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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Dandy Walker malformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dandy_Walker_malformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhombencephalosynapsis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhombencephalosynapsis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Rhombencephalosynapsis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhombencephalosynapsis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autism_spectrum_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autism_spectrum_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Autism spectrum disorders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autism_spectrum_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Damage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Damage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Damage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Damage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparative_anatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparative_anatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Comparative anatomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparative_anatomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparative anatomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparative_anatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_fish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>In fish</span> </div> 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Structure connecting the two cerebellar hemispheres</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:lemonchiffon">Cerebellar vermis</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sobo_1909_653_Cerebellar_vermis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Sobo_1909_653_Cerebellar_vermis.png/250px-Sobo_1909_653_Cerebellar_vermis.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Sobo_1909_653_Cerebellar_vermis.png/375px-Sobo_1909_653_Cerebellar_vermis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Sobo_1909_653_Cerebellar_vermis.png/500px-Sobo_1909_653_Cerebellar_vermis.png 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="512" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Upper surface of cerebellum. The vermis is highlighted in red.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerebellar_vermis_--_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cerebellar_vermis_--_animation.gif/250px-Cerebellar_vermis_--_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cerebellar_vermis_--_animation.gif/375px-Cerebellar_vermis_--_animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cerebellar_vermis_--_animation.gif/500px-Cerebellar_vermis_--_animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Vermis (highlighted in red) on the cerebellum.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">Cerebellum</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>vermis cerebelli</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D065814">D065814</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroNames" title="NeuroNames">NeuroNames</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=2463">2463</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroLex" title="NeuroLex">NeuroLex</a> ID</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uri.neuinfo.org/nif/nifstd/birnlex_1106">birnlex_1106</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.1.07.006%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A14.1.07.006</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=5819">5819</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma76928">76928</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_neuroanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy">Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3078809" class="extiw" title="d:Q3078809">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>cerebellar vermis</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>vermis,</i> "worm") is located in the medial, cortico-nuclear zone of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a>, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_cranial_fossa" title="Posterior cranial fossa">posterior fossa</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranium">cranium</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Primary_fissure" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary fissure">primary fissure</a> in the vermis curves <a href="/wiki/Ventrolateral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventrolateral">ventrolaterally</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">superior</a> surface of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a>, dividing it into <a href="/wiki/Anterior" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior">anterior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Posterior_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior (anatomy)">posterior</a> <a href="/wiki/Lobe_(anatomy)" title="Lobe (anatomy)">lobes</a>. Functionally, the vermis is associated with bodily <a href="/wiki/Neutral_spine" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral spine">posture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motion_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion (physics)">locomotion</a>. The vermis is included within the <a href="/wiki/Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum#Phylogenetic_and_functional_divisions" title="Anatomy of the cerebellum">spinocerebellum</a> and receives somatic sensory input from the <a href="/wiki/Head" title="Head">head</a> and proximal body parts via <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">ascending spinal pathways</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coffman_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coffman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a> develops in a rostro-caudal manner, with <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Directional_terms" title="Anatomical terms of location">rostral</a> regions in the midline giving rise to the vermis, and <a href="/wiki/Caudal_(anatomical_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caudal (anatomical term)">caudal</a> regions developing into the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_hemispheres" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebellar hemispheres">cerebellar hemispheres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-development_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-development-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 4 months of <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">prenatal development</a>, the vermis becomes fully <a href="/wiki/Folium_(brain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Folium (brain)">foliated</a>, while development of the hemispheres lags by 30–60 days.