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id="toc-Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Anatomy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics_and_immunology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics_and_immunology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Genetics and immunology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics_and_immunology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifecycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifecycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Lifecycle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifecycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Classification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossil_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Fossil record </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lamprey_and_chordate_synapomorphies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lamprey_and_chordate_synapomorphies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Lamprey and chordate synapomorphies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lamprey_and_chordate_synapomorphies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Use in research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Relationship with humans </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Relationship with humans subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attacks_on_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks_on_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Attacks on humans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks_on_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 As food </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_pests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_pests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 As pests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_pests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 In folklore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 In literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 In television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 General </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_on_pheromones_for_pest_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_on_pheromones_for_pest_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Research on pheromones for pest control </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_on_pheromones_for_pest_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Lamprey</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" > 47 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="جلكيات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جلكيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0lanbal%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1kimil%C9%99r" title="İlanbalığıkimilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İlanbalığıkimilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Міногі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Міногі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Міногі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Міногі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Миногоподобни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Миногоподобни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petromyzontiformes" title="Petromyzontiformes – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Petromyzontiformes" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neunaugen" title="Neunaugen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neunaugen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silmulised" title="Silmulised – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Silmulised" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petromyzontiformes" title="Petromyzontiformes – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Petromyzontiformes" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C" title="مکنده‌ماهی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مکنده‌ماهی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamproie" title="Lamproie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lamproie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njoggeneagen" title="Njoggeneagen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Njoggeneagen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loimpre" title="Loimpre – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Loimpre" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petromizontiformes" title="Petromizontiformes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Petromizontiformes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%A0%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%A5%EC%96%B4%EB%AA%A9" title="칠성장어목 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="칠성장어목" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petromyzontiformes" title="Petromyzontiformes – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Petromyzontiformes" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perik" title="Perik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampreda" title="Lampreda – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lampreda" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uya%C4%A1am_aluqtuqti%C5%8Ba" title="Uyaġam aluqtuqtiŋa – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Uyaġam aluqtuqtiŋa" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petromyzontiformes" title="Petromyzontiformes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Petromyzontiformes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D" title="צמדאים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צמדאים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Тілтістер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тілтістер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mkunga_Mfyonzaji" title="Mkunga Mfyonzaji – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mkunga Mfyonzaji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Миногалар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Миногалар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%B9%D0%BC_%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Шӹм ыражан колвлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Шӹм ыражан колвлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petromyzontiformes" title="Petromyzontiformes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Petromyzontiformes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petromyzontiformes" title="Petromyzontiformes – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Petromyzontiformes" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="جلكيات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جلكيات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamprei" title="Lamprei – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lamprei" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%95%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%84%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B8" title="လမ္ပရီငါး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လမ္ပရီငါး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prikachtigen" title="Prikachtigen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Prikachtigen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%84%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A6%E3%83%8A%E3%82%AE" title="ヤツメウナギ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヤツメウナギ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nj%C3%BCgenuugen" title="Njügenuugen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Njügenuugen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niaugo" title="Niaugo – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Niaugo" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petromyzontiformes" title="Petromyzontiformes – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Petromyzontiformes" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minogalar" title="Minogalar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Minogalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minogokszta%C5%82tne" title="Minogokształtne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Minogokształtne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampreia" title="Lampreia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lampreia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Миногообразные – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Миногообразные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paklare" title="Paklare – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Paklare" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahkiaiskalat" title="Nahkiaiskalat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nahkiaiskalat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nejon%C3%B6gon" title="Nejonögon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nejonögon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Міногоподібні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міногоподібні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li 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class="mw-redirect" title="Lampreys">Lampreys</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Order of jawless fish</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lamprey_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lamprey (disambiguation)">Lamprey (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Lamprey <div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: Late Devonian – Holocene<a href="#cite_note-FB-1">[1]</a> <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:90.470769230769px; width:129.52923076923px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:90.470769230769px; width:129.52923076923px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:91.470769230769px; width:127.52923076923px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%B5esilmud2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/J%C3%B5esilmud2.jpg/240px-J%C3%B5esilmud2.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/J%C3%B5esilmud2.jpg/360px-J%C3%B5esilmud2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/J%C3%B5esilmud2.jpg/480px-J%C3%B5esilmud2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4057" data-file-height="2703" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">A <a href="/wiki/European_river_lamprey" title="European river lamprey">European river lamprey</a> (Lampetra fluviatilis) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Petromyzontiformes" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Petromyzontida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Petromyzontiformes</a> <a href="/wiki/Leo_S._Berg" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo S. Berg">Berg</a>, 1940<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Petromyzon_marinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Petromyzon marinus">Petromyzon marinus</a> <div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subgroups </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Caeruleum_(lamprey)" title="Caeruleum (lamprey)">Caeruleum</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Hardistiella" title="Hardistiella">Hardistiella</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Mayomyzon" title="Mayomyzon">Mayomyzon</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Mesomyzon" title="Mesomyzon">Mesomyzon</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Pipiscius" title="Pipiscius">Pipiscius</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Priscomyzon" title="Priscomyzon">Priscomyzon</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Yanliaomyzon" title="Yanliaomyzon">Yanliaomyzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotriidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Geotriidae">Geotriidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordaciidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mordaciidae">Mordaciidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petromyzontidae" title="Petromyzontidae">Petromyzontidae</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Hyperoartia Müller 1844</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petromyzon_marinus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Petromyzon_marinus.jpg/260px-Petromyzon_marinus.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Petromyzon_marinus.jpg/390px-Petromyzon_marinus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Petromyzon_marinus.jpg/520px-Petromyzon_marinus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="192" /></a><figcaption>Sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petromyzon_marinus.004_-_Aquarium_Finisterrae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Petromyzon_marinus.004_-_Aquarium_Finisterrae.jpg/220px-Petromyzon_marinus.004_-_Aquarium_Finisterrae.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Petromyzon_marinus.004_-_Aquarium_Finisterrae.jpg/330px-Petromyzon_marinus.004_-_Aquarium_Finisterrae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Petromyzon_marinus.004_-_Aquarium_Finisterrae.jpg/440px-Petromyzon_marinus.004_-_Aquarium_Finisterrae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Mouth of a <a href="/wiki/Sea_lamprey" title="Sea lamprey">sea lamprey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petromyzon_marinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Petromyzon marinus">Petromyzon marinus</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamprey_Anatomy_(50693755972).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Lamprey_Anatomy_%2850693755972%29.jpg/318px-Lamprey_Anatomy_%2850693755972%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="318" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Lamprey_Anatomy_%2850693755972%29.jpg/477px-Lamprey_Anatomy_%2850693755972%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Lamprey_Anatomy_%2850693755972%29.jpg/636px-Lamprey_Anatomy_%2850693755972%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4398" data-file-height="1385" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Median_plane" title="Median plane">Median</a> section of Lamprey demonstrating internal anatomy</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamprey_Larva_x_sect_pharynx_labelled.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lamprey_Larva_x_sect_pharynx_labelled.png/220px-Lamprey_Larva_x_sect_pharynx_labelled.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lamprey_Larva_x_sect_pharynx_labelled.png/330px-Lamprey_Larva_x_sect_pharynx_labelled.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lamprey_Larva_x_sect_pharynx_labelled.png/440px-Lamprey_Larva_x_sect_pharynx_labelled.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Microscopic cross section through the pharynx of a larva from an unknown lamprey species</figcaption></figure> Lampreys <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈlæmpreɪz/</a> (sometimes inaccurately called lamprey eels) are a group of <a href="/wiki/Agnatha" title="Agnatha">jawless fish</a> comprising the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> Petromyzontiformes <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌpɛtroʊmɪˈzɒntɪfɔːrmiːz/</a>. The adult lamprey is characterized by a toothed, funnel-like sucking mouth. The common name "lamprey" is probably derived from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> lampetra, which may mean "stone licker" (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lambere#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:lambere">lambere</a> "to lick" + <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/petra#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:petra">petra</a> "stone"), though the etymology is uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Lamprey is sometimes seen for the plural form.