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<span>Biology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adaptations_to_low_oxygen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptations_to_low_oxygen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Adaptations to low oxygen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptations_to_low_oxygen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrient_uptake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrient_uptake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Nutrient uptake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrient_uptake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limiting_salt_intake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limiting_salt_intake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Limiting salt intake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limiting_salt_intake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limiting_water_loss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limiting_water_loss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Limiting water loss</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limiting_water_loss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filtration_of_seawater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filtration_of_seawater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Filtration of seawater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filtration_of_seawater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Increasing_survival_of_offspring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increasing_survival_of_offspring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Increasing survival of offspring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increasing_survival_of_offspring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy_and_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy_and_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Taxonomy and evolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy_and_evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Taxonomy and evolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy_and_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-True_mangroves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#True_mangroves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>True mangroves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-True_mangroves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_mangroves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_mangroves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Other mangroves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_mangroves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Species_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Species distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mangrove_forests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mangrove_forests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mangrove forests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mangrove_forests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mangrove_microbiome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mangrove_microbiome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mangrove microbiome</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mangrove_microbiome-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mangrove microbiome subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mangrove_microbiome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Root_microbiome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Root_microbiome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Root microbiome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Root_microbiome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suggestions_for_future_mangrove_microbial_diversity_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suggestions_for_future_mangrove_microbial_diversity_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Suggestions for future mangrove microbial diversity research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suggestions_for_future_mangrove_microbial_diversity_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mangrove_virome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mangrove_virome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Mangrove virome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mangrove_virome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genome_sequencing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genome_sequencing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Genome sequencing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genome_sequencing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mangrove</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 90 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">90 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wortelboom" title="Wortelboom – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wortelboom" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أيكة ساحلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أيكة ساحلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglar" title="Manglar – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Manglar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manqrov" title="Manqrov – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Manqrov" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD" title="ম্যানগ্রোভ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ম্যানগ্রোভ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Мангры – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мангры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5" title="मैंग्रोव – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मैंग्रोव" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakawan" title="Bakawan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bakawan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Мангрови гори – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мангрови гори" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mangrove" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangle" title="Mangle – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mangle" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Мангров – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мангров" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrovy" title="Mangrovy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mangrovy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrof" title="Mangrof – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mangrof" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mangrove" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove_(Baum)" title="Mangrove (Baum) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mangrove (Baum)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%91%DE%AB" title="ކަނޑޫ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކަނޑޫ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangroov" title="Mangroov – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mangroov" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%B4%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Μαγκρόβιο δάσος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαγκρόβιο δάσος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangle" title="Mangle – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mangle" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrovo" title="Mangrovo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mangrovo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangle" title="Mangle – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mangle" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88" title="مانگرو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مانگرو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A9tuvier" title="Palétuvier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Palétuvier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mangrove" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangr%C3%B3bh" title="Mangróbh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mangróbh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Mangrove" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangleiro" title="Mangleiro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mangleiro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%B9%EA%B7%B8%EB%A1%9C%EB%B8%8C" title="맹그로브 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="맹그로브" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5" title="मैन्ग्रोव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मैन्ग्रोव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrowa" title="Mangrowa – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Mangrowa" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0uma_mangrova" title="Šuma mangrova – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šuma mangrova" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27ayuwa_Tangalo" title="O'ayuwa Tangalo – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="O'ayuwa Tangalo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mangrove" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%C3%A6" title="Мангровæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мангровæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiruvi%C3%B0ur" title="Leiruviður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Leiruviður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrovia" title="Mangrovia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mangrovia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מנגרובים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנגרובים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alas_bakau" title="Alas bakau – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alas bakau" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮ್ಯಾಂಗ್ರೋವ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮ್ಯಾಂಗ್ರೋವ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მანგროს ტყეები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მანგროს ტყეები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80" title="Мангр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мангр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mkoko" title="Mkoko – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mkoko" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangwov" title="Mangwov – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mangwov" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangle" title="Mangle – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mangle" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangroves" title="Mangroves – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mangroves" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrov%C4%97" title="Mangrovė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mangrovė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove_(fa)" title="Mangrove (fa) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mangrove (fa)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Мангрови – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мангрови" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honko" title="Honko – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Honko" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="കണ്ടൽക്കാട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കണ്ടൽക്കാട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="खारफुटी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="खारफुटी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakau" title="Bakau – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bakau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Мангров ой – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мангров ой" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC" title="လမုတော – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လမုတော" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mangrove" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC" title="म्याङ्ग्रोब – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="म्याङ्ग्रोब" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96" title="マングローブ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マングローブ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangroowenbuum" title="Mangroowenbuum – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mangroowenbuum" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mangrove" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mangrove" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangr%C3%B2va" title="Mangròva – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mangròva" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਜਵਾਰੀ ਬੇਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਵਾਰੀ ਬੇਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88" title="مینگروو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مینگروو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D8%B1%D9%88" title="مانګرو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مانګرو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namorzyny" title="Namorzyny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Namorzyny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manguezal" title="Manguezal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Manguezal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrov%C4%83" title="Mangrovă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mangrovă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Мангры – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мангры" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83" title="कच्छवनस्पतियुक्तभूमिः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कच्छवनस्पतियुक्तभूमिः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1" title="ක‍ඩොලාන – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ක‍ඩොලාන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mangrove" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrovn%C3%ADk_(typ_stromu)" title="Mangrovník (typ stromu) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mangrovník (typ stromu)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mangrove" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Мангрове – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мангрове" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mangrove" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mangrove" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mangrove" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="அலையாத்தித் தாவரங்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அலையாத்தித் தாவரங்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99" title="ป่าชายเลน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ป่าชายเลน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrov" title="Mangrov – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mangrov" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81" title="Мангровий ліс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мангровий ліс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF" title="چمرنگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چمرنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faexhoengz_henzhaij" title="Faexhoengz henzhaij – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Faexhoengz henzhaij" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Shrub growing in brackish water</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mangrove (disambiguation)">Mangrove (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sonneratia_alba_-_Manado_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Sonneratia_alba_-_Manado_%282%29.JPG/290px-Sonneratia_alba_-_Manado_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="435" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Sonneratia_alba_-_Manado_%282%29.JPG/435px-Sonneratia_alba_-_Manado_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Sonneratia_alba_-_Manado_%282%29.JPG/580px-Sonneratia_alba_-_Manado_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2801" data-file-height="4202" /></a><figcaption>Mangroves are hardy shrubs and trees that thrive in salt water and have specialised adaptations so they can survive the volatile energies of <a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">intertidal zones</a> along marine coasts.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>mangrove</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrub</a> or tree that grows mainly in coastal <a href="/wiki/Saline_water" title="Saline water">saline</a> or <a href="/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">brackish water</a>. Mangroves grow in an equatorial climate, typically along coastlines and <a href="/wiki/Tidal_river" title="Tidal river">tidal rivers</a>. They have particular adaptations to take in extra oxygen and remove salt, allowing them to tolerate conditions that kill most plants. The term is also used for tropical coastal vegetation consisting of such species. Mangroves are taxonomically diverse due to convergent evolution in several plant families. They occur worldwide in the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropics</a> and even some <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> coastal areas, mainly between latitudes 30° N and 30° S, with the greatest mangrove area within 5° of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Giri2010_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giri2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Friess_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friess-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mangrove plant families first appeared during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> to <a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a> epochs and became widely distributed in part due to the <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">movement of tectonic plates</a>. The oldest known fossils of <a href="/wiki/Nypa_fruticans" title="Nypa fruticans">mangrove palm</a> date to 75 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Friess_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friess-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mangroves are salt-tolerant (<a href="/wiki/Halophyte" title="Halophyte">halophytic</a>) and are adapted to live in harsh coastal conditions. They contain a complex salt filtration system and a complex root system to cope with saltwater immersion and wave action. They are adapted to the <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">low-oxygen</a> conditions of waterlogged mud,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but are most likely to thrive in the upper half of the <a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">intertidal zone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmer_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mangrove <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biome</a>, often called the <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">mangrove forest</a> or mangal, is a distinct saline <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodland</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shrubland" title="Shrubland">shrubland</a> habitat characterized by <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_depositional_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentary depositional environment">depositional</a> coastal environments, where fine sediments (often with high organic content) collect in areas protected from high-energy wave action. Mangrove forests serve as vital habitats for a diverse array of aquatic species, offering a unique ecosystem that supports the intricate interplay of marine life and terrestrial vegetation. The saline conditions tolerated by various mangrove species range from brackish water, through pure seawater (3 to 4% salinity), to water concentrated by evaporation to over twice the salinity of ocean seawater (up to 9% salinity).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Primavera_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Primavera-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in 2010, <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a> technologies and global data have been used to assess areas, conditions and <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> rates of mangroves around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Bunting_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunting-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Giri2010_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giri2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Friess_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friess-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, the Global Mangrove Watch Initiative released a new global baseline which estimates the total mangrove forest area of the world as of 2010 at 137,600 km<sup>2</sup> (53,100 sq mi), spanning 118 countries and territories.<sup id="cite_ref-Friess_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friess-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bunting_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunting-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2022 study on losses and gains of tidal wetlands estimates a 3,700 km<sup>2</sup> (1,400 sq mi) net decrease in global mangrove extent from 1999 to 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mangrove loss continues due to human activity, with a global annual deforestation rate estimated at 0.16%, and per-country rates as high as 0.70%. Degradation in quality of remaining mangroves is also an important concern.<sup id="cite_ref-Friess_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friess-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is interest in <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_restoration" title="Mangrove restoration">mangrove restoration</a> for several reasons. Mangroves support sustainable coastal and marine ecosystems. They protect nearby areas from <a href="/wiki/Tsunamis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsunamis">tsunamis</a> and extreme weather events. Mangrove forests are also effective at <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a> and storage.<sup id="cite_ref-Friess_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friess-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-earthobservatory_20190225_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earthobservatory_20190225-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Simard2018_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simard2018-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of mangrove restoration may depend heavily on engagement with local stakeholders, and on careful assessment to ensure that growing conditions will be suitable for the species chosen.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmer_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Day_for_the_Conservation_of_the_Mangrove_Ecosystem" title="International Day for the Conservation of the Mangrove Ecosystem">International Day for the Conservation of the Mangrove Ecosystem</a> is celebrated every year on 26 July.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangrove&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mangrove_roots_at_low_tide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Mangrove_roots_at_low_tide.jpg/220px-Mangrove_roots_at_low_tide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Mangrove_roots_at_low_tide.jpg/330px-Mangrove_roots_at_low_tide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Mangrove_roots_at_low_tide.jpg/440px-Mangrove_roots_at_low_tide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Mangrove roots at low tide in the Philippines</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mangroves_in_Kannur,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mangroves_in_Kannur%2C_India.jpg/220px-Mangroves_in_Kannur%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mangroves_in_Kannur%2C_India.jpg/330px-Mangroves_in_Kannur%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mangroves_in_Kannur%2C_India.jpg/440px-Mangroves_in_Kannur%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Mangroves are adapted to saline conditions</figcaption></figure> <p>Etymology of the English term <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mangrove#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:mangrove">mangrove</a></i> can only be speculative and is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-Saenger_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saenger-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1–2">: 1–2 </span></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Macnae_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macnae-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term may have come to English from the Portuguese <i><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">mangue</i></span></i> or the Spanish <i><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">mangle</i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Macnae_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macnae-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further back, it may be traced to South America and <a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan languages</a><sup id="cite_ref-Görlach_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Görlach-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rafinesque1836_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rafinesque1836-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other possibilities include the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a> <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">manggi-manggi</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-Macnae_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macnae-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saenger_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saenger-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English usage may reflect a corruption via <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a> of the words <i>mangrow</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_(nature)" title="Grove (nature)">grove</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Görlach_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Görlach-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saenger_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saenger-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weekley_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weekley-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word "mangrove" is used in at least three senses: </p> <ul><li>Most broadly to refer to the habitat and entire plant assemblage or <i>mangal</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Macnae_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macnae-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hogarth_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogarth-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for which the terms <i>mangrove forest <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biome</a></i> and <i>mangrove swamp</i> are also used;</li> <li>To refer to all trees and large shrubs in a mangrove <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamp</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Macnae_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macnae-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and</li> <li>Narrowly to refer only to mangrove trees of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Rhizophora" title="Rhizophora">Rhizophora</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhizophoraceae" title="Rhizophoraceae">Rhizophoraceae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangrove&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Hogarth (2015), among the recognized mangrove species there are about 70 species in 20 genera from 16 <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a> that constitute the "true mangroves" – species that occur almost exclusively in mangrove habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-Hogarth_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogarth-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demonstrating <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a>, many of these species found similar solutions to the tropical conditions of variable salinity, tidal range (inundation), <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaerobic environment">anaerobic</a> soils, and intense sunlight. Plant biodiversity is generally low in a given mangrove.