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societal perception. It highlights the significant changes in urban planning and commerce, particularly focusing on the city of Kaifeng, which showcased a departure from traditional city layouts to more public and commercially rich environments, amidst various socio-political pressures and military considerations."},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":1,"quality":"low","language":"en","title":"2013 [book chapter] “Chinese Cities, 600-1300.” In The Oxford Handbook of Cities in World History. Ed. Peter Clark, pp. 292-308. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [1826404]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":55983335,"attachmentType":"docx"}"><img alt="First page of “2013 [book chapter] “Chinese Cities, 600-1300.” In The Oxford Handbook of Cities in World History. Ed. Peter Clark, pp. 292-308. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/55983335/mini_magick20190113-11332-y6udmn.png?1547399700" /><img alt="Academia Logo" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/academia_logo.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free DOCX</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">2013 [book chapter] “Chinese Cities, 600-1300.” In The Oxford Handbook of Cities in World History. Ed. Peter Clark, pp. 292-308. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1826404" href="https://kuleuven.academia.edu/HildeDeWeerdt"><img alt="Profile image of Hilde De Weerdt" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/1826404/5825971/6619481/s65_hilde.de_weerdt.png" />Hilde De Weerdt</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">28 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 1640823; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=1640823"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">AI-generated Abstract</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This chapter explores the transformation of Chinese urban spaces and their socio-economic roles from the late Tang Dynasty through the Song Dynasty, detailing the fundamental differences between rural and urban areas as articulated in fiscal policy and societal perception. It highlights the significant changes in urban planning and commerce, particularly focusing on the city of Kaifeng, which showcased a departure from traditional city layouts to more public and commercially rich environments, amidst various socio-political pressures and military considerations.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":55983335,"attachmentType":"docx","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/1640823/2013_book_chapter_Chinese_Cities_600_1300_In_The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Cities_in_World_History_Ed_Peter_Clark_pp_292_308_Oxford_Oxford_University_Press_2013"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":55983335,"attachmentType":"docx","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/1640823/2013_book_chapter_Chinese_Cities_600_1300_In_The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Cities_in_World_History_Ed_Peter_Clark_pp_292_308_Oxford_Oxford_University_Press_2013"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Urbanization is viewed, as in much of the economic historical literature on the topic, as an indirect indicator of economic development and structural change. The development of the urban system can therefore tell us a lot about long-term trends in the Chinese economy between 1100 and 1900. During the Song the level of urbanization was high, also by international standards – the capital cities of the Song were probably the largest cities in the world. This remained so until the late Ming, but during the Qing there was a downward trend in the level of urbanization from 11–12% to 7% in the late 18th century, a level at which it remained until the early 1900s. 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The book under review, by Victor Cunrui Xiong, a highly prolific historian of early and medieval China, also ventures beyond metropolises such as Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin, and Guangzhou that offer foreign scholars fewer obstacles and well-established background knowledge. With a nod to Rome, Italy and to other Chinese cities, Xiong's historical study focuses on Luoyang from 1038 B.C.E. to 938 C.E.-the imperial and divine capital of thirteen Chinese dynasties on which the expanse of the Yi-Luo river basin converges. Located in the western part of today's Henan Province, Luoyang enjoyed strategic importance in history on the North China Plain. A work of diligence and sound intellect, Xiong's thorough book examines Luoyang's urban layout, landmark structures, demography, and administrative organization as well as its political, economic, social, religious, and cultural life before the eleventh century. The splendor of early Luoyang can only be imagined today. 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S . Sit</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Chinese City and Urbanism: Evolution and Development Victor F S Sit The purpose of this volume is to treat the progress of history, civilization and urban development of China together in order to demonstrate the unique qualities of Chinese civilization.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Chinese City and Urbanism","attachmentId":118486859,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/124219335/Chinese_City_and_Urbanism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/124219335/Chinese_City_and_Urbanism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="35527605" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35527605/Emerging_approaches_to_the_development_of_urbanization_in_early_China">Emerging approaches to the development of urbanization in early China</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5124446" href="https://stanford.academia.edu/TriciaOwlett">Tricia Owlett</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Archaeological Research in Asia</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Emerging approaches to the development of urbanization in early China","attachmentId":55392627,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35527605/Emerging_approaches_to_the_development_of_urbanization_in_early_China","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35527605/Emerging_approaches_to_the_development_of_urbanization_in_early_China"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="86106004" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/86106004/b4148_Chinese_History_and_Civilisation_An_Urban_Perspective_9_x6_2nd_Reading">b4148 Chinese History and Civilisation: An Urban Perspective 9"x6" 2nd Reading</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="55800800" href="https://independent.academia.edu/VsS3">Victor F . S . Sit</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Chinese History and Civilization, 2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The previous 12 chapters have traced the evolution of the Chinese city, taking it as the container as well as a critical factor in the development of civilisation in the country. As early agricultural cultures emerged in Neolithic times, permanent human settlements gradually appeared. In the early Longshan city-state period, China entered the legendary epoch of sage kings as represented by Yao and Shun. By 2500 BC, in the riverine of the mid Huanghe reach-Zhongyuan (中原), the regional culture advanced into the Huaxia civilisation leading to the founding of the early dynasties of Sandai (i.e. Xia, Shang, and Zhou). These were much more powerful empires of centralised rule than the former loose confederation of tribal states. It was a period of Chinese "feudalism". Then, "Di" (帝), the emperor appeared and was later referred to as the Son-of-Heaven in the Zhou Dynasty. Yet the territory directly administered by the Son-of-Heaven was still small compared to the vast expanse of China today. Most of the "rest of China" were directly ruled by semi-independent feudal lords. It was not until the Qin Dynasty that China became a genuine empire of centralised control, as the former feudal states were replaced by provinces (fu) and counties (xian) with their administrators assigned by the emperor. Thus, from Qin Dynasty until the present, with few exceptional periods such as the North South Dynasties, China has been a huge territorial state under centralised rule. Over the immense space of China, the multi-culture complex that started in the mid-Neolithic era had evolved, about 4,500 years ago,</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"b4148 Chinese History and Civilisation: An Urban Perspective 9\"x6\" 2nd Reading","attachmentId":90634816,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/86106004/b4148_Chinese_History_and_Civilisation_An_Urban_Perspective_9_x6_2nd_Reading","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/86106004/b4148_Chinese_History_and_Civilisation_An_Urban_Perspective_9_x6_2nd_Reading"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="21311050" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21311050/Four_Theses_in_the_Study_of_Chinas_Urbanization">Four Theses in the Study of China's Urbanization</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33293662" href="https://ubc.academia.edu/JohnFriedmann">John Friedmann</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article is written specifically for students of Chinese urbanization who are not sinologists. Four theses should inform their studies. The first is that China is an ancient urban civilization, but the processes we observe today are unprecedented. Thus, China's urbanization must be studied under this dual aspect, giving due to both historical continuities and the unique characteristics of our own era. The second thesis argues that urbanization is a set of multidimensional socio-spatial processes of at least seven different and overlapping dimensions, each with its own vocabulary and traditions of scholarship. The study of China's urbanization thus requires a trans-disciplinary approach. Thesis number three argues that urbanization involves rural-urban relations, but in contrast with many earlier studies, these relationships should be studied from an urban rather than rural perspective. 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