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<span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Summary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Composition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Composition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Title,_date_and_author" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title,_date_and_author"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Title, date and author</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title,_date_and_author-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genre_and_setting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genre_and_setting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Genre and setting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genre_and_setting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canonicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canonicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Canonicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canonicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Themes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Catholicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_Western_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_Western_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Influence on Western literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_Western_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_popular_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_popular_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Influence on popular music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_popular_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ecclesiastes</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediker" title="Prediker – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Prediker" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="سفر الجامعة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سفر الجامعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82" title="Кніга Эклезіяст – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кніга Эклезіяст" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Книга на Еклисиаста – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Книга на Еклисиаста" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohelet_(Buach)" title="Kohelet (Buach) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kohelet (Buach)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eklesiastes" title="Eklesiastes – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eklesiastes" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclesiast%C3%A8s" title="Eclesiastès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eclesiastès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BA%C4%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Экклесиаст кĕнеки – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Экклесиаст кĕнеки" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basahon_sa_Kaalam" title="Basahon sa Kaalam – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Basahon sa Kaalam" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kniha_Kazatel" title="Kniha Kazatel – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kniha Kazatel" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%27wadhi_ra_Muparidzi" title="N'wadhi ra Muparidzi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="N'wadhi ra Muparidzi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llyfr_y_Pregethwr" title="Llyfr y Pregethwr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llyfr y Pregethwr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A6dikerens_Bog" title="Prædikerens Bog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Prædikerens Bog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohelet" title="Kohelet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kohelet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koguja_raamat" title="Koguja raamat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Koguja raamat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Εκκλησιαστής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εκκλησιαστής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro_del_Eclesiast%C3%A9s" title="Libro del Eclesiastés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Libro del Eclesiastés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohelet" title="Kohelet – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kohelet" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohelet" title="Kohelet – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kohelet" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87" title="کتاب جامعه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتاب جامعه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccl%C3%A9siaste" title="Ecclésiaste – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ecclésiaste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preker_(bibelboek)" title="Preker (bibelboek) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Preker (bibelboek)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leabhar_Ch%C3%B3iheilit" title="Leabhar Chóiheilit – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leabhar Chóiheilit" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclesiastes" title="Eclesiastes – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eclesiastes" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclesiast%C3%A9s" title="Eclesiastés – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Eclesiastés" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="उपदेशक हें पुस्तक – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="उपदेशक हें पुस्तक" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C" title="전도서 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전도서" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%B2" title="Ժողովող – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժողովող" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propovjednik_(knjiga)" title="Propovjednik (knjiga) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Propovjednik (knjiga)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_Pengkhotbah" title="Kitab Pengkhotbah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kitab Pengkhotbah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmShumayeli" title="UmShumayeli – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmShumayeli" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qoelet" title="Qoelet – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Qoelet" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%AA" title="מגילת קהלת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מגילת קהלת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juru_Kotbah" title="Juru Kotbah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Juru Kotbah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94" title="ეკლესიასტე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეკლესიასტე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitabu_cha_Mhubiri" title="Kitabu cha Mhubiri – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kitabu cha Mhubiri" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_Ecclesiastes" title="Liber Ecclesiastes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Liber Ecclesiastes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%81lamans_M%C4%81c%C4%ABt%C4%81js" title="Zālamans Mācītājs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zālamans Mācītājs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokytojo_knyga" title="Mokytojo knyga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mokytojo knyga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qo%C3%A8let" title="Qoèlet – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Qoèlet" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclesiaste" title="Eclesiaste – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Eclesiaste" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_pr%C3%A9dik%C3%A1tor_k%C3%B6nyve" title="A prédikátor könyve – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A prédikátor könyve" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0)" title="Проповедник (библиска книга) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Проповедник (библиска книга)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokin%27_ny_Mpitoriteny" title="Bokin' ny Mpitoriteny – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bokin' ny Mpitoriteny" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BB" title="സഭാപ്രസംഗകൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സഭാപ്രസംഗകൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87" title="سفر الجامعه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سفر الجامعه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_Pengkhotbah" title="Kitab Pengkhotbah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kitab Pengkhotbah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B2ng-d%C3%B4%CC%A4_C%E1%B9%B3%CC%86" title="Diòng-dô̤ Cṳ̆ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Diòng-dô̤ Cṳ̆" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediker_(boek)" title="Prediker (boek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Prediker (boek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%98%E3%83%AC%E3%83%88%E3%81%AE%E8%A8%80%E8%91%89" title="コヘレトの言葉 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コヘレトの言葉" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forkynneren" title="Forkynneren – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Forkynneren" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forkynnaren" title="Forkynnaren – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Forkynnaren" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livre_de_l%27Eccl%C3%A9si%C3%A2te" title="Livre de l'Ecclésiâte – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Livre de l'Ecclésiâte" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B8" title="کتاب واعظ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کتاب واعظ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_%C3%A0_chl%27%C3%89cl%C3%A9siasse" title="Live à chl'Éclésiasse – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Live à chl'Éclésiasse" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%99ga_Koheleta" title="Księga Koheleta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Księga Koheleta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclesiastes" title="Eclesiastes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eclesiastes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecleziast" title="Ecleziast – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ecleziast" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iklisiyastis_qillqasqa" title="Iklisiyastis qillqasqa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iklisiyastis qillqasqa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Еклезіаст – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Еклезіаст" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Книга Екклесиаста – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Книга Екклесиаста" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ecclesiastes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kniha_Kazate%C4%BE" title="Kniha Kazateľ – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kniha Kazateľ" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pridigar_(Kohelet)" title="Pridigar (Kohelet) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pridigar (Kohelet)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Књига проповједникова – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Књига проповједникова" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propovjednik_(knjiga)" title="Propovjednik (knjiga) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Propovjednik (knjiga)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarnaajan_kirja" title="Saarnaajan kirja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saarnaajan kirja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predikaren" title="Predikaren – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Predikaren" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclesiastes" title="Eclesiastes – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Eclesiastes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="சபை உரையாளர் (நூல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சபை உரையாளர் (நூல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="หนังสือปัญญาจารย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หนังสือปัญญาจารย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaiz_(Zebur)" title="Vaiz (Zebur) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vaiz (Zebur)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0,_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Книга Екклезіястова, або Проповідника – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Книга Екклезіястова, або Проповідника" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B8" title="کتاب واعظ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کتاب واعظ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekkleziastan_kirj" title="Ekkleziastan kirj – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ekkleziastan kirj" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1ch_Gi%E1%BA%A3ng_Vi%C3%AAn" title="Sách Giảng Viên – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sách Giảng Viên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ecclesiastes" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E9%81%93%E4%B9%A6" title="传道书 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="传道书" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%AA" title="קהלת – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קהלת" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cw%C3%A9_%C3%A0w%E1%BB%8Dn_On%C3%ADw%C3%A0s%C3%B9" title="Ìwé àwọn Oníwàsù – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìwé àwọn Oníwàsù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E9%81%93%E6%9B%B8" title="傳道書 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ecclesiastes (disambiguation)">Ecclesiastes (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiasticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiasticus">Ecclesiasticus</a>.</span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecclesiastes_2-3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ecclesiastes_2-3.png/235px-Ecclesiastes_2-3.png" decoding="async" width="235" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ecclesiastes_2-3.png/353px-Ecclesiastes_2-3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ecclesiastes_2-3.png/470px-Ecclesiastes_2-3.png 2x" data-file-width="4058" data-file-height="4571" /></a><figcaption>Ecclesiastes 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.8em;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Joshua 1:1 as recorded in the Aleppo Codex"><img alt="Joshua 1:1 as recorded in the Aleppo Codex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/220px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/330px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg 1.5x, 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var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah"><span style="font-size:120%"><i>Torah</i></span> <span class="nobold">(Instruction)</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:11.