<sup id="cite_ref-William_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Postnatally, <a href="/wiki/Cell_proliferation" title="Cell proliferation">proliferation</a> and organization of the cellular components of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a> continues, with completion of the foliation pattern by 7 months of life<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and final <a href="/wiki/Cell_migration" title="Cell migration">migration</a>, proliferation, and <a href="/wiki/Arbor_vitae_(anatomy)" title="Arbor vitae (anatomy)">arborization</a> of cerebellar neurons by <a href="/wiki/Infant_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant development">20 months</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inspection of the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_cranial_fossa" title="Posterior cranial fossa">posterior fossa</a> is a common feature of <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_ultrasound" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenatal ultrasound">prenatal ultrasound</a> and is used primarily to determine whether excess fluid or malformations of the cerebellum exist.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anomalies of the cerebellar vermis are diagnosed in this manner and include <a href="/wiki/Phenotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenotypes">phenotypes</a> consistent with <a href="/wiki/Dandy%E2%80%93Walker_malformation" title="Dandy–Walker malformation">Dandy–Walker malformation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhombencephalosynapsis" title="Rhombencephalosynapsis">rhombencephalosynapsis</a>, displaying no vermis with fusion of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_hemispheres" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebellar hemispheres">cerebellar hemispheres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontocerebellar_hypoplasia" title="Pontocerebellar hypoplasia">pontocerebellar hypoplasia</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_hypoplasia" title="Cerebellar hypoplasia">stunted growth of the cerebellum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neoplasms" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoplasms">neoplasms</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Neonates" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonates">neonates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hypoxia" title="Cerebral hypoxia">hypoxic injury</a> to the cerebellum is fairly common, resulting in neuronal loss and <a href="/wiki/Gliosis" title="Gliosis">gliosis</a>. Symptoms of these disorders range from mild loss of fine <a href="/wiki/Motor_control" title="Motor control">motor control</a> to severe <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">intellectual disability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>. <a href="/wiki/Karyotype" title="Karyotype">Karyotyping</a> has shown that most <a href="/wiki/Pathologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathologies">pathologies</a> associated with the vermis are <a href="/wiki/Mendelian_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelian genetics">inherited</a> through an <a href="/wiki/Autosomal_recessive" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal recessive">autosomal recessive</a> pattern, with most known <a href="/wiki/Mutations" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutations">mutations</a> occurring on the <a href="/wiki/X_chromosome" title="X chromosome">X chromosome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coffman_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coffman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zanni,_2011_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zanni,_2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The vermis is intimately associated with all regions of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebellar cortex">cerebellar cortex</a>, which can be divided into three functional parts, each having distinct connections with the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">brain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>. These regions are the <a href="/wiki/Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum#Phylogenetic_and_functional_divisions" title="Anatomy of the cerebellum">vestibulocerebellum</a>, which is responsible primarily for the control of <a href="/wiki/Eye_movement_(sensory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eye movement (sensory)">eye movements</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum#Phylogenetic_and_functional_divisions" title="Anatomy of the cerebellum">spinocerebellum</a>, involved in fine tune body and limb movement; and the <a href="/wiki/Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum#Phylogenetic_and_functional_divisions" title="Anatomy of the cerebellum">cerebrocerebellum</a>, which is associated with planning, initiation and timing of <a href="/wiki/Motion_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion (physics)">movements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghez_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghez-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebellar_vermis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sobo_1909_655_Cerebellar_vermis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sobo_1909_655_Cerebellar_vermis.png/250px-Sobo_1909_655_Cerebellar_vermis.