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Descending</option></select></div><div class="o-input__droplist1 c-sort__page-input"><label for="c-sort2">Show:</label><select name="rows" id="c-sort2" form="facetForm"><option selected="" value="10">10</option><option value="20">20</option><option value="30">30</option></select></div></div><input type="hidden" name="start" form="facetForm" value="0"/><nav class="c-pagination"><ul><li><a href="" aria-label="you are on result set 1" class="c-pagination__item--current">1</a></li><li><a href="" aria-label="go to result set 2" class="c-pagination__item">2</a></li><li><a href="" aria-label="go to result set 3" class="c-pagination__item">3</a></li></ul></nav></div><section class="c-scholworks"><div class="c-scholworks__main-column"><ul class="c-scholworks__tag-list"><li class="c-scholworks__tag-article">Article</li><li class="c-scholworks__tag-peer">Peer Reviewed</li></ul><div><h3 class="c-scholworks__heading"><a href="/uc/item/9z89s87g"><div class="c-clientmarkup">Maternal Peripartum Serum DDT/E and Urinary Pyrethroid Metabolite Concentrations and Child Infections at 2 Years in the VHEMBE Birth Cohort</div></a></h3></div><div class="c-authorlist"><ul class="c-authorlist__list"><li class="c-authorlist__begin"><a href="/search/?q=author%3AHuang%2C%20Jonathan">Huang, Jonathan</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3AEskenazi%2C%20Brenda">Eskenazi, Brenda</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3ABornman%2C%20Riana">Bornman, Riana</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3ARauch%2C%20Stephen">Rauch, Stephen</a>; </li><li class="c-authorlist__end"><a href="/search/?q=author%3AChevrier%2C%20Jonathan">Chevrier, Jonathan</a> </li></ul></div><div class="c-scholworks__publication"><a href="/uc/ucb_postprints">UC Berkeley Previously Published Works</a> (2018)</div><div class="c-scholworks__abstract"><div class="c-clientmarkup"><h3>Background</h3>Indoor residual spraying (IRS) of insecticides, conducted in low- and middle-income countries to control malaria, may result in high exposure to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), its breakdown product dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), or pyrethroids. Animal studies suggest <i>in utero</i> exposure to these chemicals may increase childhood infection frequency.<h3>Objectives</h3>We investigated associations between maternal DDT/E and pyrethroid metabolite concentration and child infection associations in an IRS setting in which susceptibility factors are common and infections are leading causes of child morbidity and mortality.<h3>Methods</h3>Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we measured serum DDT/E and urinary pyrethroid metabolite concentrations in peripartum samples from 674 women participating in the Venda Health Examination of Mother, Babies and their Environment (VHEMBE) study. Counts of persistent child fevers, otitis media, and severe sore throat between 1 and 2 y of age were ascertained from maternal interviews. Associations between DDT/E and pyrethroid metabolite concentrations and infections were estimated using zero-inflated Poisson regression. We estimated relative excess risks due to interaction (RERI) with poverty, maternal energy intake, and maternal HIV status.<h3>Results</h3>Concentrations of DDT/E, particularly <i>p,p'</i>-DDE, were associated with higher rates of persistent fevers [IRR=1.21 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.46)], for a 10-fold increase in <i>p,p'</i>-DDE). This association was stronger among children from households below versus above the South African food poverty line [IRR=1.31 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.59) vs. IRR=0.93 (95% CI: 0.69, 1.25), respectively] and for children whose mothers had insufficient versus sufficient caloric intake during pregnancy [IRR=1.30 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.58) vs. IRR=0.96 (95% CI: 0.72, 1.28), respectively].<h3>Conclusions</h3><i>In utero</i> IRS insecticide exposure may increase childhood infection rates. This was particularly apparent among children from poorer households or whose mothers had low energy intake during pregnancy. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2657.</div></div><div class="c-scholworks__media"><ul class="c-medialist"></ul></div></div><div class="c-scholworks__ancillary"><a class="c-scholworks__thumbnail" href="/uc/item/9z89s87g"><img src="/cms-assets/1a9d92afd112505f34c97dc426b5e3dd9d54abd1807c40737164142ce8117a3d" alt="Cover page: Maternal Peripartum Serum DDT/E and Urinary Pyrethroid Metabolite Concentrations and Child Infections at 2 Years in the VHEMBE Birth Cohort"/></a></div></section><section class="c-scholworks"><div class="c-scholworks__main-column"><ul class="c-scholworks__tag-list"><li class="c-scholworks__tag-article">Article</li><li class="c-scholworks__tag-peer">Peer Reviewed</li></ul><div><h3 class="c-scholworks__heading"><a href="/uc/item/7kt411jf"><div class="c-clientmarkup">Erratum: Maternal Peripartum Urinary Pyrethroid Metabolites are Associated with Thinner Children at 3.5 Years in the VHEMBE Birth Cohort (Limpopo, South Africa): Erratum.