDergiIcerik%26IcerikNo%3D72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnver_Ziya_Karal" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Enver Ziya Karal. Atatürk'ten Düşünceler (in Turkish). p. 123. <q>Haricî siyaset bir heyet-i içtimaiyenin teşekkülü dahilisi ile sıkı surette alâkadardır. Çünkü teşekkül-ü dahiliyeye istinat etmeyen haricî siyasetler daima mahkûm kalırlar. Bir heyet-i içtimaiyenin teşekkül-ü dahilisi ne kadar kuvvetli olursa, siyaset-i hariciyesi de o nisbette kavi ve rasin olur.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk%27ten+D%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BCnceler&rft.pages=123&rft.au=Enver+Ziya+Karal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-britainsoil-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britainsoil_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britainsoil_209-1">b</a> Peter Sluglett, "The Primacy of Oil in Britain's Iraq Policy", in the book "Britain in Iraq: 1914–1932" London: Ithaca Press, 1976, pp. 103–16 </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCan_Dündar" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Can Dündar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071120110906/http://www.candundar.com.tr/index.php?Did=766">"Atatürk yaşasaydı"</a> (in Turkish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.candundar.com.tr/index.php?Did=766">the original</a> on 20 November 2007. Retrieved 1 January 2008. <q>... Ata'nın öncelikli dış politika sorununun Musul olduğunu söylüyor. Musul'u bırakmama konusunda aktif bir politika izlenmesinden yana olduğunu belirtiyor...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk+ya%C5%9Fasayd%C4%B1&rft.au=Can+D%C3%BCndar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.candundar.com.tr%2Findex.php%3FDid%3D766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1972225-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1972225_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArmstrong1972">Armstrong 1972</a>, p. 225. </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Olson, Robert W. (1989) The Emergence of Kurdish Nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880–1925, p. 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> Kinross, 401 </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> ASD: Speeches and statements by Atatürk, volume I pages 361–63 published by Atatürk Culture, language and history Higher Institute, Ankara 1989 </li> <li id="cite_note-mangokurds20-215"><a href="#cite_ref-mangokurds20_215-0">^</a> Andrew Mango, Atatürk and the Kurds, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 35, No. 4, 1999, 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-LetterLenin-216"><a href="#cite_ref-LetterLenin_216-0">^</a> Международная жизнь (the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)">Foreign Ministry</a>'s magazine). Moscow, 1963, № 11, pp. 147–48. The first publication of Atatürk's letter to Lenin in excerpts, in Russian. </li> <li id="cite_note-AidInfo-217"><a href="#cite_ref-AidInfo_217-0">^</a> Международная жизнь. Moscow, 1963, № 11, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-Yılmaz-218">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yılmaz_218-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yılmaz_218-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yılmaz_218-2">c</a> Yılmaz Altuğ, Foreign Policy of Atatürk, Atatürk arastirma merkezi dergisi, Vol. VI, No. 16, November 1989 </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> Yılmaz Altuğ, Türk Devrim Tarihi Dersim, 1919–1938, 1980 s. p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Patrick Kinross. Atatürk: a biography of Mustafa Kemal, father of modern Turkey. New York, 1965, p. 464. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">БСЭ</a>, 1st edition, Moscow, Vol. 55, 1947, column 374. </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">БСЭ</a>, 1st edition, Moscow, Vol. 55, 1947, column 377. </li> <li id="cite_note-BalkanFed-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BalkanFed_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BalkanFed_223-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081113142927/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,746241-1,00.html">"Oh, What Happiness!"</a>. Time Magazine. 6 November 1933. pp. 37–39. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,746241-1,00.html">the original</a> on 13 November 2008. Retrieved 7 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=Oh%2C+What+Happiness%21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=1933-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C746241-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">БСЭ</a>, 2nd edition, Moscow, Vol. 20, 1953, p. 504. </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> Karamanlis, 1995, pp. 95–97 </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> Soysal, İsmail, 1983, "Turkey's Diplomatic treaties", TTK, Ankara p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClogg2002" class="citation book cs1">Clogg, Richard (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00clog_0">A Concise History of Greece</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00479-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00479-4"><bdi>978-0-521-00479-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Greece&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00479-4&rft.aulast=Clogg&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconcisehistoryof00clog_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> p. 107 </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-228"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel_228-0">^</a> Nobel Foundation. The Nomination Database for the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Prize in Peace</a>, 1901–1955.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070510211631/http://nobelprize.org/nomination/peace/nomination.php?action=show&showid=2046">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neoskosmos.com/en/29861/ataturk-on-a-gallipoli-pedestal/">"Atatürk on a Gallipoli pedestal"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200602080231/https://neoskosmos.com/en/29861/ataturk-on-a-gallipoli-pedestal/">Archived</a> 2 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Neos Kosmos. 27 April 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDatta-Ray2002" class="citation web cs1">Datta-Ray, Sunanda (18 June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/18/opinion/IHT-meanwhile-dressing-to-rule-in-afghanistan.html">"Meanwhile: Dressing to rule in Afghanistan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204010653/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/18/opinion/IHT-meanwhile-dressing-to-rule-in-afghanistan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Meanwhile%3A+Dressing+to+rule+in+Afghanistan&rft.date=2002-06-18&rft.aulast=Datta-Ray&rft.aufirst=Sunanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F06%2F18%2Fopinion%2FIHT-meanwhile-dressing-to-rule-in-afghanistan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJentlesonPaterson,_Thomas_G.1997" class="citation book cs1">Jentleson, Bruce W.; Paterson, Thomas G. (1997). The American Journal of International Law. Oxford University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511055-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511055-5"><bdi>978-0-19-511055-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511055-5&rft.aulast=Jentleson&rft.aufirst=Bruce+W.&rft.au=Paterson%2C+Thomas+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> Narlı, Nilüfer (1993): "Turco-Iranian Relations from the Islamic Revolution to Gulf War and Beyond: Co-operation or Competition in the Muslim World". CEMOTI. (15): 265–95 </li> <li id="cite_note-iran-233">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iran_233-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iran_233-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iran_233-2">c</a> Gokhan Cetinsaya "Essential friends and natural enemies: the historical roots of Turkish-Iranian relations." Middle East Review of International Affairs Vol. 7, No. 3 – September 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> Rajaee, Farhang, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webstorage1.mcpa.virginia.edu/library/mc/forums/published/americanvalues13.pdf">Islamic Values and World View: Farhang Khomeyni on Man, the State and International Politics, Volume XIII</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326213807/http://webstorage1.mcpa.virginia.edu/library/mc/forums/published/americanvalues13.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-03-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF), University Press of America. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8191-3578-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8191-3578-X">0-8191-3578-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> Mango, Atatürk, 510 </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> Soysal, İsmail, 1983, "Turkey's Diplomatic treaties", TTK, Ankara p. 493 </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 173, pp. 214–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> Yilmaz Altuð, "Atatürk'ün Dis Politikasý," B.Ü. Uluslararasi Atatürk Konferansý Tebligleri, 10–11 November 1980, Vol. II, Istanbul 1981, p. 486. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> Şevket Süreyya Aydemir, Tek Adam, Vol. 3, Ýstanbul 1988, p. 331. </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> Atatürk'ün Milli Dış Politikası, Vol. 2, p. 355 </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> Douglas Arthur Howard: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ay-IkMqrTp4C&q=%22at+that+time%2C+the+turkish+army+at+peacetime%22">The history of Turkey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408045135/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ay-IkMqrTp4C&q=%22at+that+time,+the+turkish+army+at+peacetime%22">Archived</a> 8 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313307083" title="Special:BookSources/0313307083">0313307083</a>, page 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> Selim Deringil: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XEMaQZjfAOoC&q=%22primarily+equipped+with+world+war%22">Turkish Foreign Policy During the Second World War: An 'Active' Neutrality</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408045134/https://books.google.com/books?id=XEMaQZjfAOoC&q=%22primarily+equipped+with+world+war%22">Archived</a> 8 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Cambridge University Press, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521523295" title="Special:BookSources/9780521523295">9780521523295</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-hatay-243"><a href="#cite_ref-hatay_243-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avrasyad.com/Makaleler/1074150981_122.pdf">Hatay'ın Anavatana Katılma Süreci</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190825114919/http://www.avrasyad.com/Makaleler/1074150981_122.pdf">Archived</a> 25 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. AVRASYA Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi, Volume: IV, Issue: 7, July 2015. (in Turkish) </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies, 347–57 </li> <li id="cite_note-mango470-245">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mango470_245-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mango470_245-1">b</a> Mango, Atatürk, 470 </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, 232–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAysu2003" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aysu, Abdullah (29 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015212242/http://bianet.org/2003/01/30/16340.htm">"Tütün, İçki ve Tekel"</a> (in Turkish). BİA Haber Merkezi. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bianet.org/2003/01/30/16340.htm">the original</a> on 15 October 2007. Retrieved 10 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=T%C3%BCt%C3%BCn%2C+%C4%B0%C3%A7ki+ve+Tekel&rft.date=2003-01-29&rft.aulast=Aysu&rft.aufirst=Abdullah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bianet.org%2F2003%2F01%2F30%2F16340.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> Cemal Kutay, "Celal Bayar", Volume I, Istanbul, 1939, p. 25; Cemal Kutay, "Celal Bayar: Bir Türk'ün Biyografisi", Istanbul, Onan Matbaası, t.y., p. 82 </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/EN/TCMB+EN/Main+Menu/About+The+Bank/History/">"Our History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey">Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604150218/https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/EN/TCMB+EN/Main+Menu/About+The+Bank/History/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Bank+of+the+Republic+of+Turkey&rft.atitle=Our+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcmb.gov.tr%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2FEN%2FTCMB%2BEN%2FMain%2BMenu%2FAbout%2BThe%2BBank%2FHistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> İbrahim Kaya, Social Theory and Later Modernities, p. 90 </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> Mango, Atatürk, 478 </li> <li id="cite_note-etatism-252">^ <a href="#cite_ref-etatism_252-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-etatism_252-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-etatism_252-2">c</a> Barlas, Etatism and Diplomacy in Turkey: Economic and Foreign Policy Strategies in an Uncertain World, 1929–1939 </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> Emrence, Turkey in economic crisis (1927–1930): a panoramic vision. Journal Middle Eastern Studies </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thy.com/en-INT/skylife/archive/en/2000_1/konu10.htm#1">"Skylife"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060824210219/http://www.thy.com/en-INT/skylife/archive/en/2000_1/konu10.htm#1">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2006. Retrieved 26 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Skylife&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thy.com%2Fen-INT%2Fskylife%2Farchive%2Fen%2F2000_1%2Fkonu10.htm%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071219112235/http://www.thk.org.tr/yeni/tarihce/tarihceeng.htm">"History of Turkish Aeronautical Association"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thk.org.tr/yeni/tarihce/tarihceeng.htm">the original</a> on 19 December 2007. Retrieved 26 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Turkish+Aeronautical+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thk.org.tr%2Fyeni%2Ftarihce%2Ftarihceeng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> Dilek Barlas, Etatism and Diplomacy in Turkey: Economic and Foreign Policy Strategies p. 61 </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> Webster, The Turkey of Atatürk: Social Process in the Turkish Reformation, 260 </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> Doğan, Formation of factory settlements within Turkish industrialization and modernization in 1930s: Nazilli printing factory </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRepublic_of_Turkey,_Ministry_of_Culture_and_Tourism" class="citation web cs1">Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Culture and Tourism. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070907003309/http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN/BelgeGoster.aspx?17A16AE30572D313679A66406202CCB09837F9A3538A2623">"Aydın – Historical Ruins"</a>. T.C. Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN/BelgeGoster.aspx?17A16AE30572D313679A66406202CCB09837F9A3538A2623">the original</a> on 7 September 2007. <q>Nazilli cotton print factory was established over an area of 65.000 m2 on the Nazilli Bozdoğan highway. It is the "first Turkish cotton print factory" the foundation of which was laid on 25 August 1935 and which was opened by Atatürk with great ceremony.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ayd%C4%B1n+%E2%80%93+Historical+Ruins&rft.pub=T.C.+Government&rft.au=Republic+of+Turkey%2C+Ministry+of+Culture+and+Tourism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kultur.gov.tr%2FEN%2FBelgeGoster.aspx%3F17A16AE30572D313679A66406202CCB09837F9A3538A2623&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Demirag-260">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Demirag_260-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Demirag_260-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120721214917/http://www.nuridemirag.com/fotograf.asp">"Nuri Demirağ Aircraft Factory"</a>. Nuridemirag.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuridemirag.com/fotograf.asp">the original</a> on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nuri+Demira%C4%9F+Aircraft+Factory&rft.pub=Nuridemirag.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nuridemirag.com%2Ffotograf.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ismetinonu.org.tr/tarihte-bugun-25-ocak/">"Tarihte Bugün – 25 Ocak"</a>. İnönü Vakfı. <q>Refik Saydam başbakan oldu – İstifa eden Celal Bayar'ın yerine Refik Saydam, 25 Ocak 1939'da Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin 11. hükümetini kurdu.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tarihte+Bug%C3%BCn+%E2%80%93+25+Ocak&rft.pub=%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC+Vakf%C4%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ismetinonu.org.tr%2Ftarihte-bugun-25-ocak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turing.org.tr/tarihce/">"History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Touring_and_Automobile_Club_of_Turkey" title="Touring and Automobile Club of Turkey">Touring and Automobile Club of Turkey</a> (in Turkish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160331092346/https://www.turing.org.tr/tarihce/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Touring+and+Automobile+Club+of+Turkey&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turing.org.tr%2Ftarihce%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> Stone, Norman "Talking Turkey". National Interest, Fall2000, Issue 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-5year-264">^ <a href="#cite_ref-5year_264-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-5year_264-1">b</a> Eastham, The Turkish Development Plan: The First Five Years, 132–36 </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSUDaIwQ0UQC&dq=Dimitrina+Kovaceva+Ataturk&pg=PA327">Atatürk: Eine Biographie, Klaus Kreiser, C.H. Beck, 2011</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407172744/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSUDaIwQ0UQC&dq=Dimitrina%20Kovaceva%20Ataturk&pg=PA327">Archived</a> 7 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3406619789" title="Special:BookSources/3406619789">3406619789</a>, p. 80, (Ger.) </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/love-story-of-ataturk-and-bulgarian-girl-to-be-on-big-screen-171715">"Love story of Atatürk and Bulgarian girl to be on big screen - Türkiye News"</a>. Hürriyet Daily News. 23 February 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Love+story+of+Atat%C3%BCrk+and+Bulgarian+girl+to+be+on+big+screen+-+T%C3%BCrkiye+News&rft.date=2022-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Flove-story-of-ataturk-and-bulgarian-girl-to-be-on-big-screen-171715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121231222800/http://atam.webnode.com/anasayfa/biografi/ataturk%E2%80%99un%20ozel%20hayat%C4%B1%20/">"Atatürk'ün Özel Hayatı"</a>. Atatürk. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atam.webnode.com/anasayfa/biografi/ataturk%E2%80%99un%20ozel%20hayat%C4%B1%20/">the original</a> on 31 December 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atat%C3%BCrk&rft.atitle=Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn+%C3%96zel+Hayat%C4%B1&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatam.webnode.com%2Fanasayfa%2Fbiografi%2Fataturk%25E2%2580%2599un%2520ozel%2520hayat%25C4%25B1%2520%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBozdağ2005" class="citation book cs1">Bozdağ, İsmet (2005). Latife ve Fikriye İki Aşk Arasında Atatürk. Istanbul: Truva Yayınları.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latife+ve+Fikriye+%C4%B0ki+A%C5%9Fk+Aras%C4%B1nda+Atat%C3%BCrk&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pub=Truva+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Bozda%C4%9F&rft.aufirst=%C4%B0smet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-latife1-269"><a href="#cite_ref-latife1_269-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurgut2006" class="citation news cs1">Turgut, Pelin (1 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060718072149/http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article1152032.ece">"Turkey in the 21st century: The Legacy Of Mrs Ataturk"</a>. The Independent. UK. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/turkey-in-the-21st-century-the-legacy-of-mrs-ataturk-6096702.html">the original</a> on 18 July 2006. Retrieved 29 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Turkey+in+the+21st+century%3A+The+Legacy+Of+Mrs+Ataturk&rft.date=2006-07-01&rft.aulast=Turgut&rft.aufirst=Pelin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fturkey-in-the-21st-century-the-legacy-of-mrs-ataturk-6096702.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkhtar2008" class="citation book cs1">Akhtar, Salman (2008). The Crescent and the Couch: Cross-Currents Between Islam and Psychoanalysis. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7657-0574-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7657-0574-7"><bdi>978-0-7657-0574-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crescent+and+the+Couch%3A+Cross-Currents+Between+Islam+and+Psychoanalysis&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7657-0574-7&rft.aulast=Akhtar&rft.aufirst=Salman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/gokcen.html">Sabiha Gokcen biography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309090908/http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/gokcen.html">Archived</a> 9 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Hargrave Pioneers of Aviation </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> Political Islam in Turkey: Running West, Heading East? G. Jenkins, Publisher Springer, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0230612458" title="Special:BookSources/0230612458">0230612458</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> Düzel, Neşe (6 February 2012). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140520220406/http://www.taraf.com.tr/yazilar/nese-duzel/taha-akyol-ataturk-yargi-bagimsizligini/19831/">Taha Akyol: Atatürk yargı bağımsızlığını reddediyor</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> Prof. Utkan Kocatürk, Atatürk'ün Fikir ve Düşünceleri (Atatürk ve Din Eğitimi, A. Gürtaş, p. 26), Atatürk Research Center, 2007; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789751611741" title="Special:BookSources/9789751611741">9789751611741</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> Prof. Ethem Ruhi Fığlalı, "Atatürk'ün Din ve Laiklik Anlayışı", Atatürk Research Center, 2012; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-16-2490-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-16-2490-1">978-975-16-2490-1</a>, p. 86 </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> Atatürk'ün Söylev ve Demeçleri, Ankara 1959, 2. Baskı, II, 66–67; s. 90. III, 70 </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> Reşat Kasaba, "Atatürk", The Cambridge history of Turkey: Volume 4: Turkey in the Modern World, Cambridge University Press, 2008; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62096-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62096-3">978-0-521-62096-3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iOoGH4GckQgC&pg=PA163">p. 163</a>. Retrieved 27 March 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kdXGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA84">Political Islam in Turkey by Gareth Jenkins, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, p. 84</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0230612458" title="Special:BookSources/0230612458">0230612458</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DUal7eYmEnEC&pg=PA106">Atheism, Brief Insights Series by Julian Baggini, Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2009</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1402768826" title="Special:BookSources/1402768826">1402768826</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2gAjMuLivlQC&pg=PA19">Islamism: A Documentary and Reference Guide, John Calvert John, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313338566" title="Special:BookSources/0313338566">0313338566</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> ...Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of the secular Turkish Republic. He said: "I have no religion, and at times I wish all religions at the bottom of the sea..." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oXxXxBXewzgC&pg=PA146">The Antipodean Philosopher: Interviews on Philosophy in Australia and New Zealand, Graham Oppy, Lexington Books, 2011</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0739167936" title="Special:BookSources/0739167936">0739167936</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> Phil Zuckerman, John R. Shook, The Oxford Handbook of Secularism, Oxford University Press, 2017, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199988455" title="Special:BookSources/0199988455">0199988455</a>, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> Tariq Ramadan, Islam and the Arab Awakening, Oxford University Press, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199933731" title="Special:BookSources/0199933731">0199933731</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> Aydıntaşbaş, Aslı (7 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/2008/12/05/turkey-ataturk-movie-oped-cx_aa_1207aydintasbas.html#25ff7ccb3b64">"Why I Love Turkey's Smoking, Drinking Founding Father."</a> <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>. Retrieved 25 April 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> Kenyon, Peter (7 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2013/06/07/187334924/not-everyone-cheers-turkeys-move-to-tighten-alcohol-rules">"Not Everyone Cheers Turkey's Move To Tighten Alcohol Rules."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210430121816/https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2013/06/07/187334924/not-everyone-cheers-turkeys-move-to-tighten-alcohol-rules">Archived</a> 30 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. Retrieved 26 April 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacfie2014" class="citation book cs1">Macfie, Alexander Lyon (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8wKtAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA6">Ataturk</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317897354" title="Special:BookSources/9781317897354"><bdi>9781317897354</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ataturk&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317897354&rft.aulast=Macfie&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Lyon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8wKtAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turizm.gov.tr/TR/Genel/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF62979E318A6960C3">Atatürk'ün Hayatı</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401000157/http://www.turizm.gov.tr/TR/Genel/BelgeGoster.aspx%3FF6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF62979E318A6960C3">Archived</a> 1 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Atatürk's Life). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_Tourism_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of Culture and Tourism (Turkey)">Ministry of Culture and Tourism (Turkey)</a> (in Turkish). </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,860125,00.html">"The Burial of Ataturk"</a>. Time. <a href="/wiki/Time_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Magazine">Time Magazine</a>. 23 November 1953. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526211704/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,860125,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Burial+of+Ataturk&rft.date=1953-11-23&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C860125%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ktb.gov.tr/EN-104075/ataturks-last-will.html">"Atatürk's Last Will"</a>. www.ktb.gov.tr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526211707/https://www.ktb.gov.tr/EN-104075/ataturks-last-will.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ktb.gov.tr&rft.atitle=Atat%C3%BCrk%27s+Last+Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ktb.gov.tr%2FEN-104075%2Fataturks-last-will.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-290">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_290-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_290-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacfie2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._L._Macfie" title="A. L. Macfie">Macfie, A.L.</a> (2014). Atatürk. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-83-647-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-83-647-1"><bdi>978-1-138-83-647-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-138-83-647-1&rft.aulast=Macfie&rft.aufirst=A.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Can_D%C3%BCndar" title="Can Dündar">Can Dündar</a>, Sarı Zeybek, <a href="/wiki/Milliyet" title="Milliyet">Milliyet</a>, 1994, p. 103 </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavaro-Yashin2002" class="citation book cs1">Navaro-Yashin, Yael (2002). Faces of the State: Secularism and Public Life in Turkey. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 196–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08845-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08845-7"><bdi>978-0-691-08845-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faces+of+the+State%3A+Secularism+and+Public+Life+in+Turkey&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E196-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-691-08845-7&rft.aulast=Navaro-Yashin&rft.aufirst=Yael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisonConaway,_Wayne_A.1994" class="citation book cs1">Morrison, Terry; Conaway, Wayne A. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kissboworshakeha00morr/page/392">Kiss, Bow, Or Shake Hands: How to Do Business in Sixty Countries</a>. Adams Media. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kissboworshakeha00morr/page/392">392</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55850-444-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55850-444-8"><bdi>978-1-55850-444-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kiss%2C+Bow%2C+Or+Shake+Hands%3A+How+to+Do+Business+in+Sixty+Countries&rft.pages=392&rft.pub=Adams+Media&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-55850-444-8&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft.au=Conaway%2C+Wayne+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkissboworshakeha00morr%2Fpage%2F392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYonah2007" class="citation book cs1">Yonah, Alexander (2007). Turkey: Terrorism, Civil Rights, and the European Union. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44163-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44163-6"><bdi>978-0-415-44163-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey%3A+Terrorism%2C+Civil+Rights%2C+and+the+European+Union&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-44163-6&rft.aulast=Yonah&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ihbarweb.org.tr/eng/ihbar_en.php?subject=8">"Turkish Telecommunications Presidency: Internet Hotline"</a>. Ihbarweb.org.tr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005151726/http://www.ihbarweb.org.tr/eng/ihbar_en.php?subject=8">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkish+Telecommunications+Presidency%3A+Internet+Hotline&rft.pub=Ihbarweb.org.tr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ihbarweb.org.tr%2Feng%2Fihbar_en.php%3Fsubject%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.rsf.org/turkey-time-to-break-out-of-legislative-01-12-2010,38933.html">Time to break out of legislative straitjacket that is stifling media freedom</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120319004632/http://en.rsf.org/turkey-time-to-break-out-of-legislative-01-12-2010,38933.html">Archived</a> 19 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="Reporters Sans Frontières">Reporters Sans Frontières</a>, 1 December 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanioglu2011p128-297">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hanioglu2011p128_297-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanioglu2011p128_297-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanioglu2011p128_297-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Şükrü_Hanioğlu2011" class="citation book cs1">M. Şükrü Hanioğlu (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dNFhZzug6tMC&pg=PA128">Atatürk: An Intellectual Biography</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3817-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3817-2"><bdi>978-1-4008-3817-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231106045111/https://books.google.com/books?id=dNFhZzug6tMC&pg=PA128#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk%3A+An+Intellectual+Biography&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3817-2&rft.au=M.+%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC+Hanio%C4%9Flu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdNFhZzug6tMC%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123204528/https://www.turkeyanalyst.org/publications/turkey-analyst-articles/item/367-hitler%E2%80%99s-infatuation-with-atat%C3%BCrk-revisited.html">"Hitler's Infatuation with Atatürk Revisited"</a>. Turkey Analyst. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turkeyanalyst.org/publications/turkey-analyst-articles/item/367-hitler%E2%80%99s-infatuation-with-atat%C3%BCrk-revisited.html">the original</a> on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Infatuation+with+Atat%C3%BCrk+Revisited&rft.pub=Turkey+Analyst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkeyanalyst.org%2Fpublications%2Fturkey-analyst-articles%2Fitem%2F367-hitler%25E2%2580%2599s-infatuation-with-atat%25C3%25BCrk-revisited.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor2014" class="citation news cs1">O'Connor, William (24 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204085856/https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-20th-century-dictator-most-idolized-by-hitler">"The 20th-Century Dictator Most Idolized by Hitler"</a>. The Daily Beast. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-20th-century-dictator-most-idolized-by-hitler">the original</a> on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=The+20th-Century+Dictator+Most+Idolized+by+Hitler&rft.date=2014-11-24&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fthe-20th-century-dictator-most-idolized-by-hitler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIhrig2014" class="citation book cs1">Ihrig, Stefan (2014). Atatürk in the Nazi Imagination. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36837-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36837-8"><bdi>978-0-674-36837-8</bdi></a>. <q>For example, in 1938, on his birthday, in a meeting with a delegation of Turkish politicians and journalists, he reaffirmed the primal and original role Atatürk had played for him and in doing so also pinpointed what was the essence of most far-right and Nazi interpretations of Atatürk in interwar Germany: "Atatürk was the first to show that it is possible to mobilize and regenerate the resources that a country has lost. In this respect Atatürk was a teacher; Mussolini was his first and I his second student."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk+in+the+Nazi+Imagination&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-674-36837-8&rft.aulast=Ihrig&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> In his <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_Address_to_the_Reichstag_(4_May_1941)" class="extiw" title="s:Adolf Hitler's Address to the Reichstag (4 May 1941)">address to the Reichstag on 4 May 1941</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"Turkey had been our ally in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War</a>. Its unfortunate result was as heavy a burden for Turkey as it was for us. The great and ingenious reconstructor of the new Turkey gave his Allies, beaten by fate, the first example of resurrection. While Turkey, thanks to the realistic attitude of her State leadership, preserved her independent attitude Yugoslavia fell a victim to British intrigues."</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674368378">Atatürk in the Nazi Imagination – Stefan Ihrig</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Belknap Press</a>. 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674368378" title="Special:BookSources/9780674368378"><bdi>9780674368378</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140712124647/http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674368378">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk+in+the+Nazi+Imagination+%E2%80%93+Stefan+Ihrig&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780674368378&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hup.harvard.edu%2Fcatalog.php%3Fisbn%3D9780674368378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKWHA-237-001.aspx">Remarks on the 25th Anniversary of the Death of Kemal Atatürk, 4 November 1963</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180922211930/https://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKWHA-237-001.aspx">Archived</a> 22 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Audio file on: jfklibrary.org. </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> Bernd Rill: Kemal Atatürk. Rowohlt, Reinbek 1985, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-hg228-305"><a href="#cite_ref-hg228_305-0">^</a> Halil Gülbeyaz: Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Vom Staatsgründer zum Mythos. Parthas-Verlag, Berlin, 2004, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-Girbeau-306"><a href="#cite_ref-Girbeau_306-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGirbeau,_Sabine2003" class="citation news cs1">Girbeau, Sabine (18 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afrik.com/article6475.html">"Habib Bourguiba ou la modernité inachevée"</a>. Afrik.