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Bereshit</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shemot</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Wayiqra</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Bemidbar</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Devarim</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im"><span style="font-size:120%"><i>Nevi'im</i></span> <span class="nobold">(Prophets)</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im#Former_Prophets" title="Nevi'im">Former</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:10.0em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yehoshua</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shofetim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">Samuel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shemuel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Kings</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Melakhim</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im#Latter_Prophets" title="Nevi'im">Latter</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:10.0em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yeshayahu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yirmeyahu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yekhezqel</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor </a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim"><span style="font-size:120%"><i>Ketuvim</i></span> <span class="nobold">(Writings)</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Poetic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Tehillim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Mishlei</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Iyov</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Five_Megillot" title="Five Megillot">Five <i>Megillot</i> <span class="nobold">(Scrolls)</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shir Hashirim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Rut</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Eikhah</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ecclesiastes</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Qohelet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Ester</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Historical</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Daniyyel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Ezra–Nehemiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Ezra</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Chronicles</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Divre Hayyamim</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; font-size:115%;padding-top:0.3em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"> <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> <span class="nobold">(Christianity)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.4em;"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Pentateuch#Contents" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Wisdom</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanonical</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Orthodox only</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;font-size:105%;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tanakh_OT" title="Template:Tanakh OT"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tanakh_OT" title="Template talk:Tanakh OT"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tanakh_OT" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tanakh OT"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ecclesiastes </b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">ih-<span style="font-size:90%">KLEE</span>-zee-<span style="font-size:90%">ASS</span>-teez</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Hebrew language">Biblical Hebrew</a>: <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">קֹהֶלֶת</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">Qōheleṯ</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἐκκλησιαστής</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Ekklēsiastēs</i></span>) is one of the <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a> ("Writings") of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> and part of the <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom literature</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>. The title commonly used in English is a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a> of the Greek translation of the Hebrew word <span title="Biblical Hebrew-language text"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">קֹהֶלֶת</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Kohelet, Koheleth, Qoheleth</i></span> or <span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">Qohelet</i></span>). An unnamed author introduces "The words of Kohelet, son of David, king in Jerusalem" (<a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes_1:1" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastes 1:1">1:1</a>) and does not use his own voice again until the final verses (12:9–14), where he gives his own thoughts and summarises the statements of <b>Kohelet;</b> the main body of the text is ascribed to Kohelet. </p><p>Kohelet proclaims (1:2) "Vanity of vanities! All is futile!" The Hebrew word <span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">hevel</i></span>, "vapor" or "breath" can figuratively mean "insubstantial," "vain," "futile," or "meaningless." In some versions, vanity is translated as "meaningless" to avoid the confusion with the other definition of vanity.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given this, the next verse presents the basic <a href="/wiki/Existential" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential">existential</a> question with which the rest of the book is concerned: "What profit can we show for all our toil, toiling under the sun?" This expresses that the lives of both wise and foolish people all end in death. In light of this perceived meaninglessness, he suggests that human beings should enjoy the simple pleasures of daily life, such as eating, drinking, and taking enjoyment in one's work, which are gifts from the hand of God. The book concludes with the injunction to "Fear God and keep his commandments, for that is the duty of all of mankind. Since every deed will God bring to judgment, for every hidden act, whether good or evil." </p><p>According to rabbinic tradition, the book was written by <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">King Solomon</a> (reigned c. 970–931 BCE) in his old age,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown201111_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown201111-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the presence of <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Persian</a> loanwords and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic" title="Imperial Aramaic">Aramaisms</a> points to a date no earlier than about 450 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeow2007944_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow2007944-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the latest possible date for its composition is 180 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2004xiv_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2004xiv-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Title">Title</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Title"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Ecclesiastes</i> is a phonetic transliteration of the Greek word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἐκκλησιαστής</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Ekklēsiastēs</i></span>), which in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> translates the Hebrew name of its stated author, Kohelet (<span title="Biblical Hebrew-language text"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">קֹהֶלֶת</span></span>). The Greek word derives from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ekklesia</i></span> "assembly,"<sup id="cite_ref-9G2Xr_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9G2Xr-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the Hebrew word derives from <span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">kahal</i></span> "assembly,"<sup id="cite_ref-PSipx_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSipx-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but while the Greek word means "member of an assembly,"<sup id="cite_ref-oUdZF_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oUdZF-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the meaning of the original Hebrew word it translates is less certain.<sup id="cite_ref-Evan-Shoshan_2003_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evan-Shoshan_2003-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <i><a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a></i> mentions,<sup id="cite_ref-Strongs_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strongs-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is a female <a href="/wiki/Active_participle" class="mw-redirect" title="Active participle">active participle</a> of the verb <span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">kahal</i></span> in its simple (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Qal_(linguistics)" title="Qal (linguistics)">qal</a></i></span>) paradigm, a form not used elsewhere in the Bible and which is sometimes understood as active or passive depending on the verb,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so that Kohelet would mean "(female) assembler" in the active case (recorded as such by <i>Strong's Concordance</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-Strongs_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strongs-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and (female) assembled, member of an assembly" in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Passive_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Passive case (page does not exist)">passive case</a> (as per the Septuagint translators). According to the majority understanding today,<sup id="cite_ref-Evan-Shoshan_2003_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evan-Shoshan_2003-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the word is a more general (<span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">mishkal</i></span>, <span title="Biblical Hebrew-language text"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">מִשְׁקָל</span></span>) form rather than a literal participle, and the intended meaning of <i>Kohelet</i> in the text is "someone speaking before an assembly," hence "Teacher" or "Preacher." This was the position of the <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commentators struggle to explain why a man was given an apparently feminine name. According to <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_di_Trani" title="Isaiah di Trani">Isaiah di Trani</a>, "He authored this work in his old age, when he was weak like a woman, and therefore he received a feminine name," an opinion likewise held by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Simonis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Simonis (page does not exist)">Johann Simonis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Commentary_to_1:1_s.v._קהלת_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commentary_to_1:1_s.v._קהלת-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Solomon_ben_Jeroham" class="mw-redirect" title="Solomon ben Jeroham">Solomon b. Jeroham</a> (also Lorinus, Zirkel), "This is because, even as a woman births and raises children, Qoheleth revealed and organized wisdom".<sup id="cite_ref-Commentary_to_1:1_s.v._קהלת_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commentary_to_1:1_s.v._קהלת-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Yefet_ben_Ali" title="Yefet ben Ali">Yefet b. Ali</a> (also adopted by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ibn_Kaspi" title="Joseph Ibn Kaspi">Joseph Ibn Kaspi</a>), "He ascribed this activity to his wisdom, and because Wisdom is female, he used a feminine name."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This last opinion is accepted by a wide variety of modern scholars, including <a href="/wiki/Christian_David_Ginsburg" title="Christian David Ginsburg">C. D. Ginsburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ecclesiastes is presented as the biography of "Kohelet" or "Qoheleth"; his story is <a href="/wiki/Frame_story" title="Frame story">framed</a> by the voice of the narrator, who refers to Kohelet in the <a href="/wiki/Narration#Third-person" title="Narration">third person</a>, praises his wisdom, but reminds the reader that wisdom has its limitations and is not man's main concern.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeow2007944_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow2007944-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kohelet reports what he planned, did, experienced and thought, but his journey to knowledge is, in the end, incomplete; the reader is not only to hear Kohelet's wisdom, but to observe his journey towards understanding and acceptance of life's frustrations and uncertainties: the journey itself is important.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2004xiii_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2004xiii-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Bible" title="Jerusalem Bible">Jerusalem Bible</a> divides the book into two parts, part one comprising Ecclesiastes 1:4–6:12, part two consisting of chapters 7 to 12, each commencing with a separate prologue.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Few of the many attempts to uncover an underlying structure to Ecclesiastes have met with widespread acceptance; among them, the following is one of the more influential:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2004xvi_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2004xvi-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Title (1:1)</li> <li>Initial poem (1:2–11)</li> <li>I: Kohelet's investigation of life (1:12–6:9)</li> <li>II: Kohelet's conclusions (6:10–11:6) <ul><li>Introduction (6:10–12)</li> <li>A: Man cannot discover what is good for him to do (7:1–8:17)</li> <li>B: Man does not know what will come after him (9:1–11:6)</li></ul></li> <li>Concluding poem (11:7–12:8)</li> <li>Epilogue (12:9–14)</li></ul> <p>Despite the acceptance by some of this structure, there have been many criticisms, such as that of Fox: "[Addison G. Wright's] proposed structure has no more effect on interpretation than a ghost in the attic. A literary or rhetorical structure should not merely 'be there'; it must <em>do</em> something. It should guide readers in recognizing and remembering the author's train of thought."