</div></a></h3></div><div class="c-authorlist"><ul class="c-authorlist__list"><li class="c-authorlist__begin"><a href="/search/?q=author%3AHuang%2C%20Jonathan">Huang, Jonathan</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3AEskenazi%2C%20Brenda">Eskenazi, Brenda</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3ABornman%2C%20Riana">Bornman, Riana</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3ARauch%2C%20Stephen">Rauch, Stephen</a>; </li><li class="c-authorlist__end"><a href="/search/?q=author%3AChevrier%2C%20Jonathan">Chevrier, Jonathan</a> </li></ul></div><div class="c-scholworks__publication"><a href="/uc/ucb_postprints">UC Berkeley Previously Published Works</a> (2020)</div><div class="c-scholworks__abstract"><div class="c-clientmarkup">[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1097/EE9.0000000000000026.].</div></div><div class="c-scholworks__media"><ul class="c-medialist"></ul></div></div><div class="c-scholworks__ancillary"><a class="c-scholworks__thumbnail" href="/uc/item/7kt411jf"><img src="/cms-assets/b1588b47849fb37e17c3c83a58549235b239145da37572fe13c31d8b26704395" alt="Cover page: Erratum: Maternal Peripartum Urinary Pyrethroid Metabolites are Associated with Thinner Children at 3.5 Years in the VHEMBE Birth Cohort (Limpopo, South Africa): Erratum."/></a></div></section><section class="c-scholworks"><div class="c-scholworks__main-column"><ul class="c-scholworks__tag-list"><li class="c-scholworks__tag-article">Article</li><li class="c-scholworks__tag-peer">Peer Reviewed</li></ul><div><h3 class="c-scholworks__heading"><a href="/uc/item/4v5185x8"><div class="c-clientmarkup">Exposure to DDT and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy among South African women from an indoor residual spraying region: The VHEMBE study</div></a></h3></div><div class="c-authorlist"><ul class="c-authorlist__list"><li class="c-authorlist__begin"><a href="/search/?q=author%3AMurray%2C%20Jennifer">Murray, Jennifer</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3AEskenazi%2C%20Brenda">Eskenazi, Brenda</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3ABornman%2C%20Riana">Bornman, Riana</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3AGaspar%2C%20Fraser%20W">Gaspar, Fraser W</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3ACrause%2C%20Madelein">Crause, Madelein</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3AObida%2C%20Muvhulawa">Obida, Muvhulawa</a>; </li><li class="c-authorlist__end"><a href="/search/?q=author%3AChevrier%2C%20Jonathan">Chevrier, Jonathan</a> </li></ul></div><div class="c-scholworks__publication"><a href="/uc/ucb_postprints">UC Berkeley Previously Published Works</a> (2018)</div><div class="c-scholworks__abstract"><div class="c-clientmarkup">Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS), the use of insecticides inside residences for malaria control, may cause elevated exposure to insecticides such as dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT). Evidence suggests that DDT exposure may increase blood pressure but no study has investigated associations with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) in an IRS area. We measured the serum concentration of DDT and its breakdown product dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethylene (DDE) at the time of delivery among 733 rural South African women participating in the Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies and their Environment (VHEMBE). We also collected data on HDP diagnosis through questionnaires administered to participants and medical record abstraction. We used multiple logistic regression models to examine the relation between DDT/E and HDP. p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE serum concentrations were associated with HDP based on self-report (OR = 1.50; 95%CI = 1.10, 2.03 for p,p'-DDT and OR = 1.58; 95%CI = 1.09, 2.28 for p,p'-DDE) and medical records (OR = 1.32; 95%CI = 0.99, 1.75 for p,p'-DDT and OR = 1.47; 95%CI = 1.03, 2.09 for p,p'-DDE). p,p'-DDE was also associated with gestational hypertension (OR = 1.44; 95% CI = 1.00, 2.07). Exposure to DDT and DDE may be associated with elevated risks of HDP in South African women residing in an area sprayed for malaria control.