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class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable sayings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_sayings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Show_kindness_to_others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Show_kindness_to_others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Show kindness to others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Show_kindness_to_others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Respect_the_other_person's_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respect_the_other_person's_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Respect the other person's rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respect_the_other_person's_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strive_for_greatness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strive_for_greatness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Strive for greatness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strive_for_greatness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Respect_God" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respect_God"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Respect God</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respect_God-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seek_peace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seek_peace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Seek peace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seek_peace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Take_precaution_to_avoid_transgressions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Take_precaution_to_avoid_transgressions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Take precaution to avoid transgressions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Take_precaution_to_avoid_transgressions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Be_humble" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Be_humble"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Be humble</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Be_humble-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Be_intent_in_prayer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Be_intent_in_prayer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Be intent in prayer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Be_intent_in_prayer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combine_Torah_learning_with_labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combine_Torah_learning_with_labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Combine Torah learning with labor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combine_Torah_learning_with_labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Do_not_exploit_your_learning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Do_not_exploit_your_learning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Do not exploit your learning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Do_not_exploit_your_learning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Be_careful_with_speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Be_careful_with_speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Be careful with speech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Be_careful_with_speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Do_not_seek_rewards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Do_not_seek_rewards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Do not seek rewards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Do_not_seek_rewards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Do_not_judge_another_person" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Do_not_judge_another_person"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>Do not judge another person</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Do_not_judge_another_person-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Be_fair_and_deliberate_in_legal_decision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Be_fair_and_deliberate_in_legal_decision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14</span> <span>Be fair and deliberate in legal decision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Be_fair_and_deliberate_in_legal_decision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_time_for_action_is_now" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_time_for_action_is_now"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.15</span> <span>The time for action is now</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_time_for_action_is_now-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.16</span> <span>Patience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_punishment_matches_the_sin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_punishment_matches_the_sin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.17</span> <span>The punishment matches the sin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_punishment_matches_the_sin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commentaries_and_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentaries_and_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Commentaries and translations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commentaries_and_translations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Commentaries and translations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Commentaries_and_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intertextuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intertextuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Intertextuality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intertextuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirq%C3%A9_Avot" title="Pirqé Avot – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pirqé Avot" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirke_Avot" title="Pirke Avot – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pirke Avot" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C3%BCche_der_V%C3%A4ter" title="Sprüche der Väter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sprüche der Väter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirkei_Avot" title="Pirkei Avot – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pirkei Avot" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirkei_Avot" title="Pirkei Avot – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pirkei Avot" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirkei_Avot" title="Pirkei Avot – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pirkei Avot" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA" title="מסכת