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2004148–149_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2004148–149-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Verse 1:1 is a superscription, the ancient equivalent of a title page: it introduces the book as "the words of Kohelet, son of David, king in Jerusalem."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongman199857–59_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongman199857–59-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most, though not all, modern commentators regard the epilogue (12:9–14) as an addition by a later scribe. Some have identified certain other statements as further additions intended to make the book more religiously orthodox (e.g., the affirmations of God's justice and the need for piety).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2004xvii_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2004xvii-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been proposed that the text is composed of three distinct voices. The first belongs to Qoheleth as the prophet, the "true voice of wisdom",<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood-2012_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which speaks in the first person, recounting wisdom through his own experience. The second voice belongs to Qoheleth as the king of Jerusalem, who is more didactic and thus speaks primarily in second-person imperative statements. The third voice is that of the epilogist (<i>i.e.</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Writer" title="Writer">writer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Epilogue" title="Epilogue">epilogue</a>), who speaks proverbially in the third person. The epilogist is most identified in the book's first and final verses. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dr._Kyle_R._Greenwood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dr. Kyle R. Greenwood (page does not exist)">Kyle R. Greenwood</a> suggests that following this structure, Ecclesiastes should be read as a dialogue between these voices.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood-2012_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary">Summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ten-verse introduction in verses 1:2–11 are the words of the frame narrator; they set the mood for what is to follow. Kohelet's message is that all is meaningless.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongman199857–59_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongman199857–59-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This distinction first appeared in the commentaries of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_ibn_Tibbon" title="Samuel ibn Tibbon">Samuel ibn Tibbon</a> (d. 1230) and <a href="/wiki/Aaron_ben_Joseph_of_Constantinople" title="Aaron ben Joseph of Constantinople">Aaron ben Joseph of Constantinople</a> (d. 1320).<sup id="cite_ref-www.nli.org.il_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.nli.org.il-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem"> <p>To every thing there is a season, and a time to every purpose under the heaven:<br /> A time to be born, and a time to die; a time to plant, and a time to pluck up that which is planted;<br /> A time to kill, and a time to heal; a time to break down, and a time to build up;<br /> A time to weep, and a time to laugh; a time to mourn, and a time to dance;<br /> A time to cast away stones, and a time to gather stones together;<br /> A time to embrace, and a time to refrain from embracing;<br /> A time to get, and a time to lose; a time to keep, and a time to cast away;<br /> A time to rend, and a time to sew; a time to keep silence, and a time to speak;<br /> A time to love, and a time to hate; a time of war, and a time of peace. </p> </div> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">(<a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes_3" title="Ecclesiastes 3">3</a>:1–8)</cite></div> </div> <p>After the introduction come the words of Kohelet. As king, he has experienced everything and done everything, but concludes that nothing is ultimately reliable, as death levels all. Kohelet states that the only good is to partake of life in the present, for enjoyment is from the hand of God. Everything is ordered in time and people are subject to time in contrast to God's eternal character. The world is filled with injustice, which only God will adjudicate. God and humans do not belong in the same realm, and it is therefore necessary to have a right attitude before God. People should enjoy, but should not be greedy; no one knows what is good for humanity; righteousness and wisdom escape humanity. Kohelet reflects on the limits of human power: all people face death, and death is better than life, but people should enjoy life when they can, for a time may come when no one can. The world is full of risk: he gives advice on living with risk, both political and economic. Kohelet's words finish with imagery of nature languishing and humanity marching to the grave.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeow2007946–957_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow2007946–957-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The frame narrator returns with an epilogue: the words of the wise are hard, but they are applied as the shepherd applies goads and pricks to his flock. The ending of the book sums up its message: "Fear God and keep his commandments for God will bring every deed to judgment."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeow2007957–958_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow2007957–958-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars suggest 12:13–14 were an addition by a more orthodox author than the original writer<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_2017_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross_2017-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (that the epilogue was added later was first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_ibn_Tibbon" title="Samuel ibn Tibbon">Samuel ibn Tibbon</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-www.nli.org.il_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.nli.org.il-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2023)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> think it is likely the work of the original author.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeks2007428–429_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks2007428–429-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title,_date_and_author"><span id="Title.2C_date_and_author"></span>Title, date and author</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Title, date and author"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:087.King_Solomon_in_Old_Age.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt=""King Solomon in Old Age" by Gustave Doré" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/087.King_Solomon_in_Old_Age.jpg/220px-087.King_Solomon_in_Old_Age.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/087.King_Solomon_in_Old_Age.jpg/330px-087.King_Solomon_in_Old_Age.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/087.King_Solomon_in_Old_Age.jpg/440px-087.King_Solomon_in_Old_Age.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2367" data-file-height="2921" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">King Solomon</a> in Old Age</i> by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a> (1866), a depiction of the purported author of Ecclesiastes, according to rabbinic tradition</figcaption></figure> <p>The book takes its name from the Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ekklēsiastēs</i></span>, a translation of the title by which the central figure refers to himself: "Kohelet", meaning something like "one who convenes or addresses an assembly".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert2009124–25_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert2009124–25-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to rabbinic tradition, Ecclesiastes was written by <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">King Solomon</a> in his old age<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown201111_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown201111-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (an alternative tradition that "<a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a> and his colleagues wrote <a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a> and Ecclesiastes" probably means simply that the book was edited under Hezekiah),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2007692_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2007692-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but critical scholars have long rejected the idea of a <a href="/wiki/Pre-exilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-exilic">pre-exilic</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2004x_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2004x-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholomew200950–52_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomew200950–52-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Christian tradition, the book was probably written by another Solomon (<a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a> wrote that it was written by another Solomon;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2014287_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2014287-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Didymus_the_Blind" title="Didymus the Blind">Didymus the Blind</a> wrote that it was probably written by several authors<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2014192_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2014192-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The presence of <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Persian</a> loanwords and numerous <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic" title="Imperial Aramaic">Aramaisms</a> points to a date no earlier than about 450 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeow2007944_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow2007944-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the latest possible date for its composition is 180 BCE, when the Jewish writer <a href="/wiki/Ben_Sira" title="Ben Sira">Ben Sira</a> quotes from it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2004xiv_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2004xiv-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dispute as to whether Ecclesiastes belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> periods (i.e., the earlier or later part of this period) revolves around the degree of <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a> (influence of Greek culture and thought) present in the book. Scholars arguing for a Persian date (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 450–330 BCE</span>) hold that there is a complete lack of Greek influence;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeow2007944_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow2007944-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> those who argue for a Hellenistic date (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 330–180 BCE</span>) argue that it shows internal evidence of Greek thought and social setting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholomew200954–55_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomew200954–55-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also unresolved is whether the author and narrator of Kohelet are identical. Ecclesiastes regularly switches between third-person quotations of Kohelet and first-person reflections on Kohelet's words, which would indicate the book was written as a commentary on Kohelet's parables rather than a personally-authored repository of his sayings. Some scholars have argued that the third-person narrative structure is an artificial literary device along the lines of <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Remus" title="Uncle Remus">Uncle Remus</a>, although the description of the Kohelet in 12:8–14 seems to favour a historical person whose thoughts are presented by the narrator.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholomew200948_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomew200948-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been argued, however, that the question has no theological importance;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholomew200948_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomew200948-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one scholar (Roland Murphy) has commented that Kohelet himself would have regarded the time and ingenuity put into interpreting his book as "one more example of the <a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">futility of human effort</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngram200645_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngram200645-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genre_and_setting">Genre and setting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Genre and setting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ecclesiastes has taken its literary form from the Middle Eastern tradition of the fictional autobiography, in which a character, often a king, relates his experiences and draws lessons from them, often self-critical: Kohelet likewise identifies himself as a king, speaks of his search for wisdom, relates his conclusions, and recognises his limitations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2004xiii_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2004xiii-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book belongs to the category of <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">wisdom literature</a>, the body of biblical writings which give advice on life, together with reflections on its problems and meanings—other examples include the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Book of Job</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a>, and some of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Psalms">Psalms</a>. Ecclesiastes differs from the other biblical Wisdom books in being deeply skeptical of the usefulness of wisdom itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrettler2007721_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrettler2007721-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ecclesiastes in turn influenced the <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterocanonical">deuterocanonical</a> works, <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom of Solomon">Wisdom of Solomon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sirach" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirach">Sirach</a>, both of which contain vocal