</div></div><div class="c-scholworks__media"><ul class="c-medialist"></ul></div></div><div class="c-scholworks__ancillary"><a class="c-scholworks__thumbnail" href="/uc/item/4v5185x8"><img src="/cms-assets/01832829a92cdcf062a5d629966f086d541dabd2eae8f62e6d7a9e736aade09f" alt="Cover page: Exposure to DDT and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy among South African women from an indoor residual spraying region: The VHEMBE study"/></a></div></section><section class="c-scholworks"><div class="c-scholworks__main-column"><ul class="c-scholworks__tag-list"><li class="c-scholworks__tag-article">Article</li><li class="c-scholworks__tag-peer">Peer Reviewed</li></ul><div><h3 class="c-scholworks__heading"><a href="/uc/item/3wz7633c"><div class="c-clientmarkup">A community-based education programme to reduce insecticide exposure from indoor residual spraying in Limpopo, South Africa</div></a></h3></div><div class="c-authorlist"><ul class="c-authorlist__list"><li class="c-authorlist__begin"><a href="/search/?q=author%3AEskenazi%2C%20Brenda">Eskenazi, Brenda</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3ALevine%2C%20David%20I">Levine, David I</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3ARauch%2C%20Stephen">Rauch, Stephen</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3AObida%2C%20Muvhulawa">Obida, Muvhulawa</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3ACrause%2C%20Madelein">Crause, Madelein</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3ABornman%2C%20Riana">Bornman, Riana</a>; </li><li class="c-authorlist__end"><a href="/search/?q=author%3AChevrier%2C%20Jonathan">Chevrier, Jonathan</a> </li></ul></div><div class="c-scholworks__publication"><a href="/uc/berkeleylibrary_brii">Berkeley Research Impact Initiative (BRII)</a> (2019)</div><div class="c-scholworks__abstract"><div class="c-clientmarkup"><p>Background</p><p>Indoor residual spraying (IRS), the coating of interior walls of houses with insecticides, is common in malaria-endemic areas. While important in malaria control, IRS potentially exposes residents to harmful insecticides. The World Health Organization recommends steps to minimize exposure; however, no programme has focused on educating populations.</p><p>Methods</p><p>A dramatic presentation and song were developed by study personnel and performed by lay performers in order to spread awareness of the importance of IRS and to minimize insecticide exposure. Performances were staged at 16 sprayed villages in the Vhembe District of Limpopo, South Africa, at which 592 attendees completed short questionnaires before and after the performance about behaviors that might limit insecticide exposure. Overall indices of the attendees’ change in knowledge of precautions to take prior to and after spraying to prevent insecticide exposure were analyzed using hierarchical mixed models to assess the effect of the performance on change in participants’ knowledge.</p><p>Results</p><p>Approximately half of attendees lived in homes that had been sprayed for malaria and 62% were female. Over 90% thought it better to allow IRS prior to the presentation, but knowledge of proper precautions to prevent exposure was low. The proportion answering correctly about proper distance from home during spraying increased from 49.4% pre-performance to 62.0% post-performance (RR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.13, 1.41), and the proportion reporting correctly about home re-entry interval after spraying increased from 58.5 to 91.1% (RR = 1.54, 95% CI 1.35, 1.77). Attendees improved in their knowledge about precautions to take prior to and after spraying from mean of 57.9% correct to a mean of 69.7% (β = 12.1%, 95% CI 10.9, 13.4). Specifically, increased knowledge in closing cupboards, removing food and bedding from the home, covering immoveable items with plastic, and leading animals away from the home prior to spraying were observed, as was increased knowledge in sweeping the floors, proper disposal of dead insects, and discarding dirty washrags after spraying.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>A dramatic presentation and song were able to increase the attendees’ knowledge of precautions to take prior to and after spraying in order to limit their insecticide exposure resulting from IRS. This approach to community education is promising and deserves additional study.</p></div></div><div class="c-scholworks__media"><ul class="c-medialist"></ul></div></div></section><section class="c-scholworks"><div class="c-scholworks__main-column"><ul class="c-scholworks__tag-list"><li class="c-scholworks__tag-article">Article</li><li class="c-scholworks__tag-peer">Peer Reviewed</li></ul><div><h3 class="c-scholworks__heading"><a href="/uc/item/0nb7w8cd"><div class="c-clientmarkup">Prenatal Exposure to Insecticides and Weight Trajectories Among South African Children in the VHEMBE Birth Cohort</div></a></h3></div><div class="c-authorlist"><ul class="c-authorlist__list"><li class="c-authorlist__begin"><a href="/search/?q=author%3AKim%2C%20Joanne">Kim, Joanne</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3AYang%2C%20Seungmi">Yang, Seungmi</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3AMoodie%2C%20Erica%20EM">Moodie, Erica EM</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3AObida%2C%20Muvhulawa">Obida, Muvhulawa</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3ABornman%2C%20Riana">Bornman, Riana</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3AEskenazi%2C%20Brenda">Eskenazi, Brenda</a>; </li><li class="c-authorlist__end"><a href="/search/?q=author%3AChevrier%2C%20Jonathan">Chevrier, Jonathan</a> </li></ul></div><div class="c-scholworks__publication"><a href="/uc/ucb_postprints">UC Berkeley Previously Published Works</a> (2022)</div><div class="c-scholworks__abstract"><div class="c-clientmarkup"><h3>Background</h3>Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) or pyrethroid insecticides are sprayed inside dwellings for malaria vector control, resulting in high exposure to millions of people, including pregnant women. These chemicals disrupt endocrine function and may affect child growth. To our knowledge, few studies have investigated the potential impact of prenatal exposure to DDT or pyrethroids on growth trajectories.