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180617070602/http://www.afrik.com/article6475.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Afrik.com&rft.atitle=Habib+Bourguiba+ou+la+modernit%C3%A9+inachev%C3%A9e&rft.date=2003-08-18&rft.au=Girbeau%2C+Sabine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afrik.com%2Farticle6475.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> Huda Shaarawi's Diaries – Book of Al-Hilal, September / 1981 </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201032/page/n333/mode/2up">Grey Wolf: Mustafa Kemal – An intimate study of a dictator (fifth cheap edition, July 1935), p. 333</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> The Two Kemals; The Polished Aristocrat of European Circles in Contrast With the Ruthless Commander of Fanatical Turks, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E0CE7DE1F3CEE3ABC4953DFB6678389639EDE">New York Times, 1 October 1922</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305162405/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E0CE7DE1F3CEE3ABC4953DFB6678389639EDE">Archived</a> 5 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isteataturk.com/g/kategori/madalya-ve-nisanlar">"Atatürk'ün Madalya ve Nişanları"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200315144609/https://isteataturk.com/g/kategori/madalya-ve-nisanlar">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn+Madalya+ve+Ni%C5%9Fanlar%C4%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisteataturk.com%2Fg%2Fkategori%2Fmadalya-ve-nisanlar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ataturk.org.au/ataturk-2/ataturkun-hayati/ataturkun-rutbe-yukselme-tarihleri-nisan-ve-madalyalari/">"Atatürk'ün Rütbe, Nişan ve Madalyaları"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200315144550/https://ataturk.org.au/ataturk-2/ataturkun-hayati/ataturkun-rutbe-yukselme-tarihleri-nisan-ve-madalyalari/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn+R%C3%BCtbe%2C+Ni%C5%9Fan+ve+Madalyalar%C4%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fataturk.org.au%2Fataturk-2%2Fataturkun-hayati%2Fataturkun-rutbe-yukselme-tarihleri-nisan-ve-madalyalari%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-312">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_312-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_312-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/A._L._Macfie" title="A. L. Macfie">Macfie, A.L.</a> (2014) p. 43 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <dl><dt>Prints</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad1993" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad, Feroz (1993). The Making of Modern Turkey. London; New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07835-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07835-1"><bdi>978-0-415-07835-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Turkey&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-415-07835-1&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Feroz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Courtenay_Armstrong" title="Harold Courtenay Armstrong">Armstrong, Harold Courtenay</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/graywolfmustafak0000arms">Grey Wolf, Mustafa Kemal: An Intimate Study of a Dictator</a>. Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8369-6962-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8369-6962-7"><bdi>978-0-8369-6962-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grey+Wolf%2C+Mustafa+Kemal%3A+An+Intimate+Study+of+a+Dictator&rft.place=Freeport%2C+NY&rft.pub=Books+for+Libraries+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-8369-6962-7&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Harold+Courtenay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgraywolfmustafak0000arms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtillasoy2002" class="citation book cs1">Atillasoy, Yüksel (2002). Atatürk: First President and Founder of the Turkish Republic. Woodside, NY: Woodside House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9712353-4-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9712353-4-2"><bdi>978-0-9712353-4-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk%3A+First+President+and+Founder+of+the+Turkish+Republic&rft.place=Woodside%2C+NY&rft.pub=Woodside+House&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-9712353-4-2&rft.aulast=Atillasoy&rft.aufirst=Y%C3%BCksel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacqué-GrammontRoux1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bacqué-Grammont, Jean-Louis; <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Roux" title="Jean-Paul Roux">Roux, Jean-Paul</a> (1983). Mustafa Kemal et la Turquie nouvelle (in French). Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7068-0829-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-7068-0829-2"><bdi>2-7068-0829-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mustafa+Kemal+et+la+Turquie+nouvelle&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Maisonneuve+et+Larose&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=2-7068-0829-2&rft.aulast=Bacqu%C3%A9-Grammont&rft.aufirst=Jean-Louis&rft.au=Roux%2C+Jean-Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noel_Barber" title="Noel Barber">Barber, Noel</a> (1988). Lords of the Golden Horn. London: Arrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-953950-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-953950-6"><bdi>978-0-09-953950-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lords+of+the+Golden+Horn&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arrow&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-09-953950-6&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlas1998" class="citation book cs1">Barlas, Dilek (1998). Statism and Diplomacy in Turkey: Economic and Foreign Policy Strategies in an Uncertain World, 1929–1939. New York: Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10855-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10855-4"><bdi>978-90-04-10855-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statism+and+Diplomacy+in+Turkey%3A+Economic+and+Foreign+Policy+Strategies+in+an+Uncertain+World%2C+1929%E2%80%931939&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10855-4&rft.aulast=Barlas&rft.aufirst=Dilek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleveland2004" class="citation book cs1">Cleveland, William L (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernm00will">A History of the Modern Middle East</a>. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4048-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4048-7"><bdi>978-0-8133-4048-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-4048-7&rft.aulast=Cleveland&rft.aufirst=William+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmodernm00will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrease2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Crease" title="Robert P. Crease">Crease, Robert P.</a> (2019). "Kemal Atatürk: Science and Patriotism". The workshop and the world: what ten thinkers can teach us about science and authority. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc. pp. 189–204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-29243-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-29243-5"><bdi>978-0-393-29243-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1037807472">1037807472</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk%3A+Science+and+Patriotism&rft.btitle=The+workshop+and+the+world%3A+what+ten+thinkers+can+teach+us+about+science+and+authority&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E204&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1037807472&rft.isbn=978-0-393-29243-5&rft.aulast=Crease&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoğan2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Doğan, Çağatay Emre (2003). Formation of Factory Settlements Within Turkish Industrialization and Modernization in 1930s: Nazilli Printing Factory (in Turkish). Ankara: Middle East Technical University. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54431696">54431696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Formation+of+Factory+Settlements+Within+Turkish+Industrialization+and+Modernization+in+1930s%3A+Nazilli+Printing+Factory&rft.place=Ankara&rft.pub=Middle+East+Technical+University&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54431696&rft.aulast=Do%C4%9Fan&rft.aufirst=%C3%87a%C4%9Fatay+Emre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanioğlu2011" class="citation book cs1">Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü (2011). Atatürk: An Intellectual Biography. New Jersey and Woodstock (Oxfordshire): Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15109-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15109-0"><bdi>978-0-691-15109-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk%3A+An+Intellectual+Biography&rft.place=New+Jersey+and+Woodstock+%28Oxfordshire%29&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15109-0&rft.aulast=Hanio%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=M.+%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuntington2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington, Samuel P.</a> (2006). <a href="/wiki/Political_Order_in_Changing_Societies" title="Political Order in Changing Societies">Political Order in Changing Societies</a>. New Haven, Conn.; London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11620-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11620-5"><bdi>978-0-300-11620-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Order+in+Changing+Societies&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Conn.%3B+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11620-5&rft.aulast=Huntington&rft.aufirst=Samuel+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFİğdemirMango,_Andrew_(translation)1963" class="citation book cs1">İğdemir, Uluğ; Mango, Andrew (translation) (1963). Atatürk. Ankara: Turkish National Commission for UNESCO. pp. 165–170. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/75604149">75604149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk&rft.place=Ankara&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E170&rft.pub=Turkish+National+Commission+for+UNESCO&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F75604149&rft.aulast=%C4%B0%C4%9Fdemir&rft.aufirst=Ulu%C4%9F&rft.au=Mango%2C+Andrew+%28translation%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFİnan2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Afet_%C4%B0nan" title="Afet İnan">İnan, Ayşe Afet</a> (2007). Atatürk Hakkında Hatıralar ve Belgeler (in Turkish). Istanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9944-88-140-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9944-88-140-1"><bdi>978-9944-88-140-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk+Hakk%C4%B1nda+Hat%C4%B1ralar+ve+Belgeler&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pub=T%C3%BCrkiye+%C4%B0%C5%9F+Bankas%C4%B1+K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9944-88-140-1&rft.aulast=%C4%B0nan&rft.aufirst=Ay%C5%9Fe+Afet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFİnanSevim,_AliSüslü,_AzmiTural,_M_Akif1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">İnan, Ayşe Afet; Sevim, Ali; Süslü, Azmi; Tural, M Akif (1998). Medeni bilgiler ve M. Kemal Atatürk'ün el Yazıları (in Turkish). Ankara: AKDTYK Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-16-1276-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-16-1276-2"><bdi>978-975-16-1276-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medeni+bilgiler+ve+M.+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn+el+Yaz%C4%B1lar%C4%B1&rft.place=Ankara&rft.pub=AKDTYK+Atat%C3%BCrk+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rma+Merkezi&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-975-16-1276-2&rft.aulast=%C4%B0nan&rft.aufirst=Ay%C5%9Fe+Afet&rft.au=Sevim%2C+Ali&rft.au=S%C3%BCsl%C3%BC%2C+Azmi&rft.au=Tural%2C+M+Akif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinross2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Balfour,_3rd_Baron_Kinross" class="mw-redirect" title="John Balfour, 3rd Baron Kinross">Kinross, Patrick</a> (2003). Atatürk: The Rebirth of a Nation. London: Phoenix Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-599-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-599-1"><bdi>978-1-84212-599-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55516821">55516821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk%3A+The+Rebirth+of+a+Nation&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55516821&rft.isbn=978-1-84212-599-1&rft.aulast=Kinross&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinross1979" class="citation book cs1">Kinross, Patrick (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ottomancenturies00kinr">The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire</a>. New York: Morrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-08093-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-08093-8"><bdi>978-0-688-08093-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Centuries%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Turkish+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Morrow&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-688-08093-8&rft.aulast=Kinross&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fottomancenturies00kinr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandau1983" class="citation book cs1">Landau, Jacob M (1983). Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86531-986-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86531-986-8"><bdi>978-0-86531-986-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk+and+the+Modernization+of+Turkey&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-86531-986-8&rft.aulast=Landau&rft.aufirst=Jacob+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLengyel1962" class="citation book cs1">Lengyel, Emil (1962). They Called Him Atatürk. New York: The John Day Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1337444">1337444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+Called+Him+Atat%C3%BCrk&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+John+Day+Co&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1337444&rft.aulast=Lengyel&rft.aufirst=Emil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMango2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mango" title="Andrew Mango">Mango, Andrew</a> (2002) [1999]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ataturk00andr">Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey</a> (Paperback ed.). Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press, Peter Mayer Publishers, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58567-334-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58567-334-6"><bdi>978-1-58567-334-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk%3A+The+Biography+of+the+Founder+of+Modern+Turkey&rft.place=Woodstock%2C+NY&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Overlook+Press%2C+Peter+Mayer+Publishers%2C+Inc&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-58567-334-6&rft.aulast=Mango&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fataturk00andr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMango2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mango" title="Andrew Mango">Mango, Andrew</a> (2004). Atatürk. London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6592-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6592-2"><bdi>978-0-7195-6592-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7195-6592-2&rft.aulast=Mango&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaikalSchnabel,_Albrecht2003" class="citation book cs1">Saikal, Amin; Schnabel, Albrecht (2003). Democratization in the Middle East: Experiences, Struggles, Challenges. Tokyo: United Nations University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-808-1085-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-808-1085-1"><bdi>978-92-808-1085-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratization+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Experiences%2C+Struggles%2C+Challenges&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=United+Nations+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-92-808-1085-1&rft.aulast=Saikal&rft.aufirst=Amin&rft.au=Schnabel%2C+Albrecht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawShaw,_Ezel_Kural1976–1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanford_J._Shaw" title="Stanford J. Shaw">Shaw, Stanford Jay</a>; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1976–1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman00stan">History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey</a>. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21280-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21280-9"><bdi>978-0-521-21280-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+Modern+Turkey&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1976%2F1977&rft.isbn=978-0-521-21280-9&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Stanford+Jay&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Ezel+Kural&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofottoman00stan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpangnolo1992" class="citation book cs1">Spangnolo, John (1992). The Modern Middle East in Historical Perspective: Essays in Honour of Albert Hourani. Oxford: Middle East Centre, St. Antony's College. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86372-164-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86372-164-9"><bdi>978-0-86372-164-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/80503960">80503960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Middle+East+in+Historical+Perspective%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Albert+Hourani&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Middle+East+Centre%2C+St.+Antony%27s+College&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F80503960&rft.isbn=978-0-86372-164-9&rft.aulast=Spangnolo&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTunçay1972" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tunçay, Mete (1972). Mesaî : Halk Şûrâlar Fırkası Programı, 1920 (in Turkish). Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1926301">1926301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesa%C3%AE+%3A+Halk+%C5%9E%C3%BBr%C3%A2lar+F%C4%B1rkas%C4%B1+Program%C4%B1%2C+1920&rft.place=Ankara&rft.pub=Ankara+%C3%9Cniversitesi+Siyasal+Bilgiler+Fak%C3%BCltesi&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1926301&rft.aulast=Tun%C3%A7ay&rft.aufirst=Mete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTüfekçi1981" class="citation book cs1">Tüfekçi, Gürbüz D (1981). Universality of Atatürk's Philosophy. Ankara: Pan Matbaacılık. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54074541">54074541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Universality+of+Atat%C3%BCrk%27s+Philosophy&rft.place=Ankara&rft.pub=Pan+Matbaac%C4%B1l%C4%B1k&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54074541&rft.aulast=T%C3%BCfek%C3%A7i&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCrb%C3%BCz+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYapp1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Yapp" title="Malcolm Yapp">Yapp, Malcolm</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofmodern00yapp">The Making of the Modern Near East, 1792–1923</a>. London; New York: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-49380-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-49380-3"><bdi>978-0-582-49380-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Modern+Near+East%2C+1792%E2%80%931923&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-582-49380-3&rft.aulast=Yapp&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingofmodern00yapp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster1973" class="citation book cs1">Webster, Donald Everett (1973). The Turkey of Atatürk; Social Process in the Turkish Reformation. New York: AMS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-404-56333-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-404-56333-2"><bdi>978-0-404-56333-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Turkey+of+Atat%C3%BCrk%3B+Social+Process+in+the+Turkish+Reformation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=AMS+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-404-56333-2&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Donald+Everett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZürcher2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erik-Jan_Z%C3%BCrcher" title="Erik-Jan Zürcher">Zürcher, Erik Jan</a> (2004). Turkey: A Modern History. London; New York: I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-399-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-399-6"><bdi>978-1-85043-399-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey%3A+A+Modern+History&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-399-6&rft.aulast=Z%C3%BCrcher&rft.aufirst=Erik+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Journals</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEastham1964" class="citation journal cs1">Eastham, J. K. (March 1964). "The Turkish Development Plan: The First Five Years". The Economic Journal. 74 (298): 132–136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2228117">10.2307/2228117</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0133">0013-0133</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2228117">2228117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Turkish+Development+Plan%3A+The+First+Five+Years&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=298&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E132-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.date=1964-03&rft.issn=0013-0133&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2228117%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2228117&rft.aulast=Eastham&rft.aufirst=J.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmrence2003" class="citation journal cs1">Emrence, Cem (2003). "Turkey in Economic Crisis (1927–1930): A Panoramic Vision". Middle Eastern Studies. 39 (4): 67–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263200412331301787">10.1080/00263200412331301787</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3206">0026-3206</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144066199">144066199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Turkey+in+Economic+Crisis+%281927%E2%80%931930%29%3A+A+Panoramic+Vision&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144066199%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0026-3206&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263200412331301787&rft.aulast=Emrence&rft.aufirst=Cem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmur2002" class="citation journal cs1">Omur, Aslı (December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071007232154/http://www.theturkishtimes.com/archive/02/12_01/c_women.html">"Modernity and Islam: Experiences of Turkish Women"</a>. Turkish Times. 13 (312). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-0164">1043-0164</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theturkishtimes.com/archive/02/12_01/c_women.html">the original</a> on 7 October 2007. Retrieved 10 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Turkish+Times&rft.atitle=Modernity+and+Islam%3A+Experiences+of+Turkish+Women&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=312&rft.date=2002-12&rft.issn=1043-0164&rft.aulast=Omur&rft.aufirst=Asl%C4%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theturkishtimes.com%2Farchive%2F02%2F12_01%2Fc_women.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖzelli1974" class="citation journal cs1">Özelli, M. Tunç (January 1974). "The Evolution of the Formal Educational System and its Relation to Economic Growth Policies in the First Turkish Republic". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 5 (1): 77–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0020743800032803">10.1017/s0020743800032803</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7438">0020-7438</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/162345">162345</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154739517">154739517</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Formal+Educational+System+and+its+Relation+to+Economic+Growth+Policies+in+the+First+Turkish+Republic&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=1974-01&rft.issn=0020-7438&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154739517%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F162345%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0020743800032803&rft.aulast=%C3%96zelli&rft.aufirst=M.+Tun%C3%A7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Stone" title="Norman Stone">Stone, Norman</a> (2000). "Talking Turkey". The National Interest. 61: 66. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0884-9382">0884-9382</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+Interest&rft.atitle=Talking+Turkey&rft.volume=61&rft.pages=66&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0884-9382&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolkan1981" class="citation journal cs1">Volkan, Vamık D. (1981). "Immortal Atatürk – Narcissism and Creativity in a Revolutionary Leader". Psychoanalytic Study of Society. 9: 221–255. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0079-7294">0079-7294</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60448681">60448681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychoanalytic+Study+of+Society&rft.atitle=Immortal+Atat%C3%BCrk+%E2%80%93+Narcissism+and+Creativity+in+a+Revolutionary+Leader&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E221-%3C%2Fspan%3E255&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60448681&rft.issn=0079-7294&rft.aulast=Volkan&rft.aufirst=Vam%C4%B1k+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf-Gazo1996" class="citation journal cs1">Wolf-Gazo, Ernest (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327060825/http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/~jast/Number3/Gazo.html">"John Dewey in Turkey: An Educational Mission"</a>. Journal of American Studies of Turkey. 3: 15–42. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1300-6606">1300-6606</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/~jast/Number3/Gazo.html">the original</a> on 27 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+Studies+of+Turkey&rft.atitle=John+Dewey+in+Turkey%3A+An+Educational+Mission&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=1300-6606&rft.aulast=Wolf-Gazo&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bilkent.edu.tr%2F~jast%2FNumber3%2FGazo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430154105/http://www.teknikportal.com/mustafa-kemal-ataturk-hayati-basarilari-t9870.0.html">"Mustafa Kemal Atatürk"</a>. TP Editors. pp. 7–8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teknikportal.com/mustafa-kemal-ataturk-hayati-basarilari-t9870.0.html">the original</a> on 30 April 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TP+Editors&rft.atitle=Mustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teknikportal.com%2Fmustafa-kemal-ataturk-hayati-basarilari-t9870.0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061114074222/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C860125%2C00.html">"The Burial of Atatürk"</a>. Time Magazine. 23 November 1953. pp. 37–39. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,860125,00.html">the original</a> on 14 November 2006. Retrieved 7 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Burial+of+Atat%C3%BCrk&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=1953-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C860125%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/subjects/person:kemal_atatürk_(1881-1938)">Works about Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL4540440A">Works by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Atatürk%2C%20Mustafa%20Kemal%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Atatürk%2C%20Mustafa%20K%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Atatürk%2C%20M%2E%20K%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Mustafa%20Kemal%20Atatürk%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Mustafa%20K%2E%20Atatürk%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22M%2E%20K%2E%20Atatürk%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Atatürk%2C%20Mustafa%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Mustafa%20Atatürk%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Mustafa%20Kemal%20Atatürk%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Mustafa%20K%2E%20Atatürk%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22M%2E%20K%2E%20Atatürk%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22M%2E%20Kemal%20Atatürk%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Atatürk%2C%20Mustafa%20Kemal%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Atatürk%2C%20Mustafa%20K%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Atatürk%2C%20M%2E%20K%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Atatürk%2C%20M%2E%20Kemal%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Mustafa%20Atatürk%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Atatürk%2C%20Mustafa%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Mustafa%20Kemal%20Atatürk%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Mustafa%20K%2E%20Atatürk%22%20OR%20title%3A%22M%2E%20K%2E%20Atatürk%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Mustafa%20Atatürk%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Mustafa%20Kemal%20Atatürk%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Mustafa%20K%2E%20Atatürk%22%20OR%20description%3A%22M%2E%20K%2E%20Atatürk%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Atatürk%2C%20Mustafa%20Kemal%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Atatürk%2C%20Mustafa%20K%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Mustafa%20Atatürk%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Atatürk%2C%20Mustafa%22%29%20OR%20%28%221881-1938%22%20AND%20%28%22Atatürk%22%20OR%20Ataturk%29%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/000726">Newspaper clippings about Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mustafa_Kemal_Atatürk107" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;background:#ccccff"><div id="Mustafa_Kemal_Atatürk107" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_held_by_Mustafa_Kemal_Atatürk123" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;background:#ccccff"><div id="Offices_held_by_Mustafa_Kemal_Atatürk123" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices held by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_%C4%B0zzet_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed İzzet Pasha">Ahmet İzzet Furgaç</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Second Army (Ottoman Empire)">Second Army</a> March – July 1917 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" title="Fevzi Çakmak">Fevzi Çakmak</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Unknown</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Seventh Army (Ottoman Empire)">Seventh Army</a> July – October 1917 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" title="Fevzi Çakmak">Fevzi Çakmak</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" title="Fevzi Çakmak">Fevzi Çakmak</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Seventh Army (Ottoman Empire)">Seventh Army</a> August – September 1918 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)#Destruction_of_the_Turkish_Seventh_Army" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Formation destroyed</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Liman_von_Sanders" title="Otto Liman von Sanders">Otto Liman von Sanders</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Commander of <a href="/wiki/Yildirim_Army_Group_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yildirim Army Group (Ottoman Empire)">Thunder Army Group</a> Residual elements October – November 1918 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Formation dissolved </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New title <div style="font-size:90%">State founded</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Turkey">Prime Minister of Turkey</a> 25 April 1920 – 24 January 1921 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" title="Fevzi Çakmak">Fevzi Çakmak</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New title <div style="font-size:90%">State founded</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Speakers of the Parliament of Turkey">Speaker of the Parliament of Turkey</a> 24 April 1920 – 29 October 1923 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fethi_Okyar" title="Fethi Okyar">Fethi Okyar</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New title <div style="font-size:90%">State founded</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Turkey">President of Turkey</a> 29 October 1923 – 10 November 1938 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet İnönü</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New title <div style="font-size:90%">State founded</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Leader of the Republican People's Party">Leader of the Republican People's Party</a> 9 September 1923 – 10 November 1938 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet İnönü</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Presidents_of_Turkey208" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Turkey" title="Template:Presidents of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Presidents of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Presidents_of_Turkey208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Presidents of Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Turkey" title="List of presidents of Turkey">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cel%C3%A2l_Bayar" title="Celâl Bayar">Celâl Bayar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemal_G%C3%BCrsel" title="Cemal Gürsel">Cemal Gürsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cevdet_Sunay" title="Cevdet Sunay">Cevdet Sunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahri_Korut%C3%BCrk" title="Fahri Korutürk">Fahri Korutürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenan_Evren" title="Kenan Evren">Kenan Evren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal" title="Turgut Özal">Turgut Özal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel" title="Süleyman Demirel">Süleyman Demirel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Necdet_Sezer" title="Ahmet Necdet Sezer">Ahmet Necdet Sezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_G%C3%BCl" title="Abdullah Gül">Abdullah Gül</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Standard of the President of Turkey"><img alt="Standard of the President of Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg/60px-Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg/90px-Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg/120px-Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="469" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acting presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClhalik_Renda" title="Abdülhalik Renda">Abdülhalik Renda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekin_Ar%C4%B1burun" title="Tekin Arıburun">Tekin Arıburun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0hsan_Sabri_%C3%87a%C4%9Flayangil" title="İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil">İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCsamettin_Cindoruk" title="Hüsamettin Cindoruk">Hüsamettin Cindoruk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Prime_ministers_of_Turkey563" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Turkey" title="Template:Prime ministers of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Prime_ministers_of_Turkey563" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Turkey" title="Prime Minister of Turkey">Prime ministers of Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">Government of the Grand National Assembly</a> (1920–1923)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" title="Fevzi Çakmak">Fevzi Çakmak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauf_Orbay" title="Rauf Orbay">Rauf Orbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fethi_Okyar" title="Fethi Okyar">Fethi Okyar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> (1923–2018)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fethi_Okyar" title="Fethi Okyar">Fethi Okyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cel%C3%A2l_Bayar" title="Celâl Bayar">Celâl Bayar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refik_Saydam" title="Refik Saydam">Refik Saydam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Fikri_T%C3%BCzer" title="Ahmet Fikri Tüzer">Ahmet Fikri Tüzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC_Saraco%C4%9Flu" title="Şükrü Saracoğlu">Şükrü Saracoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Peker" title="Recep Peker">Recep Peker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Saka" title="Hasan Saka">Hasan Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eemsettin_G%C3%BCnaltay" title="Şemsettin Günaltay">Şemsettin Günaltay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Menderes" title="Adnan Menderes">Adnan Menderes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemal_G%C3%BCrsel" title="Cemal Gürsel">Cemal Gürsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahri_%C3%96zdilek" class="mw-redirect" title="Fahri Özdilek">Fahri Özdilek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suat_Hayri_%C3%9Crg%C3%BCpl%C3%BC" title="Suat Hayri Ürgüplü">Suat Hayri Ürgüplü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel" title="Süleyman Demirel">Süleyman Demirel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihat_Erim" title="Nihat Erim">Nihat Erim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferit_Melen" title="Ferit Melen">Ferit Melen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naim_Talu" title="Naim Talu">Naim Talu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Bülent Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadi_Irmak" title="Sadi Irmak">Sadi Irmak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel" title="Süleyman Demirel">Süleyman Demirel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Bülent Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel" title="Süleyman Demirel">Süleyman Demirel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Bülent Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel" title="Süleyman Demirel">Süleyman Demirel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ulusu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bülent Ulusu">Bülent Ulusu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal" title="Turgut Özal">Turgut Özal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Bozer" title="Ali Bozer">Ali Bozer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m_Akbulut" title="Yıldırım Akbulut">Yıldırım Akbulut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesut_Y%C4%B1lmaz" title="Mesut Yılmaz">Mesut Yılmaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel" title="Süleyman Demirel">Süleyman Demirel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdal_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Erdal İnönü">Erdal İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tansu_%C3%87iller" title="Tansu Çiller">Tansu Çiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesut_Y%C4%B1lmaz" title="Mesut Yılmaz">Mesut Yılmaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesut_Y%C4%B1lmaz" title="Mesut Yılmaz">Mesut Yılmaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Bülent Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_G%C3%BCl" title="Abdullah Gül">Abdullah Gül</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Davuto%C4%9Flu" title="Ahmet Davutoğlu">Ahmet Davutoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binali_Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m" title="Binali Yıldırım">Binali Yıldırım</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics denote acting prime ministers.