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sobo_1909_655_Cerebellar_vermis.png/375px-Sobo_1909_655_Cerebellar_vermis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sobo_1909_655_Cerebellar_vermis.png/500px-Sobo_1909_655_Cerebellar_vermis.png 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>Anterior surface of cerebellum. The vermis is highlighted in red.</figcaption></figure> <p>The vermis is the unpaired, median portion of the cerebellum that connects the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_hemispheres" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebellar hemispheres">two hemispheres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-med_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-med-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the vermis and the hemispheres are composed of <a href="/wiki/Lobules" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobules">lobules</a> formed by groups of <a href="/wiki/Folium_(brain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Folium (brain)">folia</a>. There are nine lobules of the vermis: lingula, central lobule, culmen, clivus, <a href="/wiki/Folium_vermis" title="Folium vermis">folium of the vermis</a>, tuber, pyramid, uvula and nodule.<sup id="cite_ref-med_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-med-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These lobules are often difficult to observe during human anatomy classes and may vary in size, shape and number of folia. It has been shown that folia of the cerebellum exhibit frequent variations in form, number and arrangement between individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-med_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-med-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lobe_anatomy">Lobe anatomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebellar_vermis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lobe anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CerebellumDiv.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CerebellumDiv.png/250px-CerebellumDiv.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CerebellumDiv.png/375px-CerebellumDiv.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CerebellumDiv.png/500px-CerebellumDiv.png 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>Schematic representation of the major anatomical subdivisions of the cerebellum.</figcaption></figure> <p>The lingula is the first lobule of the upper portion of the vermis on the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_position" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomical position">superoinferior</a> axis and pertains to the <a href="/wiki/Paleocerebellum" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleocerebellum">paleocerebellum</a> together with the central lobule, culmen, pyramid and uvula. It is separated from the central lobule by the pre-central <a href="/wiki/Fissure_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fissure (anatomy)">fissure</a>. The central lobule is the second lobule of the upper portion of the vermis on the superoinferior axis. The culmen is the third and largest lobule of the upper portion of the vermis on the superoinferior axis. It is separated from the declive by the primary fissure and is related with the <a href="/wiki/Anterior" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior">anterior</a> quadrangular lobule of the hemisphere. The pyramid is the seventh lobule of the vermis on the superoinferior axis. It is separated from the tuber and uvula by the pre-pyramidal and secondary fissures, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-med_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-med-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This lobule is related with the biventral lobule of the hemisphere. The uvula is the second largest lobule, following the culmen. It pertains to the paleocerebellum and is separated from the nodule by the posterolateral fissure.<sup id="cite_ref-med_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-med-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spinocerebellum">Spinocerebellum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebellar_vermis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spinocerebellum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spinocerebellum receives <a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">proprioception</a> input from the dorsal columns of the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Spinocerebellar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinocerebellar tract">spinocerebellar tract</a>) and from the <a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve" title="Trigeminal nerve">trigeminal nerve</a>, as well as from visual and <a href="/wiki/Auditory_system" title="Auditory system">auditory</a> systems. It sends fibers to deep <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebellar nuclei">cerebellar nuclei</a> that, in turn, project to both the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brain_stem" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain stem">brain stem</a>, thus providing modulation of descending motor systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghez_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghez-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This region comprises the vermis and intermediate parts of the cerebellar hemispheres. Sensory information from the periphery and from the <a href="/wiki/Primary_motor_cortex" title="Primary motor cortex">primary motor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatosensory cortex">somatosensory cortex</a> terminate in this region. <a href="/wiki/Purkinje_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Purkinje cells">Purkinje cells</a> of the vermis project to the <a href="/wiki/Fastigial_nucleus" title="Fastigial nucleus">fastigial nucleus</a>, controlling the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_directions" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomical directions">axial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Proximal_and_distal" title="Anatomical terms of location">proximal</a> musculature involved in the execution of limb movements.