<sup id="cite_ref-Mathias_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathias-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The greatest biodiversity of mangroves occurs in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_archipelago" title="Indonesian archipelago">Indonesian archipelago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mangrove_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mangrove_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Mangrove_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mangrove_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Mangrove_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mangrove_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Mangrove_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Red mangrove</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adaptations_to_low_oxygen">Adaptations to low oxygen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangrove&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Adaptations to low oxygen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The red mangrove (<i><a href="/wiki/Rhizophora_mangle" title="Rhizophora mangle">Rhizophora mangle</a></i>) survives in the most inundated areas, props itself above the water level with stilt or prop roots and then absorbs air through <a href="/wiki/Lenticel" title="Lenticel">lenticels</a> in its bark.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The black mangrove (<i><a href="/wiki/Avicennia_germinans" title="Avicennia germinans">Avicennia germinans</a></i>) lives on higher ground and develops many specialized root-like structures called <a href="/wiki/Pneumatophore" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatophore">pneumatophores</a>, which stick up out of the soil like straws for breathing.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These "breathing tubes" typically reach heights of up to 30 cm (12 in), and in some species, over 3 m (9.8 ft). The roots also contain wide <a href="/wiki/Aerenchyma" title="Aerenchyma">aerenchyma</a> to facilitate transport within the plants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrient_uptake">Nutrient uptake</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangrove&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nutrient uptake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because the soil is perpetually waterlogged, little free oxygen is available. <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaerobic bacteria">Anaerobic bacteria</a> liberate <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> gas, soluble ferrum (iron), inorganic <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, which make the soil much less nutritious.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Pneumatophores (<a href="/wiki/Aerial_root" title="Aerial root">aerial roots</a>) allow mangroves to absorb gases directly from the atmosphere, and other nutrients such as iron, from the inhospitable soil. Mangroves store gases directly inside the roots, processing them even when the roots are submerged during high tide. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saltcrystals_on_avicennia_marina_var_resinifera_leaves.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Saltcrystals_on_avicennia_marina_var_resinifera_leaves.JPG/170px-Saltcrystals_on_avicennia_marina_var_resinifera_leaves.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Saltcrystals_on_avicennia_marina_var_resinifera_leaves.JPG/255px-Saltcrystals_on_avicennia_marina_var_resinifera_leaves.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Saltcrystals_on_avicennia_marina_var_resinifera_leaves.JPG/340px-Saltcrystals_on_avicennia_marina_var_resinifera_leaves.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1242" data-file-height="2001" /></a><figcaption>Salt crystals formed on an <i><a href="/wiki/Avicennia_marina" title="Avicennia marina">Avicennia marina</a></i> leaf</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limiting_salt_intake">Limiting salt intake</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangrove&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Limiting salt intake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Red mangroves exclude salt by having significantly impermeable roots that are highly suberised (impregnated with <a href="/wiki/Suberin" title="Suberin">suberin</a>), acting as an ultrafiltration mechanism to exclude <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a> from the rest of the plant.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One study found that roots of the Indian mangrove <i><a href="/wiki/Avicennia_officinalis" title="Avicennia officinalis">Avicennia officinalis</a></i> exclude 90% to 95% of the salt in water taken up by the plant, depositing the excluded salt in the <a href="/wiki/Cortex_(botany)" title="Cortex (botany)">cortex</a> of the root. An increase in the production of suberin and in the activity of a gene regulating <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450" title="Cytochrome P450">cytochrome P450</a> were observed in correlation with an increase in the salinity of the water to which the plant was exposed.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a frequently cited concept that has become known as the "sacrificial leaf", salt which does accumulate in the shoot (sprout) then concentrates in old leaves, which the plant then sheds. However, recent research on the Red mangrove <i><a href="/wiki/Rhizophora_mangle" title="Rhizophora mangle">Rhizophora mangle</a></i> suggests that the older, yellowing leaves have no more measurable salt content than the other, greener leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="float:left"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pneumatophore_overkill_-_grey_mangrove.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pneumatophorous aerial roots of the grey mangrove (Avicennia marina)"><img alt="Pneumatophorous aerial roots of the grey mangrove (Avicennia marina)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Pneumatophore_overkill_-_grey_mangrove.JPG/269px-Pneumatophore_overkill_-_grey_mangrove.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Pneumatophore_overkill_-_grey_mangrove.JPG/404px-Pneumatophore_overkill_-_grey_mangrove.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Pneumatophore_overkill_-_grey_mangrove.JPG/538px-Pneumatophore_overkill_-_grey_mangrove.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pneumatophore" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatophore">Pneumatophorous</a> aerial roots of the grey mangrove (<i><a href="/wiki/Avicennia_marina" title="Avicennia marina">Avicennia marina</a></i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plody_mangrovnika_(Rhizophora_mangle).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vivipary in Rhizophora mangle seeds"><img alt="Vivipary in Rhizophora mangle seeds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Plody_mangrovnika_%28Rhizophora_mangle%29.jpg/240px-Plody_mangrovnika_%28Rhizophora_mangle%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Plody_mangrovnika_%28Rhizophora_mangle%29.jpg/360px-Plody_mangrovnika_%28Rhizophora_mangle%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Plody_mangrovnika_%28Rhizophora_mangle%29.jpg/480px-Plody_mangrovnika_%28Rhizophora_mangle%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vivipary" title="Vivipary">Vivipary</a> in <i>Rhizophora mangle</i> seeds</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limiting_water_loss">Limiting water loss</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangrove&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Limiting water loss"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_filtration_in_mangrove_roots.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Water_filtration_in_mangrove_roots.webp/360px-Water_filtration_in_mangrove_roots.webp.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Water_filtration_in_mangrove_roots.webp/540px-Water_filtration_in_mangrove_roots.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Water_filtration_in_mangrove_roots.webp/720px-Water_filtration_in_mangrove_roots.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="1251" /></a><figcaption>Seawater filtration in the root of the mangrove <i><a href="/wiki/Rhizophora_stylosa" title="Rhizophora stylosa">Rhizophora stylosa</a></i>. (a) Schematic of the root. The outermost layer is composed of three layers. The root is immersed in NaCl solution. (b) Water passes through the outermost layer when a negative suction pressure is applied across the outermost layer. The <a href="/wiki/Donnan_potential" title="Donnan potential">Donnan potential</a> effect repels <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">Cl<sup>−</sup> ions</a> from the first sublayer of the outermost layer. <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na<sup>+</sup> ions</a> attach to the first layer to satisfy the electro-neutrality requirement and salt retention eventually occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-Kim2016_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim2016-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Because of the limited fresh water available in salty intertidal soils, mangroves limit the amount of water they lose through their leaves. They can restrict the opening of their <a href="/wiki/Stomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomata">stomata</a> (pores on the leaf surfaces, which exchange <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> gas and water vapor during photosynthesis). They also vary the orientation of their leaves to avoid the harsh midday sun and so reduce evaporation from the leaves. A captive red mangrove grows only if its leaves are misted with fresh water several times a week, simulating frequent tropical rainstorms.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filtration_of_seawater">Filtration of seawater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangrove&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Filtration of seawater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2016 study by Kim <i>et al.</i> investigated the biophysical characteristics of sea water filtration in the roots of the mangrove <i><a href="/wiki/Rhizophora_stylosa" title="Rhizophora stylosa">Rhizophora stylosa</a></i> from a plant hydrodynamic point of view. <i>R. stylosa</i> can grow even in saline water and the salt level in its roots is regulated within a certain threshold value through filtration. The root possesses a hierarchical, triple layered pore structure in the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">epidermis</a> and most Na<sup>+</sup> ions are filtered at the first sublayer of the outermost layer. The high blockage of Na<sup>+</sup> ions is attributed to the high surface <a href="/wiki/Zeta_potential" title="Zeta potential">zeta potential</a> of the first layer. The second layer, which is composed of <a href="/wiki/Macroporous_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroporous material">macroporous structures</a>, also facilitates Na<sup>+</sup> ion filtration. The study provides insights into the mechanism underlying water filtration through <a href="/wiki/Halophyte" title="Halophyte">halophyte</a> roots and could serve as a basis for the development of a <a href="/wiki/Bio-inspired" class="mw-redirect" title="Bio-inspired">bio-inspired</a> method of <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kim2016_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim2016-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Uptake of Na<sup>+</sup> ions is desirable for halophytes to build up <a href="/wiki/Osmotic_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmotic potential">osmotic potential</a>, absorb water and sustain <a href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">turgor pressure</a>. However, excess Na<sup>+</sup> ions may work on toxic element. Therefore, halophytes try to adjust salinity delicately between growth and survival strategies. In this point of view, a novel sustainable desalination method can be derived from halophytes, which are in contact with saline water through their roots. Halophytes exclude salt through their roots, secrete the accumulated salt through their aerial parts and sequester salt in <a href="/wiki/Senescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Senescent">senescent</a> leaves and/or the bark.<sup id="cite_ref-Tomlinson_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomlinson-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mangroves are facultative halophytes and <i><a href="/wiki/Bruguiera" title="Bruguiera">Bruguiera</a></i> is known for its special ultrafiltration system that can filter approximately 90% of Na<sup>+</sup>ions from the surrounding seawater through the roots.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The species also exhibits a high rate of salt rejection. The water-filtering process in mangrove roots has received considerable attention for several decades.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morphological structures of plants and their functions have been evolved through a long history to survive against harsh environmental conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kim2016_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim2016-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increasing_survival_of_offspring">Increasing survival of offspring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangrove&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Increasing survival of offspring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:One_week_old_Mangarove,_Qatif,_Saudi_Arabia,_Late_August_2020_2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/One_week_old_Mangarove%2C_Qatif%2C_Saudi_Arabia%2C_Late_August_2020_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-One_week_old_Mangarove%2C_Qatif%2C_Saudi_Arabia%2C_Late_August_2020_2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/One_week_old_Mangarove%2C_Qatif%2C_Saudi_Arabia%2C_Late_August_2020_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-One_week_old_Mangarove%2C_Qatif%2C_Saudi_Arabia%2C_Late_August_2020_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/One_week_old_Mangarove%2C_Qatif%2C_Saudi_Arabia%2C_Late_August_2020_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-One_week_old_Mangarove%2C_Qatif%2C_Saudi_Arabia%2C_Late_August_2020_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1973" data-file-height="2018" /></a><figcaption>A germinating <i>Avicennia</i> seed</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mangrove" title="Special:EditPage/Mangrove">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In this harsh environment, mangroves have evolved a special mechanism to help their offspring survive. Mangrove <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> are buoyant and are therefore suited to water dispersal. Unlike most plants, whose seeds germinate in soil, many mangroves (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Rhizophora_mangle" title="Rhizophora mangle">red mangrove</a>) are <a href="/wiki/Vivipary" title="Vivipary">viviparous</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning their seeds germinate while still attached to the parent tree. Once germinated, the seedling grows either within the fruit (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Aegialitis" title="Aegialitis">Aegialitis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Avicennia" title="Avicennia">Avicennia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Aegiceras" title="Aegiceras">Aegiceras</a></i>), or out through the fruit (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Rhizophora" title="Rhizophora">Rhizophora</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ceriops" title="Ceriops">Ceriops</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bruguiera" title="Bruguiera">Bruguiera</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Nypa_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nypa (genus)">Nypa</a></i>) to form a <a href="/wiki/Propagule" title="Propagule">propagule</a> (a ready-to-go seedling) which can produce its own food via <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>. </p><p>The mature propagule then drops into the water, which can transport it great distances. Propagules can survive desiccation and remain dormant for over a year before arriving in a suitable environment. Once a propagule is ready to root, its density changes so that the elongated shape now floats vertically rather than horizontally. In this position, it is more likely to lodge in the mud and root. If it does not root, it can alter its density and drift again in search of more favorable conditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy_and_evolution">Taxonomy and evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangrove&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Taxonomy and evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following listings, based on Tomlinson, 2016, give the mangrove species in each listed plant genus and family.<sup id="cite_ref-Tomlinson2016_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomlinson2016-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mangrove environments in the Eastern Hemisphere harbor six times as many species of trees and shrubs as do mangroves in the New World. Genetic divergence of mangrove lineages from terrestrial relatives, in combination with fossil evidence, suggests mangrove diversity is limited by evolutionary transition into the stressful marine environment, and the number of mangrove lineages has increased steadily over the Tertiary with little global extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="True_mangroves">True mangroves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangrove&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: True mangroves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5" width="700px" align="left" style="background:#ddf8f8">True mangroves (major components or strict mangroves) </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#e8e8ff"><small>Following Tomlinson, 2016, the following 35 species are the true mangroves, contained in 5 families and 9 genera<sup id="cite_ref-Tomlinson2016_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomlinson2016-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29–30">: 29–30 </span></sup><br />Included on green backgrounds are annotations about the genera made by Tomlinson</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Family </th> <th>Genus </th> <th>Mangrove species </th> <th>Common name </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Arecaceae</a> </th> <td colspan="4" style="background:#ddf8f8"><small>Monotypic subfamily within the family</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Nypa_fruticans" title="Nypa fruticans">Nypa</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Nypa_fruticans" title="Nypa fruticans">Nypa fruticans</a></i> </td> <td>Mangrove palm </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nypa_fruticans_-_Taki_-_North_24_Parganas_2015-01-13_4729.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nypa_fruticans_-_Taki_-_North_24_Parganas_2015-01-13_4729.JPG/60px-Nypa_fruticans_-_Taki_-_North_24_Parganas_2015-01-13_4729.JPG" decoding="async" width="60" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nypa_fruticans_-_Taki_-_North_24_Parganas_2015-01-13_4729.JPG/90px-Nypa_fruticans_-_Taki_-_North_24_Parganas_2015-01-13_4729.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nypa_fruticans_-_Taki_-_North_24_Parganas_2015-01-13_4729.JPG/120px-Nypa_fruticans_-_Taki_-_North_24_Parganas_2015-01-13_4729.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6016" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="10" style="float:top"><a href="/wiki/Avicenniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Avicenniaceae">Avicenniaceae</a><br /><small>(disputed)</small> </th> <td colspan="4" style="background:#ddf8f8"><small>Old monogeneric family, now subsumed in Acanthaceae, but clearly isolated</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="9" align="top"><i><a href="/wiki/Avicennia" title="Avicennia">Avicennia</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Avicennia_alba" title="Avicennia alba">Avicennia alba</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Avicennia_alba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Avicennia_alba.jpg/60px-Avicennia_alba.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Avicennia_alba.jpg/90px-Avicennia_alba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Avicennia_alba.jpg/120px-Avicennia_alba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Avicennia_balanophora" title="Avicennia balanophora">Avicennia balanophora</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Avicennia_bicolor" title="Avicennia bicolor">Avicennia bicolor</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Avicennia_integra" title="Avicennia integra">Avicennia integra</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Avicennia_marina" title="Avicennia marina">Avicennia marina</a></i> </td> <td>grey mangrove<br /><small>(subspecies: <i>australasica</i>,<br /><i>eucalyptifolia</i>, <i>rumphiana</i>)</small> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mangroves_at_Muzhappilangad101_(11).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mangroves_at_Muzhappilangad101_%2811%29.jpg/60px-Mangroves_at_Muzhappilangad101_%2811%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mangroves_at_Muzhappilangad101_%2811%29.jpg/90px-Mangroves_at_Muzhappilangad101_%2811%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mangroves_at_Muzhappilangad101_%2811%29.jpg/120px-Mangroves_at_Muzhappilangad101_%2811%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4511" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Avicennia_officinalis" title="Avicennia officinalis">Avicennia officinalis</a></i> </td> <td>Indian mangrove </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Avicennia_officinalis_(2682502984).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Avicennia_officinalis_%282682502984%29.jpg/60px-Avicennia_officinalis_%282682502984%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Avicennia_officinalis_%282682502984%29.jpg/90px-Avicennia_officinalis_%282682502984%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Avicennia_officinalis_%282682502984%29.jpg/120px-Avicennia_officinalis_%282682502984%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Avicennia_germinans" title="Avicennia germinans">Avicennia germinans</a></i> </td> <td>black mangrove </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Avicennia_germinans-flowers2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Avicennia_germinans-flowers2.jpg/60px-Avicennia_germinans-flowers2.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Avicennia_germinans-flowers2.jpg/90px-Avicennia_germinans-flowers2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Avicennia_germinans-flowers2.jpg/120px-Avicennia_germinans-flowers2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="769" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Avicennia_schaueriana" title="Avicennia schaueriana">Avicennia schaueriana</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Avicennia_cf._schaueriana_mangue-preto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Avicennia_cf._schaueriana_mangue-preto.jpg/60px-Avicennia_cf._schaueriana_mangue-preto.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Avicennia_cf._schaueriana_mangue-preto.jpg/90px-Avicennia_cf._schaueriana_mangue-preto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Avicennia_cf._schaueriana_mangue-preto.jpg/120px-Avicennia_cf._schaueriana_mangue-preto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Avicennia_tonduzii" class="mw-redirect" title="Avicennia tonduzii">Avicennia tonduzii</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Combretaceae" title="Combretaceae">Combretaceae</a> </th> <td colspan="4" style="background:#ddf8f8"><small>Tribe Lagunculariae (including Macropteranthes = non-mangrove)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Laguncularia" title="Laguncularia">Laguncularia</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Laguncularia_racemosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Laguncularia racemosa">Laguncularia racemosa</a></i> </td> <td>white mangrove </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laguncularia_racemosa_flowers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Laguncularia_racemosa_flowers.jpg/60px-Laguncularia_racemosa_flowers.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Laguncularia_racemosa_flowers.jpg/90px-Laguncularia_racemosa_flowers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Laguncularia_racemosa_flowers.jpg/120px-Laguncularia_racemosa_flowers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lumnitzera" title="Lumnitzera">Lumnitzera</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Lumnitzera_racemosa" title="Lumnitzera racemosa">Lumnitzera racemosa</a></i> </td> <td>white-flowered black mangrove </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lumnitzera_racemosa_(11544407974).