rejections of the Ecclesiastical philosophy of futility. </p><p>Wisdom was a popular genre in the ancient world, where it was cultivated in scribal circles and directed towards young men who would take up careers in high officialdom and royal courts; there is strong evidence that some of these books, or at least sayings and teachings, were translated into Hebrew and influenced the Book of Proverbs, and the author of Ecclesiastes was probably familiar with examples from Egypt and Mesopotamia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2004x–xi_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2004x–xi-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He may also have been influenced by Greek philosophy, specifically the schools of <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a>, which held that all things are fated, and <a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a>, which held that happiness was best pursued through the quiet cultivation of life's simpler pleasures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert2009125_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert2009125-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canonicity">Canonicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Canonicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The presence of Ecclesiastes in the Bible is something of a puzzle, as the common themes of the Hebrew canon—a God who reveals and redeems, who elects and cares for a chosen people—are absent from it, which suggests that Kohelet had lost his faith in his old age. Understanding the book was a topic of the earliest recorded discussions. One argument advanced at that time was that the name of Solomon carried enough authority to ensure its inclusion; however, other works which appeared with Solomon's name were excluded despite being more orthodox than Ecclesiastes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiderot1752_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiderot1752-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another was that the words of the epilogue, in which the reader is told to fear God and keep his commands, made it orthodox; but all later attempts to find anything in the rest of the book that would reflect this orthodoxy have failed. A modern suggestion treats the book as a dialogue in which different statements belong to different voices, with Kohelet himself answering and refuting unorthodox opinions, but there are no explicit markers for this in the book, as there are (for example) in the Book of Job. </p><p>Yet another suggestion is that Ecclesiastes is simply the most extreme example of a tradition of skepticism, but none of the proposed examples match Ecclesiastes for a sustained denial of faith and doubt in the goodness of God. Martin A. Shields, in his 2006 book <i>The End of Wisdom: A Reappraisal of the Historical and Canonical Function of Ecclesiastes</i>, summarized that "In short, we do not know why or how this book found its way into such esteemed company".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields20061–5_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields20061–5-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars disagree about the themes of Ecclesiastes: whether it is <a href="/wiki/Optimism" title="Optimism">positive</a> and life-affirming, or deeply <a href="/wiki/Pessimism" title="Pessimism">pessimistic</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholomew200917_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomew200917-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whether it is coherent or incoherent, insightful or confused, orthodox or heterodox; whether the ultimate message of the book is to copy Kohelet, "the wise man," or to avoid his errors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnns201121_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnns201121-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At times, Kohelet raises deep questions; he "doubted every aspect of religion, from the very ideal of righteousness, to the by now traditional idea of divine justice for individuals".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHecht2003[httpsarchiveorgdetailsdoubthistory00jennpage75_75]_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHecht2003[httpsarchiveorgdetailsdoubthistory00jennpage75_75]-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some passages of Ecclesiastes seem to contradict other portions of the Hebrew Bible, and even itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholomew200917_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomew200917-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> even suggests that the rabbis considered <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censoring</a> Ecclesiastes due to its seeming contradictions.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One suggestion for resolving the contradictions is to read the book as the record of Kohelet's quest for knowledge: opposing judgments (e.g., "the dead are better off than the living" (4:2) vs. "a living dog is better off than a dead lion" (9:4)) are therefore provisional, and it is only at the conclusion that the verdict is delivered (11–12:7). On this reading, Kohelet's sayings are <a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">goads</a>, designed to provoke dialogue and reflection in his readers, rather than to reach premature and self-assured conclusions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown201117–18_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown201117–18-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The subjects of Ecclesiastes are the pain and frustration engendered by observing and meditating on the distortions and inequities pervading the world, the uselessness of human ambition, and the limitations of worldly wisdom and righteousness. The phrase "under the sun" appears twenty-nine times in connection with these observations; all this coexists with a firm belief in God, whose power, justice and unpredictability are sovereign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2004ix_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2004ix-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> History and nature move in cycles, so that all events are predictable and unchangeable, and life, without the Sun, has no meaning or purpose: the wise man and the man who does not study wisdom will both die and be forgotten: man should be reverent (i.e., fear God), but in this life it is best to simply enjoy God's gifts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert2009125_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert2009125-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ecclesiastes" title="Special:EditPage/Ecclesiastes">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ecclesiastes%22">"Ecclesiastes"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ecclesiastes%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ecclesiastes%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ecclesiastes%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ecclesiastes%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ecclesiastes%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Judaism, Ecclesiastes is read either on <a href="/wiki/Shemini_Atzeret" title="Shemini Atzeret">Shemini Atzeret</a> (by Yemenites, Italians, some <a href="/wiki/Sephardim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardim">Sephardim</a>, and the mediaeval French Jewish rite) or on the <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chol_HaMoed" title="Chol HaMoed">intermediate days</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazim">Ashkenazim</a>). If there is no intermediate Shabbat of Sukkot, Ashkenazim too read it on Shemini Atzeret (or, in Israel, on the first Shabbat of Sukkot). It is read on Sukkot as a reminder to not get too caught up in the festivities of the holiday and to carry over the happiness of Sukkot to the rest of the year by telling the listeners that, without God, life is meaningless. </p><p>The final poem of Kohelet<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been interpreted in the <a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a>, Talmud and <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a>, and by the rabbis <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashbam" title="Rashbam">Rashbam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">ibn Ezra</a>, as an allegory of old age. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholicism">Catholicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ecclesiastes has been cited in the writings of past and current <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> leaders. For example, <a href="/wiki/Doctors_of_the_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctors of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a> have cited Ecclesiastes. <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> cited Ecclesiastes in Book XX of <i><a href="/wiki/City_of_God_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of God (book)">City of God</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-DqLRm_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DqLRm-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> wrote a commentary on Ecclesiastes.<sup id="cite_ref-AwOsx_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AwOsx-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> cited Ecclesiastes ("The number of fools is infinite.") in his <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-fCgmK_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fCgmK-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 20th-century Catholic theologian and cardinal-elect <a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a> discussed Ecclesiastes in his work on theological aesthetics, <i>The Glory of the Lord</i>. He describes Qoheleth as "a <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">critical transcendentalist</a> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">avant la lettre</i></span>", whose God is distant from the world, and whose <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kairos" title="Kairos">kairos</a></i></span> is a "form of time which is itself empty of meaning". For Balthasar, the role of Ecclesiastes in the Biblical canon is to represent the "final dance on the part of wisdom, [the] conclusion of the ways of man", a logical end-point to the unfolding of human wisdom in the Old Testament that paves the way for the advent of the New.<sup id="cite_ref-FSVGG_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSVGG-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book continues to be cited by recent <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">popes</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>. Pope John Paul II, in his general audience of October 20, 2004, called the author of Ecclesiastes "an ancient biblical sage" whose description of death "makes frantic clinging to earthly things completely pointless".<sup id="cite_ref-d6iU1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d6iU1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pope Francis cited Ecclesiastes in his address on September 9, 2014. Speaking of vain people, he said, "How many Christians live for appearances? Their life seems like a <a href="/wiki/Soap_bubble" title="Soap bubble">soap bubble</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-IGhUz_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IGhUz-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_Western_literature">Influence on Western literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Influence on Western literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this section by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ecclesiastes has had a deep influence on Western literature. It contains several phrases that have resonated in British and American culture, such as "eat, drink and be merry", "nothing new under the sun", "a time to be born and a time to die", and "<a href="/wiki/Vanity" title="Vanity">vanity</a> of vanities; all is vanity".<sup id="cite_ref-rRMn7_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rRMn7-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American novelist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolfe" title="Thomas Wolfe">Thomas Wolfe</a> wrote: "[O]f all I have ever seen or learned, that book seems to me the noblest, the wisest, and the most powerful expression of man's life upon this earth—and also the highest flower of poetry, eloquence, and truth. I am not given to dogmatic judgments in the matter of literary creation, but if I had to make one I could say that Ecclesiastes is the greatest single piece of writing I have ever known, and the wisdom expressed in it the most lasting and profound."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristianson200770_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristianson200770-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The opening of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sonnet_59" title="Sonnet 59">Sonnet 59</a> references Ecclesiastes 1:9–10.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Line 23 of <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a></i> alludes to Ecclesiastes 12:5.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Rossetti" title="Christina Rossetti">Christina Rossetti</a>'s "One Certainty" quotes from Ecclesiastes 1:2–9.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Confession" class="mw-redirect" title="A Confession">Confession</a></i> describes how the reading of Ecclesiastes affected his life.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a>' "Address to the Unco Guid" begins with a verse appeal to Ecclesiastes 7:16.</li> <li>The title of <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a>'s first novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises" title="The Sun Also Rises">The Sun Also Rises</a></i> comes from Ecclesiastes 1:5.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The title of <a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Mirth" title="The House of Mirth">The House of Mirth</a></i> was taken from Ecclesiastes 7:4 ("The heart of the wise is in the house of mourning; but the heart of fools is in the house of mirth.").<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Grapes_of_Wrath" title="The Grapes of Wrath">The Grapes of Wrath</a></i> <sup id="cite_ref-Steinbeck,_John_2017_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinbeck,_John_2017-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1939) quotes from Ecclesiastes 4:9–12, "Two are better than one, because they have a good reward for their…" in chapter 28 (570-571).