<sup id="cite_ref-ramon_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramon-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Purkinje_cell" title="Purkinje cell">Purkinje</a> cells in the intermediate zone of the spinocerebellum project to the interposed nuclei, which control the distal musculature components of the <a href="/wiki/Corticospinal_tract" title="Corticospinal tract">descending motor pathways</a> needed for limb movement. Both of these nuclei include projections to the <a href="/wiki/Motor_cortex" title="Motor cortex">motor cortex</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cerebrum" title="Cerebrum">cerebrum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ramon_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramon-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nuclei">Nuclei</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebellar_vermis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nuclei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Interposed_nucleus" title="Interposed nucleus">interposed nucleus</a> is smaller than the <a href="/wiki/Dentate_nucleus" title="Dentate nucleus">dentate nucleus</a> but larger than the <a href="/wiki/Fastigial_nucleus" title="Fastigial nucleus">fastigial nucleus</a> and functions to modulate muscle stretch reflexes of distal musculature.<sup id="cite_ref-med_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-med-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is located <a href="/wiki/Dorsum_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsum (anatomy)">dorsal</a> to the fourth <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_system" title="Ventricular system">ventricle</a> and lateral to the <a href="/wiki/Fastigial_nucleus" title="Fastigial nucleus">fastigial nucleus</a>; it receives <a href="/wiki/Afferent_nerve_fiber" title="Afferent nerve fiber">afferent</a> neuronal supply from the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">anterior lobe</a> of the cerebellum and sends output via the <a href="/wiki/Superior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Superior cerebellar peduncle">superior cerebellar peduncle</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_nucleus" title="Red nucleus">red nucleus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghez_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghez-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fastigial nucleus is the most medial <a href="/wiki/Convey" title="Convey">efferent</a> cerebellar nucleus, targeting the <a href="/wiki/Pontine_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontine nucleus">pontine</a> and medullary <a href="/wiki/Reticular_formation" title="Reticular formation">reticular formation</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">vestibular nuclei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ramon_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramon-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This region deals with antigravity muscle groups and other synergies involved with standing and walking.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that fastigial nuclei <a href="/wiki/Axons" class="mw-redirect" title="Axons">axons</a> are <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">excitatory</a> and project beyond the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a>, likely using <a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">glutamate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aspartate" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspartate">aspartate</a> as <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitters" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotransmitters">neurotransmitters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ramon_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramon-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathology">Pathology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebellar_vermis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pathology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Malformations" class="mw-redirect" title="Malformations">Malformations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_cranial_fossa" title="Posterior cranial fossa">posterior fossa</a> have been recognized more frequently during the past few <a href="/wiki/Decade" title="Decade">decades</a> as the result of recent advances in technology. Malformations of the cerebellar vermis were first identified using <a href="/wiki/Pneumoencephalography" title="Pneumoencephalography">pneumoencephalography</a>, where air is injected into the <a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">cerebrospinal fluid</a> spaces of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a>; displaced, occluded or <a href="/wiki/Dysplasia" title="Dysplasia">dysplastic</a> structures could be identified. Upon the advent of <a href="/wiki/Computerized_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Computerized tomography">computerized tomography</a> (CT) and <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a> (MRI), the resolution of cranial structures including the mid-hindbrain regions improved dramatically.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joubert_syndrome">Joubert syndrome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebellar_vermis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Joubert syndrome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Joubert_syndrome" title="Joubert syndrome">Joubert syndrome</a> (JS) is one of the most commonly diagnosed syndromes associated with the molar tooth sign (MTS),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Hypoplasia" title="Hypoplasia">hypoplasia</a>/dysplasia of the cerebellar vermis accompanied by brainstem abnormalities. <a href="/wiki/Joubert_syndrome" title="Joubert syndrome">JS</a> is defined clinically by features of <a href="/wiki/Hypotonia" title="Hypotonia">hypotonia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Infancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Infancy">infancy</a> with later development of <a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">ataxia</a>, developmental delays, <a href="/wiki/Mental_retardation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental retardation">mental retardation</a>, abnormal breathing patterns, abnormal eye movements specific to oculomotor <a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">apraxia</a>, or the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Molar_tooth_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Molar tooth sign">MTS</a> on the cranial <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joubert_syndrome" title="Joubert syndrome">JS</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Autosomal_recessive" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal recessive">autosomal recessive</a> condition with an estimated <a href="/wiki/Disease_prevalence" class="mw-redirect" title="Disease prevalence">prevalence</a> of 1: 100,000.