<h3>Methods</h3>We investigated associations between gestational insecticide exposure and child growth trajectories in the Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies and their Environment, a birth cohort of 751 children born between 2012 and 2013 in South Africa. Based on child weight measured at follow-up and abstracted from medical records, we modeled weight trajectories from birth to 5 years using SuperImposition, Translation and Rotation, which estimated two child-specific parameters: size (average weight) and tempo (age at peak weight velocity). We estimated associations between peripartum maternal concentrations of serum DDT, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, or urinary pyrethroid metabolites and SuperImposition, Translation and Rotation parameters using marginal structural models.<h3>Results</h3>We observed that a 10-fold increase in maternal concentrations of the pyrethroid metabolite trans-3-(2,2,-dicholorvinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane carboxylic acid was associated with a 21g (95% confidence interval = -40, -1.6) smaller size among boys but found no association among girls (Pinteraction = 0.07). Estimates suggested that pyrethroids may be associated with earlier tempo but were imprecise. We observed no association with serum DDT or dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene.<h3>Conclusions</h3>Inverse associations between pyrethroids and weight trajectory parameters among boys are consistent with hypothesized disruption of androgen pathways and with our previous research in this population, and support the endocrine-disrupting potential of pyrethroids in humans.</div></div><div class="c-scholworks__media"><ul class="c-medialist"></ul></div></div><div class="c-scholworks__ancillary"><a class="c-scholworks__thumbnail" href="/uc/item/0nb7w8cd"><img src="/cms-assets/ff7a03773b2131e3bebc25abb94c1ead382d6e53c6d593b9adccf7d21aba9445" alt="Cover page: Prenatal Exposure to Insecticides and Weight Trajectories Among South African Children in the VHEMBE Birth Cohort"/></a></div></section><section class="c-scholworks"><div class="c-scholworks__main-column"><ul class="c-scholworks__tag-list"><li class="c-scholworks__tag-article">Article</li><li class="c-scholworks__tag-peer">Peer Reviewed</li></ul><div><h3 class="c-scholworks__heading"><a href="/uc/item/0r66h0gs"><div class="c-clientmarkup">Seasonality of antenatal care attendance, maternal dietary intake, and fetal growth in the VHEMBE birth cohort, South Africa</div></a></h3></div><div class="c-authorlist"><ul class="c-authorlist__list"><li class="c-authorlist__begin"><a href="/search/?q=author%3AFahey%2C%20Carolyn%20A">Fahey, Carolyn A</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3AChevrier%2C%20Jonathan">Chevrier, Jonathan</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3ACrause%2C%20Madelein">Crause, Madelein</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3AObida%2C%20Muvhulawa">Obida, Muvhulawa</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3ABornman%2C%20Riana">Bornman, Riana</a>; </li><li class="c-authorlist__end"><a href="/search/?q=author%3AEskenazi%2C%20Brenda">Eskenazi, Brenda</a> </li></ul></div><div class="c-scholworks__publication"><a href="/uc/berkeleylibrary_brii">Berkeley Research Impact Initiative (BRII)</a> (2019)</div><div class="c-scholworks__abstract"><div class="c-clientmarkup"><p>Background </p><p>Seasonality of food availability, physical activity, and infections commonly occurs within rural communities in low and middle-income countries with distinct rainy seasons. To better understand the implications of these regularly occurring environmental stressors for maternal and child health, this study examined seasonal variation in nutrition and health care access of pregnant women and infants in rural South Africa.</p><p> Methods </p><p>We analyzed data from the Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies and their Environment (VHEMBE) birth cohort study of 752 mother-infant pairs recruited at delivery from August 2012 to December 2013 in the Vhembe District of Limpopo Province, the northernmost region of South Africa. We used truncated Fourier series regression to assess seasonality of antenatal care (ANC) attendance, dietary intake, and birth size. We additionally regressed ANC attendance on daily rainfall values. Models included adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics.</p><p> Results </p><p>Maternal ANC attendance, dietary composition, and infant birth size exhibited significant seasonal variation in both unadjusted and adjusted analyses. Adequate frequency of ANC attendance during pregnancy (≥ 4 visits) was highest among women delivering during the gardening season and lowest during the lean (rainy) season. High rainfall during the third trimester was also negatively associated with adequate ANC attendance (adjusted OR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.40, 0.86). Carbohydrate intake declined during the harvest season and increased during the vegetable gardening and lean seasons, while fat intake followed the opposite trend. Infant birth weight, length, and head circumference z-scores peaked following the gardening season and were lowest after the harvest season. Maternal protein intake and ANC ≤ 12 weeks did not significantly vary by season or rainfall.</p><p> Conclusions </p><p>Seasonal patterns were apparent in ANC utilization, dietary intake, and fetal growth in rural South Africa. Interventions to promote maternal and child health in similar settings should consider seasonal factors.</p></div></div><div class="c-scholworks__media"><ul class="c-medialist"></ul></div></div></section><section class="c-scholworks"><div class="c-scholworks__main-column"><ul class="c-scholworks__tag-list"><li class="c-scholworks__tag-article">Article</li><li class="c-scholworks__tag-peer">Peer Reviewed</li></ul><div><h3 class="c-scholworks__heading"><a href="/uc/item/9hf4375c"><div class="c-clientmarkup">Early-life exposure to p,p′-DDT and p,p′-DDE in South African children participating in the VHEMBE study: An assessment using repeated serum measurements and pharmacokinetic modeling</div></a></h3></div><div class="c-authorlist"><ul class="c-authorlist__list"><li class="c-authorlist__begin"><a href="/search/?q=author%3AVerner%2C%20Marc-Andr%C3%A9">Verner, Marc-André</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3AChevrier%2C%20Jonathan">Chevrier, Jonathan</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3ANgueta%2C%20G%C3%A9rard">Ngueta, Gérard</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3ARauch%2C%20Stephen">Rauch, Stephen</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3ABornman%2C%20Riana">Bornman, Riana</a>; </li><li class="c-authorlist__end"><a href="/search/?q=author%3AEskenazi%2C%20Brenda">Eskenazi, Brenda</a> </li></ul></div><div class="c-scholworks__publication"><a href="/uc/ucb_postprints">UC Berkeley Previously Published Works</a> (2018)</div><div class="c-scholworks__abstract"><div class="c-clientmarkup"><h3>Background</h3>The World Health Organization recommends indoor residual spraying (IRS) of insecticides (including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane [DDT]) to fight malaria vectors in endemic countries. There is limited information on children's exposure to DDT in sprayed areas, and tools to estimate early-life exposure have not been thoroughly evaluated in this context.<h3>Objectives</h3>To document serum p,p'-DDT/E levels in 47 mothers and children participating in the Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies and their Environment (VHEMBE), a study conducted in an area where IRS insecticides are used annually, and to evaluate the precision and accuracy of a published pharmacokinetic model for the estimation of children's p,p'-DDT/E levels.<h3>Methods</h3>p,p'-DDT/E levels were measured in maternal serum at delivery, and in children's serum at 12 and 24 months of age. A pharmacokinetic model of gestational and lactational exposure was used to estimate children's p,p'-DDT/E levels during pregnancy and the first two years of life, and estimated levels were compared to measured levels.<h3>Results</h3>The geometric means of children's serum p,p'-DDT/E levels at 12 and 24 months were higher than those of maternal serum levels. Regression models of measured children's p,p'-DDT/E levels vs. levels estimated with the pharmacokinetic model (which only accounted for children's exposure through placental transfer and breastfeeding) had coefficients of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) ranging from 0.75 to 0.82. Estimated p,p'-DDE levels were not significantly different from measured levels, whereas p,p'-DDT levels were overestimated by 36% at 12 months, and 51% at 24 months.<h3>Conclusion</h3>Results indicate that children living in a sprayed area have serum p,p'-DDT/E levels exceeding their mothers' during the first two years of life. The pharmacokinetic model may be useful to estimate children's levels in the VHEMBE population.