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> There are about 38 known extant species of lampreys<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and around seven known extinct species.<a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> They are classified in three families: two small families in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> (<a href="/wiki/Geotriidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Geotriidae">Geotriidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mordaciidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mordaciidae">Mordaciidae</a>) and one large family in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>; (<a href="/wiki/Petromyzontidae" title="Petromyzontidae">Petromyzontidae</a>). Genetic evidence suggests that lampreys are more closely related to <a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">hagfish</a>, the only other living group of jawless fish, than they are to <a href="/wiki/Jawed_vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawed vertebrates">jawed vertebrates</a>, forming the superclass <a href="/wiki/Cyclostomi" title="Cyclostomi">Cyclostomi</a>. The oldest fossils of <a href="/wiki/Stem-group" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem-group">stem-group</a> lampreys are from the latest <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian Period</a>, around 360 million years ago, with modern looking forms only appearing during the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic Period</a>, around 163 million years ago, with the modern families likely splitting from each sometime between the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" title="Middle Jurassic">Middle Jurassic</a> and the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a> Modern lampreys spend the majority of their life in the juvenile "ammocoete" stage, where they burrow into the sediment and <a href="/wiki/Filter_feeder" title="Filter feeder">filter feed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-8">[8]</a> Adult carnivorous lampreys are the most well-known species, and feed by boring into the flesh of other fish (or in rare cases marine mammals) to consume flesh and/or <a href="/wiki/Hematophagy" title="Hematophagy">blood</a>;<a href="#cite_note-:7-9">[9]</a> but only 18 species of lampreys engage in this predatory lifestyle<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Caspiomyzon" title="Caspiomyzon">Caspiomyzon</a> suggested to feed on <a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">carrion</a> rather than live prey<a href="#cite_note-:7-9">[9]</a>). Of the 18 carnivorous species, nine <a href="/wiki/Anadromous" class="mw-redirect" title="Anadromous">migrate from saltwater to freshwater to breed</a> (some of them also have freshwater populations), and nine live exclusively in freshwater. All non-carnivorous forms are freshwater species.<a href="#cite_note-:9-12">[12]</a> Adults of the non-carnivorous species do not feed; they live on reserves acquired as ammocoetes. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamprey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Distribution">edit</a>]</div> Lampreys live mostly in coastal and fresh waters and are found in most temperate regions. Some <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Geotria_australis" class="mw-redirect" title="Geotria australis">Geotria australis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petromyzon_marinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Petromyzon marinus">Petromyzon marinus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Entosphenus_tridentatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Entosphenus tridentatus">Entosphenus tridentatus</a>) travel significant distances in the open ocean,<a href="#cite_note-Silva,_S._2014-13">[13]</a> as evidenced by their lack of <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_isolation" title="Reproductive isolation">reproductive isolation</a> between populations. Other species are found in land-locked lakes. Their <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> (ammocoetes) have a low tolerance for high water temperatures, which may explain why they are not distributed in the tropics. Lamprey distribution may be adversely affected by river habitat loss, overfishing and pollution.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In Britain, at the time of the 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> of England, lampreys were found as far upstream in the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> as <a href="/wiki/Petersham,_London" title="Petersham, London">Petersham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The reduction of pollution in the Thames and <a href="/wiki/River_Wear" title="River Wear">River Wear</a> has led to recent sightings in London and <a href="/wiki/Chester-le-Street" title="Chester-le-Street">Chester-le-Street</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Distribution of lampreys may also be adversely affected by dams and other construction projects due to disruption of migration routes and obstruction of access to spawning grounds. Conversely, the construction of artificial channels has exposed new habitats for colonisation, notably in North America where sea lampreys have become a significant introduced pest in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>. Active control programs to control lampreys are undergoing modifications due to concerns of drinking water quality in some areas.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamprey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biology">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamprey_anatomy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lamprey_anatomy.png/400px-Lamprey_anatomy.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lamprey_anatomy.png/600px-Lamprey_anatomy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lamprey_anatomy.png/800px-Lamprey_anatomy.png 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>Basic external anatomy of a lamprey</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamprey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anatomy">edit</a>]</div> Adults superficially resemble <a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">eels</a> in that they have <a href="/wiki/Scale_(zoology)" title="Scale (zoology)">scaleless</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:10-19">[19]</a> elongated bodies, with the largest species, the <a href="/wiki/Sea_lamprey" title="Sea lamprey">sea lamprey</a> having a maximum body length of around 1.2 metres (3.9 ft).<a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a> Lacking <a href="/wiki/Fish_fin#Evolution_of_paired_fins" title="Fish fin">paired fins</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> adult lampreys have one nostril atop the head<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> and seven <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gill</a> pores on each side of the head.<a href="#cite_note-:9-12">[12]</a> The brain of the lamprey is divided into the <a href="/wiki/Telencephalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Telencephalon">telencephalon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diencephalon" title="Diencephalon">diencephalon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-22">[22]</a> Lampreys have been described as the only living vertebrates to have four eyes,<a href="#cite_note-The_Economist_2018-23">[23]</a> having a single pair of regular eyes as well as two <a href="/wiki/Parietal_eye" title="Parietal eye">parietal eyes</a>: a pineal and parapineal one (the exception is members of <a href="/wiki/Mordacia" title="Mordacia">Mordacia</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Nieuwenhuys_1998-24">[24]</a> The eyes of juvenile lampreys are poorly developed eyespot-like structures that are covered in non-transparent skin, while the eyes of adult lampreys are well developed.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Accommodation_(vertebrate_eye)" title="Accommodation (vertebrate eye)">Accommodation</a> is done by flattening the cornea, which pushes the lens towards the retina.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The eye of family Mordaciidae possess just a single type of photoreceptor (rod-like), the family Petromyzontidae possess two photoreceptor types (a cone-like and a rod-like), and the family Geotriidae possesses five types of photoreceptors.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mouth" title="Mouth">buccal cavity</a>, anterior to the <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonads</a>, is responsible for attaching the animal, through suction, to either a stone or its prey. This then allows the tongue to make contact with the stone to rasp <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, or tear at the flesh of their prey to yield blood.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">last common ancestor</a> of lampreys appears to have been specialized to feed on the blood and body fluids of other fish after metamorphosis.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> They attach their mouthparts to the target animal's body, then use three horny plates (laminae) on the tip of their piston-like tongue, one transversely and two longitudinally placed, to scrape through surface tissues until they reach body fluids.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The teeth on their oral disc are primarily used to help the animal attach itself to its prey.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Made of keratin and other proteins, lamprey teeth have a hollow core to give room for replacement teeth growing under the old ones.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Some of the original blood-feeding forms have evolved into species that feed on both blood and flesh, and some who have become specialized to eat flesh and may even invade the internal organs of the host. Tissue feeders can also involve the teeth on the oral disc in the excision of tissue.<a href="#cite_note-:10-19">[19]</a> As a result, the flesh-feeders have smaller buccal glands as they do not require the production of anticoagulant continuously and mechanisms for preventing solid material entering the branchial pouches, which could otherwise potentially clog the gills.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> A study of the stomach content of some lampreys has shown the remains of intestines, fins and vertebrae from their prey.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Close to the jaws of juvenile lampreys, a muscular flap-like structure called the velum is present, which serves to generate a water current towards the mouth opening, which enables feeding and respiration.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-8">[8]</a> The unique morphological characteristics of lampreys, such as their <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilaginous</a> <a href="/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton">skeleton</a>, suggest they are the sister taxon (see <a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">cladistics</a>) of all living jawed vertebrates (<a href="/wiki/Gnathostomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnathostomes">gnathostomes</a>). They are usually considered the most basal group of the <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrata</a>. Instead of true vertebrae, they have a series of cartilaginous structures called arcualia arranged above the notochord. <a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">Hagfish</a>, which resemble lampreys, have traditionally been considered the sister taxon of the true vertebrates (lampreys and gnathostomes)<a href="#cite_note-Mikko-36">[36]</a> but DNA evidence suggests that they are in fact the sister taxon of lampreys.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> of the lamprey is anterior to the intestines. It contains the <a href="/wiki/Sinus_(anatomy)" title="Sinus (anatomy)">sinus</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(heart)" title="Atrium (heart)">atrium</a>, and one <a href="/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)" title="Ventricle (heart)">ventricle</a> protected by the pericardial cartilages.<a href="#cite_note-:02-22">[22]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">pineal gland</a>, a photosensitive organ regulating <a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">melatonin</a> production by capturing light signals through the <a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">photoreceptor cell</a> converting them into intercellular signals of the lamprey is located in the midline of its body, for lamprey, the <a href="/wiki/Parietal_eye" title="Parietal eye">pineal eye</a> is accompanied by the parapineal organ.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> One of the key physical components to the lamprey are the <a href="/wiki/Intestines" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestines">intestines</a>, which are located ventral to the <a href="/wiki/Notochord" title="Notochord">notochord</a>. Intestines aid in <a href="/wiki/Osmoregulation" title="Osmoregulation">osmoregulation</a> by intaking water from its environment and desalinating the water they intake to an <a href="/wiki/Isosmotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Isosmotic">iso-osmotic</a> state with respect to blood, and are also responsible for <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamprey_skeleton_lateral_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lamprey skeleton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lamprey_skeleton_lateral_view.jpg/220px-Lamprey_skeleton_lateral_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lamprey_skeleton_lateral_view.jpg/330px-Lamprey_skeleton_lateral_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lamprey_skeleton_lateral_view.jpg/440px-Lamprey_skeleton_lateral_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1660" /></a><figcaption>The cartilaginous skeleton of a lamprey washed up on a beach in North Carolina.</figcaption></figure>Studies have shown that lampreys are among the most energy-efficient swimmers. Their swimming movements generate low-pressure zones around the body, which pull rather than push their bodies through the water.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Different species of lamprey have many shared physical characteristics. The same anatomical structure can serve different functions in the lamprey depending on whether or not it is <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnivorous">carnivorous</a>. The mouth and suction capabilities of the lamprey not only allow it to cling to a fish as a <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasite</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-41">[41]</a> but provide it with limited climbing ability so that it can travel upstream and up ramps or rocks to breed.<a href="#cite_note-:1-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-41">[41]</a> This ability has been studied in an attempt to better understand how lampreys battle the current and move forward despite only being able to hold onto the rock at a single point.<a href="#cite_note-:1-42">[42]</a> Some scientists are also hoping to design ramps<a href="#cite_note-:1-42">[42]</a> that will optimize the lamprey's climbing ability, as lampreys are valued as food in the Northwest United States and need to travel upstream to reproduce.