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dandy_Walker_malformation">Dandy Walker malformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebellar_vermis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dandy Walker malformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dandy_Walker_malformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dandy Walker malformation">Dandy Walker malformation</a> is a relatively common <a href="/wiki/Congenital" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital">congenital</a> brain malformation with a prevalence of 1:30,000 live births.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dandy Walker malformation is characterized by enlarged <a href="/wiki/Posterior_cranial_fossa" title="Posterior cranial fossa">posterior fossa</a> and in which the cerebellar vermis is completely absent, or present in a rudimentary form, sometimes rotated accompanied by an elevation of the fourth <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_system" title="Ventricular system">ventricle</a>. It is also commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Dysplasia" title="Dysplasia">dysplasias</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a> nuclei.<sup id="cite_ref-kapur_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kapur-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DWM has been reported to be in association with a wide array of <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomal</a> anomalies, including <a href="/wiki/Trisomy_18" title="Trisomy 18">trisomy 18</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trisomy_9" title="Trisomy 9">trisomy 9</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trisomy_13" class="mw-redirect" title="Trisomy 13">trisomy 13</a>. Surveys suggest that <a href="/wiki/Prenatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenatal">prenatal</a> exposure to <a href="/wiki/Teratogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogens">teratogens</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Rubella" title="Rubella">rubella</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> are correlated with development of Dandy Walker malformation.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhombencephalosynapsis">Rhombencephalosynapsis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebellar_vermis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rhombencephalosynapsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rhombencephalosynapsis" title="Rhombencephalosynapsis">Rhombencephalosynapsis</a> is an anomaly characterized by the absence or severe dysgenesis of the cerebellar vermis with fusion of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellar hemispheres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">peduncles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">dentate nuclei</a>. Diagnostic features include fusion of the midbrain <a href="/wiki/Inferior_colliculus" title="Inferior colliculus">colliculi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrocephalus" title="Hydrocephalus">hydrocephalus</a>, absence of the <a href="/wiki/Corpus_callosum" title="Corpus callosum">corpus callosum</a> other midline structural brain malformations.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autism_spectrum_disorders">Autism spectrum disorders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebellar_vermis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Autism spectrum disorders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hypoplasia" title="Hypoplasia">Hypoplasia</a> and other structural alterations of the vermis have been identified in many patients with <a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum disorder">autism spectrum disorder</a> (ASD). While the exact nature and extent of the impacts ASD has on the vermis remain in question, it has also been shown that other injuries and malformations of the vermis sometimes produce symptoms closely analogous to ASD. Furthermore, several genetic syndromes known to cause autism (such as <a href="/wiki/Fragile_X_syndrome" title="Fragile X syndrome">fragile X syndrome</a>) have also been shown to cause damage to the vermis.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Damage">Damage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebellar_vermis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Damage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lesions to the vermis commonly give rise to <a href="/wiki/Clinical_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical depression">clinical depression</a>, inappropriate emotional displays (e.g. unwarranted giggling) in addition to movement disorders. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparative_anatomy">Comparative anatomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebellar_vermis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Comparative anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early <a href="/wiki/Neurologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurologist">neurophysiologists</a> suggest that <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retinal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inertia" title="Inertia">inertial</a> signals were selected for about 450 million years ago by primitive <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a>-cerebellar circuitry because of their relationship with the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-nicholson_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nicholson-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microscopically, it is evident that <a href="/wiki/Purkinje_cell" title="Purkinje cell">Purkinje cell</a> precursors arose from <a href="/wiki/Granule_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Granule cells">granule cells</a>, first forming in irregular patterns, then progressively becoming organized in a layered fashion. Evolutionarily, the <a href="/wiki/Purkinje_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Purkinje cells">Purkinje cells</a> then developed extensive <a href="/wiki/Dendrite" title="Dendrite">dendritic trees</a> that increasingly became confined to a single plane, through which the <a href="/wiki/Axons" class="mw-redirect" title="Axons">axons</a> of granule cells threaded, eventually forming a neuronal grid of right angles.<sup id="cite_ref-nicholson_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nicholson-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origin of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a> is in close association with that of the <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_(neuroanatomy)" title="Nucleus (neuroanatomy)">nuclei</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nerve" title="Vestibular nerve">vestibular cranial nerve</a> and lateral line <a href="/wiki/Nerves" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerves">nerves</a>, perhaps suggesting that this part of the cerebellum originated as a means of carrying out transformations of the <a href="/wiki/Coordinate_system" title="Coordinate system">coordinate system</a> from input data of the <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">vestibular organ</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_line" title="Lateral line">lateral line organs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-butler_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-butler-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This suggests that the function of the cerebellum <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolved</a> as a mode of computing and representing an image relating to the position of the body in space. The cerebellar vermis evolved in conjunction with the hemispheres; this is seen in <a href="/wiki/Lampreys" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampreys">lampreys</a> and higher <a href="/wiki/Vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrates">vertebrates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ariens_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ariens-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_fish">In fish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebellar_vermis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In fish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrates">vertebrates</a>, the cerebellar vermis develops between two bilaterally symmetrical formations located <a href="/wiki/Dorsum_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsum (anatomy)">dorsal</a> to the upper end of the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla oblongata</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Rhombencephalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhombencephalon">rhombencephalon</a>. This is the region of termination for the <a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">fibers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nerve" title="Vestibular nerve">vestibular nerve</a> and lateral line nerves; thus, these are the oldest <a href="/wiki/Afferent_nerve_fiber" title="Afferent nerve fiber">afferent</a> paths to the cerebellum and cerebellar vermis.<sup id="cite_ref-ariens_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ariens-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In bony fish, or <a href="/wiki/Teleosts" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleosts">teleosts</a>, it has been proposed that the cerebellar auricles, which receive a large amount of input from the vestibulolateral line system, constitute the <a href="/wiki/Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum#Phylogenetic_and_functional_divisions" title="Anatomy of the cerebellum">vestibulocerebellum</a> and are <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologues</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Flocculonodular_lobe" title="Flocculonodular lobe">flocculonodular lobe</a> of higher vertebrates along with the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">corpus cerebelli</a>, which receives spinocerebellar and tectocerebellar fibers. The <a href="/wiki/Labyrinth" title="Labyrinth">labyrinth</a> and the lateral line organs of <a href="/wiki/Lampreys" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampreys">lampreys</a> have structural and functional similarity. An important difference between the two structures is that the arrangement of the lateral line organs are such that they are sensitive to relative motion of the fluid surrounding the animal, whereas the labyrinths, having very similar sensing mechanisms, are sensitive to <a href="/wiki/Endolymph" title="Endolymph">endolymph</a>, providing information concerning the animal's own <a href="/wiki/Equilibrioception" class="mw-redirect" title="Equilibrioception">equilibrium</a> of the body and orientation in space.<sup id="cite_ref-ariens_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ariens-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebellar_vermis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>cerebellar vermis <a href="/wiki/Hypoplasia" title="Hypoplasia">hypoplasia</a>, a genetic <a href="/wiki/Ciliopathy" title="Ciliopathy">ciliopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum" title="Anatomy of the cerebellum">Anatomy of the cerebellum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebellar_vermis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Vermis_and_paravermis_by_Sanjoy_Sanyal.webm/120px--Vermis_and_paravermis_by_Sanjoy_Sanyal.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="68" data-durationhint="65" data-mwtitle="Vermis_and_paravermis_by_Sanjoy_Sanyal.