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey1340" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Turkey" title="Template:Speakers of the Parliament of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Speakers of the Parliament of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Speakers of the Parliament of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey1340" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Speaker of the Grand National Assembly">Speakers of the Parliament of the</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Grand National Assembly Büyük Millet Meclisi (1920–1960)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fethi_Okyar" title="Fethi Okyar">Fethi Okyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_%C3%96zalp" title="Kâzım Özalp">Kâzım Özalp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClhalik_Renda" title="Abdülhalik Renda">Abdülhalik Renda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Karabekir" title="Kâzım Karabekir">Kâzım Karabekir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Fuat_Cebesoy" title="Ali Fuat Cebesoy">Ali Fuat Cebesoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC_Saraco%C4%9Flu" title="Şükrü Saracoğlu">Şükrü Saracoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refik_Koraltan" title="Refik Koraltan">Refik Koraltan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Seal_of_the_Turkish_Parliament_%28T%C3%BCrkiye_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Millet_Meclisi%29.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_Turkish_Parliament_%28T%C3%BCrkiye_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Millet_Meclisi%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Seal_of_the_Turkish_Parliament_%28T%C3%BCrkiye_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Millet_Meclisi%29.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_Turkish_Parliament_%28T%C3%BCrkiye_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Millet_Meclisi%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Seal_of_the_Turkish_Parliament_%28T%C3%BCrkiye_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Millet_Meclisi%29.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_Turkish_Parliament_%28T%C3%BCrkiye_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Millet_Meclisi%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">House of Representatives Temsilciler Meclisi (1961)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Orbay" title="Kâzım Orbay">Kâzım Orbay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Grand National Assembly in period of Bicameralism Büyük Millet Meclisi Çift Meclisli Dönemde (1961–1980)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate of the Republic Cumhuriyet Senatosu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suat_Hayri_%C3%9Crg%C3%BCpl%C3%BC" title="Suat Hayri Ürgüplü">Suat Hayri Ürgüplü</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Aka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enver Aka (page does not exist)">Enver Aka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eevki_Atasagun" class="mw-redirect" title="Şevki Atasagun">Şevki Atasagun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekin_Ar%C4%B1burun" title="Tekin Arıburun">Tekin Arıburun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%B1rr%C4%B1_Atalay" title="Sırrı Atalay">Sırrı Atalay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0hsan_Sabri_%C3%87a%C4%9Flayangil" title="İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil">İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National Assembly Millet Meclisi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuat_Sirmen" title="Fuat Sirmen">Fuat Sirmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruh_Bozbeyli" title="Ferruh Bozbeyli">Ferruh Bozbeyli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabit_Osman_Avc%C4%B1" title="Sabit Osman Avcı">Sabit Osman Avcı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_G%C3%BCven" title="Kemal Güven">Kemal Güven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahit_Karaka%C5%9F" title="Cahit Karakaş">Cahit Karakaş</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Consultative Assembly Danışma Meclisi (1981–1983)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadi_Irmak" title="Sadi Irmak">Sadi Irmak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Grand National Assembly Büyük Millet Meclisi (since 1983)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Karaduman" title="Necmettin Karaduman">Necmettin Karaduman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m_Akbulut" title="Yıldırım Akbulut">Yıldırım Akbulut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaya_Erdem" title="Kaya Erdem">İsmet Kaya Erdem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCsamettin_Cindoruk" title="Hüsamettin Cindoruk">Hüsamettin Cindoruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_Sezgin" title="İsmet Sezgin">İsmet Sezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kalemli" title="Mustafa Kalemli">Mustafa Kalemli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikmet_%C3%87etin" title="Hikmet Çetin">Hikmet Çetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96mer_%C4%B0zgi" title="Ömer İzgi">Ömer İzgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ar%C4%B1n%C3%A7" title="Bülent Arınç">Bülent Arınç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ksal_Toptan" title="Köksal Toptan">Köksal Toptan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Ali_%C5%9Eahin" title="Mehmet Ali Şahin">Mehmet Ali Şahin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemil_%C3%87i%C3%A7ek" title="Cemil Çiçek">Cemil Çiçek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_Y%C4%B1lmaz" title="İsmet Yılmaz">İsmet Yılmaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smail_Kahraman" title="İsmail Kahraman">İsmail Kahraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binali_Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m" title="Binali Yıldırım">Binali Yıldırım</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_%C5%9Eentop" title="Mustafa Şentop">Mustafa Şentop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numan_Kurtulmu%C5%9F" title="Numan Kurtulmuş">Numan Kurtulmuş</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Interim speakers of the parliament</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eerif_Bey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Şerif Bey (page does not exist)">Şerif Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdurrahman_%C5%9Eeref&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdurrahman Şeref (page does not exist)">Abdurrahman Şeref</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Saka" title="Hasan Saka">Hasan Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClhak_H%C3%A2mid_Tarhan" title="Abdülhak Hâmid Tarhan">Abdülhak Hâmid Tarhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necip_As%C4%B1m_Yaz%C4%B1ks%C4%B1z" title="Necip Asım Yazıksız">Necip Asım Yazıksız</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besim_%C3%96mer_Akal%C4%B1n" title="Besim Ömer Akalın">Besim Ömer Akalın</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suphi_Artel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suphi Artel (page does not exist)">Suphi Artel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_M%C3%BCnif_Ye%C4%9Fena%C4%9Fa" title="Ali Münif Yeğenağa">Ali Münif Yeğenağa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_Cahit_Yal%C3%A7%C4%B1n" title="Hüseyin Cahit Yalçın">Hüseyin Cahit Yalçın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Fuat_Cebesoy" title="Ali Fuat Cebesoy">Ali Fuat Cebesoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakup_Kadri_Karaosmano%C4%9Flu" title="Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu">Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orhan_Seyfi_Orhon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orhan Seyfi Orhon (page does not exist)">Orhan Seyfi Orhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinyas_Kartal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinyas Kartal (page does not exist)">Kinyas Kartal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahrettin_%C3%96zdilek" title="Fahrettin Özdilek">Fahrettin Özdilek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamil_Tu%C4%9Frul_Co%C5%9Fkuno%C4%9Flu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamil Tuğrul Coşkunoğlu (page does not exist)">Kamil Tuğrul Coşkunoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_R%C4%B1za_Septio%C4%9Flu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Rıza Septioğlu (page does not exist)">Ali Rıza Septioğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%BCleyman_Arif_Emre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Süleyman Arif Emre (page does not exist)">Süleyman Arif Emre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC_Elekda%C4%9F" title="Şükrü Elekdağ">Şükrü Elekdağ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oktay_Ek%C5%9Fi" title="Oktay Ekşi">Oktay Ekşi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deniz_Baykal" title="Deniz Baykal">Deniz Baykal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durmu%C5%9F_Y%C4%B1lmaz" title="Durmuş Yılmaz">Durmuş Yılmaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devlet_Bah%C3%A7eli" title="Devlet Bahçeli">Devlet Bahçeli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Republican_People&#039;s_Party84" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CHP_Leaders" title="Template:CHP Leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CHP_Leaders" title="Template talk:CHP Leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CHP_Leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CHP Leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_Republican_People&#039;s_Party84" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Leader of the Republican People's Party">Leaders of the Republican People's Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Bülent Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deniz_Baykal" title="Deniz Baykal">Deniz Baykal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikmet_%C3%87etin" title="Hikmet Çetin">Hikmet Çetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deniz_Baykal" title="Deniz Baykal">Deniz Baykal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altan_%C3%96ymen" title="Altan Öymen">Altan Öymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deniz_Baykal" title="Deniz Baykal">Deniz Baykal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7daro%C4%9Flu" title="Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu">Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%BCr_%C3%96zel" title="Özgür Özel">Özgür Özel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Turkish_nationalism100" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkish_nationalism" title="Template:Turkish nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkish_nationalism" title="Template talk:Turkish nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkish_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkish nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turkish_nationalism100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/16_Great_Turkic_Empires" title="16 Great Turkic Empires">16 Great Turkic Empires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's cult of personality">Atatürk personality cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Turkey)" title="Idealism (Turkey)">Idealism (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamokemalism" title="Islamokemalism">Islamokemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ttihadism" title="İttihadism">İttihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lights_Doctrine" title="Nine Lights Doctrine">Nine Lights Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_and_discrimination_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism and discrimination in Turkey">Racism in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Language_Theory" title="Sun Language Theory">Sun Language Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Left" title="Turkish Left">Turkish Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taksim_(politics)" title="Taksim (politics)">Taksim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Turkish Cypriot nationalism">Turkish Cypriot nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish-Islamic_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish-Islamic synthesis">Turkish-Islamic synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulusalc%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulusalcılık">Ulusalcılık</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9_September_Front" title="9 September Front">9 September Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Defence_of_National_Rights" title="Association for Defence of National Rights">Association for Defence of National Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alperen_Hearths" title="Alperen Hearths">Alperen Hearths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ats%C4%B1z_Youth" title="Atsız Youth">Atsız Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Gang_(organisation)" title="Black Gang (organisation)">Black Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Guerrilla" title="Counter-Guerrilla">Counter-Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_state_in_Turkey" title="Deep state in Turkey">Deep State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuva-yi_Milliye" title="Kuva-yi Milliye">Kuva-yi Milliye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hearths" title="Ottoman Hearths">Ottoman Hearths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_at_Home_Council" title="Peace at Home Council">Peace at Home Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Revenge_Brigade" title="Turkish Revenge Brigade">Turkish Revenge Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Hearths" title="Turkish Hearths">Turkish Hearths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Resistance_Organisation" title="Turkish Resistance Organisation">Turkish Resistance Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkists_of_Gebze" title="Turkists of Gebze">Turkists of Gebze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurkHackTeam" title="TurkHackTeam">TurkHackTeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Murad_Division" title="Sultan Murad Division">Sultan Murad Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Union_of_Turkey" title="Youth Union of Turkey">Youth Union of Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_Unit" title="Wind Unit">Wind Unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a> (Ottoman Empire)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> (Ottoman Empire)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Republican People's Party</a> (1923–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_(Turkey,_1948)" title="Nation Party (Turkey, 1948)">Nation Party (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Villagers_Nation_Party" title="Republican Villagers Nation Party">Republican Villagers Nation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_(Turkey,_1962)" title="Nation Party (Turkey, 1962)">Nation Party (1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party" title="Nationalist Movement Party">Nationalist Movement Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_(Turkey,_1992)" title="Nation Party (Turkey, 1992)">Nation Party (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Turkey)" title="Workers' Party (Turkey)">Workers' Party</a> (left-wing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Unity_Party" title="Great Unity Party">Great Unity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Turkey_Party" title="Bright Turkey Party">Bright Turkey Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Turkey_Party" title="Independent Turkey Party">Independent Turkey Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_Party_(Turkey)" title="Homeland Party (Turkey)">Homeland Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Ascent_Party" title="People's Ascent Party">People's Ascent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_and_Conservative_Party" title="Nationalist and Conservative Party">Nationalist and Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_and_Equality_Party" title="Rights and Equality Party">Rights and Equality Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Turkey)" title="National Party (Turkey)">National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Patriotic Party (Turkey)">Patriotic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Party" title="Good Party">Good Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziya_G%C3%B6kalp" title="Ziya Gökalp">Ziya Gökalp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Talaat Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Karabekir" title="Kâzım