אבות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסכת אבות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirk%C3%A9_Avot" title="Pirké Avot – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pirké Avot" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="ピルケイ・アヴォート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピルケイ・アヴォート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedrenes_ord" title="Fedrenes ord – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fedrenes ord" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirke_Awot" title="Pirke Awot – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pirke Awot" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirkei_Avot" title="Pirkei Avot – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pirkei Avot" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirkei_Avot" title="Pirkei Avot – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pirkei Avot" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Пиркей авот – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пиркей авот" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Піркей авот – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Піркей авот" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA" title="מסכת אבות – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מסכת אבות" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q740699#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pirkei_Avot" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Pirkei_Avot" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tractate of the Mishnah</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Abot" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sayings of the Fathers" redirects here. For the Orthodox Christian texts, see <a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_the_Desert_Fathers" title="Sayings of the Desert Fathers">Sayings of the Desert Fathers</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pirkei_Avot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pirkei_Avot.jpg/220px-Pirkei_Avot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pirkei_Avot.jpg/330px-Pirkei_Avot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Pirkei_Avot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i>Pirkei Avot</i> with Bukharian <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> translation</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pirkei Avot</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">פִּרְקֵי אָבוֹת</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">pirqē aḇoṯ</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Chapters of the [Fore]fathers'; also transliterated as <i>Pirqei Avoth</i> or <i>Pirkei Avos</i> or <i>Pirke Aboth</i>), which translates to English as <b>Chapters of the Fathers</b>, is a compilation of the <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethical</a> teachings and <a href="/wiki/Maxim_(saying)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxim (saying)">maxims</a> from <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Jewish</a> tradition. It is part of <a href="/wiki/Didactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Didactic">didactic</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Musar_literature" title="Musar literature">ethical literature</a>. Because of its contents, the name is sometimes given as <b>Ethics of the Fathers</b>. Pirkei Avot consists of the Mishnaic <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">tractate</a> of <i>Avot</i>, the second-to-last tractate in the order of <a href="/wiki/Nezikin" title="Nezikin">Nezikin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, plus one additional chapter. Avot is unique in that it is the only tractate of the Mishnah dealing <i>solely</i> with ethical and moral principles; there is relatively little <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a> (laws) in Pirkei Avot. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translation_of_the_title">Translation of the title</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirkei_Avot&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Translation of the title"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the title <i>Pirkei Avot</i>, the word "pirkei" is Hebrew for "chapters of". </p><p>The word <i>avot</i> means "fathers", and thus <i>Pirkei Avot</i> is often rendered in English as "Chapters of the Fathers", or (more loosely) "Ethics of the Fathers." This translation engenders an appealing and not entirely mistaken image of "patriarchal teachings". </p><p>However, the term 'avot' is not usually used as an honorary designation for 'rabbis' or 'sages'; in rabbinical usage, it refers to the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)" title="Patriarchs (Bible)">Patriarchs</a> of the Bible. Rather, in the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, the word <i>avot</i> generally refers to fundamentals or principal categories. (Thus, the principal categories of creative work forbidden on <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> are called <i>avot melacha</i>, and the principal categories of ritual impurity are referred to as <i>avot</i> <i>tum'ah</i>.) Using this meaning, <i>Pirkei Avot</i> would translate to "Chapters of Fundamental Principles".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the possibility that the title was intentionally worded to support multiple renderings—both "fathers" and "fundamental principles"—cannot be ruled out. </p><p>The recognition of ethical maxims as 'Fundamental Principles' may derive from the high regard in which the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> hold such wisdom. "Love your neighbor as yourself," states the Bible (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Leviticus#19:18" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Leviticus">Leviticus 19:18</a>), an injunction that <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Akiva" title="Rabbi Akiva">Rabbi Akiva</a> in <a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rabbah" title="Genesis Rabbah">Genesis Rabbah</a> 24:7 famously calls a "great principle" of the Torah. In <a href="/wiki/Shabbat_(Talmud)" title="Shabbat (Talmud)">Shabbat</a> 31a, <a href="/wiki/Hillel_the_Elder" title="Hillel the Elder">Hillel</a>, when challenged by a prospective convert to explain the entire Torah while the latter stood on one foot, answered: "That which is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow: This is the entire Torah, the rest is the explanation, go now and learn it." (This maxim is not included in Pirkei Avot.) The attribution of Biblical Wisdom books to <a href="/wiki/King_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="King Solomon">King Solomon</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Book of Wisdom</a>) attests also to the central importance that