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Lumnitzera_racemosa_%2811544407974%29.jpg/60px-Lumnitzera_racemosa_%2811544407974%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Lumnitzera_racemosa_%2811544407974%29.jpg/90px-Lumnitzera_racemosa_%2811544407974%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Lumnitzera_racemosa_%2811544407974%29.jpg/120px-Lumnitzera_racemosa_%2811544407974%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Lumnitzera_littorea" title="Lumnitzera littorea">Lumnitzera littorea</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lumnitzera_littorea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Lumnitzera_littorea.jpg/60px-Lumnitzera_littorea.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Lumnitzera_littorea.jpg/90px-Lumnitzera_littorea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Lumnitzera_littorea.jpg/120px-Lumnitzera_littorea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="19"><a href="/wiki/Rhizophoraceae" title="Rhizophoraceae">Rhizophoraceae</a> </th> <td colspan="4" style="background:#ddf8f8"><small>Rhizophoraceae collectively form the tribe Rhizophorae, a monotypic group, within the otherwise terrestrial family</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><i><a href="/wiki/Bruguiera" title="Bruguiera">Bruguiera</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Bruguiera_cylindrica" title="Bruguiera cylindrica">Bruguiera cylindrica</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mangroves_at_Muzhappilangad004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mangroves_at_Muzhappilangad004.jpg/60px-Mangroves_at_Muzhappilangad004.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mangroves_at_Muzhappilangad004.jpg/90px-Mangroves_at_Muzhappilangad004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mangroves_at_Muzhappilangad004.jpg/120px-Mangroves_at_Muzhappilangad004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4737" data-file-height="3158" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Bruguiera_exaristata" title="Bruguiera exaristata">Bruguiera exaristata</a></i> </td> <td>rib-fruited mangrove </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flowers_of_Bruguiera_exaristata.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flowers_of_Bruguiera_exaristata.png/60px-Flowers_of_Bruguiera_exaristata.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flowers_of_Bruguiera_exaristata.png/90px-Flowers_of_Bruguiera_exaristata.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flowers_of_Bruguiera_exaristata.png/120px-Flowers_of_Bruguiera_exaristata.png 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="258" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Bruguiera_gymnorhiza" title="Bruguiera gymnorhiza">Bruguiera gymnorhiza</a></i> </td> <td>oriental mangrove </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruguiera_gymnorrhiza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bruguiera_gymnorrhiza.jpg/60px-Bruguiera_gymnorrhiza.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bruguiera_gymnorrhiza.jpg/90px-Bruguiera_gymnorrhiza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bruguiera_gymnorrhiza.jpg/120px-Bruguiera_gymnorrhiza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Bruguiera_hainesii" title="Bruguiera hainesii">Bruguiera hainesii</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Bruguiera_parviflora" title="Bruguiera parviflora">Bruguiera parviflora</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brugu_parvi_111021-18862_Fl_kbu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Brugu_parvi_111021-18862_Fl_kbu.jpg/60px-Brugu_parvi_111021-18862_Fl_kbu.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Brugu_parvi_111021-18862_Fl_kbu.jpg/90px-Brugu_parvi_111021-18862_Fl_kbu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Brugu_parvi_111021-18862_Fl_kbu.jpg/120px-Brugu_parvi_111021-18862_Fl_kbu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="685" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Bruguiera_sexangula" title="Bruguiera sexangula">Bruguiera sexangula</a></i> </td> <td>upriver orange mangrove </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruguiera_sexangula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bruguiera_sexangula.jpg/60px-Bruguiera_sexangula.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bruguiera_sexangula.jpg/90px-Bruguiera_sexangula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bruguiera_sexangula.jpg/120px-Bruguiera_sexangula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1417" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><i><a href="/wiki/Ceriops" title="Ceriops">Ceriops</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Ceriops_australis" title="Ceriops australis">Ceriops australis</a></i> </td> <td>yellow mangrove </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_mangrove.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Yellow_mangrove.jpg/60px-Yellow_mangrove.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Yellow_mangrove.jpg/90px-Yellow_mangrove.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Yellow_mangrove.jpg/120px-Yellow_mangrove.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Ceriops_tagal" title="Ceriops tagal">Ceriops tagal</a></i> </td> <td>spurred mangrove </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhizophoreae_sp_Blanco2.415-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Rhizophoreae_sp_Blanco2.415-cropped.jpg/60px-Rhizophoreae_sp_Blanco2.415-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Rhizophoreae_sp_Blanco2.415-cropped.jpg/90px-Rhizophoreae_sp_Blanco2.415-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Rhizophoreae_sp_Blanco2.415-cropped.jpg/120px-Rhizophoreae_sp_Blanco2.415-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1580" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><i><a href="/wiki/Kandelia" title="Kandelia">Kandelia</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Kandelia_candel" title="Kandelia candel">Kandelia candel</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kandelia_candel_9429.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kandelia_candel_9429.jpg/60px-Kandelia_candel_9429.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kandelia_candel_9429.jpg/90px-Kandelia_candel_9429.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kandelia_candel_9429.jpg/120px-Kandelia_candel_9429.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4240" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Kandelia_obovata" title="Kandelia obovata">Kandelia obovata</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%A7%8B%E8%8C%84%E6%A8%B9(%E6%B0%B4%E7%AD%86%E4%BB%94)_Kandelia_obovata_-%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%9F%94%E6%BB%98%E7%99%BD%E9%B7%BA%E6%B9%96_Lake_Egret_Park,_Hong_Kong-_(9240150714).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/%E7%A7%8B%E8%8C%84%E6%A8%B9%28%E6%B0%B4%E7%AD%86%E4%BB%94%29_Kandelia_obovata_-%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%9F%94%E6%BB%98%E7%99%BD%E9%B7%BA%E6%B9%96_Lake_Egret_Park%2C_Hong_Kong-_%289240150714%29.jpg/60px-%E7%A7%8B%E8%8C%84%E6%A8%B9%28%E6%B0%B4%E7%AD%86%E4%BB%94%29_Kandelia_obovata_-%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%9F%94%E6%BB%98%E7%99%BD%E9%B7%BA%E6%B9%96_Lake_Egret_Park%2C_Hong_Kong-_%289240150714%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/%E7%A7%8B%E8%8C%84%E6%A8%B9%28%E6%B0%B4%E7%AD%86%E4%BB%94%29_Kandelia_obovata_-%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%9F%94%E6%BB%98%E7%99%BD%E9%B7%BA%E6%B9%96_Lake_Egret_Park%2C_Hong_Kong-_%289240150714%29.jpg/90px-%E7%A7%8B%E8%8C%84%E6%A8%B9%28%E6%B0%B4%E7%AD%86%E4%BB%94%29_Kandelia_obovata_-%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%9F%94%E6%BB%98%E7%99%BD%E9%B7%BA%E6%B9%96_Lake_Egret_Park%2C_Hong_Kong-_%289240150714%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/%E7%A7%8B%E8%8C%84%E6%A8%B9%28%E6%B0%B4%E7%AD%86%E4%BB%94%29_Kandelia_obovata_-%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%9F%94%E6%BB%98%E7%99%BD%E9%B7%BA%E6%B9%96_Lake_Egret_Park%2C_Hong_Kong-_%289240150714%29.jpg/120px-%E7%A7%8B%E8%8C%84%E6%A8%B9%28%E6%B0%B4%E7%AD%86%E4%BB%94%29_Kandelia_obovata_-%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%9F%94%E6%BB%98%E7%99%BD%E9%B7%BA%E6%B9%96_Lake_Egret_Park%2C_Hong_Kong-_%289240150714%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8"><i><a href="/wiki/Rhizophora" title="Rhizophora">Rhizophora</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Rhizophora_apiculata" title="Rhizophora apiculata">Rhizophora apiculata</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Rhizophora_harrisonii" title="Rhizophora harrisonii">Rhizophora harrisonii</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Rhizophora_mangle" title="Rhizophora mangle">Rhizophora mangle</a></i> </td> <td>red mangrove </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Rhizophora_mucronata" title="Rhizophora mucronata">Rhizophora mucronata</a></i> </td> <td>Asiatic mangrove </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhizophora_mucronata_Propagules.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Rhizophora_mucronata_Propagules.jpg/60px-Rhizophora_mucronata_Propagules.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Rhizophora_mucronata_Propagules.jpg/90px-Rhizophora_mucronata_Propagules.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Rhizophora_mucronata_Propagules.jpg/120px-Rhizophora_mucronata_Propagules.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Rhizophora_racemosa" title="Rhizophora racemosa">Rhizophora racemosa</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Rhizophora_samoensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizophora samoensis">Rhizophora samoensis</a></i> </td> <td>Samoan mangrove </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Rhizophora_stylosa" title="Rhizophora stylosa">Rhizophora stylosa</a></i> </td> <td>spotted mangrove, </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Rhizophora_x_lamarckii" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizophora x lamarckii">Rhizophora x lamarckii</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Lythraceae" title="Lythraceae">Lythraceae</a> </th> <td rowspan="5"><i><a href="/wiki/Sonneratia" title="Sonneratia">Sonneratia</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Sonneratia_alba" title="Sonneratia alba">Sonneratia alba</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sonneratia_alba_-_fruit_(8349980264).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sonneratia_alba_-_fruit_%288349980264%29.jpg/60px-Sonneratia_alba_-_fruit_%288349980264%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sonneratia_alba_-_fruit_%288349980264%29.jpg/90px-Sonneratia_alba_-_fruit_%288349980264%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sonneratia_alba_-_fruit_%288349980264%29.jpg/120px-Sonneratia_alba_-_fruit_%288349980264%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="1928" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Sonneratia_apetala" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonneratia apetala">Sonneratia apetala</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Sonneratia_caseolaris" title="Sonneratia caseolaris">Sonneratia caseolaris</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Sonneratia_ovata" title="Sonneratia ovata">Sonneratia ovata</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Sonneratia_griffithii" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonneratia griffithii">Sonneratia griffithii</a></i> </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_mangroves">Other mangroves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangrove&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other mangroves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5" width="700px" align="left" style="background:#ddf8f8">Minor components </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#e8e8ff"><small>Tomlinson, 2016, lists about 19 species as minor mangrove components, contained in 10 families and 11 genera<sup id="cite_ref-Tomlinson2016_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomlinson2016-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29–30">: 29–30 </span></sup><br />Included on green backgrounds are annotations about the genera made by Tomlinson</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Family </th> <th>Genus </th> <th>Species </th> <th>Common name </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Euphorbiaceae" title="Euphorbiaceae">Euphorbiaceae</a> </th> <td colspan="4" style="background:#ddf8f8"><small>This genus includes about 35 non-mangrove taxa</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Excoecaria" title="Excoecaria">Excoecaria</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Excoecaria_agallocha" title="Excoecaria agallocha">Excoecaria agallocha</a></i> </td> <td>milky mangrove, blind-your-eye mangrove and river poison tree </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Excoecaria_agallocha_(Blind_Your_Eye)_W_IMG_6929.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Excoecaria_agallocha_%28Blind_Your_Eye%29_W_IMG_6929.jpg/60px-Excoecaria_agallocha_%28Blind_Your_Eye%29_W_IMG_6929.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Excoecaria_agallocha_%28Blind_Your_Eye%29_W_IMG_6929.jpg/90px-Excoecaria_agallocha_%28Blind_Your_Eye%29_W_IMG_6929.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Excoecaria_agallocha_%28Blind_Your_Eye%29_W_IMG_6929.jpg/120px-Excoecaria_agallocha_%28Blind_Your_Eye%29_W_IMG_6929.jpg 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lythraceae" title="Lythraceae">Lythraceae</a> </th> <td colspan="4" style="background:#ddf8f8"><small>Genus distinct in the family</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Pemphis" title="Pemphis">Pemphis</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Pemphis_acidula" title="Pemphis acidula">Pemphis acidula</a></i> </td> <td>bantigue or mentigi </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pemphis_acidula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Pemphis_acidula.jpg/60px-Pemphis_acidula.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Pemphis_acidula.jpg/90px-Pemphis_acidula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Pemphis_acidula.jpg/120px-Pemphis_acidula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1382" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Malvaceae" title="Malvaceae">Malvaceae</a> </th> <td colspan="4" style="background:#ddf8f8"><small>Formerly in <a href="/wiki/Bombacaceae" title="Bombacaceae">Bombacaceae</a>, now an isolated genus in subfamily Bombacoideeae</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><i><a href="/wiki/Camptostemon" title="Camptostemon">Camptostemon</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Camptostemon_schultzii" class="mw-redirect" title="Camptostemon schultzii">Camptostemon schultzii</a></i> </td> <td>kapok mangrove </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Camptostemon_schultzii.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Camptostemon_schultzii.png/60px-Camptostemon_schultzii.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Camptostemon_schultzii.png/90px-Camptostemon_schultzii.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Camptostemon_schultzii.png/120px-Camptostemon_schultzii.png 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="749" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Camptostemon_philippinense" class="mw-redirect" title="Camptostemon philippinense">Camptostemon philippinense</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Camptostemon_philippinense.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Camptostemon_philippinense.jpg/60px-Camptostemon_philippinense.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Camptostemon_philippinense.jpg/90px-Camptostemon_philippinense.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Camptostemon_philippinense.jpg/120px-Camptostemon_philippinense.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Meliaceae" title="Meliaceae">Meliaceae</a> </th> <td colspan="4" style="background:#ddf8f8"><small>Genus of 3 species, one non-mangrove, forms tribe Xylocarpaeae with Carapa, a non–mangrove</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><i><a href="/wiki/Xylocarpus" title="Xylocarpus">Xylocarpus</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Xylocarpus_granatum" title="Xylocarpus granatum">Xylocarpus granatum</a> </i> </td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xylocarpus_granatum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Xylocarpus_granatum.jpg/60px-Xylocarpus_granatum.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Xylocarpus_granatum.jpg/90px-Xylocarpus_granatum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Xylocarpus_granatum.jpg/120px-Xylocarpus_granatum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1628" data-file-height="2035" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Xylocarpus_moluccensis" title="Xylocarpus moluccensis">Xylocarpus moluccensis</a> </i> </td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xyloc_moluc_191103-2935_skd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Xyloc_moluc_191103-2935_skd.jpg/60px-Xyloc_moluc_191103-2935_skd.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Xyloc_moluc_191103-2935_skd.jpg/90px-Xyloc_moluc_191103-2935_skd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Xyloc_moluc_191103-2935_skd.jpg/120px-Xyloc_moluc_191103-2935_skd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Myrtaceae" title="Myrtaceae">Myrtaceae</a> </th> <td colspan="4" style="background:#ddf8f8"><small>An isolated genus in the family</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Osbornia" title="Osbornia">Osbornia</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Osbornia_octodonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Osbornia octodonta">Osbornia octodonta</a></i> </td> <td>mangrove myrtle </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osbor_octod_110319-13636_sagt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Osbor_octod_110319-13636_sagt.jpg/60px-Osbor_octod_110319-13636_sagt.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Osbor_octod_110319-13636_sagt.jpg/90px-Osbor_octod_110319-13636_sagt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Osbor_octod_110319-13636_sagt.jpg/120px-Osbor_octod_110319-13636_sagt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1128" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pellicieraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pellicieraceae">Pellicieraceae</a> </th> <td colspan="4" style="background:#ddf8f8"><small>Monotypic genus and family of uncertain phylogenetic position</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Pelliciera" title="Pelliciera">Pelliciera</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Pelliciera_rhizophorae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelliciera rhizophorae">Pelliciera rhizophorae</a></i> </td> <td>tea mangrove </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelliciera_rhizophorae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pelliciera_rhizophorae.jpg/60px-Pelliciera_rhizophorae.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pelliciera_rhizophorae.jpg/90px-Pelliciera_rhizophorae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pelliciera_rhizophorae.jpg/120px-Pelliciera_rhizophorae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Plumbaginaceae" title="Plumbaginaceae">Plumbaginaceae</a> </th> <td colspan="4" style="background:#ddf8f8"><small>Isolated genus, at times segregated as family <a href="/wiki/Aegialitidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegialitidaceae">Aegialitidaceae</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><i><a href="/wiki/Aegialitis" title="Aegialitis">Aegialitis</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Aegialitis_annulata" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegialitis annulata">Aegialitis annulata</a></i> </td> <td>club mangrove </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegialitis_annulata_30694138.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Aegialitis_annulata_30694138.jpg/60px-Aegialitis_annulata_30694138.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Aegialitis_annulata_30694138.jpg/90px-Aegialitis_annulata_30694138.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Aegialitis_annulata_30694138.jpg/120px-Aegialitis_annulata_30694138.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Aegialitis" title="Aegialitis">Aegialitis rotundifolia</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegialitis_rotundifolia_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Aegialitis_rotundifolia_2.jpg/60px-Aegialitis_rotundifolia_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Aegialitis_rotundifolia_2.jpg/90px-Aegialitis_rotundifolia_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Aegialitis_rotundifolia_2.jpg/120px-Aegialitis_rotundifolia_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1592" data-file-height="1131" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Primulaceae" title="Primulaceae">Primulaceae</a> </th> <td colspan="4" style="background:#ddf8f8"><small>Formerly an isolated genus in <a href="/wiki/Myrsinaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrsinaceae">Myrsinaceae</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><i><a href="/wiki/Aegiceras" title="Aegiceras">Aegiceras</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Aegiceras_corniculatum" title="Aegiceras corniculatum">Aegiceras corniculatum</a> </i> </td> <td>black mangrove, river mangrove or khalsi </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegiceras_corniculatum_at_Muzhappilangad,_Kannur_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Aegiceras_corniculatum_at_Muzhappilangad%2C_Kannur_3.jpg/60px-Aegiceras_corniculatum_at_Muzhappilangad%2C_Kannur_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Aegiceras_corniculatum_at_Muzhappilangad%2C_Kannur_3.jpg/90px-Aegiceras_corniculatum_at_Muzhappilangad%2C_Kannur_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Aegiceras_corniculatum_at_Muzhappilangad%2C_Kannur_3.jpg/120px-Aegiceras_corniculatum_at_Muzhappilangad%2C_Kannur_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Aegiceras_floridum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegiceras floridum">Aegiceras floridum</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Pteridaceae" title="Pteridaceae">Pteridaceae</a> </th> <td colspan="4" style="background:#ddf8f8"><small>A fern somewhat isolated in its family </small> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><i><a href="/wiki/Acrostichum" title="Acrostichum">Acrostichum</a></i> </th> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Acrostichum_aureum" title="Acrostichum aureum">Acrostichum aureum</a></i> </td> <td>golden leather fern, swamp fern or mangrove fern </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acrostichum-aureum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Acrostichum-aureum.jpg/60px-Acrostichum-aureum.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Acrostichum-aureum.jpg/90px-Acrostichum-aureum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Acrostichum-aureum.jpg/120px-Acrostichum-aureum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="888" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Acrostichum_speciosum" title="Acrostichum speciosum">Acrostichum speciosum</a></i> </td> <td>mangrove fern </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acrostichum_speciosum_RBG_Sydney.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Acrostichum_speciosum_RBG_Sydney.jpg/60px-Acrostichum_speciosum_RBG_Sydney.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Acrostichum_speciosum_RBG_Sydney.jpg/90px-Acrostichum_speciosum_RBG_Sydney.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Acrostichum_speciosum_RBG_Sydney.jpg/120px-Acrostichum_speciosum_RBG_Sydney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rubiaceae" title="Rubiaceae">Rubiaceae</a> </th> <td colspan="4" style="background:#ddf8f8"><small>A genus isolated in the family</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Scyphiphora" title="Scyphiphora">Scyphiphora</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Scyphiphora_hydrophylacea" class="mw-redirect" title="Scyphiphora hydrophylacea">Scyphiphora hydrophylacea</a></i> </td> <td>nilad </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scyphip_hydrop_111021-19089_kbu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Scyphip_hydrop_111021-19089_kbu.jpg/60px-Scyphip_hydrop_111021-19089_kbu.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Scyphip_hydrop_111021-19089_kbu.jpg/90px-Scyphip_hydrop_111021-19089_kbu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Scyphip_hydrop_111021-19089_kbu.jpg/120px-Scyphip_hydrop_111021-19089_kbu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Species_distribution">Species distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangrove&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Species distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_tree_distribution" title="Mangrove tree distribution">Mangrove tree distribution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_distribution_of_native_mangrove_species.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Global_distribution_of_native_mangrove_species.png/440px-Global_distribution_of_native_mangrove_species.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Global_distribution_of_native_mangrove_species.png/660px-Global_distribution_of_native_mangrove_species.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Global_distribution_of_native_mangrove_species.png/880px-Global_distribution_of_native_mangrove_species.png 2x" data-file-width="2067" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption>Global distribution of native mangrove species, 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Polidoro2010_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polidoro2010-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> Colour-coded number ranges indicate number of species.<br />Not shown are introduced ranges: <i><a href="/wiki/Rhizophora_stylosa" title="Rhizophora stylosa">Rhizophora stylosa</a></i> in French Polynesia, <i><a href="/wiki/Bruguiera_sexangula" title="Bruguiera sexangula">Bruguiera sexangula</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Conocarpus_erectus" title="Conocarpus erectus">Conocarpus erectus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Rhizophora_mangle" title="Rhizophora mangle">Rhizophora mangle</a></i> in Hawaii, <i><a href="/wiki/Sonneratia" title="Sonneratia">Sonneratia apelata</a></i> in China, and <i><a href="/wiki/Nypa_fruticans" title="Nypa fruticans">Nypa fruticans</a></i> in Cameroon and Nigeria.