</div></div><div class="c-scholworks__media"><ul class="c-medialist"></ul></div></div><div class="c-scholworks__ancillary"><a class="c-scholworks__thumbnail" href="/uc/item/9hf4375c"><img src="/cms-assets/9b82be2b0f5ee33c18f93960d3bb23e6a1b750e5e2935ba6eee1447c3c395f8f" alt="Cover page: Early-life exposure to p,p′-DDT and p,p′-DDE in South African children participating in the VHEMBE study: An assessment using repeated serum measurements and pharmacokinetic modeling"/></a></div></section><section class="c-scholworks"><div class="c-scholworks__main-column"><ul class="c-scholworks__tag-list"><li class="c-scholworks__tag-article">Article</li><li class="c-scholworks__tag-peer">Peer Reviewed</li></ul><div><h3 class="c-scholworks__heading"><a href="/uc/item/6460v3s3"><div class="c-clientmarkup">In-utero exposure to DDT and pyrethroids and child behavioral and emotional problems at 2 years of age in the VHEMBE cohort, South Africa</div></a></h3></div><div class="c-authorlist"><ul class="c-authorlist__list"><li class="c-authorlist__begin"><a href="/search/?q=author%3AAn%2C%20Sookee">An, Sookee</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3ARauch%2C%20Stephen%20A">Rauch, Stephen A</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3AMaphula%2C%20Angelina">Maphula, Angelina</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3AObida%2C%20Muvhulawa">Obida, Muvhulawa</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3AKogut%2C%20Katherine">Kogut, Katherine</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3ABornman%2C%20Riana">Bornman, Riana</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3AChevrier%2C%20Jonathan">Chevrier, Jonathan</a>; </li><li class="c-authorlist__end"><a href="/search/?q=author%3AEskenazi%2C%20Brenda">Eskenazi, Brenda</a> </li></ul></div><div class="c-scholworks__publication"><a href="/uc/ucb_postprints">UC Berkeley Previously Published Works</a> (2022)</div><div class="c-scholworks__abstract"><div class="c-clientmarkup"><h3>Background</h3>Half the world's population is at risk for malaria. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) with insecticides has been effective in controlling malaria, yet the potential neurotoxicity of these insecticides is of concern, particularly for infants exposed in utero.<h3>Objectives</h3>To determine the association of prenatal exposure to DDT/DDE and pyrethroid insecticides and behavioral/emotional problems in two-year-old children.<h3>Methods</h3>The Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies and their Environment (VHEMBE) birth cohort in South Africa, measured concentrations of p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE in maternal serum and pyrethroid metabolites (cis-DBCA, cis-DCCA, trans-DCCA, and 3-PBA) in maternal urine collected during pregnancy. At 2 years, 683 mothers were interviewed about their children's behavior and emotional development, using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). We examined associations between behavioral or emotional problems and biomarkers of prenatal insecticide exposure.<h3>Results</h3>Maternal serum p,p'-DDT concentrations were associated with heightened withdrawn behavior in 2-year olds, with a 0.24 increase in raw scores (95%CI = 0.00, 0.49) and a 12% increase (95%CI = 1.01, 1.23) in risk of being at or above the borderline-clinical level, per 10-fold increase in concentrations. Ten-fold increases in p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE were related to 30% (RR = 1.30; 95%CI = 1.01, 1.67) and 39% (RR = 1.39; 95%CI =1.01, 1.91) higher risks, respectively, for increased oppositional-defiant behavior. p,p'-DDE concentrations were also related to increased risk of ADHD-related problems (RR = 1.30; 95%CI = 0.98, 1.72). Maternal urinary concentrations of cis-DBCA and 3-PBA were associated with increased risk of externalizing behaviors (RR = 1.30; 95%CI = 1.05, 1.62; RR = 1.35, 95%CI = 1.03, 1.78 per 10-fold increase, respectively), with some evidence of an association between cis-DBCA and affective disorders (RR = 1.25; 95%CI = 0.99, 1.56). Some associations with maternal pyrethroid concentrations were stronger in girls than boys.<h3>Conclusions</h3>Prenatal exposure to DDT and pyrethroid insecticides may be associated with maternally-reported behavioral problems in two-year-old children. Given their long history and continued use, further investigation is warranted.</div></div><div class="c-scholworks__media"><ul class="c-medialist"></ul></div></div><div class="c-scholworks__ancillary"><a class="c-scholworks__thumbnail" href="/uc/item/6460v3s3"><img src="/cms-assets/1e3195a47c6f61fa98f9eb90705b6d79f241cb2ed755ab545db7a190cf6da4b9" alt="Cover page: In-utero exposure to DDT and pyrethroids and child behavioral and emotional problems at 2 years of age in the VHEMBE cohort, South Africa"/></a></div></section><section class="c-scholworks"><div class="c-scholworks__main-column"><ul class="c-scholworks__tag-list"><li class="c-scholworks__tag-article">Article</li><li class="c-scholworks__tag-peer">Peer Reviewed</li></ul><div><h3 class="c-scholworks__heading"><a href="/uc/item/9vq824px"><div class="c-clientmarkup">Association between prenatal exposure to multiple insecticides and child body weight and body composition in the VHEMBE South African birth cohort</div></a></h3></div><div class="c-authorlist"><ul class="c-authorlist__list"><li class="c-authorlist__begin"><a