Jews of this period placed on transmitting the ethical way of life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_of_the_work">Structure of the work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirkei_Avot&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure of the work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mishnaic tractate <i>Avot</i> consists of five chapters. It begins with an order of transmission of the Oral Tradition; <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> receives the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> and then transmits it through various generations (including <a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a>, the Elders, and the <a href="/wiki/Neviim" class="mw-redirect" title="Neviim">Neviim</a>, but notably not the <a href="/wiki/Kohanim" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohanim">Kohanim</a>), whence it finally arrives at the <a href="/wiki/Great_Assembly" title="Great Assembly">Great Assembly</a>, i.e., the early generations of Sages (Avot 1:1). It contains sayings attributed to sages from <a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Just" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon the Just">Simon the Just</a> (200 BCE) to shortly after <a href="/wiki/Judah_haNasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judah haNasi">Judah haNasi</a> (200 CE), redactor of the Mishnah. These aphorisms concern proper ethical and social conduct, as well as the importance of <a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a>. </p><p>The first two chapters proceed in a general chronological order, with the second focusing on the students of <a href="/wiki/Yochanan_Ben_Zakkai" class="mw-redirect" title="Yochanan Ben Zakkai">Yochanan Ben Zakkai</a>. Chapters Three and Four are thematic and contain various attributed sayings in no explicit order. Chapter Five departs from the organization and content of the preceding four in that it consists mostly of anonymous sayings structured around numerical lists, several of which have no direct connection with ethics. The last four paragraphs of this chapter return to the format of moral aphorisms attributed to specific rabbis. </p><p>In liturgical use, and in most printed editions of <i>Avot</i>, a sixth chapter, <i>Kinyan Torah</i> ("Acquisition of Torah") is added; this is in fact the eighth (in the Vilna edition) chapter of tractate <i>Kallah</i>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Minor_tractates" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor tractates">minor tractates</a>. It is added because its content and style are somewhat similar to that of the original tractate Avot (although it focuses on Torah study more than ethics), and to allow for one chapter to be recited on each <i><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Counting_of_the_Omer" title="Counting of the Omer">Omer</a> period, this chapter being seen well-suited to <i>Shabbat <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a></i>, when the giving of the Torah is celebrated. (See below.) The term <i>Pirkei Avot</i> refers to the composite six-chapter work (<i>Avot</i> plus <i>Kinyan Torah</i>). </p><p>Modern scholars<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2021)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> suggest that Avot 5:21 ("He would say: A five-year-old proceeds to Bible [study], a ten-year-old to mishna [study]...") was not authored by Rabbi Yehudah ben Teimah (the author of 5:20, and seemingly the referent of "He would say" in 5:21) but rather by <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_ha-Katan" title="Shmuel ha-Katan">Shmuel ha-Katan</a>, and was not part of the Mishna tractate of Avot, but rather added later to Pirkei Avot.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Machzor_Vitry" class="mw-redirect" title="Machzor Vitry">Machzor Vitry</a>, for example, this passage is printed after the words "Tractate Avot has ended".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"The structure of the tractate differs greatly from the thematic structure of the other tractates and Avot sayings employ a highly stylized language instead of the clear and straightforward mishnaic prose. In addition, the anomalous character of Avot is heightened by the biblical influences on its linguistic expressions, grammatical forms, and vocabulary."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Study_of_the_work">Study of the work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirkei_Avot&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Study of the work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From at least the time of <a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a> (10th century), it has been customary to study one chapter a week on each <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> between <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a>; today, the tractate is generally studied on each <i>Shabbat</i> of the summer, from Passover to <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a>, the entire cycle repeating a few times with doubling of chapters at the end if there are not a perfect multiple of six weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tractate is therefore included in many <a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">prayer books</a>, following Shabbat afternoon prayers. </p><p>In the course of such study, it is common to preface each chapter with the Mishnaic saying, "All Israel has a share in the world to come" (<a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a> 10:1), and to conclude each chapter with the saying, "The Holy One, blessed be He, wished to bestow merit upon Israel; therefore he gave them Torah and <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">mitzvot</a> in abundance" (<a href="/wiki/Makkoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Makkoth">Makkoth</a> 3:16). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_sayings">Notable sayings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirkei_Avot&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notable sayings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tractate includes several of the most frequently-quoted rabbinic sayings on a variety of topics, including: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Show_kindness_to_others">Show kindness to others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirkei_Avot&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Show kindness to others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"The world stands on three things: On Torah, on works, and on kindness to others" (1:2; work here translates "avodah" in the Hebrew which can mean labor, service of God, prayer, or sacrificial offerings)</li> <li>"Your house should be open wide, and you should treat the poor as members of your household." (1:5)</li> <li>"Meet every person with graciousness." (1:15)</li> <li>"He [<a href="/wiki/Yohanan_ben_Zakkai" title="Yohanan ben Zakkai">Yohanan ben Zakkai</a>] said to [his disciples]: 'Go and see what is the right way that a man should seek for himself.' <a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Hurcanus" title="Eliezer ben Hurcanus">Rabbi Eliezer</a> said: 'A good eye'. <a href="/wiki/Joshua_ben_Hananiah" title="Joshua ben Hananiah">Rabbi Yehoshua</a> said: 'A good friend'. Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yose_HaKohen" title="Yose HaKohen">Yose HaKohen</a> said: 'A good neighbor'. Rabbi Shimon [ben Netanel] said: 'One who sees consequences.' <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Arach" title="Eleazar ben Arach">Rabbi Elazar</a> said: 'A good heart'. He [Yohanan] said to them, 'I prefer the words of Elazar ben Arach to yours, because his words include yours as well.'" (2:13)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Respect_the_other_person's_rights"><span id="Respect_the_other_person.27s_rights"></span>Respect the other person's rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirkei_Avot&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Respect the other person's rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"What is the right path a man should choose? Whatever is honorable to himself, and honorable in the eyes of others." (2:1)</li> <li>"Let your friend's honor be as dear to you as your own." (2:15)</li> <li>"The evil eye, the evil inclination, and hatred of [God's] creatures drive a person out of the world." (2:16)</li> <li>"Let your friend's money be as dear to you as your own." (2:17)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strive_for_greatness">Strive for greatness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirkei_Avot&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Strive for greatness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"If I am not for myself, who will be for me? And being for myself, what am 'I'? And if not now, when?" (1:14) This saying is written in simple and terse Hebrew and is attributed to the sage <a href="/wiki/Hillel_the_Elder" title="Hillel the Elder">Hillel</a>, who was famous for succinct expression.</li> <li>"What is the right path a man should choose? Whatever is honorable to himself, and honorable in the eyes of others." (2:1)</li> <li>"In a place where there are no worthy men, strive to be worthy." (2:5)</li> <li>"He who acquires a good name, has acquired himself something indeed." (2:8)</li> <li>"Do not regard yourself as an evil person." (2:18)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Respect_God">Respect God</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirkei_Avot&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Respect God"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Do His will as if it were your own, so that He will do your will as if it were His. Nullify your own will before His so that He will nullify the will of others before you." (2:4)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seek_peace">Seek peace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirkei_Avot&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Seek peace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Be amongst the students of <a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a>: Love peace and pursue peace. Love people and bring them close to Torah." (1:12)</li> <li>"The more charity, the more peace" (2:8)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Take_precaution_to_avoid_transgressions">Take precaution to avoid transgressions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirkei_Avot&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Take precaution to avoid transgressions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Make a fence for the Torah" (1:1)</li> <li>"Keep far from an evil neighbor, do not befriend a wicked person, and do not despair of divine retribution" (1:7)</li> <li>"Evaluate the loss of fulfilling a commandment against its reward, and the reward of committing a transgression against its loss. Consider three things, and you will not come to sin: Know what is above you: a seeing eye, a hearing ear, and all of your deeds written down in a book." (2:1)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Be_humble">Be humble</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirkei_Avot&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Be humble"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Love work, and do not admire official positions, and do not become too acquainted with the governing power." (1:10)</li> <li>"One who seeks to make his name great, destroys it" (1:13)</li> <li>"Anyone who works for the community, let your work with them be for the sake of Heaven... And as for you all, I will make your reward great as though you had accomplished all the work." (2:2)</li> <li>"Be wary regarding the ruling power, because they only befriend a person for their own purposes; they appear as friends when it suits them, but they do not stand by a man in his time of need." (2:3)</li> <li>"Do not separate yourself from the community, and do not be sure of yourself until your day of death." (2:4)</li> <li>"The more flesh, the more worms. The more possessions, the more worry. The <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">more wives</a>, the more witchcraft. The more maidservants, the more licentiousness. The more manservants, the more theft." (2:8)</li> <li>"If you have learned much Torah, do not flatter yourself about it, because it was for this purpose you were created." (2:8)</li> <li>"Let all your deeds be for the sake of Heaven." (2:12)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Be_intent_in_prayer">Be intent in prayer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirkei_Avot&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Be intent in prayer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Be careful when reciting the <a href="/wiki/Shema_Yisrael" class="mw-redirect" title="Shema Yisrael">Shema</a> and regarding <a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">prayer</a>. Do not pray as though by rote, but plead for mercy and grace before God." (2:18)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combine_Torah_learning_with_labor">Combine Torah learning with labor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirkei_Avot&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Combine Torah learning with labor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Torah learning is best combined with an occupation, because the effort of both will keep one from sin. Torah study alone without work will in the end be nullified and lead to sin." (2:2) (See <i><a href="/wiki/Torah_im_Derech_Eretz#Earning_a_livelihood" title="Torah im Derech Eretz">Torah im Derech Eretz</a></i>.)