<sup id="cite_ref-Steinbeck,_John_2017_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinbeck,_John_2017-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The title of <a href="/wiki/Laura_Lippman" title="Laura Lippman">Laura Lippman</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Every_Secret_Thing_(novel)" title="Every Secret Thing (novel)">Every Secret Thing</a></i> and that of <a href="/wiki/Every_Secret_Thing_(film)" title="Every Secret Thing (film)">its film adaptation</a> come from Ecclesiastes 12:14 ("For God shall bring every work into judgment, with every secret thing, whether <i>it be</i> good, or whether <i>it be</i> evil.").<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>The main character in <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>'s short story <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_the_Black_Girl_in_Her_Search_for_God" title="The Adventures of the Black Girl in Her Search for God">The Adventures of the Black Girl in Her Search for God</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-pCnJt_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pCnJt-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meets Koheleth, "known to many as Ecclesiastes".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The title of <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bowl" title="The Golden Bowl">The Golden Bowl</a></i> is taken from Ecclesiastes 12:6.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The title and theme of George R. Stewart's post-apocalyptic novel <i><a href="/wiki/Earth_Abides" title="Earth Abides">Earth Abides</a></i> is from Ecclesiastes 1:4.</li> <li>In the dystopian novel <i><a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_451" title="Fahrenheit 451">Fahrenheit 451</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a>'s main character, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Montag" title="Guy Montag">Montag</a>, memorizes much of Ecclesiastes and Revelation in a world where books are forbidden and burned<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The passage in chapter 3, with its repetition of "A time to ..." has been used as a title in many other cases, including the novels <i>A Time to Dance</i> by <a href="/wiki/Melvyn_Bragg" title="Melvyn Bragg">Melvyn Bragg</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Time_to_Kill_(Grisham_novel)" title="A Time to Kill (Grisham novel)">A Time to Kill</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Grisham" title="John Grisham">John Grisham</a>, the records <i><a href="/wiki/...And_a_Time_to_Dance" title="...And a Time to Dance">...And a Time to Dance</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Los_Lobos" title="Los Lobos">Los Lobos</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Time_to_Love_(album)" title="A Time to Love (album)">A Time to Love</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a>, and films <i><a href="/wiki/A_Time_to_Love_and_a_Time_to_Die" title="A Time to Love and a Time to Die">A Time to Love and a Time to Die</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Time_to_Live" title="A Time to Live">A Time to Live</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Time_to_Kill_(1996_film)" title="A Time to Kill (1996 film)">A Time to Kill</a></i>.</li> <li>The opening quote in the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Platoon_(film)" title="Platoon (film)">Platoon</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stone" title="Oliver Stone">Oliver Stone</a> is taken from Ecclesiastes 11:9.</li> <li>The essay "<a href="/wiki/Politics_and_the_English_Language" title="Politics and the English Language">Politics and the English Language</a>" by <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> uses Ecclesiastes 9:11 as an example of clear and vivid writing, and "translates" it into "modern English of the worst sort" to demonstrate common fallings of the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The opening pages of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Simulacra_and_Simulation" title="Simulacra and Simulation">Simulacra and Simulation</a> misquote Ecclesiastes.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The main character of <a href="/wiki/Terry_Gilliam" title="Terry Gilliam">Terry Gilliam</a>'s movie <i><a href="/wiki/The_Zero_Theorem" title="The Zero Theorem">The Zero Theorem</a></i>, <i>Qohen Leth</i>, is inspired by Qohelet.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_popular_music">Influence on popular music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastes&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Influence on popular music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ecclesiastes" title="Special:EditPage/Ecclesiastes">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a>'s 1959 song "<a href="/wiki/Turn!_Turn!_Turn!" title="Turn! Turn! Turn!">Turn! Turn! Turn!</a>", later made famous by the American rock band <a href="/wiki/The_Byrds" title="The Byrds">the Byrds</a>, takes all but one of its lines from chapter 3.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Roth" title="Alec Roth">Alec Roth</a>'s oratorio "A Time to Dance" (2012) takes both its title and the text for its opening movement from chapter 3.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boygenius" title="Boygenius">Boygenius</a>'s song "Satanist" (2023) mentions Ecclesiastes, attributing the writings to King Solomon with the lyric: "Solomon had a point when he wrote "Ecclesiastes", If nothing can be known, then stupidity is holy"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Townshend" title="Pete Townshend">Pete Townshend</a>'s song "Empty Glass" (1980) from his album of the same name contains the words, "Why was I born today? Life is useless like Ecclesiastes say."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a>'s instrumental song "Ecclesiastes" appears on side 3 of <i><a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder%27s_Journey_Through_%22The_Secret_Life_of_Plants%22" title="Stevie Wonder's Journey Through "The Secret Life of Plants"">Stevie Wonder's Journey Through "The Secret Life of Plants"</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ace_of_Base" title="Ace of Base">Ace of Base</a> paraphrases Ecclesiastes 3 in their 2009 demo recording "Couldn't Care Less"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architects_(British_band)" title="Architects (British band)">Architects</a> paraphrases Ecclesiastes 1:7 in the chorus of their song "Doomsday".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastes&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-rules" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_(novel)" title="Q (novel)"><i>Q</i>, novel by Luther Blissett</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Rose_for_Ecclesiastes" title="A Rose for Ecclesiastes">A Rose for Ecclesiastes</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Song_(2014_film)" title="The Song (2014 film)">The Song</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanitas" title="Vanitas">Vanitas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vier_ernste_Ges%C3%A4nge" title="Vier ernste Gesänge">Vier ernste Gesänge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_Sirach" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom of Sirach">Wisdom of Sirach</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastes&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As opposed to the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">hifil</i></span> form, always active "to assemble," and <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">niphal</i></span> form, always passive "to be assembled," both forms often used in the Bible.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastes&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ecclesiastes%201&version=NIV">"Bible Gateway passage: Ecclesiastes 1 - New International Version"</a>. <i>Bible Gateway</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=Bible+Gateway+passage%3A+Ecclesiastes+1+-+New+International+Version&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DEcclesiastes%25201%26version%3DNIV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown201111-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown201111_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown201111_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2011">Brown 2011</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow2007944-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeow2007944_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeow2007944_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeow2007944_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeow2007944_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeow2007">Seow 2007</a>, p. 944.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2004xiv-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2004xiv_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2004xiv_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox2004">Fox 2004</a>, p. xiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9G2Xr-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9G2Xr_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=%E1%BC%90%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1&la=greek">"Greek Word Study Tool"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Greek+Word+Study+Tool&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Fmorph%3Fl%3D%25E1%25BC%2590%25CE%25BA%25CE%25BA%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B7%25CF%2583%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1%26la%3Dgreek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSipx-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PSipx_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/hebrew/6951.htm">"Strong's Hebrew: 6951. קָהָל (qahal) – assembly, convocation, congregation"</a>. <i>biblehub.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Strong%27s+Hebrew%3A+6951.+%D7%A7%D6%B8%D7%94%D6%B8%D7%9C+%28qahal%29+%E2%80%93+assembly%2C+convocation%2C+congregation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fhebrew%2F6951.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oUdZF-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oUdZF_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=%E1%BC%98%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82&la=greek#lexicon">"Greek Word Study Tool"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Greek+Word+Study+Tool&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Fmorph%3Fl%3D%25E1%25BC%2598%25CE%25BA%25CE%25BA%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B7%25CF%2583%25CE%25B9%25CE%25B1%25CF%2583%25CF%2584%25CE%25AE%25CF%2582%26la%3Dgreek%23lexicon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evan-Shoshan_2003-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Evan-Shoshan_2003_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evan-Shoshan_2003_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEven-Shoshan2003" class="citation book cs1">Even-Shoshan, Avraham (2003). <i>Even-Shoshan Dictionary</i>. pp. Entry "קֹהֶלֶת".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Even-Shoshan+Dictionary&rft.pages=Entry+%22%D7%A7%D6%B9%D7%94%D6%B6%D7%9C%D6%B6%D7%AA%22&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Even-Shoshan&rft.aufirst=Avraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strongs-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strongs_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strongs_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://studybible.info/strongs/H6953">"H6953 קהלת – Strong's Hebrew Lexicon"</a>. <i>studybible.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=studybible.info&rft.atitle=H6953+%D7%A7%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%AA+%E2%80%93+Strong%27s+Hebrew+Lexicon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudybible.info%2Fstrongs%2FH6953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Kohelet_Rabbah.1.1.2?vhe=Midrash_Rabbah_--_TE&lang=bi">"Kohelet Rabbah 1:1:2"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Kohelet+Rabbah+1%3A1%3A2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FKohelet_Rabbah.1.1.2%3Fvhe%3DMidrash_Rabbah_--_TE%26lang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="external text" href="https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Commentarius_in_Ecclesiasten_(Hieronymus)">"Commentarius in Ecclesiasten (Hieronymus) - Wikisource"</a>. <i>la.wikisource.org</i> (in Latin)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=la.wikisource.org&rft.atitle=Commentarius+in+Ecclesiasten+%28Hieronymus%29+-+Wikisource&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fla.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FCommentarius_in_Ecclesiasten_%28Hieronymus%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Commentary_to_1:1_s.v._קהלת-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Commentary_to_1:1_s.v._קהלת_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commentary_to_1:1_s.v._קהלת_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Commentary</i> to 1:1 s.v. קהלת.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAliBland1966" class="citation book cs1">Ali, Yefet ben; Bland, Richard Murray (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V-tKAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Arabic Commentary of Yephet Ben ʻAli on the Book of Ecclesiastes: Chapters 1-6</i></a>. University of California.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabic+Commentary+of+Yephet+Ben+%CA%BBAli+on+the+Book+of+Ecclesiastes%3A+Chapters+1-6&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Yefet+ben&rft.au=Bland%2C+Richard+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV-tKAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span> B. Ali initially meant this in the literal sense: the Hebrew word for "wisdom" is a feminine noun.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinsburg1861" class="citation book cs1">Ginsburg, Christian D. (Christian David) (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/cohelethcommonly00ginsuoft"><i>Coheleth, commonly called the Book of Ecclesiastes: tr. from the original Hebrew, with a commentary, historical and critical</i></a>. Robarts - University of Toronto. London, Longman. pp. 7, and the sources cite in note 9 there.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coheleth%2C+commonly+called+the+Book+of+Ecclesiastes%3A+tr.+from+the+original+Hebrew%2C+with+a+commentary%2C+historical+and+critical&rft.pages=7%2C+and+the+sources+cite+in+note+9+there&rft.pub=London%2C+Longman&rft.date=1861&rft.aulast=Ginsburg&rft.aufirst=Christian+D.