<a href="#cite_note-:0-41">[41]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%82%B9%E3%83%8A%E3%83%A4%E3%83%84%E3%83%A1%EF%BC%88%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%AE%EF%BC%89.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lamprey camouflage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%8A%E3%83%A4%E3%83%84%E3%83%A1%EF%BC%88%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%AE%EF%BC%89.jpg/220px-%E3%82%B9%E3%83%8A%E3%83%A4%E3%83%84%E3%83%A1%EF%BC%88%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%AE%EF%BC%89.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%8A%E3%83%A4%E3%83%84%E3%83%A1%EF%BC%88%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%AE%EF%BC%89.jpg/330px-%E3%82%B9%E3%83%8A%E3%83%A4%E3%83%84%E3%83%A1%EF%BC%88%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%AE%EF%BC%89.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%8A%E3%83%A4%E3%83%84%E3%83%A1%EF%BC%88%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%AE%EF%BC%89.jpg/440px-%E3%82%B9%E3%83%8A%E3%83%A4%E3%83%84%E3%83%A1%EF%BC%88%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%AE%EF%BC%89.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5220" data-file-height="3480" /></a><figcaption>The lamprey's light-colored underside and darker back allow it to blend in when viewed from above or below, an example of <a href="/wiki/Countershading" title="Countershading">countershading</a></figcaption></figure> Many lampreys exhibit <a href="/wiki/Countershading" title="Countershading">countershading</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Similarly to many other aquatic species, most lampreys have a dark-colored back, which enables them to blend in with the ground below when seen from above by a predator. Their light-colored undersides allow them to blend in with the bright air and water above them if a predator sees them from below. Lamprey coloration can also vary according to the region and specific environment in which the species is found. Some species can be distinguished by their unique markings – for example, <a href="/wiki/Pouched_lamprey" title="Pouched lamprey">Geotria australis</a> individuals display two bluish stripes running the length of its body as an adult.<a href="#cite_note-:2-44">[44]</a> These markings can also sometimes be used to determine what stage of the life cycle the lamprey is in; <a href="/wiki/Pouched_lamprey" title="Pouched lamprey">G. australis</a> individuals lose these stripes when they approach the reproductive phase and begin to travel upstream.<a href="#cite_note-:2-44">[44]</a> Another example is <a href="/wiki/Petromyzon_marinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Petromyzon marinus">Petromyzon marinus</a>, which shifts to more of an orange color as it reaches the reproductive stage in its life cycle. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics_and_immunology">Genetics and immunology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamprey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Genetics and immunology">edit</a>]</div> Northern lampreys (<a href="/wiki/Petromyzontidae" title="Petromyzontidae">Petromyzontidae</a>) have the highest number of <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a> (164–174) among vertebrates.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Due to certain peculiarities in their <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system" title="Adaptive immune system">adaptive immune system</a>, the study of lampreys provides valuable insight into the evolution of vertebrate adaptive immunity. Generated from a somatic recombination of <a href="/wiki/Leucine-rich_repeat" title="Leucine-rich repeat">leucine-rich repeat</a> gene segments, lamprey leukocytes express surface <a href="/wiki/Variable_lymphocyte_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable lymphocyte receptors">variable lymphocyte receptors</a> (VLRs).<a href="#cite_note-Nagawa_et_al.-46">[46]</a> This convergently evolved characteristic allows them to have lymphocytes that work as the <a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T cells</a> and <a href="/wiki/B_cell" title="B cell">B cells</a> present in higher vertebrates immune system.<a href="#cite_note-Pancer_et_al.-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pouched_lamprey" title="Pouched lamprey">Pouched lamprey</a> (Geotria australis) larvae also have a very high tolerance for free iron in their bodies, and have well-developed biochemical systems for detoxification of the large quantities of these metal ions.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifecycle">Lifecycle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamprey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lifecycle">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamprey_larva_labelled.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lamprey_larva_labelled.png/220px-Lamprey_larva_labelled.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lamprey_larva_labelled.png/330px-Lamprey_larva_labelled.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lamprey_larva_labelled.png/440px-Lamprey_larva_labelled.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2495" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Larva of an unknown lamprey species</div></figcaption></figure> The adults spawn in nests of sand, gravel and pebbles in clear streams. After hatching from the eggs, young larvae—called ammocoetes<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>—will drift downstream with the current till they reach soft and fine sediment in silt beds, where they will burrow in silt, mud and detritus, taking up an existence as filter feeders, collecting detritus, algae, and microorganisms.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The eyes of the larvae are underdeveloped, but are capable of discriminating changes in illuminance.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Ammocoetes can grow from 3–4 inches (8–10 centimetres) to about 8 inches (20 cm).<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Many species change color during a <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_cycle" title="Diurnal cycle">diurnal cycle</a>, becoming dark at day and pale at night.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The skin also has <a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">photoreceptors</a>, light sensitive cells, most of them concentrated in the tail, which helps them to stay buried.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Lampreys may spend up to eight years as ammocoetes,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> while species such as the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_lamprey" title="Arctic lamprey">Arctic lamprey</a> may only spend one to two years as larvae,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> prior to undergoing a metamorphosis which generally lasts 3–4 months, but can vary between species.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> While metamorphosing, they do not eat.<a href="#cite_note-Silva2013-60">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oeufs002b,57.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A hagfish egg, illustration by Adolphe Millot from Nouveau Larousse Illustré (1897-1904)"><img alt="A lamprey egg, illustration by Adolphe Millot from Nouveau Larousse Illustré (1897–1904)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Oeufs002b%2C57.png/72px-Oeufs002b%2C57.png" decoding="async" width="72" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Oeufs002b%2C57.png/108px-Oeufs002b%2C57.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Oeufs002b%2C57.png/144px-Oeufs002b%2C57.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="2094" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">A hagfish egg, illustration by <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Philippe_Millot" title="Adolphe Philippe Millot">Adolphe Millot</a> from Nouveau Larousse Illustré (1897-1904)</div></figcaption></figure> The rate of water moving across the ammocoetes' feeding apparatus is the lowest recorded in any suspension feeding animal, and they therefore require water rich in nutrients to fulfill their nutritional needs. While the majority of (invertebrate) suspension feeders thrive in waters containing under 1 mg suspended organic solids per litre (<1 mg/L), ammocoetes demand minimum 4 mg/L, with concentrations in their habitats having been measured up to 40 mg/L.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> During metamorphosis the lamprey loses both the <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">gallbladder</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Biliary_tract" title="Biliary tract">biliary tract</a>,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Endostyle" title="Endostyle">endostyle</a> turns into a <a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">thyroid</a> gland.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Some species, including those that are not carnivorous and do not feed even following metamorphosis,<a href="#cite_note-Silva2013-60">[60]</a> live in freshwater for their entire lifecycle, spawning and dying shortly after metamorphosing.<a href="#cite_note-alaska.gov-64">[64]</a> In contrast, many species are <a href="/wiki/Anadromous" class="mw-redirect" title="Anadromous">anadromous</a> and migrate to the sea,<a href="#cite_note-Silva2013-60">[60]</a> beginning to prey on other animals while still swimming downstream after their metamorphosis provides them with eyes, teeth, and a sucking mouth.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-alaska.gov-64">[64]</a> Those that are anadromous are carnivorous, feeding on fishes or marine mammals.<a href="#cite_note-Silva,_S._2014-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Anadromous lampreys spend up to four years in the sea before migrating back to freshwater, where they spawn. Adults create nests (called <a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)#Brood_hiders" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">redds</a>) by moving rocks, and females release thousands of eggs, sometimes up to 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-alaska.gov-64">[64]</a> The male, intertwined with the female, fertilizes the eggs simultaneously. Being <a href="/wiki/Semelparity_and_iteroparity" title="Semelparity and iteroparity">semelparous</a>, both adults die after the eggs are fertilized.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Research on sea lampreys has revealed that sexually mature males use a specialized heat-producing tissue in the form of a ridge of fat cells near the anterior dorsal fin to stimulate females. After having attracted a female with pheromones, the heat detected by the female through body contact will encourage spawning.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamprey&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ammocoetes-l_reissneri-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ammocoetes-l_reissneri-01.jpg/220px-Ammocoetes-l_reissneri-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ammocoetes-l_reissneri-01.jpg/330px-Ammocoetes-l_reissneri-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ammocoetes-l_reissneri-01.jpg/440px-Ammocoetes-l_reissneri-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Ammocoetes larva of Lethenteron reissneri</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lampreys.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Lampreys.jpg/220px-Lampreys.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Lampreys.jpg/330px-Lampreys.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Lampreys.jpg/440px-Lampreys.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1180" /></a><figcaption>Several <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of European lampreys</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geotria_australis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Geotria_australis.jpg/220px-Geotria_australis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Geotria_australis.jpg/330px-Geotria_australis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Geotria_australis.jpg/440px-Geotria_australis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2261" data-file-height="1349" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pouched_lamprey" title="Pouched lamprey">Pouched lamprey</a></figcaption></figure> Taxonomists place lampreys and hagfish in the subphylum <a href="/wiki/Vertebrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrata">Vertebrata</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phylum</a> <a href="/wiki/Chordata" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordata">Chordata</a>, which also includes the invertebrate subphyla <a href="/wiki/Tunicata" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunicata">Tunicata</a> (sea-squirts) and the fish-like <a href="/wiki/Cephalochordata" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalochordata">Cephalochordata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lancelet" title="Lancelet">lancelets</a> or Amphioxus). Recent molecular and morphological phylogenetic studies place lampreys and hagfish in the infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Agnatha" title="Agnatha">Agnatha</a> or <a href="/wiki/Agnathostomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnathostomata">Agnathostomata</a> (both meaning without jaws). The other vertebrate infraphylum is <a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">Gnathostomata</a> (jawed mouths) and includes the classes <a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes</a> (sharks), <a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Osteichthyes</a> (bony fishes), <a href="/wiki/Amphibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibia">Amphibia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reptilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptilia">Reptilia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aves" class="mw-redirect" title="Aves">Aves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mammalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammalia">Mammalia</a>. Some researchers have classified lampreys as the sole surviving representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Linnean_taxonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnean taxonomy">Linnean</a> <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">class</a> <a href="/wiki/Cephalaspidomorphi" title="Cephalaspidomorphi">Cephalaspidomorphi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson_2006-70">[70]</a> Cephalaspidomorpha is sometimes given as a subclass of the Cephalaspidomorphi. Fossil evidence now suggests lampreys and cephalaspids acquired their shared characters by <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Forey_&_Janvier-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Janvier_2008-72">[72]</a> The 5th edition of <a href="/wiki/Fishes_of_the_World" title="Fishes of the World">Fishes of the World</a> classifies lampreys within the Class Petromyzontida,<a href="#cite_note-Nelson5-73">[73]</a> a taxon called Petromyzonti in <a href="/wiki/Eschmeyer%27s_Catalog_of_Fishes" title="Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes">Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ECoF-74">[74]</a> The debate about their systematics notwithstanding, lampreys constitute a single <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> Petromyzontiformes. Sometimes still seen is the alternative spelling "Petromyzoniformes", based on the argument that the <a href="/wiki/Type_genus" title="Type genus">type genus</a> is <a href="/wiki/Petromyzon" class="mw-redirect" title="Petromyzon">Petromyzon</a> and not "Petromyzonta" or similar. Throughout most of the 20th century, both names were used indiscriminately, even by the same author in subsequent publications. In the mid-1970s, the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature">ICZN</a> was called upon to fix one name or the other, and after much debate had to resolve the issue by voting. Thus, in 1980, the spelling with a "t" won out, and in 1981, it became official that all higher-level taxa based on Petromyzon have to start with "Petromyzont-". Phylogeny based on Brownstein & Near, 2023.