href="/search/?q=author%3ACoker%2C%20Eric">Coker, Eric</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3AChevrier%2C%20Jonathan">Chevrier, Jonathan</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3ARauch%2C%20Stephen">Rauch, Stephen</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3ABradman%2C%20Asa">Bradman, Asa</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3AObida%2C%20Muvhulawa">Obida, Muvhulawa</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3ACrause%2C%20Madelein">Crause, Madelein</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3ABornman%2C%20Riana">Bornman, Riana</a>; </li><li class="c-authorlist__end"><a href="/search/?q=author%3AEskenazi%2C%20Brenda">Eskenazi, Brenda</a> </li></ul></div><div class="c-scholworks__publication"><a href="/uc/ucb_postprints">UC Berkeley Previously Published Works</a> (2018)</div><div class="c-scholworks__abstract"><div class="c-clientmarkup"><h3>Background</h3>Pregnant women may be co-exposed to multiple insecticides in regions where both pyrethroids and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) are used for indoor residual spraying (IRS) for malaria control. Despite the potential for adverse effects on offspring, there are few studies in areas where IRS is currently used and little is known about the effects of pyrethroids on children's health.<h3>Methods</h3>We investigated the relationship between concentrations of four urinary pyrethroid metabolites in urine and organochlorine pesticide concentrations in maternal blood collected near delivery on body weight and body composition among children ≤2 years old participating in the prospective South Africa VHEMBE birth cohort (N = 708). We used measurements of length/height and weight collected at 1 and 2 years of age to calculate body mass index (BMI)-for-age, weight-for-age, and weight-for-height z-scores based on World Health Organization standards. We fit separate single-pollutant mixed effects models for each exposure of interest and also stratified by sex. We also fit all analyte concentrations jointly by using a Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) statistical method to assess variable importance of each analyte and to explore the potential for joint effects of the multiple exposures.<h3>Results</h3>Single-pollutant linear mixed effects models showed that, among girls only, p,p'-DDT was associated with higher BMI-for-age (adjusted [a]β = 0.22 [95% CI: 0.10, 0.35]; sex interaction p-value = 0.001), weight-for-height (aβ = 0.22 [95% CI: 0.09, 0.34]; sex interaction p-value = 0.002), and weight-for-age (aβ = 0.17 [95% CI: 0.05, 0.29], sex interaction p-value = 0.01). Although single-pollutant models suggested that p,p'-DDT and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) were also associated with these outcomes in girls, p,p'-DDE was no longer associated in multi-pollutant models with BKMR. The pyrethroid metabolites cis-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylicacid (cis-DBCA) and trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (trans-DCCA) were inversely related to BMI-for-age and weight-for-height overall; however, results suggested that weight-for-age and weight-for-height associations for trans-DCCA (sex interaction p-value<sub>weight-for-age</sub> = 0.02; p-value<sub>weight-for-height</sub> = 0.13) and cis-DCCA (sex interaction p-value<sub>weight-for-age</sub> = 0.02; p-value<sub>weight-for-height</sub> = 0.08) were strongest and most consistent in boys relative to girls. BKMR also revealed joint effects from the chemical mixture. For instance, with increased concentrations of p,p'-DDE, the negative exposure-response relationship for cis-DBCA on BMI-for-age became steeper.<h3>Conclusions</h3>Our single-pollutant and multi-pollutant model results show that maternal serum p,p'-DDT concentration was consistently and positively associated with body composition and body weight in young girls and that maternal urinary pyrethroid metabolite concentrations (particularly cis-DBCA and trans-DCCA) were negatively associated with body weight and body composition in young boys. Joint effects of the insecticide exposure mixture were also apparent, underscoring the importance of using advanced statistical methods to examine the health effects of chemical mixtures.</div></div><div class="c-scholworks__media"><ul class="c-medialist"></ul></div></div><div class="c-scholworks__ancillary"><a class="c-scholworks__thumbnail" href="/uc/item/9vq824px"><img src="/cms-assets/e2aef8d05063e8a42a4b399ce66093491deac8dd4ea24600aba38843b073b35c" alt="Cover page: Association between prenatal exposure to multiple insecticides and child body weight and body composition in the VHEMBE South African birth cohort"/></a></div></section><section class="c-scholworks"><div class="c-scholworks__main-column"><ul class="c-scholworks__tag-list"><li class="c-scholworks__tag-article">Article</li><li class="c-scholworks__tag-peer">Peer Reviewed</li></ul><div><h3 class="c-scholworks__heading"><a href="/uc/item/60p586fh"><div class="c-clientmarkup">Associations