+%28Christian+David%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcohelethcommonly00ginsuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2004xiii-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2004xiii_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2004xiii_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox2004">Fox 2004</a>, p. xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerusalem Bible (1966), Book of Ecclesiastes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2004xvi-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2004xvi_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox2004">Fox 2004</a>, p. xvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2004148–149-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2004148–149_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox2004">Fox 2004</a>, pp. 148–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongman199857–59-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongman199857–59_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongman199857–59_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongman1998">Longman 1998</a>, pp. 57–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2004xvii-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2004xvii_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox2004">Fox 2004</a>, p. xvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood-2012-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood-2012_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood-2012_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwood2012" class="citation journal cs1">Greenwood, Kyle R. (2012). "Debating Wisdom: The Role of Voice in Ecclesiastes". <i>The Catholic Biblical Quarterly</i>. <b>74</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">476–</span>491. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-7912">0008-7912</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43727985">43727985</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Biblical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Debating+Wisdom%3A+The+Role+of+Voice+in+Ecclesiastes&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E476-%3C%2Fspan%3E491&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43727985%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0008-7912&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Kyle+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.nli.org.il-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-www.nli.org.il_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.nli.org.il_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/discover/manuscripts/hebrew-manuscripts/itempage?vid=MANUSCRIPTS&docId=PNX_MANUSCRIPTS990000628670205171">"פרוש כתובים לשמואל אבן תבון (קהלת)"</a>. <i>www.nli.org.il</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nli.org.il&rft.atitle=%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9+%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C+%D7%90%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F+%28%D7%A7%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%AA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nli.org.il%2Fen%2Fdiscover%2Fmanuscripts%2Fhebrew-manuscripts%2Fitempage%3Fvid%3DMANUSCRIPTS%26docId%3DPNX_MANUSCRIPTS990000628670205171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span> Also cited by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_ben_Judah" title="Benjamin ben Judah">זא"ב</a>; see (1878) <i>Binyamin ze'ev yitrof: Notes from various authors on Psalms, Job, the Megilloth (except Ruth) and Ezra</i>. Amsterdam: Levisson NLR Ms. EVR I 596; <i>Mivhar Yesharim</i> ed. Firkovitch (1835) ad loc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow2007946–957-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeow2007946–957_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeow2007">Seow 2007</a>, pp. 946–957.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeow2007957–958-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeow2007957–958_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeow2007">Seow 2007</a>, pp. 957–958.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ross_2017-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ross_2017_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossShepherdSchwab2017" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Allen P.; Shepherd, Jerry E.; Schwab, George (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9e4xDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT448"><i>Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs</i></a>. Zondervan Academic. p. 448. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-53185-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-53185-2"><bdi>978-0-310-53185-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proverbs%2C+Ecclesiastes%2C+Song+of+Songs&rft.pages=448&rft.pub=Zondervan+Academic&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-310-53185-2&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Allen+P.&rft.au=Shepherd%2C+Jerry+E.&rft.au=Schwab%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9e4xDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlter2018" class="citation book cs1">Alter, Robert (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S75SDwAAQBAJ&q=alter+bible"><i>The Hebrew Bible: A Translation with Commentary (Vol. Three-Volume Set)</i></a>. W.W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-29250-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-29250-3"><bdi>978-0-393-29250-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hebrew+Bible%3A+A+Translation+with+Commentary+%28Vol.+Three-Volume+Set%29&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-393-29250-3&rft.aulast=Alter&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS75SDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dalter%2Bbible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks2007428–429-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeks2007428–429_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeeks2007">Weeks 2007</a>, pp. 428–429.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert2009124–25-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert2009124–25_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilbert2009">Gilbert 2009</a>, pp. 124–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2007692-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2007692_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2007">Smith 2007</a>, p. 692.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2004x-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2004x_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox2004">Fox 2004</a>, p. x.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomew200950–52-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholomew200950–52_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartholomew2009">Bartholomew 2009</a>, pp. 50–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2014287-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2014287_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright2014">Wright 2014</a>, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2014192-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2014192_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright2014">Wright 2014</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomew200954–55-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholomew200954–55_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartholomew2009">Bartholomew 2009</a>, pp. 54–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomew200948-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholomew200948_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholomew200948_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartholomew2009">Bartholomew 2009</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngram200645-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngram200645_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIngram2006">Ingram 2006</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrettler2007721-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrettler2007721_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrettler2007">Brettler 2007</a>, p. 721.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2004x–xi-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2004x–xi_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox2004">Fox 2004</a>, pp. x–xi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert2009125-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert2009125_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert2009125_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilbert2009">Gilbert 2009</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiderot1752-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiderot1752_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiderot1752">Diderot 1752</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields20061–5-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields20061–5_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShields2006">Shields 2006</a>, pp. 1–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartholomew200917-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholomew200917_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartholomew200917_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartholomew2009">Bartholomew 2009</a>, 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href="https://www.sefaria.org/Shabbat.30b">"Shabbat 30b"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Shabbat+30b&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FShabbat.30b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown201117–18-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown201117–18_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2011">Brown 2011</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2004ix-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2004ix_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox2004">Fox 2004</a>, p. ix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt3112.htm#1">Ecclesiastes 12:1–8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DqLRm-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DqLRm_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustine" class="citation book cs1">Augustine. 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(Epigraph.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pCnJt-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pCnJt_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">Shaw, Bernard</a> (2006). <i>The adventures of the black girl in her search for God</i>. London: Hesperus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84391-422-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-84391-422-0"><bdi>1-84391-422-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/65469757">65469757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+adventures+of+the+black+girl+in+her+search+for+God&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hesperus&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65469757&rft.isbn=1-84391-422-0&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Albert. “The Adventures of the Black Girl in Her Search for God.” Chicago Reader. 23 Jan. 1997. Web. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://chicagoreader.com/arts-culture/the-adventures-of-the-black-girl-in-her-search-for-god/">https://chicagoreader.com/arts-culture/the-adventures-of-the-black-girl-in-her-search-for-god/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Byrd, Scott. “The Fractured Crystal In ‘Middlemarch’ and ‘The Golden Bowl.’” Modern Fiction Studies, vol. 18, no. 4, 1972-73, pp. 551-554, JSTOR, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26278841">https://www.jstor.org/stable/26278841</a>. Accessed 6 Jan. 2025.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradbury, Ray. Fahrenheit 451. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 1979: (144). Print..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frenning, Henric. Burning the Good Book: Religion and ideology in Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451. Lund, Sweden: lup.lub.lu.se, 2018 (8). Web.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“Politics and the English Language.” The Orwell Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.orwellfoundation.com/the-orwell-foundation/orwell/essays-and-other-works/politics-and-the-english-language/">https://www.orwellfoundation.com/the-orwell-foundation/orwell/essays-and-other-works/politics-and-the-english-language/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baudrillard,Jean."Simulacra And Simulation 1995 University Of Michigan Press." University Of Michigan Press. 27 July 2003, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/simulacra-and-simulation-1995-university-of-michigan-press/page/n1/mode/2up">https://archive.org/details/simulacra-and-simulation-1995-university-of-michigan-press/page/n1/mode/2up</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Mahan, Kevin Paul. “It Was and It Isn’t: A Rhetorical Exploration of Simulacra in Emerging Church Vintage Worship.” Scholars Crossing, May 2008, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/masters/17/">https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/masters/17/</a>. Accessed 7 Jan. 2025.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastes&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartholomew2009" class="citation book cs1">Bartholomew, Craig G. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eUmGgMNX8-cC"><i>Ecclesiastes</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Baker_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Baker Academic">Baker Academic</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2691-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2691-1"><bdi>978-0-8010-2691-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecclesiastes&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-2691-1&rft.aulast=Bartholomew&rft.aufirst=Craig+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeUmGgMNX8-cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrettler2007" class="citation book cs1">Brettler, Mark Zvi (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nc-i_pQsiW8C&pg=PA721">"The Poetical and Wisdom Books"</a>. In Coogan, Michael D. (ed.). <i>The New Oxford Annotated Bible</i> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-528880-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-528880-3"><bdi>978-0-19-528880-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Poetical+and+Wisdom+Books&rft.btitle=The+New+Oxford+Annotated+Bible&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-528880-3&rft.aulast=Brettler&rft.aufirst=Mark+Zvi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNc-i_pQsiW8C%26pg%3DPA721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2011" class="citation book cs1">Brown, William P. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CkoAH9UpUUoC&q=Ecclesiastes:+Interpretation:+A+Bible+Commentary+for+Teaching+and+Preaching"><i>Ecclesiastes: Interpretation: A Bible Commentary for Teaching and Preaching</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Westminster_John_Knox_Press" title="Westminster John Knox Press">Westminster John Knox Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23824-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23824-7"><bdi>978-0-664-23824-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecclesiastes%3A+Interpretation%3A+A+Bible+Commentary+for+Teaching+and+Preaching&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-664-23824-7&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=William+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCkoAH9UpUUoC%26q%3DEcclesiastes%3A%2BInterpretation%3A%2BA%2BBible%2BCommentary%2Bfor%2BTeaching%2Band%2BPreaching&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristianson2007" class="citation book cs1">Christianson, Eric S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HSoRKaeLCk0C&pg=PA70"><i>Ecclesiastes Through the Centuries</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22529-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22529-4"><bdi>978-0-631-22529-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecclesiastes+Through+the+Centuries&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22529-4&rft.aulast=Christianson&rft.aufirst=Eric+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHSoRKaeLCk0C%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiderot1752" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot, Denis</a> (1752). "Canon". <i>The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project</i>. Translated by Susan Emanuel. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fspo.did2222.0000.566">2027/spo.did2222.0000.566</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canon&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Diderot+%26+d%27Alembert+Collaborative+Translation+Project&rft.date=1752&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fspo.did2222.0000.566&rft.aulast=Diderot&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span> Trans. of "Canon", <i>Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers</i>, vol. 2. Paris, 1752.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnns2011" class="citation book cs1">Enns, Peter (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IC-9UYpr7QYC"><i>Ecclesiastes</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Eerdmans" class="mw-redirect" title="Eerdmans">Eerdmans</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6649-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6649-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-6649-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecclesiastes&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6649-3&rft.aulast=Enns&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIC-9UYpr7QYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2004" class="citation book cs1">Fox, Michael V. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TX9DuDb9hgQC"><i>The JPS Bible Commentary: Ecclesiastes</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society" title="Jewish Publication Society">Jewish Publication Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0965-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0965-5"><bdi>978-0-8276-0965-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+JPS+Bible+Commentary%3A+Ecclesiastes&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8276-0965-5&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Michael+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTX9DuDb9hgQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2009" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Christopher (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HnfEGEdTJ20C&pg=PA124"><i>A Complete Introduction to the Bible: A Literary and Historical Introduction to the Bible</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Paulist_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulist Press">Paulist Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4552-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4552-2"><bdi>978-0-8091-4552-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Complete+Introduction+to+the+Bible%3A+A+Literary+and+Historical+Introduction+to+the+Bible&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-4552-2&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHnfEGEdTJ20C%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHecht2003" class="citation book cs1">Hecht, Jennifer Michael (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QJb16_AAePkC"><i>Doubt: A History</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-009795-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-009795-0"><bdi>978-0-06-009795-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doubt%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-06-009795-0&rft.aulast=Hecht&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQJb16_AAePkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngram2006" class="citation book cs1">Ingram, Doug (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p-ILhkALWDEC"><i>Ambiguity in Ecclesiastes</i></a>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-02711-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-02711-5"><bdi>978-0-567-02711-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ambiguity+in+Ecclesiastes&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-567-02711-5&rft.aulast=Ingram&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp-ILhkALWDEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongman1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tremper_Longman" title="Tremper Longman">Longman, Tremper</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2YnSRZUSv2sC"><i>The Book of Ecclesiastes</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2366-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2366-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-2366-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Ecclesiastes&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2366-3&rft.aulast=Longman&rft.aufirst=Tremper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2YnSRZUSv2sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ricasoli, Corinna, ed. (2018). <i>The Living Dead: Ecclesiastes Through Art</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Sch%C3%B6ningh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Schöningh">Ferdinand Schöningh</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-506-73276-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-506-73276-7">978-3-506-73276-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeow2007" class="citation book cs1">Seow, C. L. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nc-i_pQsiW8C&pg=PA944">"Ecclesiastes"</a>. In Coogan, Michael D. (ed.). <i>The New Oxford Annotated Bible</i> (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-528880-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-528880-3"><bdi>978-0-19-528880-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ecclesiastes&rft.btitle=The+New+Oxford+Annotated+Bible&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-528880-3&rft.aulast=Seow&rft.aufirst=C.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNc-i_pQsiW8C%26pg%3DPA944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShields2006" class="citation book cs1">Shields, Martin A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YIpUQpqWn1QC&pg=PA2"><i>The End of Wisdom: A Reappraisal of the Historical and Canonical Function of Ecclesiastes</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Eisenbrauns" title="Eisenbrauns">Eisenbrauns</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-102-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-102-3"><bdi>978-1-57506-102-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+Wisdom%3A+A+Reappraisal+of+the+Historical+and+Canonical+Function+of+Ecclesiastes&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-102-3&rft.aulast=Shields&rft.aufirst=Martin+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYIpUQpqWn1QC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2007" class="citation book cs1">Smith, James E. (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ryLG98d7EUC"><i>The Wisdom Literature and Psalms</i></a>. College Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89900-954-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89900-954-4"><bdi>978-0-89900-954-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wisdom+Literature+and+Psalms&rft.pub=College+Press&rft.date=2007-08&rft.isbn=978-0-89900-954-4&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ryLG98d7EUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks2007" class="citation book cs1">Weeks, Stuart (25 January 2007). Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DWUTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA428"><i>The Oxford Bible Commentary</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927718-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927718-6"><bdi>978-0-19-927718-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Bible+Commentary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007-01-25&rft.isbn=978-0-19-927718-6&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDWUTDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2014" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Robert (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBz0DAAAQBAJ&q=Another+Solomon+is+signified+here:+one+who+is+also+descended+from+the+seed+of+David+according+to+the+flesh,+one+whose+name+means+peace,+the+true+king+of+Israel+and+builder+of+God%E2%80%99s+temple."><i>Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon</i></a>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-9734-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-9734-6"><bdi>978-0-8308-9734-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proverbs%2C+Ecclesiastes%2C+Song+of+Solomon&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-9734-6&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZBz0DAAAQBAJ%26q%3DAnother%2BSolomon%2Bis%2Bsignified%2Bhere%3A%2Bone%2Bwho%2Bis%2Balso%2Bdescended%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bseed%2Bof%2BDavid%2Baccording%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bflesh%2C%2Bone%2Bwhose%2Bname%2Bmeans%2Bpeace%2C%2Bthe%2Btrue%2Bking%2Bof%2BIsrael%2Band%2Bbuilder%2Bof%2BGod%25E2%2580%2599s%2Btemple.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastes&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2008" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=roDHlzkM6EsC"><i>The Old Testament: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971946-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971946-4"><bdi>978-0-19-971946-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Testament%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971946-4&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DroDHlzkM6EsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton2009" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, Michael (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083844/http://isbndb.com/d/book/ecclesiastes_an_introduction_and_commentary.html"><i>Ecclesiastes: An Introduction and Commentary</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/IVP_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="IVP Academic">IVP Academic</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isbndb.com/d/book/ecclesiastes_an_introduction_and_commentary.html">the original</a> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecclesiastes%3A+An+Introduction+and+Commentary&rft.pub=IVP+Academic&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisbndb.com%2Fd%2Fbook%2Fecclesiastes_an_introduction_and_commentary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFredericksEstes2010" class="citation book cs1">Fredericks, Daniel C.; Estes, Daniel J. (2010). <i>Ecclesiastes & the Song of Songs</i>. IVP Academic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecclesiastes+%26+the+Song+of+Songs&rft.pub=IVP+Academic&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Fredericks&rft.aufirst=Daniel+C.&rft.au=Estes%2C+Daniel+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrüger2004" class="citation book cs1">Krüger, Thomas (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=INbYAAAAMAAJ"><i>Qohelet: A Commentary</i></a>. Fortress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-6036-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-6036-9"><bdi>978-0-8006-6036-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qohelet%3A+A+Commentary&rft.pub=Fortress&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-6036-9&rft.aulast=Kr%C3%BCger&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DINbYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudman2001" class="citation book cs1">Rudman, Dominic (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PrFMYoYwhjEC&pg=PA3"><i>Determinism in the Book of Ecclesiastes</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Academic_Press" title="Sheffield Academic Press">Sheffield Academic Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-21563-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-21563-5"><bdi>978-0-567-21563-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Determinism+in+the+Book+of+Ecclesiastes&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-567-21563-5&rft.aulast=Rudman&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPrFMYoYwhjEC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1996" class="citation book cs1">Smith, James (1996). <i>The Wisdom Literature and Psalms</i>. College Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89900-439-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89900-439-6"><bdi>978-0-89900-439-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wisdom+Literature+and+Psalms&rft.pub=College+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-89900-439-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastes&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ecclesiastes" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Book_of_Ecclesiastes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Book of Ecclesiastes">Book of Ecclesiastes</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/archive/LibraryArchive2.asp?AID=15779">Kohelet – Ecclesiastes (Judaica Press)</a> translation [with <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>'s commentary] at Chabad.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes: New Revised Standard Version</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drbo.org/chapter/23001.htm">Ecclesiastes: Douay Rheims Bible Version</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/#ecclesiastes"><i>Ecclesiastes</i> at United States Conference of Catholic Bishops</a> (New American Bible)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=25&chapter=1&version=50"><i>Ecclesiastes</i> at Bible Gateway</a> (New King James Version)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070819103327/http://catholic-forum.com/saints/stg40003.htm"><i>A Metaphrase of the Book of Ecclesiastes</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Thaumaturgus" title="Gregory Thaumaturgus">Gregory Thaumaturgus</a>.