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mangroves are a type of tropical vegetation with some outliers established in subtropical latitudes, notably in South Florida and southern Japan, as well as South Africa, New Zealand and Victoria (Australia). These outliers result either from unbroken coastlines and island chains or from reliable supplies of propagules floating on warm ocean currents from rich mangrove regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Tomlinson2016_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomlinson2016-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 57">: 57 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_Mangrove_Distribution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Indonesia_Mangrove_Distribution.png/440px-Indonesia_Mangrove_Distribution.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Indonesia_Mangrove_Distribution.png/660px-Indonesia_Mangrove_Distribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Indonesia_Mangrove_Distribution.png/880px-Indonesia_Mangrove_Distribution.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1438" /></a><figcaption>Location and relative density of mangroves in South-east Asia and Australasia – based on Landsat satellite images, 2010<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_distribution_of_threatened_mangrove_species.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Global_distribution_of_threatened_mangrove_species.png/440px-Global_distribution_of_threatened_mangrove_species.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Global_distribution_of_threatened_mangrove_species.png/660px-Global_distribution_of_threatened_mangrove_species.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Global_distribution_of_threatened_mangrove_species.png/880px-Global_distribution_of_threatened_mangrove_species.png 2x" data-file-width="2067" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>Global distribution of threatened mangrove species, 2010<sup id="cite_ref-Polidoro2010_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polidoro2010-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <p>"At the limits of distribution, the formation is represented by scrubby, usually monotypic <i>Avicennia</i>-dominated vegetation, as at Westonport Bay and Corner Inlet, Victoria, Australia. The latter locality is the highest latitude (38° 45'S) at which mangroves occur naturally. The mangroves in New Zealand, which extend as far south as 37°, are of the same type; they start as low forest in the northern part of the North Island but become low scrub toward their southern limit. In both instances, the species is referred to as <i>Avicennia marina</i> var. <i>australis</i>, although genetic comparison is clearly needed. In Western Australia, <i>A. marina </i> extends as far south as Bunbury (33° 19'S). In the northern hemisphere, scrubby <i>Avicennia gerrninans</i> in Florida occurs as far north as St. Augustine on the east coast and Cedar Point on the west. There are records of <i>A. germinans</i> and <i>Rhizophora</i> mangle for Bermuda, presumably supplied by the Gulf Stream. In southern Japan, <i>Kandelia obovata</i> occurs to about 31 °N (Tagawa in Hosakawa et al., 1977, but initially referred to as <i>K. candel</i>)."<sup id="cite_ref-Tomlinson2016_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomlinson2016-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 57">: 57 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mangrove_forests">Mangrove forests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangrove&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mangrove forests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mangrove.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mangrove.png/440px-Mangrove.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mangrove.png/660px-Mangrove.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mangrove.png/880px-Mangrove.png 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="1096" /></a><figcaption>Global distribution of mangrove forests, 2011<sup id="cite_ref-Giri2010_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giri2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">Mangrove forest</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">Mangrove forests</a>, also called <i>mangrove swamps</i> or <i>mangals</i>, are found in tropical and subtropical <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tidal</a> areas. Areas where mangroves occur include <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuaries</a> and marine shorelines.<sup id="cite_ref-Mathias_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathias-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Intertidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intertidal">intertidal</a> existence to which these trees are adapted represents the major limitation to the number of species able to thrive in their habitat. High tide brings in salt water, and when the tide recedes, solar evaporation of the seawater in the soil leads to further increases in salinity. The return of tide can flush out these soils, bringing them back to salinity levels comparable to that of seawater.<sup id="cite_ref-Friess_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friess-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zimmer_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At low tide, organisms are also exposed to increases in temperature and reduced moisture before being then cooled and flooded by the tide. Thus, for a plant to survive in this environment, it must tolerate broad ranges of salinity, temperature, and moisture, as well as several other key environmental factors—thus only a select few species make up the mangrove tree community.<sup id="cite_ref-Friess_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friess-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zimmer_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 110 species are considered mangroves, in the sense of being trees that grow in such a saline swamp,<sup id="cite_ref-Mathias_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathias-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though only a few are from the mangrove plant genus, <i>Rhizophora</i>. However, a given mangrove swamp typically features only a small number of tree species. It is not uncommon for a mangrove forest in the Caribbean to feature only three or four tree species. For comparison, the tropical rainforest biome contains thousands of tree species, but this is not to say mangrove forests lack diversity. Though the trees themselves are few in species, the ecosystem that these trees create provides a home (habitat) for a great variety of other species, including as many as 174 species of marine <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mangroves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Mangroves.jpg/220px-Mangroves.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Mangroves.jpg/330px-Mangroves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Mangroves.jpg/440px-Mangroves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>Mangrove roots above and below water</figcaption></figure> <p>Mangrove plants require a number of physiological adaptations to overcome the problems of <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">low environmental oxygen</a> levels, high <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a>, and frequent <a href="/wiki/Tidal_flooding" title="Tidal flooding">tidal flooding</a>. Each species has its own solutions to these problems; this may be the primary reason why, on some shorelines, mangrove tree species show distinct zonation. Small environmental variations within a mangal may lead to greatly differing methods for coping with the environment. Therefore, the mix of species is partly determined by the tolerances of individual species to physical conditions, such as tidal flooding and salinity, but may also be influenced by other factors, such as crabs preying on plant seedlings.<sup id="cite_ref-Cannicci_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cannicci-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nipa_palms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nipa_palms.jpg/220px-Nipa_palms.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nipa_palms.jpg/330px-Nipa_palms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nipa_palms.jpg/440px-Nipa_palms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Nipa palms, <i><a href="/wiki/Nypa_fruticans" title="Nypa fruticans">Nypa fruticans</a></i>, the only palm species fully adapted to the mangrove biome</figcaption></figure> <p>Once established, mangrove roots provide an oyster habitat and slow water flow, thereby enhancing sediment deposition in areas where it is already occurring. The fine, <a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">anoxic</a> sediments under mangroves act as sinks for a variety of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">heavy (trace) metals</a> which <a href="/wiki/Colloidal_particle" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloidal particle">colloidal particles</a> in the sediments have concentrated from the water. Mangrove removal disturbs these underlying sediments, often creating problems of trace metal contamination of seawater and organisms of the area.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mangrove swamps protect coastal areas from <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">storm surge</a> (especially during <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunamis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mazda-2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazda-2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Danielsen_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danielsen-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They limit high-energy wave erosion mainly during events such as storm surges and tsunamis.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mangroves' massive root systems are efficient at dissipating wave energy.<sup id="cite_ref-Massel_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Massel-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, they slow down tidal water so that its sediment is deposited as the tide comes in, leaving all except fine particles when the tide ebbs.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way, mangroves build their environments.<sup id="cite_ref-Mazda-2_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazda-2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the uniqueness of mangrove ecosystems and the protection against erosion they provide, they are often the object of conservation programs,<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmer_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including national <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_Action_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity Action Plan">biodiversity action plans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Danielsen_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danielsen-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The unique ecosystem found in the intricate mesh of mangrove roots offers a quiet marine habitat for young organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-BOS_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOS-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In areas where roots are permanently submerged, the organisms they host include <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barnacle" title="Barnacle">barnacles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oysters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_sponge" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea sponge">sponges</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bryozoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bryozoan">bryozoans</a>, which all require a hard surface for anchoring while they filter-feed. <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">Shrimps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thalassinidea" title="Thalassinidea">mud lobsters</a> use the muddy bottoms as their home.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_crab" title="Mangrove crab">Mangrove crabs</a> eat the mangrove leaves, adding nutrients to the mangal mud for other bottom feeders.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In at least some cases, the export of carbon fixed in mangroves is important in coastal food webs.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mangrove forests contribute significantly to coastal ecosystems by fostering complex and diverse <a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">food webs</a>. The intricate root systems of mangroves create a habitat conducive to the proliferation of microorganisms, crustaceans, and small fish, forming the foundational tiers of the food chain. This abundance of organisms serves as a critical food source for larger predators like birds, reptiles, and mammals within the ecosystem. Additionally, mangrove forests function as essential nurseries for many commercially important fish species, providing a sheltered environment rich in nutrients during their early life stages. The decomposition of leaves and organic matter in the water further enhances the nutrient content, supporting overall ecosystem productivity. In summary, mangrove forests play a crucial and unbiased role in sustaining biodiversity and ecological balance within coastal food webs.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Larger marine organisms benefit from the habitat as a nursery for their offspring. <a href="/wiki/Lemon_shark" title="Lemon shark">Lemon sharks</a> depend on mangrove creeks to give birth to their pups. The ecosystem provides little competition and minimizes threats of <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predation</a> to juvenile lemon sharks as they use the cover of mangroves to practice hunting before entering the food web of the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mangrove plantations in Vietnam, Thailand, Philippines, and India host several commercially important species of fish and crustaceans.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mangrove food chain extends beyond the marine ecosystem. Coastal bird species inhabit the tidal ecosystems feeding off small marine organisms and wetland insects. Common bird families found in mangroves around the world are <a href="/wiki/Egret" title="Egret">egrets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingfisher" title="Kingfisher">kingfishers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heron" title="Heron">herons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hornbill" title="Hornbill">hornbills</a>, among many others dependent on ecological range.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bird predation plays a key role in maintaining prey species along coastlines and within mangrove ecosystems. </p><p>Mangrove forests can decay into <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> deposits because of fungal and bacterial processes as well as by the action of <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a>. It becomes peat in good <a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">geochemical</a>, sedimentary, and <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonic</a> conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Vane_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vane-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nature of these deposits depends on the environment and the types of mangroves involved. In <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rhizophora_mangle" title="Rhizophora mangle">red</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laguncularia_racemosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Laguncularia racemosa">white</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Avicennia_germinans" title="Avicennia germinans">black</a> mangroves occupy different ecological niches and have slightly different chemical compositions, so the <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon content</a> varies between the species, as well between the different tissues of the plant (e.g., leaf matter versus roots).<sup id="cite_ref-Vane_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vane-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Puerto Rico, there is a clear succession of these three trees from the lower elevations, which are dominated by red mangroves, to farther inland with a higher concentration of white mangroves.<sup id="cite_ref-Vane_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vane-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mangrove forests are an important part of the cycling and storage of carbon in tropical coastal ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-Vane_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vane-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knowing this, scientists seek to reconstruct the environment and investigate changes to the coastal ecosystem over thousands of years using sediment cores.<sup id="cite_ref-versteegh_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-versteegh-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, an additional complication is the imported marine organic matter that also gets deposited in the sediment due to the tidal flushing of mangrove forests. Termites play an important role in the formation of peat from mangrove materials.<sup id="cite_ref-Vane_59-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vane-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They process fallen <a href="/wiki/Leaf_litter" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf litter">leaf litter</a>, root systems and wood from mangroves into peat to build their nests, and stabilise the chemistry of this peat that represents approximately 2% of above ground carbon storage in mangroves. As the nests are buried over time this carbon is stored in the sediment and the carbon cycle continues.<sup id="cite_ref-Vane_59-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vane-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mangroves are an important source of <a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">blue carbon</a>. Globally, mangroves stored 4.19 Gt (9.2<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>12</sup> lb) of carbon in 2012. Two percent of global mangrove carbon was lost between 2000 and 2012, equivalent to a maximum potential of 0.316996250 Gt (6.9885710<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>11</sup> lb) of emissions of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Globally, mangroves have been shown to provide measurable economic protections to coastal communities affected by tropical storms.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mangrove_microbiome">Mangrove microbiome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangrove&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mangrove microbiome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Plant_microbiome" title="Plant microbiome">Plant microbiome</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Plant_microbiome" title="Plant microbiome">Plant microbiomes</a> play crucial roles in the health and productivity of mangroves.<sup id="cite_ref-Purahong2018_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purahong2018-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many researchers have successfully applied knowledge acquired about plant <a href="/wiki/Microbiome" title="Microbiome">microbiomes</a> to produce specific <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inocula" class="extiw" title="wikt:inocula">inocula</a> for crop protection.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Busby2017_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busby2017-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such inocula can stimulate plant growth by releasing phytohormones and enhancing uptake of some mineral nutrients (particularly phosphorus and nitrogen).<sup id="cite_ref-Busby2017_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busby2017-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berendsen2012_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berendsen2012-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bringel2016_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bringel2016-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most of the plant microbiome studies have focused on the model plant <i><a href="/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana" title="Arabidopsis thaliana">Arabidopsis thaliana</a></i> and economically important crop plants, such as <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybean</a>. There is less information on the microbiomes of tree species.<sup id="cite_ref-Purahong2018_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purahong2018-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Busby2017_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busby2017-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plant microbiomes are determined by plant-related factors (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype">genotype</a>, organ, species, and health status) and environmental factors (e.g., land use, climate, and nutrient availability).<sup id="cite_ref-Purahong2018_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purahong2018-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bringel2016_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bringel2016-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of the plant-related factors, plant species and genotypes, have been shown to play significant roles in shaping <a href="/wiki/Rhizosphere" title="Rhizosphere">rhizosphere</a> and plant microbiomes, as tree genotypes and species are associated with specific <a href="/wiki/Microbial_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbial communities">microbial communities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Berendsen2012_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berendsen2012-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different plant organs also have specific microbial communities depending on plant-associated factors (plant genotype, available nutrients, and organ-specific physicochemical conditions) and environmental conditions (associated with aboveground and underground surfaces and disturbances).<sup id="cite_ref-Coleman-Derr2016_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coleman-Derr2016-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Purahong2019_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purahong2019-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Root_microbiome">Root microbiome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangrove&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Root microbiome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bacterial_and_fungal_community_in_a_mangrove_tree.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bacterial_and_fungal_community_in_a_mangrove_tree.webp/440px-Bacterial_and_fungal_community_in_a_mangrove_tree.webp.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bacterial_and_fungal_community_in_a_mangrove_tree.webp/660px-Bacterial_and_fungal_community_in_a_mangrove_tree.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bacterial_and_fungal_community_in_a_mangrove_tree.webp/880px-Bacterial_and_fungal_community_in_a_mangrove_tree.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="3771" data-file-height="2606" /></a><figcaption>Bacterial and fungal community in a mangrove tree.<sup id="cite_ref-Purahong2019_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purahong2019-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bacterial taxonomic community composition in the rhizosphere soil and fungal taxonomic community composition in all four rhizosphere soil and plant compartments. Information on the fungal ecological functional groups is also provided. Proportions of fungal <a href="/wiki/Operational_taxonomic_unit" title="Operational taxonomic unit">OTUs</a> (approximate species) that can colonise at least two of the compartments are shown in the left panel.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Root_microbiome" title="Root microbiome">Root microbiome</a></div> <p>Mangrove roots harbour a repertoire of <a href="/wiki/Microbial_taxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbial taxa">microbial taxa</a> that contribute to important ecological functions in mangrove ecosystems. Like typical terrestrial plants, mangroves depend upon mutually beneficial interactions with microbial communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Thatoi2013_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thatoi2013-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, microbes residing in developed roots could help mangroves transform nutrients into usable forms before plant assimilation.<sup id="cite_ref-Liu2020_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu2020-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These microbes also provide mangroves <a href="/wiki/Phytohormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytohormone">phytohormones</a> for suppressing <a href="/wiki/Phytopathogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytopathogen">phytopathogens</a><sup id="cite_ref-Durán2018_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durán2018-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or helping mangroves withstand heat and salinity.<sup id="cite_ref-Thatoi2013_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thatoi2013-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn, root-associated microbes receive carbon <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolites</a> from the plant via root <a href="/wiki/Exudate" title="Exudate">exudates</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus close associations between the plant and microbes are established for their mutual benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-Bais2006_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bais2006-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zhuang2020_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhuang2020-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The taxonomic class level shows that most <a href="/wiki/Proteobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteobacteria">Proteobacteria</a> were reported to come from Gammaproteobacteria, followed by Deltaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria. The diverse function and the phylogenic variation of Gammaproteobacteria, which consisted of orders such as Alteromonadales and Vibrionales, are found in marine and coastal regions and are high in abundance in mangrove sediments functioning as nutrient recyclers. Members of Deltaproteobacteria found in mangrove soil are mostly sulfur-related, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Desulfobacterales" title="Desulfobacterales">Desulfobacterales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desulfuromonadales" title="Desulfuromonadales">Desulfuromonadales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desulfovibrionales" title="Desulfovibrionales">Desulfovibrionales</a>, and Desulfarculales among others.