Karabekir">Kâzım Karabekir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Suavi" title="Ali Suavi">Ali Suavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96mer_Seyfettin" title="Ömer Seyfettin">Ömer Seyfettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noman_%C3%87elebicihan" title="Noman Çelebicihan">Noman Çelebicihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Emin_Yurdakul" title="Mehmet Emin Yurdakul">Mehmet Emin Yurdakul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Ak%C3%A7ura" title="Yusuf Akçura">Yusuf Akçura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_bey_Huseynzade" title="Ali bey Huseynzade">Ali bey Huseynzade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_A%C4%9Fao%C4%9Flu" title="Ahmet Ağaoğlu">Ahmet Ağaoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeki_Velidi_Togan" title="Zeki Velidi Togan">Zeki Velidi Togan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%B1za_Nur" title="Rıza Nur">Rıza Nur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papa_Eftim_I" title="Papa Eftim I">Papa Eftim I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihal_Ats%C4%B1z" title="Nihal Atsız">Nihal Atsız</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nejdet_San%C3%A7ar" title="Nejdet Sançar">Nejdet Sançar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyami_Safa" title="Peyami Safa">Peyami Safa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmut_Esat_Bozkurt" title="Mahmut Esat Bozkurt">Mahmut Esat Bozkurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alparslan_T%C3%BCrke%C5%9F" title="Alparslan Türkeş">Alparslan Türkeş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abulfaz_Elchibey" title="Abulfaz Elchibey">Abulfaz Elchibey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhsin_Yaz%C4%B1c%C4%B1o%C4%9Flu" title="Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu">Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Namık Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCn_Sazak" title="Gün Sazak">Gün Sazak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attil%C3%A2_%C4%B0lhan" title="Attilâ İlhan">Attilâ İlhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do%C4%9Fu_Perin%C3%A7ek" title="Doğu Perinçek">Doğu Perinçek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6k%C3%A7e_F%C4%B1rat_%C3%87ulhao%C4%9Flu" title="Gökçe Fırat Çulhaoğlu">Gökçe Fırat Çulhaoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_Kerin%C3%A7siz" title="Kemal Kerinçsiz">Kemal Kerinçsiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meral_Ak%C5%9Fener" title="Meral Akşener">Meral Akşener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Hala%C3%A7o%C4%9Flu" title="Yusuf Halaçoğlu">Yusuf Halaçoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cmit_%C3%96zda%C4%9F" title="Ümit Özdağ">Ümit Özdağ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinan_O%C4%9Fan" title="Sinan Oğan">Sinan Oğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Bülent Ecevit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">1913 Ottoman coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_of_Kurds_(1916%E2%80%931934)" title="Deportations of Kurds (1916–1934)">Deportations of Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elza_Niego_affair" title="Elza Niego affair">Elza Niego affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilan_massacre" title="Zilan massacre">Zilan massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Thrace_pogroms" title="1934 Thrace pogroms">1934 Thrace pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dersim_massacre" title="Dersim massacre">Dersim massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism-Turanism_trials" title="Racism-Turanism trials">Racism-Turanism trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tillyria" title="Battle of Tillyria">Battle of Tillyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Gang_(organisation)#History" title="Black Gang (organisation)">1957 arson attack at Tahtakale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivas_massacre" title="Sivas massacre">Sivas massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Greeks_from_Istanbul" title="Expulsion of Greeks from Istanbul">Expulsion of Greeks from Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyaz%C4%B1t_massacre" title="Beyazıt massacre">Beyazıt massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence_in_Turkey_(1976%E2%80%931980)" title="Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)">Political violence in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara%C5%9F_massacre" title="Maraş massacre">Maraş massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_T%C3%BCrkler" title="Kemal Türkler">Assassination of Kemal Türkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Azerbaijani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 Azerbaijani coup d'état attempt">1995 Azerbaijani coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirve_Publishing_House_murders" title="Zirve Publishing House murders">Zirve Publishing House murders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests" title="Gezi Park protests">Gezi Park protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Hrant_Dink" title="Assassination of Hrant Dink">Assassination of Hrant Dink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfortville_Armenian_Genocide_Memorial_bombings" title="Alfortville Armenian Genocide Memorial bombings">Alfortville Armenian Genocide Memorial bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom#2005_exhibition_assault" title="Istanbul pogrom">2005 Istanbul pogrom exhibition assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Deniz_Poyraz" title="Murder of Deniz Poyraz">Murder of Deniz Poyraz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk's reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_History_Thesis" title="Turkish History Thesis">Turkish History Thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_name_changes_in_Turkey" title="Place name changes in Turkey">Place name changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e" class="mw-redirect" title="Öztürkçe">Öztürkçe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language_reform" title="Turkish language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_name_changes_in_Turkey" title="Animal name changes in Turkey">Animal name changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Turkish_Resettlement_Law" title="1934 Turkish Resettlement Law">1934 Resettlement Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varl%C4%B1k_Vergisi" title="Varlık Vergisi">Varlık Vergisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twenty_Classes" title="The Twenty Classes">The Twenty Classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen,_speak_Turkish!" title="Citizen, speak Turkish!">Citizen, speak Turkish!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_of_Armenian_properties_in_Turkey" title="Confiscation of Armenian properties in Turkey">Confiscation of Armenian property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname_Law_(Turkey)" title="Surname Law (Turkey)">Surname Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Kurds_by_Turkey" title="Denial of Kurds by Turkey">Denial of Kurds by Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_301_(Turkish_Penal_Code)" title="Article 301 (Turkish Penal Code)">Article 301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_happy_is_the_one_who_says_I_am_a_Turk" title="How happy is the one who says I am a Turk">How happy is the one who says I am a Turk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_unconditionally_belongs_to_the_Nation" title="Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation">Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian genocide denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehitler_%C3%B6lmez_vatan_b%C3%B6l%C3%BCnmez!" title="Şehitler ölmez vatan bölünmez!">Şehitler ölmez vatan bölünmez!</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Secularism_in_Turkey136" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Template:Secularism in Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Template talk:Secularism in Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Secularism in Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Secularism_in_Turkey136" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">Secularism in Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk's reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">Constitution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">People and organisations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmut_Esat_Bozkurt" title="Mahmut Esat Bozkurt">Mahmut Esat Bozkurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falih_R%C4%B1fk%C4%B1_Atay" title="Falih Rıfkı Atay">Falih Rıfkı Atay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aziz_Nesin" title="Aziz Nesin">Aziz Nesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammer_Aksoy" title="Muammer Aksoy">Muammer Aksoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahriye_%C3%9C%C3%A7ok" title="Bahriye Üçok">Bahriye Üçok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavit_Orhan_T%C3%BCtengil" title="Cavit Orhan Tütengil">Cavit Orhan Tütengil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdi_%C4%B0pek%C3%A7i" title="Abdi İpekçi">Abdi İpekçi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turan_Dursun" title="Turan Dursun">Turan Dursun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Taner_K%C4%B1%C5%9Flal%C4%B1" title="Ahmet Taner Kışlalı">Ahmet Taner Kışlalı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_Mumcu" title="Uğur Mumcu">Uğur Mumcu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necip_Hablemito%C4%9Flu" title="Necip Hablemitoğlu">Necip Hablemitoğlu</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/White_Turks" title="White Turks">White Turks</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Support_of_Contemporary_Living" class="mw-redirect" title="Association for the Support of Contemporary Living">Association for the Support of Contemporary Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_Association_(Turkey)" title="Atheism Association (Turkey)">Atheism Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrkist_Thought_Association" title="Atatürkist Thought Association">Atatürkist Thought Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Republican People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Party" title="Good Party">Good Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Alliance_(Turkey)" title="Nation Alliance (Turkey)"> Nation Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Turkey855" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkey_topics" title="Template:Turkey topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkey_topics" title="Template talk:Turkey topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkey_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkey topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Turkey855" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Ancient and Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Anatolia" title="Prehistory of Anatolia">Prehistory of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Anatolia" title="Classical Anatolia">Classical Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Byzantine Anatolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Beyliks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Anatolian beyliks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Conquest of Constantinople</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Ottoman Old Regime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip period">Tulip era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline and modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="History of the Republic of Turkey">Republic of Türkiye</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey">Proclamation of the republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk's reforms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language_reform" title="Turkish language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">Secularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">One-party period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Multi-party period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional history of Turkey">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Turkey" title="Economic history of Turkey">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Economic history of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey" title="Military history of Turkey">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Turkic migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Anatolia" title="List of ancient peoples of Anatolia">Ancient peoples of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">History of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thrace">History of Thrace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_regions_of_Turkey" title="Geographical regions of Turkey">Regions</a> (west to east)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marmara_region" title="Marmara region">Marmara region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_region" title="Aegean region">Aegean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Region,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Region, Turkey">Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_region" title="Black Sea region">Black Sea region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_region" title="Central Anatolia region">Central Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_region" title="Eastern Anatolia region">Eastern Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_region" title="Southeastern Anatolia region">Southeastern Anatolia region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Turkey" title="Climate of Turkey">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey" title="Climate change in Turkey">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Turkey" title="List of earthquakes in Turkey">Earthquakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anatolian_Fault" title="East Anatolian Fault">East Anatolian Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Anatolian_Fault" title="North Anatolian Fault">North Anatolian Fault</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Turkey" title="Environmental issues in Turkey">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Turkey" title="Air pollution in Turkey">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Turkey" title="Waste management in Turkey">Waste management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Turkey" title="Fauna of Turkey">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_and_vegetation_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora and vegetation of Turkey">Flora and vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Turkey" title="Geology of Turkey">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Turkey" title="List of lakes of Turkey">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Turkey" title="List of mountains in Turkey">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Turkey" title="List of national parks of Turkey">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Turkey" title="List of rivers of Turkey">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Riviera" title="Turkish Riviera">Turkish Riviera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Turkey" title="Wildlife of Turkey">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Turkey" title="Government of Turkey">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Legislative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Executive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Turkey" title="Cabinet of Turkey">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Judicial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Jurisdictional_Disputes" title="Court of Jurisdictional Disputes">Court of Jurisdictional Disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Turkey)" title="Council of State (Turkey)">Council of State</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Turkey" title="Elections in Turkey">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_elections_in_Turkey" title="Parliamentary elections in Turkey">Parliamentary elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_presidential_elections" title="Turkish presidential elections">Presidential elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Turkey" title="Electoral system of Turkey">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkey" title="List of political parties in Turkey">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Turkey" title="Referendums in Turkey">Referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Turkey" title="Administrative divisions of Turkey">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Foreign relations of Turkey">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">Intelligence Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Turkey)">Ministry of the Interior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Security_(Turkey)" title="General Directorate of Security (Turkey)">National Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_General_Command" title="Gendarmerie General Command">Gendarmerie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">The constitutional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Forces" title="Turkish Naval Forces">Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Turkey" title="Automotive industry in Turkey">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Turkey" title="Banking in Turkey">Banking and Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_construction_and_contracting_industry" title="Turkish construction and contracting industry">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Turkey" title="Defense industry of Turkey">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Turkey" title="Energy in Turkey">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey" title="Coal in Turkey">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_in_Turkey" title="Gas in Turkey">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_in_Turkey" title="Oil in Turkey">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey" title="Renewable energy in Turkey">Renewables</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_Turkey" title="Free trade agreements of Turkey">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Turkey" title="Science and technology in Turkey">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Turkey" title="Tourism in Turkey">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Turkey" title="Transport in Turkey">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Turkey" title="Aviation in Turkey">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Turkish Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Turkey" title="Rail transport in Turkey">Railways</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkey" title="Demographics of