</li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=Ecclesiastes&author=&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>Ecclesiastes</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> – Various versions</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Ecclesiastes </div><div><b> <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom literature</a></b></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Hebrew Bible</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ecclesiastes57" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ecclesiastes" title="Template:Ecclesiastes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ecclesiastes" title="Template talk:Ecclesiastes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ecclesiastes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ecclesiastes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ecclesiastes57" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ecclesiastes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Chapters44" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ecclesiastes_chapters" title="Category:Ecclesiastes chapters">Chapters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes_1" title="Ecclesiastes 1">Ecclesiastes 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes_2" title="Ecclesiastes 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes_3" title="Ecclesiastes 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes_4" title="Ecclesiastes 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes_5" title="Ecclesiastes 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes_6" title="Ecclesiastes 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes_7" title="Ecclesiastes 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes_8" title="Ecclesiastes 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes_9" title="Ecclesiastes 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes_10" title="Ecclesiastes 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes_11" title="Ecclesiastes 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes_12" title="Ecclesiastes 12">12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qoheleth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanity" title="Vanity">Vanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_in_the_ointment" title="Fly in the ointment">Fly in the ointment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes_Rabbah" title="Ecclesiastes Rabbah">Ecclesiastes Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Megillot" title="Five Megillot">Five Megillot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Poetic Books</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%A7%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93" class="extiw" title="wikisource:he:קהלת ניקוד">Hebrew Bible</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Εκκλησιαστής">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Ecclesiastes" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Ecclesiastes">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Ecclesiastes" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Ecclesiastes">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Ecclesiastes" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Ecclesiastes">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Ecclesiastes" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Ecclesiastes">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Ecclesiastes" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Ecclesiastes">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books_of_the_Bible242" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template talk:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books_of_the_Bible242" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Books</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Protocanonical_books" title="Protocanonical books">(protocanon)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocrypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Song of the Three Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Orthodox & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon#Broader_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syriac <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Three_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Three Patriarchs">Testaments of the Three Patriarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Abraham" title="Testament of Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Isaac" title="Testament of Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Jacob" title="Testament of Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament canon">Canon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Laodiceans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">1 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Clement" title="Second Epistle of Clement">2 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">3 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah#Pentateuch" title="Torah">Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature#Sapiential_Books" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom books</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Poetic Books</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">Johannine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Jewish canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">Intertestamental period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Christian canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" title="List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha">Old Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">Manuscripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">New Testament manuscript categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri" title="List of New Testament papyri">New Testament papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials" title="List of New Testament uncials">New Testament uncials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_version_debate" title="Bible version debate">Bible version debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations" title="List of English Bible translations">English Bible translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-canonical_books_referenced_in_the_Bible" title="Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible">Other books referenced in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">Additional Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Biblical and Quranic narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Bible" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Bible">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sukkot_(סֻכּוֹת)129" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sukkot" title="Template:Sukkot"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sukkot" title="Template talk:Sukkot"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sukkot" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sukkot"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sukkot_(סֻכּוֹת)129" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot  <span class="nobold">(סֻכּוֹת)</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rituals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukkah" title="Sukkah">Sukkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_species" title="Four species">Four species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lulav" title="Lulav">Lulav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etrog" title="Etrog">Etrog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadass" title="Hadass">Hadass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aravah_(Sukkot)" title="Aravah (Sukkot)">Aravah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simchat_Beit_HaShoeivah" title="Simchat Beit HaShoeivah">Simchat Beit HaShoeivah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27chach" title="S'chach">S'chach</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sukkah_Roofs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sukkot tabernacles"><img alt="Sukkot tabernacles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sukkah_Roofs.jpg/100px-Sukkah_Roofs.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sukkah_Roofs.jpg/150px-Sukkah_Roofs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sukkah_Roofs.jpg/200px-Sukkah_Roofs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1179" data-file-height="780" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chol_HaMoed" title="Chol HaMoed">Chol HaMoed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoshana_Rabbah" title="Hoshana Rabbah">Hoshana Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemini_Atzeret" title="Shemini Atzeret">Shemini Atzeret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simchat_Torah" title="Simchat Torah">Simchat Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isru_chag" title="Isru chag">Isru Chag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Solomon83" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solomon" title="Template:Solomon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solomon" title="Template talk:Solomon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solomon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solomon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Solomon83" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family and<br />reputed relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">Davidic line</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelik_I" title="Menelik I">Menelik I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Solomonic dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naamah_(wife_of_Solomon)" title="Naamah (wife of Solomon)">Naamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(wife_of_Solomon)" title="Pharaoh's daughter (wife of Solomon)">Pharaoh's daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehoboam" title="Rehoboam">Rehoboam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occurrences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judgement_of_Solomon" title="Judgement of Solomon">Judgement of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_and_Marcolf" title="Solomon and Marcolf">Solomon and Marcolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Solomon in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_shamir" title="Solomon's shamir">Solomon's shamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throne_of_Solomon" title="Throne of Solomon">Throne of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_ants" title="Valley of the ants">Valley of the ants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reputed works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Protocanonical <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_72" title="Psalm 72">Psalm 72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_127" title="Psalm 127">Psalm 127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li></ul></li> <li>Deuterocanonical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Book of Wisdom</a></li></ul></li> <li>Apocryphal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odes_of_Solomon" title="Odes of Solomon">Odes of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Solomon" title="Prayer of Solomon">Prayer of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_of_Solomon" title="Psalms of Solomon">Psalms of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Solomon" title="Testament of Solomon">Testament of Solomon</a></li></ul></li> <li>Grimoires <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Key_of_Solomon" title="Key of Solomon">Key of Solomon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lesser_Key_of_Solomon" title="The Lesser Key of Solomon">The Lesser Key of Solomon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magical_Treatise_of_Solomon" title="Magical Treatise of Solomon">Magical Treatise of Solomon</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boaz_and_Jachin" title="Boaz and Jachin">Boaz and Jachin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_Solomon%27s_Mines" title="King Solomon's Mines">King Solomon's Mines</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Solomon" title="Seal of Solomon">Seal of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomonic_column" title="Solomonic column">Solomonic column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_knot" title="Solomon's knot">Solomon's knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Pools" title="Solomon's Pools">Solomon's Pools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorcery_(goetia)" title="Sorcery (goetia)">Sorcery (goetia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">United Monarchy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131072#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2553" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7711167807421818130009">4</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4047084-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bible. Ecclesiastes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80008490">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008337j">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008337j">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="伝道の書"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01081478">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX3589687">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90201244">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=280067">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000046544">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810684822705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=492/81180">Vatican</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=492/1857">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007258756905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512461006706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028199847">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastes&oldid=1276153633">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastes&oldid=1276153633</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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[\"CITEREFGinsburg1861\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenwood2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHecht2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirsch2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngram2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJerome\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrüger2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManhardt2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope_Francis\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossShepherdSchwab2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudman2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeow2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShields2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeeks2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Balthasar1991\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 1,\n [\"Books of the Bible\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 34,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 12,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Ecclesiastes\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 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