</li> <li>"Reduce your business activities and occupy yourself with the Torah instead, and be of a humble spirit before everyone." (4:10)</li> <li>"If there is no Torah study, there is no worldly involvement (derech eretz); if there is no worldly involvement, there is no Torah study. ... If there is no flour, there is no Torah; if there is no Torah, there is no flour." (3:21)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Do_not_exploit_your_learning">Do not exploit your learning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirkei_Avot&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Do not exploit your learning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"One who exploits the crown (of scholarship) will pass away" (1:13)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Be_careful_with_speech">Be careful with speech</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirkei_Avot&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Be careful with speech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"All my life I was raised amongst the Sages, and I never found anything better for a person than silence... one who talks too much causes sin." (1:17)</li> <li>"Do not speak (excessively) much with women. This regards a man's own wife, how much more so regarding another man's wife!" (1:5)</li> <li>"Sages, you should be careful in what you say, lest you be punished with exile and be sent to a place of evil waters, and your pupils who follow you will die, and the name of Heaven will be disgraced." (1:11)</li> <li>"Say little and do much." (1:15)</li> <li>"Do not say something that cannot be understood, thinking it will be understood later." (2:5)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Do_not_seek_rewards">Do not seek rewards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirkei_Avot&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Do not seek rewards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Do not be like slaves who serve the master in order to obtain a reward. Rather, be like slaves who serve the master not to receive a reward. And let the fear of Heaven be upon you." (1:3)</li> <li>"Be as careful in observance of a minor commandment as in a major commandment, because you don't know the respective rewards for the commandments." (2:1)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Do_not_judge_another_person">Do not judge another person</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirkei_Avot&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Do not judge another person"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Judge every person favorably" (1:6)</li> <li>"Do not judge your fellow until you have stood in his place." (2:4)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Be_fair_and_deliberate_in_legal_decision">Be fair and deliberate in legal decision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirkei_Avot&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Be fair and deliberate in legal decision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"[When judging,] do not act as an <a href="/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae">advocate</a>. When litigants stand before you, regard them [both] as guilty. And when they leave you, regard them as meritorious, provided that they have accepted your judgment." (1:8)</li> <li>"Be thorough in examining witnesses, and watch what you say, so they do not learn from you how to lie." (1:9)</li> <li>"On three things the world continues to exist: On justice, truth, and peace." (1:18)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_time_for_action_is_now">The time for action is now</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirkei_Avot&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The time for action is now"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"If not now, when?" (1:14)</li> <li>"The main thing is not study, but doing." (1:17)</li> <li>"Do not say 'I will study when I have the time', for perhaps you will never have time." (2:5)</li> <li>"The day is short, the labor vast, the workers idle, the reward great, and the Employer is insistent." (2:20), attributed to <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Tarfon" title="Rabbi Tarfon">Rabbi Tarfon</a></li> <li>"It is not incumbent upon you to complete the work, but neither are you at liberty to desist from it" (2:21), attributed to <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Tarfon" title="Rabbi Tarfon">Rabbi Tarfon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patience">Patience</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirkei_Avot&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Patience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"An ignoramus cannot be sin-fearing, and a boor cannot be pious. A shy person cannot learn, and an impatient person cannot teach." (2:6)</li> <li>"Do not be quick to anger." (2:15)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_punishment_matches_the_sin">The punishment matches the sin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirkei_Avot&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The punishment matches the sin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"He saw a skull floating on the water, and said to it, 'Because you drowned others, they drowned you. And they will also eventually be drowned because they drowned you.'" (2:7)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commentaries_and_translations">Commentaries and translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirkei_Avot&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Commentaries and translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shemona_perakim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Shemona_perakim.jpg/200px-Shemona_perakim.