<a href="#cite_note-:4-75">[75]</a> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:80%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Petromyzontiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Petromyzontiformes">Petromyzontiformes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Geotriidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Geotriidae">Geotriidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Pouched_lamprey" title="Pouched lamprey">Geotria</a> Gray 1851 (pouched lampreys) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Mordaciidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mordaciidae">Mordaciidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Mordacia" title="Mordacia">Mordacia</a> Gray 1853 (southern topeyed lampreys) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Petromyzontidae" title="Petromyzontidae">Petromyzontidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Petromyzontinae </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Caspiomyzon" title="Caspiomyzon">Caspiomyzon</a> Berg 1906 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Petromyzon" class="mw-redirect" title="Petromyzon">Petromyzon</a> Linnaeus 1758 (<a href="/wiki/Sea_lamprey" title="Sea lamprey">Sea lamprey</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Ichthyomyzon" title="Ichthyomyzon">Ichthyomyzon</a> Girard 1858 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Lampetrinae </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Entosphenini </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Entosphenus" title="Entosphenus">Entosphenus</a> Gill 1863 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Tetrapleurodon" title="Tetrapleurodon">Tetrapleurodon</a> Creaser & Hubbs 1922 (Mexican lampreys) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Lampetrini </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Western American "<a href="/wiki/Lampetra" title="Lampetra">Lampetra</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Lethenteron" title="Lethenteron">Lethenteron</a> Creaser & Hubbs 1922 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Eudontomyzon" title="Eudontomyzon">Eudontomyzon</a> Regan 1911 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Lampetra" title="Lampetra">Lampetra</a> sensu stricto Bonnaterre 1788 (Eastern American and European Lampetra) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e6e6e6;width:60%;">List of species, from <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a> in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Click "show" to expand.</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li>Geotria australis Gray 1851 (<a href="/wiki/Pouched_lamprey" title="Pouched lamprey">Pouched lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Geotria macrostoma (Burmeister 1868) (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Argentinian_lamprey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argentinian lamprey (page does not exist)">Argentinian lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Mordacia lapicida (Gray 1851) (<a href="/wiki/Chilean_lamprey" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilean lamprey">Chilean lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Mordacia mordax (Richardson 1846) (<a href="/wiki/Australian_lamprey" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian lamprey">Australian lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Mordacia praecox Potter 1968 (Non-parasitic/<a href="/wiki/Australian_brook_lamprey" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian brook lamprey">Australian brook lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus 1758 (<a href="/wiki/Sea_lamprey" title="Sea lamprey">Sea lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Ichthyomyzon bdellium (Jordan 1885) (<a href="/wiki/Ohio_lamprey" title="Ohio lamprey">Ohio lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Ichthyomyzon castaneus Girard 1858 (<a href="/wiki/Chestnut_lamprey" title="Chestnut lamprey">Chestnut lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Ichthyomyzon fossor Reighard & Cummins 1916 (<a href="/wiki/Northern_brook_lamprey" title="Northern brook lamprey">Northern brook lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Ichthyomyzon gagei Hubbs & Trautman 1937 (<a href="/wiki/Southern_brook_lamprey" title="Southern brook lamprey">Southern brook lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Ichthyomyzon greeleyi Hubbs & Trautman 1937 (<a href="/wiki/Mountain_brook_lamprey" title="Mountain brook lamprey">Mountain brook lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Ichthyomyzon unicuspis Hubbs & Trautman 1937 (<a href="/wiki/Silver_lamprey" title="Silver lamprey">Silver lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Caspiomyzon wagneri (Kessler 1870) Berg 1906 (<a href="/wiki/Caspian_lamprey" title="Caspian lamprey">Caspian lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Caspiomyzon graecus (Renaud & Economidis 2010) (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionian_brook_lamprey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ionian brook lamprey (page does not exist)">Ionian brook lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Caspiomyzon hellenicus (Vladykov et al. 1982) (<a href="/wiki/Greek_lamprey" title="Greek lamprey">Greek lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Tetrapleurodon geminis Álvarez 1964 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_brook_lamprey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mexican brook lamprey (page does not exist)">Mexican brook lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Tetrapleurodon spadiceus (Bean 1887) (<a href="/wiki/Mexican_lamprey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican lamprey">Mexican lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Entosphenus folletti Vladykov & Kott 1976 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_California_brook_lamprey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern California brook lamprey (page does not exist)">Northern California brook lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Entosphenus lethophagus (Hubbs 1971) (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pit-Klamath_brook_lamprey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pit-Klamath brook lamprey (page does not exist)">Pit-Klamath brook lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Entosphenus macrostomus (Beamish 1982) (<a href="/wiki/Lake_lamprey" title="Lake lamprey">Lake lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Entosphenus minimus (Bond & Kan 1973) (<a href="/wiki/Miller_Lake_lamprey" title="Miller Lake lamprey">Miller Lake lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Entosphenus similis Vladykov & Kott 1979 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klamath_river_lamprey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klamath river lamprey (page does not exist)">Klamath river lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Entosphenus tridentatus (Richardson 1836) (<a href="/wiki/Pacific_lamprey" title="Pacific lamprey">Pacific lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Lethenteron alaskense Vladykov & Kott 1978 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alaskan_brook_lamprey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alaskan brook lamprey (page does not exist)">Alaskan brook lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Lethenteron appendix (DeKay 1842) (<a href="/wiki/American_brook_lamprey" class="mw-redirect" title="American brook lamprey">American brook lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Lethenteron camtschaticum (Tilesius 1811) (<a href="/wiki/Arctic_lamprey" title="Arctic lamprey">Arctic lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Lethenteron kessleri (Anikin 1905) (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siberian_brook_lamprey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siberian brook lamprey (page does not exist)">Siberian brook lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Lethenteron ninae Naseka, Tuniyev & Renaud 2009 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Transcaucasian_lamprey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Transcaucasian lamprey (page does not exist)">Western Transcaucasian lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Lethenteron reissneri (Dybowski 1869) (<a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_brook_lamprey" class="mw-redirect" title="Far Eastern brook lamprey">Far Eastern brook lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Lethenteron zanandreai (Vladykov 1955) (<a href="/wiki/Lombardy_lamprey" class="mw-redirect" title="Lombardy lamprey">Lombardy lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Eudontomyzon stankokaramani (Karaman 1974) (<a href="/wiki/Drin_brook_lamprey" class="mw-redirect" title="Drin brook lamprey">Drin brook lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Eudontomyzon morii (Berg 1931) (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_lamprey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korean lamprey (page does not exist)">Korean lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Eudontomyzon danfordi Regan 1911 (<a href="/wiki/Carpathian_brook_lamprey" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian brook lamprey">Carpathian brook lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Eudontomyzon mariae (Berg 1931) (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_brook_lamprey" title="Ukrainian brook lamprey">Ukrainian brook lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Eudontomyzon vladykovi (Oliva & Zanandrea 1959) (<a href="/wiki/Vladykov%27s_lamprey" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladykov's lamprey">Vladykov's lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Lampetra aepyptera (Abbott 1860) (<a href="/wiki/Least_brook_lamprey" title="Least brook lamprey">Least brook lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Lampetra alavariensis Mateus et al. 2013 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_lamprey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portuguese lamprey (page does not exist)">Portuguese lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Lampetra auremensis Mateus et al. 2013 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qurem_lamprey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qurem lamprey (page does not exist)">Qurem lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Lampetra ayresi (Günther 1870) (<a href="/wiki/Western_river_lamprey" class="mw-redirect" title="Western river lamprey">Western river lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Lampetra fluviatilis (Linnaeus 1758) (<a href="/wiki/European_river_lamprey" title="European river lamprey">European river lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Lampetra hubbsi (Vladykov & Kott 1976) (<a href="/wiki/Kern_brook_lamprey" title="Kern brook lamprey">Kern brook lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Lampetra lanceolata Kux & Steiner 1972 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_brook_lamprey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish brook lamprey (page does not exist)">Turkish brook lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Lampetra lusitanica Mateus et al. 2013 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lusitanic_lamprey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lusitanic lamprey (page does not exist)">lusitanic lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Lampetra pacifica Vladykov 1973 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_brook_lamprey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pacific brook lamprey (page does not exist)">Pacific brook lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Lampetra planeri (Bloch 1784) (<a href="/wiki/European_brook_lamprey" class="mw-redirect" title="European brook lamprey">European brook lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Lampetra richardsoni Vladykov & Follett 1965 (<a href="/wiki/Western_brook_lamprey" title="Western brook lamprey">Western brook lamprey</a>)</li> <li>Entosphenus macrostomus Dr. Dick Beamish 1980 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cowichan_lake_lamprey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cowichan lake lamprey (page does not exist)">Cowichan lake lamprey</a>)</li></ul> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petromyzontiformes_phylogeny.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Petromyzontiformes_phylogeny.png/220px-Petromyzontiformes_phylogeny.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Petromyzontiformes_phylogeny.png/330px-Petromyzontiformes_phylogeny.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Petromyzontiformes_phylogeny.png/440px-Petromyzontiformes_phylogeny.png 2x" data-file-width="1940" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Phylogeny including extinct taxa, with a younger divergence date estimate</figcaption></figure> Recent studies differ regarding the timing of the last common ancestor of all living lampreys, with some suggesting a Middle Jurassic date, around 175 million years ago,<a href="#cite_note-:4-75">[75]</a> while other studies have suggested a younger split, dating to the Late Cretaceous.<a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a> The older date study posited that the Northern and Southern Hemisphere lampreys diverged as part of the breakup of <a href="/wiki/Pangea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangea">Pangea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:4-75">[75]</a> while the Late Cretaceous study suggested that modern lampreys emerged in the Southern Hemisphere.<a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a> It is thought that most modern lamprey diversity emerged during the Cenozoic, particularly within the last 10–20 million years.<a href="#cite_note-:4-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fossil_record">Fossil record</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamprey&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fossil record">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yanliaomyzon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Yanliaomyzon.png/220px-Yanliaomyzon.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Yanliaomyzon.png/330px-Yanliaomyzon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Yanliaomyzon.png/440px-Yanliaomyzon.png 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Fossils of <a href="/wiki/Yanliaomyzon" title="Yanliaomyzon">Yanliaomyzon</a> from the Middle Jurassic of China</figcaption></figure> The oldest fossil lamprey, <a href="/wiki/Priscomyzon" title="Priscomyzon">Priscomyzon</a>, is known from the latest <a href="/wiki/Devonian_Reef" title="Devonian Reef">Devonian</a> of South Africa around 360 million years ago, with other <a href="/wiki/Stem-group" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem-group">stem-group</a> lampreys, like <a href="/wiki/Pipiscius" title="Pipiscius">Pipiscius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayomyzon" title="Mayomyzon">Mayomyzon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hardistiella" title="Hardistiella">Hardistiella</a> known from the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> of North America.