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Systematic_Review_of_the_Physicoc_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Systematic_Review_of_the_Physicoc-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Highly diverse microbial communities (mainly <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>) have been found to inhabit and function in mangrove roots.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thatoi2013_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thatoi2013-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Diazotroph" title="Diazotroph">diazotrophic bacteria</a> in the vicinity of mangrove roots could perform <a href="/wiki/Biological_nitrogen_fixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological nitrogen fixation">biological nitrogen fixation</a>, which provides 40–60% of the total nitrogen required by mangroves;<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the soil attached to mangrove roots lacks oxygen but is rich in organic matter, providing an optimal microenvironment for <a href="/wiki/Sulfate-reducing_bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfate-reducing bacteria">sulfate-reducing bacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methanogen" title="Methanogen">methanogens</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Thatoi2013_72-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thatoi2013-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">ligninolytic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cellulolytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellulolytic">cellulolytic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amylolytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Amylolytic">amylolytic</a> fungi are prevalent in the mangrove root environment;<sup id="cite_ref-Thatoi2013_72-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thatoi2013-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rhizosphere fungi could help mangroves survive in waterlogged and nutrient-restricted environments.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These studies have provided increasing evidence to support the importance of root-associated bacteria and fungi for mangrove growth and health.<sup id="cite_ref-Thatoi2013_72-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thatoi2013-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Liu2020_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu2020-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zhuang2020_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhuang2020-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent studies have investigated the detailed structure of root-associated microbial communities at a continuous fine-scale in other plants,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where a microhabitat was divided into four root compartments: endosphere,<sup id="cite_ref-Durán2018_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durán2018-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Edwards2015_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards2015-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> episphere,<sup id="cite_ref-Durán2018_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durán2018-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rhizosphere,<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards2015_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards2015-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and nonrhizosphere or <a href="/wiki/Bulk_soil" title="Bulk soil">bulk soil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the microbial communities in each compartment have been reported to have unique characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-Durán2018_75-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durán2018-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Edwards2015_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards2015-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Root exudates selectively enrich adapted microbial populations; however, these exudates were found to exert only marginal impacts on microbes in the <a href="/wiki/Bulk_soil" title="Bulk soil">bulk soil</a> outside the rhizosphere .<sup id="cite_ref-Sasse2017_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sasse2017-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bais2006_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bais2006-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, it was noted that the root episphere, rather than the rhizosphere, was primarily responsible for controlling the entry of specific microbial populations into the root,<sup id="cite_ref-Durán2018_75-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durán2018-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in the selective enrichment of Proteobacteria in the endosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Durán2018_75-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durán2018-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ofek-Lalzar2014_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ofek-Lalzar2014-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These findings provide new insights into the niche differentiation of root-associated microbial communities,<sup id="cite_ref-Durán2018_75-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durán2018-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sasse2017_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sasse2017-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bais2006_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bais2006-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ofek-Lalzar2014_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ofek-Lalzar2014-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, amplicon-based community profiling may not provide the functional characteristics of root-associated microbial communities in plant growth and biogeochemical cycling.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unraveling functional patterns across the four root compartments holds a great potential for understanding functional mechanisms responsible for mediating root–microbe interactions in support of enhancing mangrove ecosystem functioning.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhuang2020_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhuang2020-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The diversity of bacteria in disturbed mangroves is reported to be higher than in well-preserved mangroves<sup id="cite_ref-A_Systematic_Review_of_the_Physicoc_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Systematic_Review_of_the_Physicoc-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies comparing mangroves in different conservation states show that bacterial composition in disturbed mangrove sediment alters its structure, leading to a functional equilibrium, where the dynamics of chemicals in mangrove soils lead to the remodeling of its microbial structure.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suggestions_for_future_mangrove_microbial_diversity_research">Suggestions for future mangrove microbial diversity research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangrove&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Suggestions for future mangrove microbial diversity research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite many research advancements in mangrove sediment bacterial metagenomics diversity in various conditions over the past few years, bridging the research gap and expanding our knowledge towards the relationship between microbes mainly constituted of bacteria and its nutrient cycles in the mangrove sediment and direct and indirect impacts on mangrove growth and stand-structures as coastal barriers and other ecological service providers. Thus, based on studies by Lai et al.'s systematic review, here they suggest sampling improvements and a fundamental environmental index for future reference.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Systematic_Review_of_the_Physicoc_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Systematic_Review_of_the_Physicoc-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mangrove_virome">Mangrove virome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangrove&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mangrove virome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caudovirales.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Caudovirales.svg/330px-Caudovirales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Caudovirales.svg/495px-Caudovirales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Caudovirales.svg/660px-Caudovirales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phage" class="mw-redirect" title="Phage">Phages</a> are viruses that infect bacteria, such as cyanobacteria. Shown are the <a href="/wiki/Virion" title="Virion">virions</a> of different families of <a href="/wiki/Caudovirales" class="mw-redirect" title="Caudovirales">tailed phages</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Myoviridae" title="Myoviridae">Myoviridae</a></i>, <i>Podoviridae</i> and <i>Siphoviridae</i></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Virome" title="Virome">Virome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_viruses" title="Marine viruses">Marine viruses</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_tree_of_Caudovirales_from_mangrove_virome_contigs.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Phylogenetic_tree_of_Caudovirales_from_mangrove_virome_contigs.webp/330px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_Caudovirales_from_mangrove_virome_contigs.webp.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Phylogenetic_tree_of_Caudovirales_from_mangrove_virome_contigs.webp/495px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_Caudovirales_from_mangrove_virome_contigs.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Phylogenetic_tree_of_Caudovirales_from_mangrove_virome_contigs.webp/660px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_Caudovirales_from_mangrove_virome_contigs.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1418" data-file-height="1283" /></a><figcaption>Phylogenetic tree of tailed phages found in the mangrove virome.<sup id="cite_ref-Jin2019_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jin2019-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reference_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Reference sequence">Reference sequences</a> are coloured black, and <a href="/wiki/Virome" title="Virome">virome</a> <a href="/wiki/Contig" title="Contig">contigs</a> are indicated with varied colours. The scale bar represents half amino acid substitution per site.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">Mangrove forests</a> are one of the most carbon-rich biomes, accounting for 11% of the total input of terrestrial carbon into oceans. <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Viruses</a> are thought to significantly influence local and global <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">biogeochemical cycles</a>, though as of 2019, little information was available about the community structure, genetic diversity, and ecological roles of viruses in mangrove ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-Jin2019_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jin2019-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Viruses are the most abundant biological entities on earth, present in virtually all ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By <a href="/wiki/Viral_lysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Viral lysis">lysing</a> their hosts, that is, by rupturing their cell membranes, viruses control host abundance and affect the structure of host communities.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viruses also influence their host diversity and evolution through <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">horizontal gene transfer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection#Arms_races" title="Natural selection">selection for resistance</a> and manipulation of <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_metabolisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial metabolisms">bacterial metabolisms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Breitbart2012_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breitbart2012-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Importantly, <a href="/wiki/Marine_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine virus">marine viruses</a> affect local and global <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">biogeochemical cycles</a> through the release of substantial amounts of <a href="/wiki/Organic_carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic carbon">organic carbon</a> and nutrients from hosts and assist microbes in driving biogeochemical cycles with <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_metabolic_genes" title="Auxiliary metabolic genes">auxiliary metabolic genes</a> (AMGs).<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roux2016_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roux2016-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jin2019_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jin2019-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is presumed that AMGs augment viral-infected host metabolism and facilitate the production of new viruses.<sup id="cite_ref-Breitbart2012_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breitbart2012-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AMGs have been extensively explored in <a href="/wiki/Marine_cyanophage" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine cyanophage">marine cyanophages</a> and include genes involved in photosynthesis, carbon turnover, phosphate uptake and stress response.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultivation-independent metagenomic analysis of viral communities has identified additional AMGs that are involved in motility, central carbon metabolism, photosystem I, energy metabolism, iron–sulphur clusters, anti-oxidation and sulphur and nitrogen cycling.<sup id="cite_ref-Roux2016_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roux2016-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interestingly, a recent analysis of Pacific Ocean Virome data identified niche-specialised AMGs that contribute to depth-stratified host adaptations.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given that microbes drive global biogeochemical cycles, and viruses infect a large fraction of microbes at any given time,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> viral-encoded AMGs must play important roles in global biogeochemistry and microbial metabolic evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Jin2019_95-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jin2019-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mangrove forests are the only woody <a href="/wiki/Halophyte" title="Halophyte">halophytes</a> that live in salt water along the world's subtropical and tropical coastlines. Mangroves are one of the most productive and ecologically important ecosystems on earth. The rates of primary production of mangroves equal those of tropical humid evergreen forests and coral reefs.<sup id="cite_ref-Alongi2012_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alongi2012-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a globally relevant component of the carbon cycle, mangroves sequester approximately 24 million metric tons of carbon each year.<sup id="cite_ref-Alongi2012_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alongi2012-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most mangrove carbon is stored in soil and sizable belowground pools of dead roots, aiding in the conservation and recycling of nutrients beneath forests.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although mangroves cover only 0.5% of the earth's coastal area, they account for 10–15% of the coastal sediment carbon storage and 10–11% of the total input of terrestrial carbon into oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disproportionate contribution of mangroves to carbon sequestration is now perceived as an important means to counterbalance greenhouse gas emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-Jin2019_95-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jin2019-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avicennia_marina_chloroplast_genome.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Avicennia_marina_chloroplast_genome.png/330px-Avicennia_marina_chloroplast_genome.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Avicennia_marina_chloroplast_genome.png/495px-Avicennia_marina_chloroplast_genome.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Avicennia_marina_chloroplast_genome.png/660px-Avicennia_marina_chloroplast_genome.png 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="809" /></a><figcaption>Circular representation of the chloroplast genome for the grey mangrove, <i><a href="/wiki/Avicennia_marina" title="Avicennia marina">Avicennia marina</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Natarajan2021_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natarajan2021-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Despite the ecological importance of the mangrove ecosystem, knowledge of mangrove biodiversity is notably limited. Previous reports mainly investigated the biodiversity of mangrove fauna, flora, and bacterial communities.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particularly, little information is available about viral communities and their roles in mangrove soil ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In view of the importance of viruses in structuring and regulating host communities and mediating element biogeochemical cycles, exploring viral communities in mangrove ecosystems is essential. Additionally, the intermittent flooding of sea water and resulting sharp transition of mangrove environments may result in substantially different genetic and functional diversity of bacterial and viral communities in mangrove soils compared with those of other systems.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jin2019_95-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jin2019-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genome_sequencing">Genome sequencing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangrove&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Genome sequencing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Rhizophoreae</i> as revealed by <a href="/wiki/Whole-genome_sequencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole-genome sequencing">whole-genome sequencing</a><sup id="cite_ref-Xu2017_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xu2017-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangrove&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/32px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/48px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/64px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1001" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wetlands" title="Portal:Wetlands">Wetlands portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Coastal management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_swamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangrove swamp">Mangrove swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_restoration" title="Mangrove restoration">Mangrove restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">Coastal erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_values_of_mangrove" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological values of mangrove">Ecological values of mangrove</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursery_habitat" title="Nursery habitat">Nursery habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_species" title="Foundation species">Foundation species</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_species" title="Keystone species">Keystone species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaida_K._Semesi" title="Adelaida K. Semesi">Adelaida K. Semesi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangrove&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Giri2010-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Giri2010_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giri2010_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giri2010_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGiriOchiengTieszenZhu2011" class="citation journal cs1">Giri, C.; Ochieng, E.; Tieszen, L. L.; Zhu, Z.; Singh, A.; Loveland, T.; Masek, J.; Duke, N. 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Jiménez, Diego Javier; Chaves, Diego; Dias, Armando Cavalcante Franco; Luvizotto, Danice Mazzer; Dini-Andreote, Francisco; Fasanella, Cristiane Cipola; Lopez, Maryeimy Varon; Baena, Sandra; Taketani, Rodrigo Gouvêa; De Melo, Itamar Soares (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3380894">"The Microbiome of Brazilian Mangrove Sediments as Revealed by Metagenomics"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>7</b> (6): e38600. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...738600A">2012PLoSO...738600A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0038600">10.1371/journal.pone.0038600</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3380894">3380894</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22737213">22737213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=The+Microbiome+of+Brazilian+Mangrove+Sediments+as+Revealed+by+Metagenomics&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e38600&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3380894%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22737213&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0038600&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...738600A&rft.aulast=Andreote&rft.aufirst=Fernando+Dini&rft.au=Jim%C3%A9nez%2C+Diego+Javier&rft.au=Chaves%2C+Diego&rft.au=Dias%2C+Armando+Cavalcante+Franco&rft.au=Luvizotto%2C+Danice+Mazzer&rft.au=Dini-Andreote%2C+Francisco&rft.au=Fasanella%2C+Cristiane+Cipola&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Maryeimy+Varon&rft.au=Baena%2C+Sandra&rft.au=Taketani%2C+Rodrigo+Gouv%C3%AAa&rft.au=De+Melo%2C+Itamar+Soares&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3380894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangrove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicklefsSchluter1993" class="citation book cs1">Ricklefs, Robert E.; Schluter, Dolph (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EgvLwAEACAAJ&q=%22Species+diversity+in+ecological+communities:+historical+and+geographical+perspectives%22"><i>Species Diversity in Ecological Communities: Historical and Geographical Perspectives</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226718231" title="Special:BookSources/9780226718231"><bdi>9780226718231</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Species+Diversity+in+Ecological+Communities%3A+Historical+and+Geographical+Perspectives&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780226718231&rft.aulast=Ricklefs&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft.au=Schluter%2C+Dolph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEgvLwAEACAAJ%26q%3D%2522Species%2Bdiversity%2Bin%2Becological%2Bcommunities%3A%2Bhistorical%2Band%2Bgeographical%2Bperspectives%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangrove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratamaVan_Elsas2018" class="citation journal cs1">Pratama, Akbar Adjie; Van Elsas, Jan Dirk (2018). "The 'Neglected' Soil Virome – Potential Role and Impact". <i>Trends in Microbiology</i>. <b>26</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">649–</span>662. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tim.2017.12.004">10.1016/j.tim.2017.12.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29306554">29306554</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25057850">25057850</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=The+%27Neglected%27+Soil+Virome+%E2%80%93+Potential+Role+and+Impact&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E649-%3C%2Fspan%3E662&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25057850%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29306554&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tim.2017.12.004&rft.aulast=Pratama&rft.aufirst=Akbar+Adjie&rft.au=Van+Elsas%2C+Jan+Dirk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangrove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsonFuhrmannWommackRadosevich2017" class="citation journal cs1">Williamson, Kurt E.; Fuhrmann, Jeffry J.; Wommack, K. Eric; Radosevich, Mark (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-virology-101416-041639">"Viruses in Soil Ecosystems: An Unknown Quantity within an Unexplored Territory"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Virology</i>. <b>4</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">201–</span>219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-virology-101416-041639">10.1146/annurev-virology-101416-041639</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28961409">28961409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Virology&rft.atitle=Viruses+in+Soil+Ecosystems%3A+An+Unknown+Quantity+within+an+Unexplored+Territory&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E219&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-virology-101416-041639&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28961409&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Kurt+E.&rft.au=Fuhrmann%2C+Jeffry+J.&rft.au=Wommack%2C+K.+Eric&rft.au=Radosevich%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-virology-101416-041639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangrove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiangChenLanTam2007" class="citation journal cs1">Liang, Jun-Bin; Chen, Yue-Qin; Lan, Chong-Yu; Tam, Nora F. Y.; Zan, Qi-Jie; Huang, Li-Nan (2007). "Recovery of novel bacterial diversity from mangrove sediment". <i>Marine Biology</i>. <b>150</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">739–</span>747. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007MarBi.150..739L">2007MarBi.150..739L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00227-006-0377-2">10.1007/s00227-006-0377-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85384181">85384181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Biology&rft.atitle=Recovery+of+novel+bacterial+diversity+from+mangrove+sediment&rft.volume=150&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E739-%3C%2Fspan%3E747&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85384181%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00227-006-0377-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007MarBi.150..739L&rft.aulast=Liang&rft.aufirst=Jun-Bin&rft.au=Chen%2C+Yue-Qin&rft.au=Lan%2C+Chong-Yu&rft.au=Tam%2C+Nora+F.