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Shemona_perakim.jpg/300px-Shemona_perakim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Shemona_perakim.jpg/400px-Shemona_perakim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="882" /></a><figcaption>First page of a medieval manuscript of Maimonides's commentary on Pirkei Avot, <i>The Eight Chapters</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mishnaic tractates, composed in <a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic Hebrew</a>, are usually accompanied by commentaries in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Aramaic</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">gemara</a> ("the teaching"). Unlike the majority of Mishnaic tractates, <i>Avot</i> has no corresponding <i>gemara</i>. Some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2020)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> have said this is because the concepts in it can never be dealt with completely, being the "fifth part of the <a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a>" (being intrinsically "<a href="/wiki/Torah_im_Derech_Eretz" title="Torah im Derech Eretz">derekh eretz</a>": wise practices). </p><p>Although Avot does not have an accompanying gemara, one of the <a href="/wiki/Minor_tractate" title="Minor tractate">minor tractates</a> of the Talmud, the <i><a href="/wiki/Avot_of_Rabbi_Natan" class="mw-redirect" title="Avot of Rabbi Natan">Avot of Rabbi Natan</a></i>, is an expansion of the Mishnaic tractate containing numerous additional ethical teachings and legends. </p><p>The number of medieval and modern commentaries on the Tractate of Avot is large, and probably not known accurately. Among the best-known commentaries are the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samson_Raphael_Hirsch" title="Samson Raphael Hirsch">Samson Raphael Hirsch</a>, <i>Commentary on Pirkei Avot</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonah_Gerondi" title="Yonah Gerondi">Yonah Gerondi</a> on <i>Avot</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, on <i>Avot</i>, the introduction is known as <i>The Eight Chapters</i><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>A comprehensive bibliography of Hebrew commentaries on Pirke Avot has been published, including over 1500 detailed entries. The appendix lists over 500 additional books that contain a short segment on Avot, and over 400 published references on Avot in general or individual mishnayot.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations">Translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirkei_Avot&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Russian-American poet and translator <a href="/wiki/Yehoash_(poet)" title="Yehoash (poet)">Yehoash</a> published his Yiddish translation of Pirkei Avot in 1912 under the title <i>Di Lehren fun di Foters</i>. This translation was subsequently included in a trilingual (Hebrew-Yiddish-English) edition that was published in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> translation of Pirkei Avot by Prof. Ping Zhang from <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">Tel Aviv University</a> was published in 1996 by CASS Press, together with footnotes and an introduction of Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Adin_Steinsaltz" title="Adin Steinsaltz">Adin Steinsaltz</a>. The first edition, of 1500 copies, sold out immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A revised version of Zhang's translation, with some influence from the Chinese Catholic Bible, was published in 2001 under the title <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">"猶太聖傳·民刑卷·先賢篇"</span></span> ('Jewish sacred teachings, records, and ethics articles'). It is available online.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intertextuality">Intertextuality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirkei_Avot&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Intertextuality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars have noted similar themes and language shared between Pirkei Avot and earlier Jewish traditions found in the <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">Gospels</a>, such as the parallel descriptions of "where two or three are gathered" used in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> for Jesus, and in Avot 3:2 for the <a href="/wiki/Shekhinah" title="Shekhinah">Shekhinah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirkei_Avot&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090619085738/https://www.thejc.com/articles/2008502860/pirkei-avot">Rabbi Julian Sinclair in <i>The Jewish Chronicle</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHoward_Witkin2002" class="citation web cs1">Howard Witkin (5 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aish.com/sp/pg/48884467.html">"Unlocking Ancient Wisdom - Pirkei Avot 1:1"</a>. <i>Aish.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aish.com&rft.atitle=Unlocking+Ancient+Wisdom+-+Pirkei+Avot+1%3A1&rft.date=2002-01-05&rft.au=Howard+Witkin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aish.com%2Fsp%2Fpg%2F48884467.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APirkei+Avot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Yom-Tov_Lipmann_Heller" title="Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller">Tosafot Yom Tov</a> to Avot 5:21 - הוא היה אומר בן חמש וכו' ונ"א ל"ג. וכתב במד"ש בשם הרר"י בר שלמה ז"ל שאין אלו דברי ר' יהודה בן תימא. וגם אינה מסדר מסכתא זו. אלא שחכמים הסמיכום והוסיפום כאן. ודברי שמואל הקטן הם. ויש נוסחאות שכתוב כאן שמואל הקטן אומר בנפול אויבך אל תשמח וכו'. ע"כ.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org.il/Machzor_Vitry%2C_Pirkei_Avot.5.20.3?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">Machzor Vitry, Pirkei Avot 5:20</a> (Sefaria)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amram Tropper, <i>Wisdom, Politics, and Historiography: Tractate Avot in the Context of the Graeco-Roman Near East</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/680360/jewish/What-are-Ethics-of-our-Fathers.htm">"What are Ethics of the Fathers?"</a>, chabad.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org.il/Eight_Chapters?lang=bi">Eight Chapters</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weiss, Steven J., "Pirke Avot: A Thesaurus / An Annotated Bibliography of Printed Hebrew Commentaries, 1485-2015". Jerusalem/Los Angeles (2016) (ווייס, יוסף שלמה, "אוצר פרקי אבות / ביבליוגרפיה של פרושים למסכת אבות שנדפסומשנת רמ"ה (1485) עד שנת תשע"ה (2015) עם הערות והארות". לוס אנג'לס–ירושלים (תשע"ו/2016 The book is mostly in Hebrew with an introduction and multiple notes in English.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Congress for Jewish Culture, <i>Leksikon fun der Nayer Yidisher Literatur</i> (New York: Marsten Press, 1961), 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wald, Shalom. "Meeting the Chinese Giant", <i>World Jewish Digest</i>, August 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712182019/http://aharonhasini.tripod.com/htm/avot_tc.htm">"PIRKEI AVOTH - WHY JEWS DO NOT BELIEVE IN JESUS"</a>. aharonhasini.tripod.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PIRKEI+AVOTH+-+WHY+JEWS+DO+NOT+BELIEVE+IN+JESUS&rft.pub=aharonhasini.tripod.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20180712182019%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Faharonhasini.tripod.com%2Fhtm%2Favot_tc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APirkei+Avot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://intertextual.bible/text/matthew-18.19-20-pirkei-avot-3.3"><i>intertextual.bible/text/matthew-18.19-20-pirkei-avot-3.3</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=intertextual.bible%2Ftext%2Fmatthew-18.19-20-pirkei-avot-3.3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fintertextual.bible%2Ftext%2Fmatthew-18.19-20-pirkei-avot-3.