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Vermis_and_paravermis_by_Sanjoy_Sanyal.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="718" data-height="404" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/32/Vermis_and_paravermis_by_Sanjoy_Sanyal.webm/Vermis_and_paravermis_by_Sanjoy_Sanyal.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/32/Vermis_and_paravermis_by_Sanjoy_Sanyal.webm/Vermis_and_paravermis_by_Sanjoy_Sanyal.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/32/Vermis_and_paravermis_by_Sanjoy_Sanyal.webm/Vermis_and_paravermis_by_Sanjoy_Sanyal.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dissection video. Explains the position of vermis.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerebellar_vermis_---_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Animation. Vermis is highlighted in red."><img alt="Animation. Vermis is highlighted in red." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cerebellar_vermis_---_animation.gif/120px-Cerebellar_vermis_---_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cerebellar_vermis_---_animation.gif/180px-Cerebellar_vermis_---_animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cerebellar_vermis_---_animation.gif/240px-Cerebellar_vermis_---_animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Animation. Vermis is highlighted in red.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide2BRA.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Brainstem. Posterior view."><img alt="Brainstem. Posterior view." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Slide2BRA.JPG/120px-Slide2BRA.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Slide2BRA.JPG/180px-Slide2BRA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Slide2BRA.JPG/240px-Slide2BRA.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brainstem. Posterior view.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_brain_midsagittal_view_description.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Midsagittal view"><img alt="Midsagittal view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Human_brain_midsagittal_view_description.JPG/120px-Human_brain_midsagittal_view_description.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Human_brain_midsagittal_view_description.JPG/180px-Human_brain_midsagittal_view_description.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Human_brain_midsagittal_view_description.JPG/240px-Human_brain_midsagittal_view_description.JPG 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="374" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Midsagittal view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerebellar_lobes_and_lobules.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lobules of the vermis."><img alt="Lobules of the vermis." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Cerebellar_lobes_and_lobules.png/120px-Cerebellar_lobes_and_lobules.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Cerebellar_lobes_and_lobules.png/180px-Cerebellar_lobes_and_lobules.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Cerebellar_lobes_and_lobules.png/240px-Cerebellar_lobes_and_lobules.png 2x" data-file-width="1961" data-file-height="1672" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lobules of the vermis.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebellar_vermis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Coffman-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coffman_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coffman_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCoffman,_K.A.Dum,_R.P.Strick,_P.L.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Coffman, K.A.; 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New York: Hafner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Comparative+Anatomy+of+the+Nervous+System+of+Vertebrates%2C+Including+Man&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hafner&rft.date=1960&rft.au=Ariens%2C+K.&rft.au=C.U.&rft.au=Huber%2C+G.C.&rft.au=Crosby%2C+E.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACerebellar+vermis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebellar_vermis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cerebellar_vermis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cerebellar vermis">Cerebellar vermis</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151022121646/http://werenotlikeyou.com/">We're Not Like You</a></li></ul> <p>Rhombencephalosynapsis Website Support </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060207073701/http://pathcuric1.swmed.edu/PathDemo/CNS1/cns1190.htm">Photo - rollover to see highlighted</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Southwestern_Medical_Center_at_Dallas" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas">University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medfriendly.com/cerebellarvermis.html#whatisit">Diagram</a> at medfriendly.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brainmaps.org/index.php?q=Vermis">Stained brain slice images which include the "Vermis"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/BrainMaps" title="BrainMaps">BrainMaps project</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722052451/http://www.tk.de/rochelexikon/pics/s13048.000-3.html">"Anatomy diagram: 13048.000-3"</a>. <i>Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator</i>. Elsevier. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tk.de/rochelexikon/pics/s13048.000-3.html">the original</a> on 2012-07-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Roche+Lexicon+-+illustrated+navigator&rft.atitle=Anatomy+diagram%3A+13048.000-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tk.de%2Frochelexikon%2Fpics%2Fs13048.000-3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACerebellar+vermis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/m1/anatomy2010/html/atlas/n2a7p4.html">Atlas image: n2a7p4</a> at the University of Michigan Health System</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Cerebellum" title="Template:Cerebellum"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cerebellum" title="Template talk:Cerebellum"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cerebellum" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cerebellum"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum" title="Anatomy of the cerebellum">Anatomy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lobes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_lobe_of_cerebellum" title="Anterior lobe of cerebellum">Anterior lobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_lobe_of_cerebellum" title="Posterior lobe of cerebellum">Posterior lobe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_fissure_of_cerebellum" title="Horizontal fissure of cerebellum">Horizontal fissure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flocculonodular_lobe" title="Flocculonodular lobe">Flocculonodular lobe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flocculus_(cerebellar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flocculus (cerebellar)">Flocculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodule_of_vermis" title="Nodule of vermis">Nodule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_fissure_of_cerebellum" title="Primary fissure of cerebellum">Primary fissure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medial/lateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vermis</a>: <i>anterior</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_lobule" title="Central lobule">Central lobule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culmen_(cerebellum)" title="Culmen (cerebellum)">Culmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingula_of_cerebellum" title="Lingula of cerebellum">Lingula</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>posterior</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folium_vermis" title="Folium vermis">Folium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuber_of_vermis" title="Tuber of vermis">Tuber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvula_of_cerebellum" title="Uvula of cerebellum">Uvula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallecula_of_cerebellum" title="Vallecula of cerebellum">Vallecula of cerebellum</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_hemisphere" title="Cerebellar hemisphere">Hemisphere</a>: <i>anterior</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alar_central_lobule" class="mw-redirect" title="Alar central lobule">Alar central lobule</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>posterior</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biventer_lobule" title="Biventer lobule">Biventer lobule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_tonsil" title="Cerebellar tonsil">Cerebellar tonsil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deep_cerebellar_nuclei" title="Deep cerebellar nuclei">Deep cerebellar nuclei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dentate_nucleus" title="Dentate nucleus">Dentate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interposed_nucleus" title="Interposed nucleus">interposed</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emboliform_nucleus" title="Emboliform nucleus">Emboliform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globose_nucleus" title="Globose nucleus">Globose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastigial_nucleus" title="Fastigial nucleus">Fastigial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">Cerebellar cortex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Molecular layer</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellate_cell" title="Stellate cell">Stellate cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket_cell" title="Basket cell">Basket cell</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Purkinje cell layer</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purkinje_cell" title="Purkinje cell">Purkinje cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocyte#Bergmann_glia" title="Astrocyte">Bergmann glia cell = Golgi epithelial cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%B1anas_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Fañanas cell">Fañanas cell</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Granule cell layer</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golgi_cell" title="Golgi cell">Golgi cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granule_cell" title="Granule cell">Granule cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unipolar_brush_cell" title="Unipolar brush cell">Unipolar brush cell</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Fibers: <a href="/wiki/Mossy_fiber_(cerebellum)" title="Mossy fiber (cerebellum)">Mossy fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_fiber" title="Climbing fiber">Climbing fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel fiber">Parallel fiber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbor_vitae_(anatomy)" title="Arbor vitae (anatomy)">Arbor vitae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_peduncle" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebellar peduncle">Peduncles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Inferior cerebellar peduncle">Inferior</a> (medulla): <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_spinocerebellar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal spinocerebellar tract">Dorsal spinocerebellar tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivocerebellar_tract" title="Olivocerebellar tract">Olivocerebellar tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_external_arcuate_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior external arcuate fibers">Cuneocerebellar tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juxtarestiform_body" title="Juxtarestiform body">Juxtarestiform body</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vestibulocerebellar_tract" title="Vestibulocerebellar tract">Vestibulocerebellar tract</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigeminocerebellar_fibers" title="Trigeminocerebellar fibers">Trigeminocerebellar fibers</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Middle cerebellar peduncle">Middle</a> (pons): <a href="/wiki/Pontocerebellar_fibers" title="Pontocerebellar fibers">Pontocerebellar fibers</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Superior cerebellar peduncle">Superior</a> (midbrain): 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