+Y.&rft.au=Zan%2C+Qi-Jie&rft.au=Huang%2C+Li-Nan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangrove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xu2017-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Xu2017_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXuHeZhangGuo2017" class="citation journal cs1">Xu, Shaohua; He, Ziwen; Zhang, Zhang; Guo, Zixiao; Guo, Wuxia; Lyu, Haomin; Li, Jianfang; Yang, Ming; Du, Zhenglin; Huang, Yelin; Zhou, Renchao; Zhong, Cairong; Boufford, David E; Lerdau, Manuel; Wu, Chung-I; Duke, Norman C.; Shi, Suhua (5 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6599620">"The origin, diversification and adaptation of a major mangrove clade (Rhizophoreae) revealed by whole-genome sequencing"</a>. <i>National Science Review</i>. <b>4</b> (5). Oxford University Press (OUP): <span class="nowrap">721–</span>734. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnsr%2Fnwx065">10.1093/nsr/nwx065</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2095-5138">2095-5138</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6599620">6599620</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31258950">31258950</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Science+Review&rft.atitle=The+origin%2C+diversification+and+adaptation+of+a+major+mangrove+clade+%28Rhizophoreae%29+revealed+by+whole-genome+sequencing&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E721-%3C%2Fspan%3E734&rft.date=2017-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6599620%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2095-5138&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31258950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnsr%2Fnwx065&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Shaohua&rft.au=He%2C+Ziwen&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Zhang&rft.au=Guo%2C+Zixiao&rft.au=Guo%2C+Wuxia&rft.au=Lyu%2C+Haomin&rft.au=Li%2C+Jianfang&rft.au=Yang%2C+Ming&rft.au=Du%2C+Zhenglin&rft.au=Huang%2C+Yelin&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Renchao&rft.au=Zhong%2C+Cairong&rft.au=Boufford%2C+David+E&rft.au=Lerdau%2C+Manuel&rft.au=Wu%2C+Chung-I&rft.au=Duke%2C+Norman+C.&rft.au=Shi%2C+Suhua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6599620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangrove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangrove&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Saenger, Peter (2002). <i>Mangrove Ecology, Silviculture, and Conservation</i>. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4020-0686-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4020-0686-1">1-4020-0686-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapathi_Thanikaimoni" title="Ganapathi Thanikaimoni">Thanikaimoni, Ganapathi</a> (1986). <i>Mangrove Palynology</i> <a href="/wiki/UNDP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNDP">UNDP</a>/<a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Institute_of_Pondicherry" title="French Institute of Pondicherry">French Institute of Pondicherry</a>, ISSN 0073-8336 (E).</li> <li>Tomlinson, Philip B. (1986). <i>The Botany of Mangroves</i>. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-25567-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-25567-8">0-521-25567-8</a>.</li> <li>Teas, H. J. (1983). <i>Biology and Ecology of Mangroves</i>. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6193-948-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-6193-948-8">90-6193-948-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaziatCavagnettoKoeniguerBaltzer2001" class="citation journal cs1">Plaziat, Jean-Claude; Cavagnetto, Carla; Koeniguer, Jean-Claude; Baltzer, Frédéric (2001). 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(2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/236913.pdf">"The 'Mangrove Reference Database and Herbarium'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Plant Ecology and Evolution</i>. <b>143</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">225–</span>232. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5091%2Fplecevo.2010.439">10.5091/plecevo.2010.439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Ecology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=The+%27Mangrove+Reference+Database+and+Herbarium%27&rft.volume=143&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E225-%3C%2Fspan%3E232&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5091%2Fplecevo.2010.439&rft.au=Mass%C3%B3&rft.au=Alem%C3%A1n%2C+S.&rft.au=Bourgeois%2C+C.&rft.au=Appeltans%2C+W.&rft.au=Vanhoorne%2C+B.&rft.au=De+Hauwere%2C+N.&rft.au=Stoffelen%2C+P.&rft.au=Heaghebaert%2C+A.&rft.au=Dahdouh-Guebas%2C+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vliz.be%2Fimisdocs%2Fpublications%2F236913.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangrove" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVo_QuocOppeltLeinenkugelKuenzer2013" class="citation journal cs1">Vo Quoc, T.; Oppelt, N.; Leinenkugel, P. & Kuenzer, C. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frs5010183">"Remote Sensing in Mapping Mangrove Ecosystems – An Object-Based Approach"</a>. <i>Remote Sensing</i>. <b>5</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">183–</span>201. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013RemS....5..183V">2013RemS....5..183V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frs5010183">10.3390/rs5010183</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Remote+Sensing&rft.atitle=Remote+Sensing+in+Mapping+Mangrove+Ecosystems+%E2%80%93+An+Object-Based+Approach&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E183-%3C%2Fspan%3E201&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frs5010183&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013RemS....5..183V&rft.aulast=Vo+Quoc&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Oppelt%2C+N.&rft.au=Leinenkugel%2C+P.&rft.au=Kuenzer%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frs5010183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangrove" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangrove&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Mangrove</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mangrove" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Mangrove">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mangrove" class="extiw" title="c:Mangrove">Media</a> from Commons</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904081205/http://waittinstitute.org/mangroves/">"Mangrove Factsheet"</a>. Waitt Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://waittinstitute.org/mangroves/">the original</a> on 4 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mangrove+Factsheet&rft.pub=Waitt+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwaittinstitute.org%2Fmangroves%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangrove" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life-ecosystems/mangroves/">"Mangroves"</a>. Smithsonian Ocean Portal. 30 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mangroves&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Ocean+Portal&rft.date=2018-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Focean.si.edu%2Focean-life-ecosystems%2Fmangroves%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangrove" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.travelmate.com.bd/top-10-largest-mangrove-forest-in-the-world/">Top 10 Mangrove Forest In The World – Travel Mate</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423151752/http://www.fish.wa.gov.au/Documents/recreational_fishing/fact_sheets/fact_sheet_mangroves.pdf">"Mangroves Fact Sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Fisheries Western Australia. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fish.wa.gov.au/Documents/recreational_fishing/fact_sheets/fact_sheet_mangroves.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mangroves+Fact+Sheet&rft.pub=Fisheries+Western+Australia&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fish.wa.gov.au%2FDocuments%2Frecreational_fishing%2Ffact_sheets%2Ffact_sheet_mangroves.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangrove" class="Z3988"></span>* In May 2011, the VOA <a href="/wiki/Special_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Special English">Special English</a> service of the <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a> broadcast a 15-minute program on mangrove forests. A transcript and MP3 of the program, intended for English learners, can be found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511175432/http://www.voanews.com/learningenglish/home/science-technology/Mangrove-forests-Everest-NSF-121499174.html">Mangrove Forests Could Be a Big Player in Carbon Trading</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205214449/http://www.cathalac.org/">"Water Center for the Humid Tropics of Latin America and the Caribbean"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cathalac.org/">the original</a> on 5 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Water+Center+for+the+Humid+Tropics+of+Latin+America+and+the+Caribbean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cathalac.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangrove" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.unep-wcmc.org">"Ocean Data Viewer – UNEP-WCMC"</a>. <i>UNEP-WCMC's official website – Ocean Data Viewer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNEP-WCMC%27s+official+website+%E2%80%93+Ocean+Data+Viewer&rft.atitle=Ocean+Data+Viewer+%E2%80%93+UNEP-WCMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.unep-wcmc.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangrove" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/queenslands-coastal-kidneys-mangroves">Queensland's coastal kidneys: mangroves</a>. Stacey Larner, John Oxley Library Blog. State Library of Queensland.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://atmos.earth/overview-mangroves-take-shelter/">"Take Shelter - Mangroves work together to protect the Earth and its waters. What can they teach us about community and sacrifice?"</a>. <i>Atmos</i>. 16 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atmos&rft.atitle=Take+Shelter+-+Mangroves+work+together+to+protect+the+Earth+and+its+waters.+What+can+they+teach+us+about+community+and+sacrifice%3F&rft.date=2024-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fatmos.earth%2Foverview-mangroves-take-shelter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangrove" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cayo_Jut%C3%ADas-Mangrove_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cayo_Jut%C3%ADas-Mangrove_%283%29.jpg/140px-Cayo_Jut%C3%ADas-Mangrove_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cayo_Jut%C3%ADas-Mangrove_%283%29.jpg/210px-Cayo_Jut%C3%ADas-Mangrove_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cayo_Jut%C3%ADas-Mangrove_%283%29.jpg/280px-Cayo_Jut%C3%ADas-Mangrove_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ecology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">Mangrove forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_tree_distribution" title="Mangrove tree distribution">Mangrove tree distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_values_of_mangroves" title="Ecological values of mangroves">Ecological values of mangroves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mangrove_ecoregions" title="List of mangrove ecoregions">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_mangroves" title="Central African mangroves">Central African mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_mangroves" title="East African mangroves">East African mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_mangroves" title="Guinean mangroves">Guinean mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_mangroves" title="Madagascar mangroves">Madagascar mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_mangroves" title="Red Sea mangroves">Red Sea mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa_mangroves" title="Southern Africa mangroves">Southern Africa mangroves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mangroves_in_India" title="Mangroves in India">Mangroves in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochina_mangroves" title="Indochina mangroves">Indochina mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_River_Delta%E2%80%93Arabian_Sea_mangroves" title="Indus River Delta–Arabian Sea mangroves">Indus River Delta–Arabian Sea mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangroves_of_the_Straits_of_Malacca" title="Mangroves of the Straits of Malacca">Mangroves of the Straits of Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Coast_mangroves" title="Myanmar Coast mangroves">Myanmar Coast mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mangroves_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of mangroves of Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Shelf_mangroves" title="Sunda Shelf mangroves">Sunda Shelf mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_mangroves" title="Australian mangroves">Australian mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_mangroves" title="New Guinea mangroves">New Guinea mangroves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon%E2%80%93Orinoco%E2%80%93Southern_Caribbean_mangroves" title="Amazon–Orinoco–Southern Caribbean mangroves">Amazon–Orinoco–Southern Caribbean mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_mangroves" title="Cuban mangroves">Cuban mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_mangroves" title="Florida mangroves">Florida mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guianan_mangroves" title="Guianan mangroves">Guianan mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Panama_mangroves" title="Gulf of Panama mangroves">Gulf of Panama mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mesoamerican_Pacific_Coast_Mangroves" title="Northern Mesoamerican Pacific Coast Mangroves">Northern Mesoamerican Pacific Coast Mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_Pacific_mangroves" title="South American Pacific mangroves">South American Pacific mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_mangroves" title="Trinidad mangroves">Trinidad mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Venezuelan_mangroves" title="Coastal Venezuelan mangroves">Coastal Venezuelan mangroves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_restoration" title="Mangrove restoration">Mangrove restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Based_Mangrove_Management" title="Community Based Mangrove Management">Community Based Mangrove Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_for_the_Conservation_of_the_Mangrove_Ecosystem" title="International Day for the Conservation of the Mangrove Ecosystem">International Day for the Conservation of the Mangrove Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_Care_Forum_Bali" title="Mangrove Care Forum Bali">Mangrove Care Forum Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_deforestation_in_Myanmar" title="Mangrove deforestation in Myanmar">Mangrove deforestation in Myanmar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_mangrove-shrimp_aquaculture" title="Integrated mangrove-shrimp aquaculture">Integrated mangrove-shrimp aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_salt_pond_ecosystem" title="Tropical salt pond ecosystem">Tropical salt pond ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland_conservation" title="Wetland conservation">Wetland conservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aquatic_ecosystems487" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aquatic_ecosystems" title="Template:Aquatic ecosystems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aquatic_ecosystems" title="Template talk:Aquatic ecosystems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aquatic_ecosystems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aquatic ecosystems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aquatic_ecosystems487" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General_components_and_freshwater_ecosystems487" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General components and <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_ecosystem" title="Freshwater ecosystem">freshwater ecosystems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_ecology" title="Acoustic ecology">Acoustic ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Algal bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">Anoxic waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_adaptation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic adaptation">Aquatic adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">Aquatic animal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_insect" title="Aquatic insect">Insect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_mammal" title="Aquatic mammal">Mammal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_bird" title="Water bird">Water bird</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_biomonitoring" title="Aquatic biomonitoring">Aquatic biomonitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">Aquatic plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_model_in_biology#Aquatic_population_dynamics" title="Agent-based model in biology">Aquatic population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_predation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic predation">Aquatic predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_respiration" title="Aquatic respiration">Aquatic respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_science" title="Aquatic science">Aquatic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_toxicology" title="Aquatic toxicology">Aquatic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthos" title="Benthos">Benthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">Bioluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_dissolved_organic_matter" title="Colored dissolved organic matter">Colored dissolved organic matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">Dead zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecohydrology" title="Ecohydrology">Ecohydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">Food chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">Food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIS_and_aquatic_science" title="GIS and aquatic science">GIS and aquatic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrobiology" title="Hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobenthos" title="Macrobenthos">Macrobenthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiobenthos" title="Meiobenthos">Meiobenthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_ecology" title="Microbial ecology">Microbial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_food_web" title="Microbial food web">Microbial food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_loop" title="Microbial loop">Microbial loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekton" title="Nekton">Nekton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuston" title="Neuston">Neuston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_(ecology)" title="Particle (ecology)">Particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">Photic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">Phytoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">Plankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleuston" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleuston">Pleuston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivity_(ecology)" title="Productivity (ecology)">Productivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sediment_trap" title="Sediment trap">Sediment trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiaquatic" title="Semiaquatic">Semiaquatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Shoaling and schooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltation" title="Siltation">Siltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">Spawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotope_analysis#Stable_isotope_analysis_in_aquatic_ecosystems" title="Isotope analysis">Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_metabolism" title="Stream metabolism">Stream metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substrate_(marine_biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrate (marine biology)">Substrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_camouflage" title="Underwater camouflage">Underwater camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">Water column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">Zooplankton</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg/140px-Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg/210px-Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg/280px-Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="551" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freshwater</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biology" title="Freshwater biology">Freshwater biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biome" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater biome">Freshwater biome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater environmental quality parameters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Freshwater fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyporheic_zone" title="Hyporheic zone">Hyporheic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_ecosystem" title="Lake ecosystem">Lake ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_stratification" title="Lake stratification">Lake stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrophyte">Macrophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_pond" title="Fish pond">Fish pond</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheotaxis" title="Rheotaxis">Rheotaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_ecosystem" title="River ecosystem">River ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">Stream bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">Stream pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_state_index" title="Trophic state index">Trophic state index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_and_lowland" title="Upland and lowland">Upland and lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">Water garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">Bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_swamp_forest" title="Freshwater swamp forest">Freshwater swamp forest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ecoregions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_ecoregions_(WWF)" title="List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)">List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_ecoregions_in_Africa_and_Madagascar" title="List of freshwater ecoregions in Africa and Madagascar">Africa and Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_ecoregions_of_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="List of freshwater ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_ecoregions" title="List of marine ecoregions">List of marine ecoregions</a></li> <li>Specific examples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_ecology_of_the_Everglades" title="Geography and ecology of the Everglades">Everglades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_ecology_of_Maharashtra" title="Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_of_the_North_Pacific_Subtropical_Gyre" title="Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre">North Pacific Subtropical Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_the_San_Francisco_Estuary" title="Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary">San Francisco Estuary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Marine_ecosystems_(components)487" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">Marine ecosystems</a> (<a href="/wiki/Template:Marine_aquatic_ecosystems" title="Template:Marine aquatic ecosystems">components</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_scattering_layer" title="Deep scattering layer">Deep scattering layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">Diel vertical migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-ratio_(oceanography)" title="F-ratio (oceanography)">f-ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_fertilization" title="Iron fertilization">Iron fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_marine_ecosystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Large marine ecosystem">Large marine ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chemistry" title="Marine chemistry">Marine chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_food_web" title="Marine food web">Marine food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_primary_production" title="Marine primary production">Marine primary production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_snow" title="Marine snow">Marine snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_fertilization" title="Ocean fertilization">Ocean fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_physical-biological_process" title="Oceanic physical-biological process">Oceanic physical-biological process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_turbidity" title="Ocean turbidity">Ocean turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophore" title="Photophore">Photophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorson%27s_rule" title="Thorson's rule">Thorson's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_shunt" title="Viral shunt">Viral shunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_fall" title="Whale fall">Whale fall</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maldivesfish2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/140px-Maldivesfish2.