<a href="#cite_note-:6-78">[78]</a> These <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> stem-lampreys are small relative to modern lampreys, and while they had well developed oral discs with a small number of radially arranged teeth, they lacked the specialised, heavily toothed discs with plate-like laminae present in modern lampreys, and it is possible that they fed by scraping algae off of animals, rather than feeding by predation/parasitism.<a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a> They also lacked the modern three stage life cycle including ammocoetes found in modern lampreys, with the juvenile stages of these species closely resembling adults.<a href="#cite_note-:6-78">[78]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Myxineidus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myxineidus (page does not exist)">Myxineidus</a> from the Carboniferous of France, often considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">hagfish</a>, has been found to be a lamprey in some studies.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The earliest lamprey with the specialised toothed oral disc typical of modern lampreys is <a href="/wiki/Yanliaomyzon" title="Yanliaomyzon">Yanliaomyzon</a> from the Middle <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> of China around 163 million years old, which is thought to have had a predatory lifestyle like modern lampreys, and probably had a three stage life cycle including ammocoetes.<a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesomyzon" title="Mesomyzon">Mesomyzon</a> from the Early <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> of China, which displays the three stage life cycle with ammocoetes, was found in one study to be more closely related to the family Petromyzonidae than to other living lampreys,<a href="#cite_note-:4-75">[75]</a> though other studies have found it to be outside the group containing all living lampreys.<a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lamprey_and_chordate_synapomorphies">Lamprey and chordate synapomorphies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamprey&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lamprey and chordate synapomorphies">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamprey_Anatomy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lamprey_Anatomy.png/220px-Lamprey_Anatomy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lamprey_Anatomy.png/330px-Lamprey_Anatomy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lamprey_Anatomy.png/440px-Lamprey_Anatomy.png 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>Lampreys are a part of the vertebrate group Cyclostomatous. The above illustration labels chordate synapomorphies found in lampreys. The notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pituitary gland, pharyngeal slits, and post anal tail (not depicted above) are all found in the lamprey.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Synapomorphy_and_apomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphy and apomorphy">Synapomorphies</a> are certain characteristics that are shared over evolutionary history. Organisms possessing a <a href="/wiki/Notochord" title="Notochord">notochord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_hollow_nerve_cord" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal hollow nerve cord">dorsal hollow nerve cord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_slit" title="Pharyngeal slit">pharyngeal slits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">pituitary gland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Endostyle" title="Endostyle">endostyle</a>, and a post anal tail during the process of their development are considered to be <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">chordates</a>. Lampreys contain these characteristics that define them as chordates. Lamprey anatomy is very different based on what stage of development they are in.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Notochord" title="Notochord">notochord</a> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Mesoderm" title="Mesoderm">mesoderm</a> and is one of the defining characteristics of a chordate. The notochord provides signaling and mechanical cues to help the organism when swimming. The <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_nerve_cord" title="Dorsal nerve cord">dorsal nerve cord</a> is another characteristic of lampreys that defines them as chordates. During development this part of the ectoderm rolls creating a hollow tube. This is often why it is referred to as the dorsal "hollow" nerve cord. The third chordate feature, which are the <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_slit" title="Pharyngeal slit">pharyngeal slits</a>, are openings found between the pharynx or throat.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Pharyngeal slits are filter feeding organs that help the movement of water through the mouth and out of these slits when feeding. During the lamprey's larval stage they feed by filter feeding.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Once lampreys reach their adult phase they become <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasitic</a> on other fish, and these <a href="/wiki/Gill_slit" title="Gill slit">gill slits</a> become very important in aiding in the respiration of the organism. The final chordate synapomorphy is the post anal tail, which is muscular and extends behind the anus. Oftentimes adult <a href="/wiki/Lancelet" title="Lancelet">amphioxus</a> and lamprey larvae are compared by anatomists due to their similarities. Similarities between adult amphioxus and lamprey larvae include a pharynx with pharyngeal slits, a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord and a series of <a href="/wiki/Somite" title="Somite">somites</a> that extend anterior to the <a href="/wiki/Otic_vesicle" title="Otic vesicle">otic vesicle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-83">[83]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_research">Use in research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamprey&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Use in research">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olfactory-locomotor_circuitry_in_lampreys_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Olfactory-locomotor_circuitry_in_lampreys_1.png/170px-Olfactory-locomotor_circuitry_in_lampreys_1.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Olfactory-locomotor_circuitry_in_lampreys_1.png/255px-Olfactory-locomotor_circuitry_in_lampreys_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Olfactory-locomotor_circuitry_in_lampreys_1.png/340px-Olfactory-locomotor_circuitry_in_lampreys_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1422" data-file-height="1974" /></a><figcaption>Stimulation of the olfactory sensory neurons in the periphery activates neurons in the <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_bulb" title="Olfactory bulb">olfactory bulb</a> of a sea lamprey<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></figcaption></figure> The lamprey has been extensively studied because its relatively simple brain is thought in many respects to reflect the brain structure of early vertebrate ancestors. Beginning in the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Sten_Grillner" title="Sten Grillner">Sten Grillner</a> and his colleagues at the <a href="/wiki/Karolinska_Institutet" class="mw-redirect" title="Karolinska Institutet">Karolinska Institute</a> in Stockholm followed on from extensive work on the lamprey started by Carl Rovainen in the 1960s that used the lamprey as a model system to work out the fundamental principles of motor control in vertebrates starting in the spinal cord and working toward the brain.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In a series of studies by Rovainen and his student James Buchanan, the cells that formed the neural circuits within the spinal cord capable of generating the rhythmic motor patterns that underlie swimming were examined. Note that there are still missing details in the network scheme despite claims by Grillner that the network is characterised (Parker 2006, 2010<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a>). Spinal cord circuits are controlled by specific locomotor areas in the brainstem and midbrain, and these areas are in turn controlled by higher brain structures, including the basal ganglia and <a href="/wiki/Tectum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectum">tectum</a>. In a study of the lamprey tectum published in 2007,<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> they found electrical stimulation could elicit eye movements, lateral bending movements, or swimming activity, and the type, amplitude, and direction of movement varied as a function of the location within the tectum that was stimulated. These findings were interpreted as consistent with the idea that the tectum generates goal-directed locomotion in the lamprey. Lampreys are used as a <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organism</a> in biomedical research, where their large reticulospinal <a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">axons</a> are used to investigate <a href="/wiki/Synapse" title="Synapse">synaptic transmission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The axons of lamprey are particularly large and allow for <a href="/wiki/Microinjection" title="Microinjection">microinjection</a> of substances for experimental manipulation. They are also capable of full functional recovery after complete spinal cord transection. Another trait is the ability to delete several genes from their <a href="/wiki/Somatic_cell" title="Somatic cell">somatic cell</a> lineages, about 20% of their DNA, which are vital during development of the embryo, but which in humans can cause problems such as cancer later in life, after they have served their purpose. How the genes destined for deletion are targeted is not yet known.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_humans">Relationship with humans</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamprey&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Relationship with humans">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attacks_on_humans">Attacks on humans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamprey&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Attacks on humans">edit</a>]</div> Although attacks on humans have been documented,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> they will generally not attack humans unless starved.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_food">As food</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamprey&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: As food">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_Lamprey_rice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Portuguese_Lamprey_rice.jpg/220px-Portuguese_Lamprey_rice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Portuguese_Lamprey_rice.jpg/330px-Portuguese_Lamprey_rice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Portuguese_Lamprey_rice.jpg/440px-Portuguese_Lamprey_rice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese lamprey rice</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spit-roasted_lamprey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Spit-roasted_lamprey.jpg/220px-Spit-roasted_lamprey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Spit-roasted_lamprey.jpg/330px-Spit-roasted_lamprey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Spit-roasted_lamprey.jpg/440px-Spit-roasted_lamprey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Yatsume <a href="/wiki/Kabayaki" title="Kabayaki">kabayaki</a> in Japan</figcaption></figure> People have long eaten lampreys.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> They were highly appreciated by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Romans</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> they were <a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">widely eaten</a> by the upper classes throughout Europe, especially during <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fasting_and_abstinence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church">when eating meat was prohibited</a>, due to their meaty taste and texture. King <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I of England</a> is claimed to have been so fond of lampreys that he often ate them, late into life and poor health, against the advice of his physician concerning their richness, and is said to have died from eating "a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/surfeit" class="extiw" title="wikt:surfeit">surfeit</a> of lampreys". Whether or not his lamprey indulgence actually caused his death is unclear,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Surfeit_of_Lampreys" title="Surfeit of Lampreys">the phrase persists</a> in British culture. A <a href="/wiki/Lamprey_pie" title="Lamprey pie">lamprey pie</a> was made for the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Coronation of Elizabeth II">coronation of Elizabeth II</a> in 1953. Sixty years later, the city of Gloucester had to use fish from North America for <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II">her Diamond Jubilee</a>, because few lampreys could be found in the <a href="/wiki/River_Severn" title="River Severn">River Severn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In southwestern Europe (Portugal, Spain, and France), Finland and in Latvia (where lamprey is routinely sold in supermarkets), lampreys are a highly prized <a href="/wiki/Delicacy" title="Delicacy">delicacy</a>. In Finland (county of <a href="/wiki/Nakkila" title="Nakkila">Nakkila</a>),[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and Latvia (<a href="/wiki/Carnikava_Municipality" title="Carnikava Municipality">Carnikava Municipality</a>), the river lamprey is the local symbol, found on their coats of arms. In 2015 the lamprey from Carnikava was included in the <a href="/wiki/Protected_designation_of_origin" title="Protected designation of origin">Protected designation of origin</a> list by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sea_lamprey" title="Sea lamprey">Sea lamprey</a> is the most sought-after species in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and one of only two that can legally bear the commercial name "lamprey" (lampreia): the other one being Lampetra fluviatilis, the <a href="/wiki/European_river_lamprey" title="European river lamprey">European river lamprey</a>, both according to Portaria (Government regulation no. 587/2006, from 22 June). "Arroz de lampreia" (lamprey rice) and "Lampreia à Bordalesa" (Bordeaux style lamprey) are some of the most important dishes in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese cuisine</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nakkila.vaakuna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Nakkila.vaakuna.svg/130px-Nakkila.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Nakkila.vaakuna.svg/195px-Nakkila.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Nakkila.vaakuna.svg/260px-Nakkila.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/European_river_lamprey" title="European river lamprey">European river lamprey</a> in the coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Nakkila" title="Nakkila">Nakkila</a>, Finland. Lampreys are a traditional delicacy in locality.