of Maternal Exposure to Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and Pyrethroids With Birth Outcomes Among Participants in the Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies and Their Environment Residing in an Area Sprayed for Malaria Control</div></a></h3></div><div class="c-authorlist"><ul class="c-authorlist__list"><li class="c-authorlist__begin"><a href="/search/?q=author%3AChevrier%2C%20Jonathan">Chevrier, Jonathan</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3ARauch%2C%20Stephen">Rauch, Stephen</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3ACrause%2C%20Madelein">Crause, Madelein</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3AObida%2C%20Muvhulawa">Obida, Muvhulawa</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3AGaspar%2C%20Fraser">Gaspar, Fraser</a>; </li><li><a href="/search/?q=author%3ABornman%2C%20Riana">Bornman, Riana</a>; </li><li class="c-authorlist__end"><a href="/search/?q=author%3AEskenazi%2C%20Brenda">Eskenazi, Brenda</a> </li></ul></div><div class="c-scholworks__publication"><a href="/uc/ucb_postprints">UC Berkeley Previously Published Works</a> (2019)</div><div class="c-scholworks__abstract"><div class="c-clientmarkup">Although effective in controlling malaria, indoor residual spraying results in elevated exposure to insecticides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and pyrethroids. These chemicals cross the placenta, but no studies have examined their associations with birth outcomes in populations residing in indoor residual spraying areas. We investigated this question in the Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies and Their Environment (VHEMBE), a birth cohort study of 751 South African children born between 2012 and 2013. We measured maternal peripartum serum DDT and urine pyrethroid metabolite concentrations and collected data on birth weight, length, head circumference, and duration of gestation. We analyzed the data using marginal structural models with inverse-probability-of-treatment weights, generalized propensity scores, and standard conditional linear regression. Using all 3 analytical methods, p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, and to a lesser extent p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene were related to elevated birth weight, birth length, and head circumference among girls. Changes in gestational duration did not mediate this relationship, suggesting that these exposures accelerate fetal growth, which is consistent with the known estrogenic properties of o,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDT. No associations with pyrethroid metabolites were found. Results suggest that prenatal exposure to DDT is related to elevated birth size. Further studies are needed to elucidate the implications of these findings.</div></div><div class="c-scholworks__media"><ul class="c-medialist"></ul></div></div><div class="c-scholworks__ancillary"><a class="c-scholworks__thumbnail" href="/uc/item/60p586fh"><img src="/cms-assets/918c624ddf073711c54e5f18644a1f87de14fd42896761896391478e3f2f1d35" alt="Cover page: Associations of Maternal Exposure to Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and Pyrethroids With Birth Outcomes Among Participants in the Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies and Their Environment Residing in an Area Sprayed for Malaria Control"/></a></div></section><nav class="c-pagination"><ul><li><a href="" aria-label="you are on result set 1" class="c-pagination__item--current">1</a></li><li><a href="" aria-label="go to result set 2" class="c-pagination__item">2</a></li><li><a href="" aria-label="go to result set 3" class="c-pagination__item">3</a></li></ul></nav></section></main></form></div><div><div class="c-toplink"><a href="javascript:window.scrollTo(0, 0)">Top</a></div><footer class="c-footer"><nav class="c-footer__nav"><ul><li><a href="/">Home</a></li><li><a href="/aboutEschol">About eScholarship</a></li><li><a href="/campuses">Campus Sites</a></li><li><a href="/ucoapolicies">UC Open Access Policy</a></li><li><a href="/publishing">eScholarship Publishing</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cdlib.org/about/accessibility.html">Accessibility</a></li><li><a href="/privacypolicy">Privacy Statement</a></li><li><a href="/policies">Site Policies</a></li><li><a href="/terms">Terms of Use</a></li><li><a href="/login"><strong>Admin Login</strong></a></li><li><a href="https://help.escholarship.org"><strong>Help</strong></a></li></ul></nav><div class="c-footer__logo"><a href="/"><img class="c-lazyimage" data-src="/images/logo_footer-eschol.svg" alt="eScholarship, University of California"/></a></div><div class="c-footer__copyright">Powered by the<br/><a href="http://www.cdlib.org">California Digital Library</a><br/>Copyright © 2017<br/>The Regents of the University of California</div></footer></div></div></div></div> <script src="/js/vendors~app-bundle-7424603c338d723fd773.js"></script> <script src="/js/app-bundle-63f992b6abba5f8338a3.js"></script> </body> </html>