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APirkei+Avot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirkei_Avot&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Erin Kopelow. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150414160346/http://presentense.org/magazine/found-through-translation">"Found Through Translation"</a>. <i>Present Tense</i>, issue 6.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirkei_Avot&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pirkei_Avot" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Pirkei Avot">Pirkei Avot</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Mishnah/Seder_Nezikin/Tractate_Avot" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Translation:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Avot">Tractate Avot</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p><b>Hebrew full text</b> </p> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://he.wikisource.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA"><i>Hebrew Wikisource</i></a>, with commentaries</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/b/h/h49.htm"><i>Pirkei Avoth</i></a>, mechon-mamre.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.daat.ac.il/daat/toshba/makor/avot/tohen-1.htm"><i>Masechet Avot</i></a>, daat.ac.il</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tehillim-online.com/ethics-of-the-fathers/pirkei-avot-in-hebrew">Pirkei Avot in Hebrew</a></li></ul> <p><b>Translations</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article.asp?AID=5708"><i>Pirkei Avot</i> – Ethics of the Fathers</a> translation at Chabad.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/sjf/">Sayings of the Jewish Fathers</a>, an 1897 English translation by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(Hebraist)" title="Charles Taylor (Hebraist)">Charles Taylor</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tehillim-online.com/ethics-of-the-fathers/pirkei-avot-translated-into-english">Pirkei Avot translated into english</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yiddishbookcenter.org/collections/yiddish-books/spb-nybc211611/yehoash-halper-b-pirke-abot-sayings-of-the-fathers">Hebrew-Yiddish-English edition</a> (American Jewish Book Company, 1921)</li></ul> <p><b>Transliterations</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tehillim-online.com/ethics-of-the-fathers/transliterated-pirkei-avot">Transliterated Pirkei Avot</a></li></ul> <p><b>Commentary</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://torah.org/learning/maharal/archives.html"><i>Derech Chaim</i></a>, Commentary of the <a href="/wiki/Maharal" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharal">Maharal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050717060656/http://www.sichosinenglish.org/books/ethics/foreword.htm">Insights Into Pirkei Avos</a>, Insights from <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pirchei.co.il/pictoral/avos/">Pictorial Commentary for Children; Rabbi Dovid Goldschmidt</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307203806/http://www.jewishpub.org/product.php?id=444">Pirke Avot: Timeless Wisdom for Modern Life</a> Comparison of the views of the Sages and their rivals in modern times.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oztorah.com/2012/08/the-acquisition-of-torah-chapter-6-of-the-sayings-of-the-fathers/">The Acquisition of Torah – chapter 6 of the Sayings of the Fathers</a> Exegesis of Chapter 6 of Pirkei Avot</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://devekut.com">Devekut.com</a> has a link ("Pirkei Avot") with an abstract of Rabbi Moshe Lieber's commentary on Pirkei Avot.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dafyomireview.com/avot.php"><i>Pirkei Avot</i></a> with classic commentaries translated in english</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mishnah" title="Template:Mishnah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mishnah" title="Template talk:Mishnah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mishnah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mishnah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Six_Orders_of_the_Mishnah_(שִׁשָּׁה_סִדְרֵי_מִשְׁנָה)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The Six Orders of the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> (<span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שִׁשָּׁה סִדְרֵי מִשְׁנָה</span>‎)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;background:#66DD66;"><a href="/wiki/Zeraim" title="Zeraim">Zeraim</a> (Seeds)<br />(<span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">זְרָעִים</span>‎)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:#2299FF;"><a href="/wiki/Moed" title="Moed">Moed</a> (Festival)<br />(<span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">מוֹעֵד</span>‎)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:#E9967A;"><a href="/wiki/Nashim" title="Nashim">Nashim</a> (Women)<br />(<span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">נָשִׁים</span>‎)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:#FFA812;"><a href="/wiki/Nezikin" title="Nezikin">Nezikin</a> (Damages)<br />(<span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">נְזִיקִין</span>‎)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:#FFE303;"><a href="/wiki/Kodashim" title="Kodashim">Kodashim</a> (Holies)<br />(<span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">קָדָשִׁים</span>‎)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:#C8CCE8;"><a href="/wiki/Tohorot" title="Tohorot">Tohorot</a> (Purities)<br />(<span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">טָהֳרוֹת</span>‎)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center; padding:3px;background:#C0FFC0;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berakhot_(tractate)" title="Berakhot (tractate)">Berakhot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%27ah" title="Pe'ah">Pe'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demai_(tractate)" title="Demai (tractate)">Demai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kil%27ayim_(tractate)" title="Kil'ayim (tractate)">Kil'ayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shevi%27it_(tractate)" title="Shevi'it (tractate)">Shevi'it</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terumot" title="Terumot">Terumot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27aserot" title="Ma'aserot">Ma'aserot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27aser_Sheni" title="Ma'aser Sheni">Ma'aser Sheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challah_(tractate)" title="Challah (tractate)">Challah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlah_(tractate)" title="Orlah (tractate)">Orlah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikkurim_(tractate)" title="Bikkurim (tractate)">Bikkurim</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center; padding:3px;background:#C0EFEE;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat_(Talmud)" title="Shabbat (Talmud)">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eruvin_(Talmud)" title="Eruvin (Talmud)">Eruvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesachim_(tractate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesachim (tractate)">Pesahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekalim_(Tractate)" title="Shekalim (Tractate)">Shekalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoma" title="Yoma">Yoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkah_(Talmud)" title="Sukkah (Talmud)">Sukkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beitza" title="Beitza">Beitza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah_(tractate)" title="Rosh Hashanah (tractate)">Rosh Hashanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27anit_(Talmud)" title="Ta'anit (Talmud)">Ta'anit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megillah_(Talmud)" title="Megillah (Talmud)">Megillah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo%27ed_Katan" title="Mo'ed Katan">Mo'ed Katan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagigah" title="Hagigah">Hagigah</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center; padding:3px;background:#F5CEC3;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevamot" title="Yevamot">Yevamot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketubot_(tractate)" title="Ketubot (tractate)">Ketubot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedarim_(Talmud)" title="Nedarim (Talmud)">Nedarim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazir_(Talmud)" title="Nazir (Talmud)">Nazir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotah_(Talmud)" title="Sotah (Talmud)">Sotah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gittin" title="Gittin">Gittin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiddushin_(Talmud)" title="Kiddushin (Talmud)">Kiddushin</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center; padding:3px;background:#FFD199;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bava_Kamma" title="Bava Kamma">Bava Kamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bava_Metzia" title="Bava Metzia">Bava Metzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bava_Batra" title="Bava Batra">Bava Batra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_(tractate)" title="Sanhedrin (tractate)">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makkot" title="Makkot">Makkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shevu%27ot" title="Shevu'ot">Shevu'ot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduyot_(Talmud)" title="Eduyot (Talmud)">Eduyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avodah_Zarah" title="Avodah Zarah">Avodah Zarah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Avot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horayot" title="Horayot">Horayot</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center; padding:3px;background:#EEFFA3;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zevachim" title="Zevachim">Zevachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachot" title="Menachot">Menachot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hullin" title="Hullin">Hullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekhorot" title="Bekhorot">Bekhorot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arakhin" title="Arakhin">Arakhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temurah_(Talmud)" title="Temurah (Talmud)">Temurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keritot" title="Keritot">Keritot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%27ilah" title="Me'ilah">Me'ilah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamid" title="Tamid">Tamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middot_(Talmud)" title="Middot (Talmud)">Middot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinnim" title="Kinnim">Kinnim</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center; padding:3px;background:#E8ECF2;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keilim" title="Keilim">Keilim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oholot" title="Oholot">Oholot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nega%27im" title="Nega'im">Nega'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parah" title="Parah">Parah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohorot_(tractate)" title="Tohorot (tractate)">Tohorot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikva%27ot" title="Mikva'ot">Mikva'ot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah_(Talmud)" title="Niddah (Talmud)">Niddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhshirin" title="Makhshirin">Makhshirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zavim" title="Zavim">Zavim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tevul_Yom" title="Tevul Yom">Tevul Yom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadayim" title="Yadayim">Yadayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uktzim" title="Uktzim">Uktzim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740699#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315217864">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mishnah. Avot"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4174757-4">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mishnah. Avot"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83120169">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mišna."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=unn2010559042&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mišna. Česky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=unn20211101903&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265418505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pirkei_Avot&oldid=1253303227">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pirkei_Avot&oldid=1253303227</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mishnah" title="Category:Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_ethics" title="Category:Jewish ethics">Jewish ethics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Category:Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pirkei_Avot" title="Category:Pirkei Avot">Pirkei Avot</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Hebrew-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_June_2021" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2021">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_August_2020" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2020">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 October 2024, at 08:30<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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