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></figcaption></figure> Lampreys are also consumed in Sweden, Russia, Lithuania, Estonia, Japan, and South Korea.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In Finland, they are commonly eaten grilled or smoked, but also <a href="/wiki/Pickled" class="mw-redirect" title="Pickled">pickled</a>, or in vinegar.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mucus" title="Mucus">mucus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serum_(blood)" title="Serum (blood)">serum</a> of several lamprey species, including the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_lamprey" title="Caspian lamprey">Caspian lamprey</a> (Caspiomyzon wagneri), river lampreys (Lampetra fluviatilis and L. planeri), and sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), are known to be toxic, and require thorough cleaning before cooking and consumption.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In Britain, lampreys are commonly used as <a href="/wiki/Bait_(luring_substance)#Fishing" title="Bait (luring substance)">bait</a>, normally as dead bait. <a href="/wiki/Northern_pike" title="Northern pike">Northern pike</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_perch" title="European perch">perch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/European_chub" class="mw-redirect" title="European chub">chub</a> all can be caught on lampreys. Frozen lampreys can be bought from most bait and <a href="/wiki/Fishing_tackle" title="Fishing tackle">tackle</a> shops. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_pests">As pests</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamprey&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: As pests">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_Lamprey_fish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sea_Lamprey_fish.jpg/260px-Sea_Lamprey_fish.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sea_Lamprey_fish.jpg/390px-Sea_Lamprey_fish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sea_Lamprey_fish.jpg/520px-Sea_Lamprey_fish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2512" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>Lampreys attached to a <a href="/wiki/Lake_trout" title="Lake trout">lake trout</a>.</figcaption></figure> Sea lampreys have become a major <a href="/wiki/Pest_(animal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pest (animal)">pest</a> in the North American <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>. It is generally believed that they gained access to the lakes via <a href="/wiki/Canals" class="mw-redirect" title="Canals">canals</a> during the early 20th century,<a href="#cite_note-BorShield03-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-PanLocks-104">[104]</a> but this theory is controversial.<a href="#cite_note-fishy07-105">[105]</a> They are considered an <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>, have no natural predators in the lakes, and prey on many species of commercial value, such as <a href="/wiki/Lake_trout" title="Lake trout">lake trout</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BorShield03-103">[103]</a> Lampreys are now found mostly in the streams that feed the lakes, and controlled with special barriers to prevent the upstream movement of adults, or by the application of toxicants called <a href="/wiki/Lampricide" title="Lampricide">lampricides</a>, which are harmless to most other aquatic species; however, these programs are complicated and expensive, and do not eradicate the lampreys from the lakes, but merely keep them in check.<a href="#cite_note-LakeHB07-106">[106]</a> New programs are being developed, including the use of chemically <a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">sterilized</a> male lampreys in a method akin to the <a href="/wiki/Sterile_insect_technique" title="Sterile insect technique">sterile insect technique</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SiefkesBergstedt2003-107">[107]</a> Finally, <a href="/wiki/Pheromones" class="mw-redirect" title="Pheromones">pheromones</a> critical to lamprey migratory behaviour have been isolated, their <a href="/wiki/Chemical_structure" title="Chemical structure">chemical structures</a> determined, and their impact on lamprey behaviour studied, in the laboratory and in the wild, and active efforts are underway to chemically source and to address regulatory considerations that might allow this strategy to proceed.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Control of sea lampreys in the Great Lakes is conducted by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_and_Oceans_Canada" title="Fisheries and Oceans Canada">Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans</a>, and is coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Fishery_Commission" title="Great Lakes Fishery Commission">Great Lakes Fishery Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a>, bordered by <a href="/wiki/New_York_State" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, and New York's <a href="/wiki/Finger_Lakes" title="Finger Lakes">Finger Lakes</a> are also home to high populations of sea lampreys that warrant control.<a href="#cite_note-dec.ny-112">[112]</a> Lake Champlain's lamprey control program is managed by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Environmental_Conservation" title="New York State Department of Environmental Conservation">New York State Department of Environmental Conservation</a>, the Vermont Department of Fish and Wildlife, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.<a href="#cite_note-dec.ny-112">[112]</a> New York's Finger Lakes sea lamprey control program is managed solely by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation.<a href="#cite_note-dec.ny-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_folklore">In folklore</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamprey&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In folklore">edit</a>]</div> In folklore,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] lampreys are called "nine-eyed eels". The name derives from misconstruing the seven gill pores behind each eye as additional eyes, and doing the same with the nostril on the top of the head (even though there is only one of those, not one per side).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Likewise, in the German language, the word for lamprey is Neunauge, which means "nine-eye".<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In British folklore, the monster known as the <a href="/wiki/Lambton_Worm" title="Lambton Worm">Lambton Worm</a> may have been based on a lamprey, since it is described as an eel-like creature with nine eyes.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In Japanese, lamprey are called yatsume-unagi (八つ目鰻, "eight-eyed eels"), thus excluding the nostril from the count.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_literature">In literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamprey&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In literature">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tacuinum_Sanitatis-fishing_lamprey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tacuinum_Sanitatis-fishing_lamprey.jpg/220px-Tacuinum_Sanitatis-fishing_lamprey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tacuinum_Sanitatis-fishing_lamprey.jpg/330px-Tacuinum_Sanitatis-fishing_lamprey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Tacuinum_Sanitatis-fishing_lamprey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>Illustration from an edition of <a href="/wiki/Tacuinum_Sanitatis" title="Tacuinum Sanitatis">Tacuinum Sanitatis</a>, 15th century</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Vedius_Pollio" title="Vedius Pollio">Vedius Pollio</a> kept a pool of lampreys into which <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">slaves</a> who incurred his displeasure would be thrown as food.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> On one occasion, Vedius was punished by <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> for attempting to do so in his presence: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">... one of his slaves had broken a crystal cup. Vedius ordered him to be seized and then put to death, but in an unusual way. He ordered him to be thrown to the huge lampreys which he had in his fish pond. Who would not think he did this for display? Yet it was out of cruelty. The boy slipped from the captor's hands and fled to Augustus's feet asking nothing else other than a different way to die – he did not want to be eaten. Augustus was moved by the novelty of the cruelty and ordered him to be released, all the crystal cups to be broken before his eyes, and the fish pond to be filled in ...<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a>, On Anger, III, 40<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></cite></div></blockquote> This incident was incorporated into the plot of the 2003 novel <a href="/wiki/Pompeii_(novel)" title="Pompeii (novel)">Pompeii</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harris_(novelist)" title="Robert Harris (novelist)">Robert Harris</a> in the incident of Ampliatus feeding a slave to his lampreys. <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Licinius_Crassus" title="Lucius Licinius Crassus">Lucius Licinius Crassus</a> was mocked by <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_(consul_96_BC)" title="Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 96 BC)">Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus</a> (cos. 54 BC) for weeping over the death of his pet lamprey: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">So, when Domitius said to Crassus the orator, Did not you weep for the death of the lamprey you kept in your fish pond? – Did not you, said Crassus to him again, bury three wives without ever shedding a tear? – <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, On the Intelligence of Animals, 976a<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></blockquote> This story is also found in Aelian (Various Histories VII, 4) and <a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saturnalia_(Macrobius)" title="Saturnalia (Macrobius)">Saturnalia</a> III.15.3). It is included by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_von_Hofmannsthal" title="Hugo von Hofmannsthal">Hugo von Hofmannsthal</a> in the <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_Chandos_Letter" title="The Lord Chandos Letter">Chandos Letter</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">And in my mind I compare myself from time to time with the orator Crassus, of whom it is reported that he grew so excessively enamoured of a tame lamprey – a dumb, apathetic, red-eyed fish in his ornamental pond – that it became the talk of the town; and when one day in the Senate Domitius reproached him for having shed tears over the death of this fish, attempting thereby to make him appear a fool, Crassus answered, "Thus have I done over the death of my fish as you have over the death of neither your first nor your second wife." I know not how oft this Crassus with his lamprey enters my mind as a mirrored image of my Self, reflected across the abyss of centuries.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Philip, Lord Chandos, (fictional) younger son of the Earl of Bath, in a letter to <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></cite></div></blockquote> In <a href="/wiki/George_R._R._Martin" title="George R. R. Martin">George R. R. Martin</a>'s novel series, <a href="/wiki/A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="A Song of Ice and Fire">A Song of Ice and Fire</a>, Lord Wyman Manderly is mockingly called "Lord Lamprey" by his enemies in reference to his rumored affinity to lamprey pie and his striking <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut" title="Kurt Vonnegut">Kurt Vonnegut</a>, in his late short story "<a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday_(book)" title="Palm Sunday (book)">The Big Space Fuck</a>", posits a future America so heavily polluted – "Everything had turned to shit and beer cans", in his words – that the Great Lakes have been infested with a species of massive, man-eating ambulatory lampreys.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_television">In television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamprey&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In television">edit</a>]</div> In season 3, episode 5 of "<a href="/wiki/The_Borgias_(2011_TV_series)" title="The Borgias (2011 TV series)">The Borgias</a>", whilst out on a hunting trip, <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Borgia" title="Cesare Borgia">Cesare Borgia</a>'s mercenary, Micheletto, kills the King of Naples by pushing him into a pool filled with lampreys that King Ferrante had built during his reign of Naples.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In season 9, episode 16, of "Bones" (American TV series from 2005-2017), Agent Booth grabs a lamprey that is escaping from a bag holding a dead body which has been found in a pond. 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The United States of America: Thomson: Brooks/Cole. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-022369-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-022369-3"><bdi>978-0-03-022369-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Functional+Anatomy+of+the+Vertebrates&rft.place=The+United+States+of+America&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Thomson%3A+Brooks%2FCole&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-03-022369-3&rft.aulast=Liem&rft.aufirst=Karel+F.&rft.au=William+E.+Bemis&rft.au=Warren+F.+Walker+Jr.&rft.au=Lance+Grande&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALamprey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAraujoSilvaStratoudakisGonçalves2016" class="citation book cs1">Araujo, Mario; Silva, Sergio; Stratoudakis, Yorgos; Gonçalves, Marta; López, Rodrigo; Carneiro, Miguel; Martins, Rogélia; Cobo, Fernando; Antunes, Carlos (1 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297716168">"Sea Lamprey Fisheries in the Iberian Peninsula"</a>. 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Cambridge Scholars. pp. 115–148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-8719-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-8719-9"><bdi>978-1-4438-8719-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sea+Lamprey+Fisheries+in+the+Iberian+Peninsula&rft.btitle=Jawless+Fishes+of+the+World%3A+Volume+2&rft.pages=115-148&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars&rft.date=2016-03-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-8719-9&rft.aulast=Araujo&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft.au=Silva%2C+Sergio&rft.au=Stratoudakis%2C+Yorgos&rft.au=Gon%C3%A7alves%2C+Marta&rft.au=L%C3%B3pez%2C+Rodrigo&rft.au=Carneiro%2C+Miguel&rft.au=Martins%2C+Rog%C3%A9lia&rft.au=Cobo%2C+Fernando&rft.au=Antunes%2C+Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F297716168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALamprey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2006" class="citation book cs1">Green, Judith A. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59131-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59131-7"><bdi>978-0-521-59131-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+I%3A+King+of+England+and+Duke+of+Normandy&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006-03-02&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59131-7&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Judith+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D0521591317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALamprey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Lewis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/sep/04/older-than-the-dinosaurs-lamprey-fish-return-to-uk-rivers-after-200-years">"Older than the dinosaurs: Lamprey fish return to UK rivers after 200 years"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 16 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Older+than+the+dinosaurs%3A+Lamprey+fish+return+to+UK+rivers+after+200+years&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2015%2Fsep%2F04%2Folder-than-the-dinosaurs-lamprey-fish-return-to-uk-rivers-after-200-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALamprey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-gloucestershire-17791695">"Gloucester lamprey pie is fit for the Queen"</a>. 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(2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zy6vWdxggW4C&pg=PA40">Boreal Shield Watersheds Lake Trout Ecosystems in a.</a> London: CRC Press. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-49508-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-49508-7"><bdi>978-0-203-49508-7</bdi></a>. 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East Lansing, Mich.: Michigan State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60917-197-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60917-197-1"><bdi>978-1-60917-197-1</bdi></a>. 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Oxford: John Wiley & Sons. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4110-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4110-9"><bdi>978-1-4051-4110-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lakes+Handbook%2C+Volume+2.&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-4110-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbibY60NWOlEC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALamprey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SiefkesBergstedt2003-107"><a href="#cite_ref-SiefkesBergstedt2003_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiefkesBergstedtTwoheyLi2003" class="citation journal cs1">Siefkes, Michael J; Bergstedt, Roger A; Twohey, Michael B; Li, Weiming (2003). "Chemosterilization of male sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) does not affect sex pheromone release". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 60 (1): 23–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Ff02-169">10.1139/f02-169</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0706-652X">0706-652X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Fisheries+and+Aquatic+Sciences&rft.atitle=Chemosterilization+of+male+sea+lampreys+%28Petromyzon+marinus%29+does+not+affect+sex+pheromone+release&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-31&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Ff02-169&rft.issn=0706-652X&rft.aulast=Siefkes&rft.aufirst=Michael+J&rft.au=Bergstedt%2C+Roger+A&rft.au=Twohey%2C+Michael+B&rft.au=Li%2C+Weiming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALamprey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Peter W. Sorensen, 2015, "Applications of pheromones in invasive fish control and fishery conservation (Ch. 12)," in Fish Pheromones and Related Cues (P.W. Sorensen & B.D. Wisenden, Eds.), pp. 255–268, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813823867" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813823867">978-0813823867</a>, Hoboken, NJ, USA:Wiley-Blackwell, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0813823862.html">[1]</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aZ_ingEACAAJ">[2]</a>, accessed 1 July 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorensenHoye2007" class="citation journal cs1">Sorensen, P. W.; Hoye, T. R. (2007). "A critical review of the discovery and application of a migratory pheromone in an invasive fish, the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus L". Journal of Fish Biology. 71: 100–114. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JFBio..71S.100S">2007JFBio..71S.100S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8649.2007.01681.x">10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01681.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Fish+Biology&rft.atitle=A+critical+review+of+the+discovery+and+application+of+a+migratory+pheromone+in+an+invasive+fish%2C+the+sea+lamprey+Petromyzon+marinus+L&rft.volume=71&rft.pages=100-114&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8649.2007.01681.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007JFBio..71S.100S&rft.aulast=Sorensen&rft.aufirst=P.+W.&rft.au=Hoye%2C+T.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALamprey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Mary L. Moser, Pedro R. Almeida, Paul S. Kemp & P.W. Sorensen, 2014, "Lamprey spawning migration (Ch. 5, §5.6.1, Pheromones)," in Lampreys: Biology, Conservation and Control, Vol. 1 (Margaret F. Docker, Ed., Vol. 37, Fish & Fisheries Series), Berlin, BE, DEU:Springer, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9401793069" title="Special:BookSources/9401793069">9401793069</a>, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ugGXBQAAQBAJ">[3]</a>, accessed 1 July 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150427192447/http://www.glfc.org/factsheets/FACT%205_all.pdf">"Sea Lamprey Control in the Great Lakes A remarkable success!"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Fishery_Commission" title="Great Lakes Fishery Commission">Great Lakes Fishery Commission</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glfc.org/factsheets/FACT%205_all.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sea+Lamprey+Control+in+the+Great+Lakes+A+remarkable+success%21&rft.pub=Great+Lakes+Fishery+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glfc.org%2Ffactsheets%2FFACT%25205_all.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALamprey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dec.ny-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dec.ny_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dec.ny_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dec.ny_112-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/6998.html">"Sea Lamprey Lake Champlain Sea Lamprey Control"</a>. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+State+Department+of+Environmental+Conservation&rft.atitle=Sea+Lamprey+Lake+Champlain+Sea+Lamprey+Control&rft.date=2009-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dec.ny.gov%2Fanimals%2F6998.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALamprey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://woerterbuchnetz.de/DWB/?lemma=Neunauge">Entry in Grimm's German Dictionary, online edition at Trier University</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Dio <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/54*.html#23.2">52.23.2</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+9.39">9.39</a>; <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a>, On Clemency 1.18.2. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeneca_the_Younger" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/sen/sen.ira3.shtml">L. ANNAEI SENECAE AD NOVATVM DE IRA LIBER III</a> [On Anger] (in Latin). Vol. III. Thelatinlibrary.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L.+ANNAEI+SENECAE+AD+NOVATVM+DE+IRA+LIBER+III&rft.pub=Thelatinlibrary.com&rft.au=Seneca+the+Younger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelatinlibrary.com%2Fsen%2Fsen.ira3.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALamprey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch1909" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/plutarchsessaysm05plutiala">The Morals</a>. Vol. V. <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a>. Little, Brown and company. Translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Watson_Goodwin" title="William Watson Goodwin">William Watson Goodwin</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Morals&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+company&rft.date=1909&rft.au=Plutarch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplutarchsessaysm05plutiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALamprey" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Hofmannsthal1902" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_von_Hofmannsthal" title="Hugo von Hofmannsthal">von Hofmannsthal, Hugo</a> (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/vienna/documents/Hofmannsthal/Hofmannsthal_Chandos.htm">"The Letter of Lord Chandos"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Letter+of+Lord+Chandos&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=von+Hofmannsthal&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdepts.washington.edu%2Fvienna%2Fdocuments%2FHofmannsthal%2FHofmannsthal_Chandos.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALamprey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1998" class="citation book cs1">Martin, George R. R. (16 November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/clashofkingsason00geor_0">A Clash of Kings</a> (1st ed.). Voyager Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-224585-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-224585-2"><bdi>978-0-00-224585-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Clash+of+Kings&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Voyager+Books&rft.date=1998-11-16&rft.isbn=978-0-00-224585-2&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=George+R.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclashofkingsason00geor_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALamprey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pierretristam.com/Bobst/07/wf041307.htm">"Kurt Vonnegut: "The Big Space Fuck""</a>. www.pierretristam.com. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pierretristam.com&rft.atitle=Kurt+Vonnegut%3A+%22The+Big+Space+Fuck%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pierretristam.com%2FBobst%2F07%2Fwf041307.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALamprey" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.denofgeek.com/tv/the-borgias-season-3-episode-5-the-wolf-and-the-lamb/?amp">"The Borgias season 3 episode 5: The Wolf and the Lamb"</a>. www.denofgeek.com. 16 May 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.denofgeek.com&rft.atitle=The+Borgias+season+3+episode+5%3A+The+Wolf+and+the+Lamb&rft.date=2013-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.denofgeek.com%2Ftv%2Fthe-borgias-season-3-episode-5-the-wolf-and-the-lamb%2F%3Famp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALamprey" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamprey&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamprey&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: General">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Renaud, C.B. (2011) Lampreys of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of lamprey species known to date FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 5. Rome. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-106928-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-106928-8">978-92-5-106928-8</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_on_pheromones_for_pest_control">Research on pheromones for pest control</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamprey&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Research on pheromones for pest control">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorensenFineDvornikovsJeffrey2005" class="citation journal cs1">Sorensen, Peter W.; Fine, Jared M.; Dvornikovs, Vadims; Jeffrey, Christopher S.; Shao, Feng; Wang, Jizhou; Vrieze, Lance A.; Anderson, Kari R.; Hoye, Thomas R. (2005). "Mixture of new sulfated steroids functions as a migratory pheromone in the sea lamprey". <a href="/wiki/Nature_Chemical_Biology" title="Nature Chemical Biology">Nature Chemical Biology</a>. 1 (6): 324–328. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnchembio739">10.1038/nchembio739</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16408070">16408070</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43298112">43298112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Chemical+Biology&rft.atitle=Mixture+of+new+sulfated+steroids+functions+as+a+migratory+pheromone+in+the+sea+lamprey&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=324-328&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43298112%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16408070&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnchembio739&rft.aulast=Sorensen&rft.aufirst=Peter+W.&rft.au=Fine%2C+Jared+M.&rft.au=Dvornikovs%2C+Vadims&rft.au=Jeffrey%2C+Christopher+S.&rft.au=Shao%2C+Feng&rft.au=Wang%2C+Jizhou&rft.au=Vrieze%2C+Lance+A.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Kari+R.&rft.au=Hoye%2C+Thomas+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALamprey" class="Z3988">, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nchembio/journal/v1/n6/abs/nchembio739.html">Mixture of new sulfated steroids functions as a migratory pheromone in the sea lamprey</a>, accessed 1 July 2015. [Primary source example.]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDittman2005" class="citation journal cs1">Dittman, Andrew (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1233357">"News and Views: Chemical cues for sea lamprey migration"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_Chemical_Biology" title="Nature Chemical Biology">Nature Chemical Biology</a> (Submitted manuscript). 1 (6): 316–317. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnchembio1105-316">10.1038/nchembio1105-316</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16408065">16408065</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42664483">42664483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Chemical+Biology&rft.atitle=News+and+Views%3A+Chemical+cues+for+sea+lamprey+migration&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=316-317&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42664483%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16408065&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnchembio1105-316&rft.aulast=Dittman&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1233357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALamprey" class="Z3988">, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nchembio/journal/v1/n6/full/nchembio1105-316.html">Chemical cues for sea lamprey migration</a>, accessed 1 July 2015. [Lay summary of Sorensen, et al. (2005)]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonYunThompsonBrant2009" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Nicholas S.; Yun, Sang-Seon; Thompson, Henry T.; Brant, Cory O.; Li, Weiming (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2633527">"A synthesized pheromone induces upstream movement in female sea lamprey and summons them into traps"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>. 106 (4): 1021–1026. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0808530106">10.1073/pnas.0808530106</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2633527">2633527</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19164592">19164592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=A+synthesized+pheromone+induces+upstream+movement+in+female+sea+lamprey+and+summons+them+into+traps&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1021-1026&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2633527%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19164592&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0808530106&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+S.