Turkey">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Ethnic Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Turkey" title="Minorities in Turkey">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Islam in Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_and_towns_in_Turkey" title="List of largest cities and towns in Turkey">Cities and towns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Turkey" title="Immigration to Turkey">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Turkish provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Turkey" title="List of universities in Turkey">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Turkey" title="Health care in Turkey">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Turkey">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_people" title="List of Turkish people">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Turkey" title="Law enforcement in Turkey">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Turkey" title="Crime in Turkey">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Turkey" title="Corruption in Turkey">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Turkey" title="Terrorism in Turkey">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Turkey" title="Marriage in Turkey">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Turkey" title="Poverty in Turkey">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Women in Turkey</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Culture29" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="İstiklal Marşı">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Turkey" title="Architecture of Turkey">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rug" title="Anatolian rug">Carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Turkey" title="List of festivals in Turkey">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Turkey" title="Flag of Turkey">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folk_dance" title="Turkish folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folklore" title="Turkish folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Turkey" title="List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Turkey">Intangible cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_literature" title="Turkish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Turkey" title="Mass media in Turkey">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Turkey" title="Television in Turkey">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Turkey" title="List of newspapers in Turkey">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Turkey" title="List of radio stations in Turkey">Radio stations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Modern_Turkish_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Modern Turkish painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Turkey" title="Sport in Turkey">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Turkey" title="Football in Turkey">Football</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Turkey" title="Theatre of Turkey">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_television_drama" title="Turkish television drama">TV series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Turkey" title="Video games in Turkey">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_wine" title="Turkish wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey">World heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Turkey" title="Category:Turkey">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Turkey" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Turkey">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/16px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/23px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/31px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Turkey" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Turkey">WikiProject</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Turkey" title="Outline of Turkey">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Party_leaders_in_Turkey93" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Party_Leaders_in_Turkey" title="Template:Party Leaders in Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Party_Leaders_in_Turkey" title="Template talk:Party Leaders in Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Party_Leaders_in_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Party Leaders in Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Party_leaders_in_Turkey93" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_party_leaders_in_Turkey" title="List of party leaders in Turkey">Party leaders in Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before 1960</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Talaat Pasha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Karabekir" title="Kâzım Karabekir">Kâzım Karabekir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fethi_Okyar" title="Fethi Okyar">Fethi Okyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuri_Demira%C4%9F" title="Nuri Demirağ">Nuri Demirağ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cel%C3%A2l_Bayar" title="Celâl Bayar">Celâl Bayar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikmet_Bayur" title="Hikmet Bayur">Hikmet Bayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Menderes" title="Adnan Menderes">Adnan Menderes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_B%C3%B6l%C3%BCkba%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Osman Bölükbaşı">Osman Bölükbaşı</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekrem_Hayri_%C3%9Cst%C3%BCnda%C4%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekrem Hayri Üstündağ (page does not exist)">Ekrem Hayri Üstündağ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fevzi_L%C3%BCtfi_Karaosmano%C4%9Flu" title="Fevzi Lütfi Karaosmanoğlu">Fevzi Lütfi Karaosmanoğlu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960–80</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekrem_Alican" title="Ekrem Alican">Ekrem Alican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rag%C4%B1p_G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fpala" title="Ragıp Gümüşpala">Ragıp Gümüşpala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmet_O%C4%9Fuz_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmet Oğuz (politician) (page does not exist)">Ahmet Oğuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Ali_Aybar" title="Mehmet Ali Aybar">Mehmet Ali Aybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel" title="Süleyman Demirel">Süleyman Demirel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alparslan_T%C3%BCrke%C5%9F" title="Alparslan Türkeş">Alparslan Türkeş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turhan_Feyzio%C4%9Flu" title="Turhan Feyzioğlu">Turhan Feyzioğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%BCseyin_Balan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hüseyin Balan (page does not exist)">Hüseyin Balan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Timisi" title="Mustafa Timisi">Mustafa Timisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruh_Bozbeyli" title="Ferruh Bozbeyli">Ferruh Bozbeyli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behice_Boran" title="Behice Boran">Behice Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Bülent Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_Sat%C4%B1r" title="Kemal Satır">Kemal Satır</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turgut_Sunalp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turgut Sunalp (page does not exist)">Turgut Sunalp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal" title="Turgut Özal">Turgut Özal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necdet_Calp" title="Necdet Calp">Necdet Calp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdal_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Erdal İnönü">Erdal İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmet_Nusret_Tuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmet Nusret Tuna (page does not exist)">Ahmet Nusret Tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cezmi_Kartay" title="Cezmi Kartay">Cezmi Kartay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m_Avc%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yıldırım Avcı (page does not exist)">Yıldırım Avcı</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmet_Tekdal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmet Tekdal (page does not exist)">Ahmet Tekdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCsamettin_Cindoruk" title="Hüsamettin Cindoruk">Hüsamettin Cindoruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n_G%C3%BCven_G%C3%BCrkan" title="Aydın Güven Gürkan">Aydın Güven Gürkan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Clk%C3%BC_S%C3%B6ylemezo%C4%9Flu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ülkü Söylemezoğlu (page does not exist)">Ülkü Söylemezoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rah%C5%9Fan_Ecevit" title="Rahşan Ecevit">Rahşan Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmet_Yazar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehmet Yazar (page does not exist)">Mehmet Yazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necdet_Karababa" title="Necdet Karababa">Necdet Karababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m_Akbulut" title="Yıldırım Akbulut">Yıldırım Akbulut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesut_Y%C4%B1lmaz" title="Mesut Yılmaz">Mesut Yılmaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do%C4%9Fu_Perin%C3%A7ek" title="Doğu Perinçek">Doğu Perinçek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tansu_%C3%87iller" title="Tansu Çiller">Tansu Çiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murat_Karayal%C3%A7%C4%B1n" title="Murat Karayalçın">Murat Karayalçın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deniz_Baykal" title="Deniz Baykal">Deniz Baykal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikmet_%C3%87etin" title="Hikmet Çetin">Hikmet Çetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devlet_Bah%C3%A7eli" title="Devlet Bahçeli">Devlet Bahçeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recai_Kutan" title="Recai Kutan">Recai Kutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altan_%C3%96ymen" title="Altan Öymen">Altan Öymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_T%C3%BCrk" title="Ahmet Türk">Ahmet Türk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smail_Cem_%C4%B0pek%C3%A7i" class="mw-redirect" title="İsmail Cem İpekçi">İsmail Cem İpekçi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeki_Sezer" title="Zeki Sezer">Zeki Sezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Far_Nuri_%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk" title="Yaşar Nuri Öztürk">Yaşar Nuri Öztürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masum_T%C3%BCrker" title="Masum Türker">Masum Türker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Soylu" title="Süleyman Soylu">Süleyman Soylu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7daro%C4%9Flu" title="Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu">Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numan_Kurtulmu%C5%9F" title="Numan Kurtulmuş">Numan Kurtulmuş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selahattin_Demirta%C5%9F" title="Selahattin Demirtaş">Selahattin Demirtaş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Davuto%C4%9Flu" title="Ahmet Davutoğlu">Ahmet Davutoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binali_Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m" title="Binali Yıldırım">Binali Yıldırım</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temel_Karamollao%C4%9Flu" title="Temel Karamollaoğlu">Temel Karamollaoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meral_Ak%C5%9Fener" title="Meral Akşener">Meral Akşener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatih_Erbakan" title="Fatih Erbakan">Fatih Erbakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Babacan" title="Ali Babacan">Ali Babacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muharrem_%C4%B0nce" title="Muharrem İnce">Muharrem İnce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cmit_%C3%96zda%C4%9F" title="Ümit Özdağ">Ümit Özdağ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%BCr_%C3%96zel" title="Özgür Özel">Özgür Özel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5152#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4557" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5152#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4557" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5152#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122826864">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/87758727">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/53305/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbM3MwvtpghxYTM9MpF8C">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118650793">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80044800">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12055367s">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12055367s">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620292">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35009723">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo20010084749&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000082905&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX882889">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.bibnat.ro:8991/F/?func=direct&local_base=NLR10&doc_number=000010654">Romania</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/22368">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068926839">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90197069">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=000217319&CON_LNG=ENG">Taiwan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000129362&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000009268&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000160182">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=78264">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000058664">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201710181">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/vs688wtd0q3f7sf">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810596476305606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/27401">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007258089805171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058518956906706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13910070">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03725848?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/86eae395-572b-4d81-84b7-4aaa957b206e">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1445807">Trove</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/788542">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1445808">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118650793.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118650793">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028790952">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6x06bk7">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=44574">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mustafa-kemal-ataturk">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atatürk&oldid=1276176080">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atatürk&oldid=1276176080</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Category:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Age_controversies" title="Category:Age controversies">Age controversies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1881_births" title="Category:1881 births">1881 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1938_deaths" title="Category:1938 deaths">1938 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_prime_ministers_of_Turkey" title="Category:20th-century prime ministers of Turkey">20th-century prime ministers of Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_presidents_of_Turkey" title="Category:20th-century presidents of Turkey">20th-century presidents of Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Committee_of_Union_and_Progress_politicians" title="Category:Committee of Union and Progress politicians">Committee of Union and Progress politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Critics_of_religions" title="Category:Critics of religions">Critics of religions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_cirrhosis" title="Category:Deaths from cirrhosis">Deaths from cirrhosis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deputies_of_Ankara" title="Category:Deputies of Ankara">Deputies of Ankara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace" title="Category:Dolmabahçe Palace">Dolmabahçe Palace</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Field_marshals_of_Turkey" title="Category:Field marshals of Turkey">Field marshals of Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Leaders_of_the_Republican_People%27s_Party_(Turkey)" title="Category:Leaders of the Republican People's Party (Turkey)">Leaders of the Republican People's Party (Turkey)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Macedonian_Turks" title="Category:Macedonian Turks">Macedonian Turks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Special_Organization_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Category:Members of the Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)">Members of the Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_personnel_from_Thessaloniki" title="Category:Military personnel from Thessaloniki">Military personnel from Thessaloniki</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monastir_Military_High_School_alumni" title="Category:Monastir Military High School alumni">Monastir Military High School alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Army_generals" title="Category:Ottoman Army generals">Ottoman Army generals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Military_Academy_alumni" title="Category:Ottoman Military Academy alumni">Ottoman Military Academy alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Military_College_alumni" title="Category:Ottoman Military College alumni">Ottoman Military College alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Thessalonica" title="Category:Ottoman Thessalonica">Ottoman Thessalonica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_military_personnel_of_World_War_I" title="Category:Ottoman military personnel of World War I">Ottoman military personnel of World War I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_military_personnel_of_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Category:Ottoman military personnel of the Balkan Wars">Ottoman military personnel of the Balkan Wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_military_personnel_of_the_Italo-Turkish_War" title="Category:Ottoman military personnel of the Italo-Turkish War">Ottoman military personnel of the Italo-Turkish War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pashas" title="Category:Pashas">Pashas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Salonica_vilayet" title="Category:People from Salonica vilayet">People from Salonica vilayet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Dersim_rebellion" title="Category:People of the Dersim rebellion">People of the Dersim rebellion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_sentenced_to_death_in_absentia" title="Category:People sentenced to death in absentia">People sentenced to death in absentia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politicians_from_Thessaloniki" title="Category:Politicians from Thessaloniki">Politicians from Thessaloniki</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Imtiyaz_Medal" title="Category:Recipients of the Imtiyaz Medal">Recipients of the Imtiyaz Medal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Iron_Cross_(1914),_1st_class" title="Category:Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class">Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Legion_of_Honour" title="Category:Recipients of the Legion of Honour">Recipients of the Legion of Honour</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Liakat_Medal" title="Category:Recipients of the Liakat Medal">Recipients of the Liakat Medal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Medal_of_Independence_with_Red-Green_Ribbon_(Turkey)" title="Category:Recipients of the Medal of Independence with Red-Green Ribbon (Turkey)">Recipients of the Medal of Independence with Red-Green Ribbon (Turkey)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_the_Medjidie,_1st_class" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie, 1st class">Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie, 1st class</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Turkey" title="Category:Speakers of the Parliament of Turkey">Speakers of the Parliament of Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkish_anti-communists" title="Category:Turkish anti-communists">Turkish anti-communists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkish_military_personnel_of_the_Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Category:Turkish military personnel of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Turkish military personnel of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkish_nationalists" title="Category:Turkish nationalists">Turkish nationalists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkish_political_party_founders" title="Category:Turkish political party founders">Turkish political party founders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkish_religious_sceptics" title="Category:Turkish religious sceptics">Turkish religious sceptics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkish_reformers" title="Category:Turkish reformers">Turkish reformers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkish_revolutionaries" title="Category:Turkish revolutionaries">Turkish revolutionaries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkish_secularists" title="Category:Turkish secularists">Turkish secularists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Turks_from_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Turks from the Ottoman Empire">Turks from the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_presidents_in_Asia" title="Category:20th-century presidents in Asia">20th-century presidents in Asia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ottoman_Turkish_(1500-1928)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text">Articles containing Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Turkish_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Turkish IPA">Pages with Turkish IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Turkish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Turkish-language text">Articles containing Turkish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Turkish-language_sources_(tr)" title="Category:CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)">CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2016" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2016">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Turkish-language_sources_(tr)" title="Category:Articles with Turkish-language sources (tr)">Articles with Turkish-language sources (tr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_geographic_scope_from_June_2020" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from June 2020">Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Slovenian-language_sources_(sl)" title="Category:CS1 Slovenian-language sources (sl)">CS1 Slovenian-language sources (sl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2014" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2014">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_be_too_long_from_February_2024" title="Category:Articles that may be too long from February 2024">Articles that may be too long from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_be_too_long" title="Category:All articles that may be too long">All articles that may be too long</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2020">Use dmy dates from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_December_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2024">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2024">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_September_2023" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2023">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_be_too_long_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles that may be too long from June 2024">Articles that may be too long from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_that_are_excessively_detailed_from_June_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from June 2024">Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_are_excessively_detailed" title="Category:All articles that are excessively detailed">All articles that are excessively detailed</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_June_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with style issues from June 2024">Wikipedia articles with style issues from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_style_issues" title="Category:All articles with style issues">All articles with style issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_September_2015" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2015">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_November_2020" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2020">Articles needing additional references from November 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_January_2024" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2024">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Open_Library_links" title="Category:Articles with Open Library links">Articles with Open Library links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Open_Library_ID_same_as_Wikidata" title="Category:Open Library ID same as Wikidata">Open Library ID same as Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:S-bef:_%27before%27_parameter_includes_the_word_%27unknown%27" title="Category:S-bef: 'before' parameter includes the word 'unknown'">S-bef: 'before' parameter includes the word 'unknown'</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Date_of_birth_uncertain" title="Category:Date of birth uncertain">Date of birth uncertain</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 February 2025, at 09:11 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 202 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-54bc5bdf84-n6j8x","wgBackendResponseTime":187,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.721","walltime":"4.425","ppvisitednodes":{"value":41974,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":951199,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":165214,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":60,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":910657,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3469.529 1 -total"," 32.29% 1120.368 2 Template:Reflist"," 16.06% 557.201 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 12.32% 427.279 81 Template:Cite_book"," 11.59% 401.952 2 Template:Navboxes"," 6.10% 211.565 5 Template:Efn"," 5.53% 191.732 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 5.25% 182.007 43 Template:Cite_web"," 4.62% 160.135 32 Template:ISBN"," 4.13% 143.281 1 Template:Atatürk_sidebar"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.983","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24730596,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAhmad1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkhtar2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmstrong1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAslan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAslan2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAtatürk1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtillasoy2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAysu2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBacqué-GrammontRoux1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBali1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarber1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarlas1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaten,_Jörg2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBooks2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBozdağ2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBozkurt2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBudak\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCan_Dündar\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCemal_Çelebi_Granda2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCleveland2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClogg2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrease2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCuthell_Jr.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDadrianAkçam2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDatta-Ray2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoğan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEastham1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEkmekcioglu2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEksi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmrence2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnis_Dinç2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnver_Ziya_Karal\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErik_Goldstein2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErtürk2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFindley2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFodor1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGirbeau,_Sabine2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGöksel2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGürses2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalis2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamza_Eroğlu\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanioğlu2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasan_Eren1988–2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeperSayari2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuntington2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIhrig2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJayapalan1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJentlesonPaterson,_Thomas_G.1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJongerden2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJongerdenVerheij2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJäschke1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKandoganSeferoglu1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapluhan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKayadibi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKieser2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinross1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinross2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorkut2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKırlı2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandau1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandau1984\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLengyel1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowe1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM._Şükrü_Hanioğlu2011\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFMacfie2014\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFMango2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMango2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrisonConaway,_Wayne_A.1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMéropi_AnastassiadouMéropi_Anastassiadou-Dumont1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNavaro-Yashin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNişanyan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connor2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOeconomos1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOmur2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaydak2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRepublic_Of_Turkey_Ministry_Of_National_Education\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRepublic_of_Turkey,_Ministry_of_Culture_and_Tourism\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRepublic_of_Turkey_Ministry_of_National_Education\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichmond1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRustow1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSahakyan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaikalSchnabel,_Albrecht2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaikalSchnabel2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShawShaw,_Ezel_Kural1976–1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSibel_BozdoǧanGülru_NecipoğluJulia_Bailey2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimonian2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinger1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSofos2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpangnolo1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSunyGöçekNaimark2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToktaş2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTunçay1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurgut2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurkoz2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTüfekçi1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVolkan1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebster1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiegandDavis1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolf-Gazo1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorringer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYapp1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYonah2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZadrożna2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZürcher1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZürcher1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZürcher2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖktem2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖzelli1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÜngör\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFİnan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFİnanSevim,_AliSüslü,_AzmiTural,_M_Akif1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFİnce2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFİğdemirMango,_Andrew_(translation)1963\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"Atatürk sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Bquote\"] = 10,\n [\"By who\"] = 1,\n [\"CHP Leaders\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 81,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 22,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 43,\n [\"Cn\"] = 6,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Cquote\"] = 3,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 5,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 5,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagu\"] = 20,\n [\"For\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Google books\"] = 5,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 32,\n [\"In lang\"] = 6,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 5,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Long\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 2,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 3,\n [\"OL author\"] = 1,\n [\"OL subject\"] = 1,\n [\"Other people\"] = 1,\n [\"Overly detailed\"] = 1,\n [\"PM20\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Party Leaders in Turkey\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi\"] = 1,\n [\"Presidents of Turkey\"] = 1,\n [\"Prime Ministers of Turkey\"] = 1,\n [\"Progressivism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Radicalism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Republicanism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 6,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 4,\n [\"S-brk\"] = 10,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-mil\"] = 1,\n [\"S-new\"] = 4,\n [\"S-non\"] = 2,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ppo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 8,\n [\"Secularism in Turkey\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 9,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Speakers of the Parliament of Turkey\"] = 1,\n [\"TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"Turkey topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Turkish nationalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 3,\n [\"Ubli\"] = 2,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Very long\"] = 1,\n [\"Weasel inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 26,\n [\"What\"] = 1,\n [\"Where\"] = 1,\n [\"Who\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","480","22.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","11.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","180","8.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","140","6.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","140","6.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","5.6"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","4.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","80","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","3.7"],["[others]","520","24.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-54bc5bdf84-glfs8","timestamp":"20250217190119","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5152","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5152","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-04-16T22:53:52Z","dateModified":"2025-02-17T09:11:47Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a8\/Ataturk1930s.jpg","headline":"founding father of the Republic of Turkey (c. 1881-1938)"}</script> </body> </html>