&rft.au=Yun%2C+Sang-Seon&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Henry+T.&rft.au=Brant%2C+Cory+O.&rft.au=Li%2C+Weiming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2633527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALamprey" class="Z3988"> [Primary source example.]</li> <li>Richard Black, 2009, "Sex smell lures 'vampire' to doom," <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> (online), 20 January 2009, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7838850.stm">"Sex smell lures 'vampire' to doom"</a>, accessed 1 July 2015. [Lay summary of Johnson, et al. (2009); Subtitle: "A synthetic 'chemical sex smell' could help rid North America's Great Lakes of a devastating pest, scientists say."]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamprey&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Petromyzontiformes" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Petromyzontiformes">Petromyzontiformes</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Dichotomous_Key" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Dichotomous Key">Dichotomous Key</a> has a page on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Dichotomous_Key/Petromyzonidae" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Dichotomous Key/Petromyzonidae">Petromyzonidae</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Petromyzontiformes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Petromyzontiformes">Petromyzontiformes</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=159697">"ITIS report on the lampreys"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>. Retrieved 27 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ITIS+report+on+the+lampreys&rft.pub=ITIS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D159697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALamprey" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210425125027/https://www.fisheriesireland.ie/Search.html?ordering=&searchphrase=all&searchword=lamprey">"Lamprey"</a>. Inland Fisheries Ireland. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fisheriesireland.ie/Search.html?ordering=&searchphrase=all&searchword=lamprey">the original</a> on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lamprey&rft.pub=Inland+Fisheries+Ireland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fisheriesireland.ie%2FSearch.html%3Fordering%3D%26searchphrase%3Dall%26searchword%3Dlamprey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALamprey" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.ca/en/about-us/museum-news/news/press-releases/long-accepted-theory-vertebrate-origin-upended-fossilized-l">Long-accepted theory of vertebrate origin upended by fossilized lamprey larvae</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310231658/http://www.nature.ca/en/about-us/museum-news/news/press-releases/long-accepted-theory-vertebrate-origin-upended-fossilized-l">Archived</a> 10 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160126130722/http://www.tellapallet.com/tree_of_life.htm">"The Tree of Life"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tellapallet.com/tree_of_life.htm">the original</a> on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Tree+of+Life&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tellapallet.com%2Ftree_of_life.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALamprey" class="Z3988"> A Tree of Life diagram showing the relation of Lampreys to other organisms.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_lamprey_species" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Petromyzontiformes" title="Template:Petromyzontiformes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Petromyzontiformes" title="Template talk:Petromyzontiformes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Petromyzontiformes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Petromyzontiformes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_lamprey_species" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a class="mw-selflink selflink">lamprey</a> species</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Hyperoartia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperoartia">Hyperoartia</a></li> <li>Order <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Petromyzontiformes</a></li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Petromyzontidae" title="Petromyzontidae">Petromyzontidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caspiomyzon" title="Caspiomyzon">Caspiomyzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_lamprey" title="Caspian lamprey">Caspian lamprey (C. wagneri)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_lamprey" title="Greek lamprey">Greek lamprey (C. hellenicus)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionian_brook_lamprey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ionian brook lamprey (page does not exist)">Ionian brook lamprey (C. graecus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Entosphenus" title="Entosphenus">Entosphenus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entosphenus_folletti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entosphenus folletti (page does not exist)">Modoc brook lamprey (E. folletti)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entosphenus_lethophagus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entosphenus lethophagus (page does not exist)">Pit-Klamath brook lamprey (E. lethophagus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_lamprey" title="Lake lamprey">Lake lamprey (E. macrostomus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller_Lake_lamprey" title="Miller Lake lamprey">Miller Lake lamprey (E. minimus)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entosphenus_similis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entosphenus similis (page does not exist)">Klamath River lamprey (E. similis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_lamprey" title="Pacific lamprey">Pacific lamprey (E. tridentatus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eudontomyzon" title="Eudontomyzon">Eudontomyzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eudontomyzon_danfordi" title="Eudontomyzon danfordi">Carpathian Brook Lamprey (E. danfordi)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_lamprey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korean lamprey (page does not exist)">Korean lamprey (E. morii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_brook_lamprey" title="Ukrainian brook lamprey">Ukrainian brook lamprey (E. mariae)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudontomyzon_stankokaramani" title="Eudontomyzon stankokaramani">Drin brook Lamprey (E. stankokaramani)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudontomyzon_vladykovi" title="Eudontomyzon vladykovi">Vladykov's lamprey (E. vladykovi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pouched_lamprey" title="Pouched lamprey">Geotria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pouched_lamprey" title="Pouched lamprey">Pouched lamprey (G. australis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ichthyomyzon" title="Ichthyomyzon">Ichthyomyzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyomyzon_bdellium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichthyomyzon bdellium">Ohio lamprey (I. bdellium)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut_lamprey" title="Chestnut lamprey">Chestnut Lamprey (I. castaneus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_brook_lamprey" title="Northern brook lamprey">Northern brook lamprey (I. fossor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyomyzon_gagei" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichthyomyzon gagei">Southern brook lamprey (I. gagei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyomyzon_greeleyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichthyomyzon greeleyi">Mountain brook lamprey (I. greeleyi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_lamprey" title="Silver lamprey">Silver lamprey (I. unicuspis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lampetra" title="Lampetra">Lampetra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Least_brook_lamprey" title="Least brook lamprey">Least Brook lamprey (L. aepyptera)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lampetra_alavariensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lampetra alavariensis (page does not exist)">Portuguese lamprey (L. alavariensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lampetra_auremensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lampetra auremensis (page does not exist)">Qurem lamprey (L. auremensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampetra_ayresii" title="Lampetra ayresii">Western river lamprey (L. ayresii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_river_lamprey" title="European river lamprey">European river lamprey (L. fluviatilis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_brook_lamprey" title="Kern brook lamprey">Kern brook lamprey (L. hubbsi)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lampetra_lanceolata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lampetra lanceolata (page does not exist)">Turkish brook lamprey (L. lanceolata)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lampetra_lusitanica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lampetra lusitanica (page does not exist)">(L. lusitanica)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lampetra_pacifica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lampetra pacifica (page does not exist)">Pacific brook lamprey (L. pacifica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brook_lamprey" title="Brook lamprey">European brook lamprey (L. planeri)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_brook_lamprey" title="Western brook lamprey">Western brook lamprey (L. richardsoni)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lethenteron" title="Lethenteron">Lethenteron</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lethenteron_alaskensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lethenteron alaskensis (page does not exist)">Alaskan brook lamprey (L. alaskensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Brook_Lamprey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Brook Lamprey (page does not exist)">American brook lamprey (L. appendix)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_lamprey" title="Arctic lamprey">Arctic lamprey (L. camtschatica)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lethenteron_kessleri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lethenteron kessleri (page does not exist)">Siberian brook lamprey (L. kessleri)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lethenteron_ninae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lethenteron ninae (page does not exist)">Western Transcaucasian lamprey (L. ninae)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethenteron_reissneri" title="Lethenteron reissneri">Far Eastern brook lamprey (L. reissneri)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethenteron_zanandreai" title="Lethenteron zanandreai">Lombardy lamprey (L. zanandreai)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mordacia" title="Mordacia">Mordacia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mordacia_lapicida" title="Mordacia lapicida">Chilean lamprey (M. lapicida)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordacia_mordax" title="Mordacia mordax">Australian lamprey (M. mordax)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordacia_praecox" title="Mordacia praecox">Non-parasitic lamprey (M. praecox)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sea_lamprey" title="Sea lamprey">Petromyzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_lamprey" title="Sea lamprey">Sea lamprey (P. marinus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetrapleurodon" title="Tetrapleurodon">Tetrapleurodon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapleurodon_spadicea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetrapleurodon spadicea (page does not exist)">Mexican lamprey (T. spadicea)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapleurodon_geminis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetrapleurodon geminis (page does not exist)">Mexican brook lamprey (T. geminis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Petromyzontiformes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q261485" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q261485">Q261485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Petromyzontiformes" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Petromyzontiformes">Petromyzontiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Petromyzontiformes/">Petromyzontiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Petromyzontiformes">Petromyzontiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=342">342</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3SP">3SP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1903">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1PETMO">1PETMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:12002">12002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/15212329-be02-44d6-91d1-728cbe68c3ab">15212329-be02-44d6-91d1-728cbe68c3ab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/771">771</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/49232">49232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11300">11300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=159696">159696</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000185526">NBNSYS0000185526</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=7745">7745</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/fc439b05-812b-4964-8e12-f610152df66c">fc439b05-812b-4964-8e12-f610152df66c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=1067466">1067466</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=91451">91451</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03856F28-FF91-8147-14D7-FD4AA67DFCC9">03856F28-FF91-8147-14D7-FD4AA67DFCC9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10201">10201</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Hyperoartia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188549" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q188549">Q188549</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Hyperoartia" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Hyperoartia">Hyperoartia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=117569">117569</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=91450">91450</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Petromyzonti</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22109932" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q22109932">Q22109932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Petromyzonti" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Petromyzonti">Petromyzonti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8VJWX">8VJWX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/11881065">11881065</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=843662">843662</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574248">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115299&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000147114&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553108005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lamprey&oldid=1258128712">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lamprey&oldid=1258128712</a>"</div></div> 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