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/210px-Maldivesfish2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/280px-Maldivesfish2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">Marine life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_of_Marine_Life" title="Census of Marine Life">Census of Marine Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_community" title="Deep-sea community">Deep-sea community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-water_coral" title="Deep-water coral">Deep-water coral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_fungi" title="Marine fungi">Marine fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_invertebrates" title="Marine invertebrates">Marine invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_larval_ecology" title="Marine larval ecology">Marine larval ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">Seagrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seashore_wildlife" title="Seashore wildlife">Seashore wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_microorganisms" title="Marine microorganisms">Microorganisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_bacteriophage" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine bacteriophage">Marine bacteriophage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_prokaryotes" title="Marine prokaryotes">Marine prokaryotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protists" title="Marine protists">Marine protists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_viruses" title="Marine viruses">Marine viruses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_the_plankton" title="Paradox of the plankton">Paradox of the plankton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_vertebrate" title="Marine vertebrate">Vertebrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">Marine mammal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_reptile" title="Marine reptile">Marine reptile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltwater_fish" title="Saltwater fish">Saltwater fish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">Coastal fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">Coral reef fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_fish" title="Deep-sea fish">Deep-sea fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Pelagic fish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">Seabird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">Marine habitats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_mud" title="Bay mud">Bay mud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_coastal_ecosystem" title="Marine coastal ecosystem">Marine coastal ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_biogeomorphology" title="Coastal biogeomorphology">Coastal biogeomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidson_Seamount#Ecology" title="Davidson Seamount">Davidson Seamount § Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_ecology" title="Intertidal ecology">Intertidal ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">Kelp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mangrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine biomes">Marine biomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_reef" title="Oyster reef">Oyster reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">Rocky shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_pannes_and_pools" title="Salt pannes and pools">Salt pannes and pools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagrass_meadow" title="Seagrass meadow">Seagrass meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_ground" title="Sponge ground">Sponge ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_reef" title="Sponge reef">Sponge reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">Tide pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Conservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coral_bleaching" title="Coral bleaching">Coral bleaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_values_of_mangroves" title="Ecological values of mangroves">Ecological values of mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_and_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries and climate change">Fisheries and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotspot_Ecosystem_Research_and_Man%27s_Impact_On_European_Seas" title="Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas">HERMIONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">Human impact on marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation_activism" title="Marine conservation activism">Marine conservation activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">Marine protected area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/16px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/24px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/32px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lakes" title="Portal:Lakes">Lakes portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/16px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/24px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Aquatic_ecology" title="Category:Aquatic ecology">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Biogeographic_regionalisations145" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#f0f0f0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biomes" title="Template:Biomes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biomes" title="Template talk:Biomes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biomes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biomes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biogeographic_regionalisations145" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biogeography#Biogeographic_regionalisations" title="Biogeography">Biogeographic regionalisations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0f0f0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biomes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#329B32;">Terrestrial<br />biomes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#90A010;">Polar/montane</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">Taiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montane_grasslands_and_shrublands" title="Montane grasslands and shrublands">Montane grasslands and shrublands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_tundra" title="Alpine tundra">Alpine tundra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgreen;">Temperate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_coniferous_forest" title="Temperate coniferous forest">Coniferous forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests">Broadleaf and mixed forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_deciduous_forest" title="Temperate deciduous forest">Deciduous forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#20A010;">Tropical and<br /> <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">Tropical rainforest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_coniferous_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests">Coniferous forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests">Moist broadleaf forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_dry_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests">Dry broadleaf forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFDC60;">Dry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_scrub" title="Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub">Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands" title="Deserts and xeric shrublands">Deserts and xeric shrublands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">Steppe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:mediumseagreen;">Wet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas" title="Flooded grasslands and savannas">Flooded grasslands and savannas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">Riparian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mangrove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#55AAFF;">Aquatic<br />biomes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">Intertidal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">Kelp forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neritic_zone" title="Neritic zone">Neritic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">Benthic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seeps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_zone" title="Demersal zone">Demersal zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:silver;">Other biomes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endolith" title="Endolith">Endolithic zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0f0f0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_realm" title="Biogeographic realm">Biogeographic <br /> realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#329B32;">Terrestrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrotropical_realm" title="Afrotropical realm">Afrotropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_realm" title="Antarctic realm">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australasian_realm" title="Australasian realm">Australasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holarctic_realm" title="Holarctic realm">Holarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indomalayan_realm" title="Indomalayan realm">Indomalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearctic_realm" title="Nearctic realm">Nearctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotropical_realm" title="Neotropical realm">Neotropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_realm" title="Oceanian realm">Oceanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palearctic_realm" title="Palearctic realm">Palearctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#55AAFF;">Marine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_realm" title="Arctic realm">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Pacific" title="Central Indo-Pacific">Central Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Pacific" title="Eastern Indo-Pacific">Eastern Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Australasia" title="Temperate Australasia">Temperate Australasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Northern_Atlantic" title="Temperate Northern Atlantic">Temperate Northern Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Northern_Pacific" title="Temperate Northern Pacific">Temperate Northern Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_South_America" title="Temperate South America">Temperate South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Southern_Africa" title="Temperate Southern Africa">Temperate Southern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Atlantic" title="Tropical Atlantic">Tropical Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Eastern_Pacific" title="Tropical Eastern Pacific">Tropical Eastern Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Indo-Pacific" title="Western Indo-Pacific">Western Indo-Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biogeographic_provinces" title="List of biogeographic provinces">Biogeographic provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioregion" title="Bioregion">Bioregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">Ecoregions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ecoregions" title="Lists of ecoregions">Lists of ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_200" title="Global 200">Global 200 ecoregions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0f0f0;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altitudinal_zonation" title="Altitudinal zonation">Altitudinal zonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_land_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological land classification">Ecological land classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floristic_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Floristic kingdom">Floristic kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetation_classification" title="Vegetation classification">Vegetation classifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoogeographic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoogeographic region">Zoogeographic regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wetlands399" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wetlands" title="Template:Wetlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wetlands" title="Template talk:Wetlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wetlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wetlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wetlands399" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backswamp" title="Backswamp">Backswamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayou" title="Bayou">Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_meadow" title="Beach meadow">Beach meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_river" title="Blackwater river">Blackwater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bofedales" title="Bofedales">Bofedales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">Bog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanket_bog" title="Blanket bog">Blanket bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataract_bog" title="Cataract bog">Cataract bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal bog">Coastal bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermi_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Kermi bog">Kermi bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Plateau bog">Plateau bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygonal bog">Polygonal bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_bog" title="Raised bog">Raised bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_bog" title="String bog">String bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Upland bog">Upland bog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callows" title="Callows">Callows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr_(landform)" title="Carr (landform)">Carr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alder_carr" title="Alder carr">Alder carr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ci%C3%A9nega" title="Ciénega">Ciénega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearwater_river_(river_type)" title="Clearwater river (river type)">Clearwater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_dome" title="Cypress dome">Cypress dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambo" title="Dambo">Dambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">Fen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fen-meadow" title="Fen-meadow">Fen-meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor fen">Poor fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rich fen">Rich fen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flark" title="Flark">Flark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood-meadow" title="Flood-meadow">Flood-meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas" title="Flooded grasslands and savannas">Flooded grasslands and savannas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_valley" title="Grass valley">Grass valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelta" title="Guelta">Guelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamun" title="Hamun">Hamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igap%C3%B3" title="Igapó">Igapó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ings" title="Ings">Ings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdunal_wetland" title="Interdunal wetland">Interdunal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettle_(landform)" title="Kettle (landform)">Kettle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagg_(landform)" title="Lagg (landform)">Lagg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">Marsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_salt_marsh" title="Inland salt marsh">Inland salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">Tidal marsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_marsh" title="High marsh">High marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_marsh" title="Low marsh">Low marsh</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_(lake)" title="Mere (lake)">Mere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misse" title="Misse">Misse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorland" title="Moorland">Moorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskeg" title="Muskeg">Muskeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">Oasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakihi" title="Pakihi">Pakihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palsa" title="Palsa">Palsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palustrine_wetland" title="Palustrine wetland">Palustrine wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peatland" title="Peatland">Peatland, mire, and quagmire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocosin" title="Pocosin">Pocosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothole_(landform)" title="Pothole (landform)">Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_bed" title="Reed bed">Reed bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_pannes_and_pools" title="Salt pannes and pools">Salt pannes and pools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slough_(hydrology)" title="Slough (hydrology)">Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">Swamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coniferous_swamp" title="Coniferous swamp">Coniferous swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_swamp_forest" title="Freshwater swamp forest">Freshwater swamp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">Mangrove forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myristica_swamp" title="Myristica swamp"><i>Myristica</i> swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat_swamp_forest" title="Peat swamp forest">Peat swamp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub_swamp" title="Shrub swamp">Shrub swamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_meadow" title="Wet meadow">Wet meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1rzea_forest" title="Várzea forest">Várzea forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernal_pool" title="Vernal pool">Vernal pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_river_(river_type)" title="Whitewater river (river type)">Whitewater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Yaéré">Yaéré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artificial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bog_garden" title="Bog garden">Bog garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converted_wetland" title="Converted wetland">Converted wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swale_(landform)" title="Swale (landform)">Swale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-meadow" title="Water-meadow">Water-meadow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wetland_plants" title="List of wetland plants">List of wetland plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fen_plants" title="List of fen plants">List of fen plants</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sphagnum" title="Sphagnum">Sphagnum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soil mechanics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrotelm" title="Acrotelm">Acrotelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histosol" title="Histosol">Histosol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapric" title="Sapric">Sapric or muck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_peat" title="Tropical peat">Tropical peat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydric_soil" title="Hydric soil">Hydric soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_gas" title="Marsh gas">Marsh gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ombrotrophic" title="Ombrotrophic">Ombrotrophic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halosere" title="Halosere">Halosere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosere" title="Hydrosere">Hydrosere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludification" title="Paludification">Paludification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh_dieback" title="Salt marsh dieback">Salt marsh dieback</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wetland_classification" title="Wetland classification">Classifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Directory_of_Important_Wetlands_in_Australia" title="A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia">A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wetlands_Inventory" title="National Wetlands Inventory">National Wetlands Inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Classification_System_for_Wetland_Type" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type">Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wetland_conservation" title="Wetland conservation">Conservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_organ" title="Marsh organ">Marsh organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_site" title="Ramsar site">Ramsar site</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_Wetlands_of_International_Importance" title="List of Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh_die-off" title="Salt marsh die-off">Salt marsh die-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland_indicator_status" title="Wetland indicator status">Wetland indicator status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Haor_and_Wetland_Development_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board">Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Waterfowl_Foundation" title="Delta Waterfowl Foundation">Delta Waterfowl Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducks_Unlimited" title="Ducks Unlimited">Ducks Unlimited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Peatland_Conservation_Council" title="Irish Peatland Conservation Council">Irish Peatland Conservation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowview_Biological_Research_Station" title="Meadowview Biological Research Station">Meadowview Biological Research Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Wetland_Scientists" title="Society of Wetland Scientists">Society of Wetland Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_International" title="Wetlands International">Wetlands International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfowl_%26_Wetlands_Trust" title="Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust">Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_body" title="Bog body">Bog body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_butter" title="Bog butter">Bog butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_iron" title="Bog iron">Bog iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bogs" title="List of bogs">List of bogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Drainage basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">Riparian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telmatology" title="Telmatology">Telmatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbary" title="Turbary">Turbary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will-o%27-the-wisp" title="Will-o'-the-wisp">Will-o'-the-wisp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/16px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/24px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/32px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1001" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wetlands" title="Portal:Wetlands">Wetlands portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wetlands" title="Category:Wetlands">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sources_of_tannins124" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tannin_source" title="Template:Tannin source"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tannin_source" title="Template talk:Tannin source"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tannin_source" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tannin source"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sources_of_tannins124" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sources of <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannins</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources of<br /> <a href="/wiki/Condensed_tannin" title="Condensed tannin">condensed tannins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Areca_catechu" title="Areca catechu">Areca catechu</a></i> seed <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arecatannin" title="Arecatannin">arecatannins</a></li></ul></li> <li>Broad bean <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vicia_faba" title="Vicia faba">Vicia faba</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a> <ul><li><i>Vitis vinifera</i></li></ul></li> <li>Mimosa bark <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_mearnsii" title="Acacia mearnsii">Acacia mollissima</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Myrtan or black marlock <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_redunca" title="Eucalyptus redunca">Eucalyptus redunca</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebracho_tree" title="Quebracho tree">Quebracho</a> wood</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources of<br /> <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysable_tannin" title="Hydrolysable tannin">hydrolysable tannins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a> wood</li> <li>Dhawa <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anogeissus_latifolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anogeissus latifolia">Anogeissus latifolia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Myrobalan fruit <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Terminalia_chebula" title="Terminalia chebula">Terminalia chebula</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_bark" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak bark">Oak bark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a> wood</li> <li>Valonia oak <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_macrolepis" class="mw-redirect" title="Quercus macrolepis">Quercus macrolepis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumac" title="Sumac">Sumac</a> <ul><li>Tanner's sumach leaves - <i><a href="/wiki/Rhus_coriaria" title="Rhus coriaria">Rhus coriaria</a></i> or Chinese gall on <i><a href="/wiki/Rhus_chinensis" title="Rhus chinensis">Rhus chinensis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Tara pod <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tara_spinosa" title="Tara spinosa">Tara spinosa</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other sources<br />by organ</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">Barks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>General : <a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Acacia_species_used_for_tannin_production" title="List of Acacia species used for tannin production">Acacias</a> (most notably <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_pycnantha" title="Acacia pycnantha">Acacia pycnantha</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_decurrens" title="Acacia decurrens">Acacia decurrens</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">Alder</a> <ul><li><i>Alnus sp</i></li></ul></li> <li>Avaram <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Senna_auriculata" title="Senna auriculata">Senna auriculata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Babul <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_nilotica" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia nilotica">Acacia nilotica</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">Birch</a> <ul><li><i>Betula sp</i></li></ul></li> <li>Button mangrove <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Conocarpus_erectus" title="Conocarpus erectus">Conocarpus erectus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Hemlock <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga" title="Tsuga">Tsuga</a> sp</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larch" title="Larch">Larch</a> <ul><li><i>Larix sp</i></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mangrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">Pine</a> <ul><li><i>Pinus sp</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">Spruce</a> <ul><li><i>Picea sp</i></li></ul></li> <li>Urunday <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Myracrodruon_urundeuva" title="Myracrodruon urundeuva">Myracrodruon urundeuva</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Willow <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Salix_caprea" title="Salix caprea">Salix caprea</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Badan <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bergenia_crassifolia" title="Bergenia crassifolia">Bergenia crassifolia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambier_(extract)" title="Gambier (extract)">Gambier</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncaria_gambir" title="Uncaria gambir">Uncaria gambir</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Redoul <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coriaria_myrtifolia" title="Coriaria myrtifolia">Coriaria myrtifolia</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Roots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Canaigre <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rumex_hymenosepalus" title="Rumex hymenosepalus">Rumex hymenosepalus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Garouille <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_coccifera" title="Quercus coccifera">Quercus coccifera</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Sea lavender <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Limonium" title="Limonium">Limonium</a> sp</i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Woods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cutch <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Senegalia_catechu" title="Senegalia catechu">Senegalia catechu</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Divi-divi pod <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Libidibia_coriaria" title="Libidibia coriaria">Libidibia coriaria</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Sant pod <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_nilotica" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia nilotica">Acacia nilotica</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Teri pod <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Moullava_digyna" title="Moullava digyna">Moullava digyna</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gall" title="Gall">Galls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gall oak <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_lusitanica" title="Quercus lusitanica">Quercus lusitanica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_infectoria" title="Quercus infectoria">Quercus infectoria</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Whole plant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prosopis" title="Prosopis">Prosopis</a></i> sp. bark and wood <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prosopis_humilis" title="Prosopis humilis">Prosopis humilis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prosopis_nigra" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosopis nigra">Prosopis nigra</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Tanoak <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Notholithocarpus" title="Notholithocarpus">Notholithocarpus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Tizra heartwood and root <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Searsia_pentaphylla" title="Searsia pentaphylla">Searsia pentaphylla</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Undetermined organ</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_colubrina" title="Anadenanthera colubrina">Anadenanthera colubrina</a></i> (vilca)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Biodiversity_of_South_Africa806" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biodiversity_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Biodiversity of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biodiversity_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Biodiversity of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biodiversity_of_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biodiversity of South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biodiversity_of_South_Africa806" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_South_Africa" title="Biodiversity of South Africa">Biodiversity of South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrotropical_realm" title="Afrotropical realm">Afrotropical realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biodiversity_of_South_Africa" title="Marine biodiversity of South Africa">Marine biodiversity of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Southern_Africa" title="Temperate Southern Africa">Temperate Southern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Indo-Pacific" title="Western Indo-Pacific">Western Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_South_Africa" title="Wildlife of South Africa">Wildlife of South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="National_taxon_checklists806" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">National taxon checklists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conifers_of_South_Africa" title="List of conifers of South Africa">Conifers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cycads_of_South_Africa" title="List of cycads of South Africa">Cycads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hornworts_of_South_Africa" title="List of hornworts of South Africa">Hornworts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_liverworts_of_South_Africa" title="List of liverworts of South Africa">Liverworts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lycophytes_of_South_Africa" title="List of lycophytes of South Africa">Lycophytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosses_of_South_Africa" title="List of mosses of South Africa">Mosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pteridophytes_of_South_Africa" title="List of pteridophytes of South Africa">Pteridophytes</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Floweringplants67" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_flowering_plants_of_South_Africa" title="Lists of flowering plants of South Africa">Flowering<br />plants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Acorales_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Acorales of South Africa">Acorales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alismatales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Alismatales of South Africa">Alismatales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apiales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Apiales of South Africa">Apiales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apiaceae_of_South_Africa" title="List of Apiaceae of South Africa">Apiaceae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aquifoliales_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Aquifoliales of South Africa">Aquifoliales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arecales_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Arecales of South Africa">Arecales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asparagales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Asparagales of South Africa">Asparagales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asphodelaceae_of_South_Africa" title="List of Asphodelaceae of South Africa">Asphodelaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hyacinthaceae_of_South_Africa" title="List of Hyacinthaceae of South Africa">Hyacinthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iridaceae_of_South_Africa" title="List of Iridaceae of South Africa">Iridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Orchidaceae_of_South_Africa" title="List of Orchidaceae of South Africa">Orchidaceae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asterales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Asterales of South Africa">Asterales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asteraceae_of_South_Africa" title="List of Asteraceae of South Africa">Asteraceae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Boraginales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Boraginales of South Africa">Boraginales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brassicales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Brassicales of South Africa">Brassicales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bruniales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Bruniales of South Africa">Bruniales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buxales_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buxales of South Africa">Buxales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canellales_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canellales of South Africa">Canellales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caryophyllales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Caryophyllales of South Africa">Caryophyllales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aizoaceae_of_South_Africa" title="List of Aizoaceae of South Africa">Aizoaceae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celastrales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Celastrales of South Africa">Celastrales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ceratophyllales_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ceratophyllales of South Africa">Ceratophyllales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commelinales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Commelinales of South Africa">Commelinales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cornales_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Cornales of South Africa">Cornales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crossosomatales_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Crossosomatales of South Africa">Crossosomatales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cucurbitales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Cucurbitales of South Africa">Cucurbitales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dioscoreales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Dioscoreales of South Africa">Dioscoreales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dipsacales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Dipsacales of South Africa">Dipsacales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ericales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Ericales of South Africa">Ericales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Escalloniales_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Escalloniales of South Africa">Escalloniales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Fabales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Fabales of South Africa">Fabales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Fagales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Fagales of South Africa">Fagales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gentianales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Gentianales of South Africa">Gentianales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apocynaceae_of_South_Africa" title="List of Apocynaceae of South Africa">Apocynaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rubiaceae_of_South_Africa" title="List of Rubiaceae of South Africa">Rubiaceae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Geraniales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Geraniales of South Africa">Geraniales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gunnerales_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gunnerales of South Africa">Gunnerales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Huerteales_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Huerteales of South Africa">Huerteales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Icacinales_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Icacinales of South Africa">Icacinales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lamiales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Lamiales of South Africa">Lamiales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Acanthaceae_of_South_Africa" title="List of Acanthaceae of South Africa">Acanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lamiaceae_of_South_Africa" title="List of Lamiaceae of South Africa">Lamiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scrophulariaceae_of_South_Africa" title="List of Scrophulariaceae of South Africa">Scrophulariaceae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Laurales_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Laurales of South Africa">Laurales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Liliales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Liliales of South Africa">Liliales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Magnoliales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Magnoliales of South Africa">Magnoliales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malpighiales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Malpighiales of South Africa">Malpighiales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Euphorbiaceae_of_South_Africa" title="List of Euphorbiaceae of South Africa">Euphorbiaceae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malvales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Malvales of South Africa">Malvales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Myrtales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Myrtales of South Africa">Myrtales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nymphaeales_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nymphaeales of South Africa">Nymphaeales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oxalidales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Oxalidales of South Africa">Oxalidales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pandanales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Pandanales of South Africa">Pandanales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Piperales_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Piperales of South Africa">Piperales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Poales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Poales of South Africa">Poales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Poaceae_of_South_Africa" title="List of Poaceae of South Africa">Poaceae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Proteales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Proteales of South Africa">Proteales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ranunculales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Ranunculales of South Africa">Ranunculales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rosales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Rosales of South Africa">Rosales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Santalales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Santalales of South Africa">Santalales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sapindales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Sapindales of South Africa">Sapindales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saxifragales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Saxifragales of South Africa">Saxifragales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solanales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Solanales of South Africa">Solanales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vahliales_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Vahliales of South Africa">Vahliales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vitales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Vitales of South Africa">Vitales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Zingiberales_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Zingiberales of South Africa">Zingiberales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Zygophyllales_of_South_Africa" title="List of Zygophyllales of South Africa">Zygophyllales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ascidians</li> <li>Bryozoans</li> <li>Comb jellies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_echinoderms_of_South_Africa" title="List of echinoderms of South Africa">Echinoderms</a></li> <li>Nematodes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_polychaete_worms_of_South_Africa" title="List of polychaete worms of South Africa">Polychaetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_cnidarians_of_South_Africa" title="List of marine cnidarians of South Africa">Marine cnidarians</a></li> <li>Marine flatworms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sponges_of_South_Africa" title="List of sponges of South Africa">Sponges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tardigrades_of_South_Africa" title="List of tardigrades of South Africa">Tardigrades</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Arthropods29" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arthropods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_crustaceans_of_South_Africa" title="List of marine crustaceans of South Africa">Marine crustaceans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sea_spiders_of_South_Africa" title="List of sea spiders of South Africa">Sea spiders</a></li></ul></li> <li>Centipedes</li> <li>Millipedes</li> <li>Entognatha</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arachnids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Harvestmen</li> <li>Microwhip scorpions</li> <li>Pseudoscorpions</li> <li>Scorpions</li> <li>Shorttailed whipscorpions</li> <li>Solifugae</li> <li>Araneae</li> <li>Ixodida</li> <li>Whip spiders and tailless whip scorpions</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Alderflies, dobsonflies and fishflies</li> <li>Beetles</li> <li>Booklice, barklice and barkflies</li> <li>Butterflies and moths</li> <li>Caddisflies</li> <li>Cockroaches and termites</li> <li>Dragonflies and damselflies</li> <li>Earwigs</li> <li>Fleas</li> <li>Flies</li> <li>Jumping bristletails</li> <li>Lice</li> <li>Mantises</li> <li>Mayflies</li> <li>Net-winged insects</li> <li>Notoptera</li> <li>Orthoptera</li> <li>Sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants</li> <li>Scorpionflies</li> <li>Silverfish and firebrats</li> <li>Stick and leaf insects</li> <li>Stoneflies</li> <li>Strepsiptera</li> <li>Termites</li> <li>Thrips</li> <li>True bugs</li> <li>Webspinners</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Molluscs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_South_Africa" title="List of non-marine molluscs of South Africa">Non-marine molluscs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_molluscs_of_South_Africa" title="List of marine molluscs of South Africa">Marine molluscs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_gastropods_of_South_Africa" title="List of marine gastropods of South Africa">Marine gastropods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_heterobranch_gastropods_of_South_Africa" title="List of marine heterobranch gastropods of South Africa">Marine heterobranch gastropods</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vertebrates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_amphibians_of_South_Africa" title="List of amphibians of South Africa">Amphibians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_South_Africa" title="List of birds of South Africa">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_freshwater_fishes_of_South_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of freshwater fishes of South Africa (page does not exist)">Freshwater fishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_fishes_of_South_Africa" title="List of marine fishes of South Africa">Marine fishes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_bony_fishes_of_South_Africa" title="List of marine bony fishes of South Africa">Marine bony fishes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_spiny-finned_fishes_of_South_Africa" title="List of marine spiny-finned fishes of South Africa">Marine spiny-finned fishes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_Perciform_fishes_of_South_Africa" title="List of marine Perciform fishes of South Africa">Marine Perciform fishes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_South_Africa" title="List of mammals of South Africa">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reptiles_of_South_Africa" title="List of reptiles of South Africa">Reptiles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seaweeds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_green_seaweeds_of_South_Africa" title="List of green seaweeds of South Africa">Green seaweeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brown_seaweeds_of_South_Africa" title="List of brown seaweeds of South Africa">Brown seaweeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_red_seaweeds_of_South_Africa" title="List of red seaweeds of South Africa">Red seaweeds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fungi_of_South_Africa" title="List of fungi of South Africa">Fungi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fungi_of_South_Africa_%E2%80%93_A" title="List of fungi of South Africa – A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fungi_of_South_Africa_%E2%80%93_B" title="List of fungi of South Africa – B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fungi_of_South_Africa_%E2%80%93_C" title="List of fungi of South Africa – C">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fungi_of_South_Africa_%E2%80%93_D" title="List of fungi of South Africa – D">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fungi_of_South_Africa_%E2%80%93_E" title="List of fungi of South Africa – E">E</a></li> <li>F</li> <li>G</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fungi_of_South_Africa_%E2%80%93_H" title="List of fungi of South Africa – H">H</a></li> <li>I</li> <li>J</li> <li>K</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fungi_of_South_Africa_%E2%80%93_L" title="List of fungi of South Africa – L">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fungi_of_South_Africa_%E2%80%93_M" title="List of fungi of South Africa – M">M</a></li> <li>N</li> <li>O</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fungi_of_South_Africa_%E2%80%93_P" title="List of fungi of South Africa – P">P</a></li> <li>Q</li> <li>R</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fungi_of_South_Africa_%E2%80%93_S" title="List of fungi of South Africa – S">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fungi_of_South_Africa_%E2%80%93_T" title="List of fungi of South Africa – T">T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fungi_of_South_Africa_%E2%80%93_U" title="List of fungi of South Africa – U">U</a></li> <li>V</li> <li>W</li> <li>X</li> <li>Y</li> <li>Z</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bacteria_of_South_Africa" title="List of bacteria of South Africa">List of bacteria of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_invasive_species_in_South_Africa" title="List of invasive species in South Africa">List of invasive species in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_invasive_plant_species_in_South_Africa" title="List of invasive plant species in South Africa">List of invasive plant species in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oomycetes_of_South_Africa" title="List of Oomycetes of South Africa">List of Oomycetes of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slime_moulds_of_South_Africa" title="List of slime moulds of South Africa">List of slime moulds of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Southern_African_indigenous_trees_and_woody_lianes" title="List of Southern African indigenous trees and woody lianes">List of Southern African indigenous trees and woody lianes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(A)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (A)">List of botanists by author abbreviation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Regional_taxon_checklists_and_other_minor_lists806" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Regional taxon checklists and other minor lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_invertebrates_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay" title="List of marine invertebrates of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay">List of marine invertebrates of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_vertebrates_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay" title="List of marine vertebrates of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay">List of marine vertebrates of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_green_seaweeds_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay" title="List of green seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay">List of green seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brown_seaweeds_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay" title="List of brown seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay">List of brown seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_red_seaweeds_of_the_Cape_Peninsula_and_False_Bay" title="List of red seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay">List of red seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay</a></li> <li>Related: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trees_of_Gauteng" title="Timber trees of Gauteng">Timber trees of Gauteng</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Biodiversity_hotspots_and_Centres_of_diversity806" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">Biodiversity hotspots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Centre_of_diversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre of diversity">Centres of diversity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Floristic_Region" title="Cape Floristic Region">Cape Floristic Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany_Hotspot" title="Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany Hotspot">Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany Hotspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_Karoo" title="Succulent Karoo">Succulent Karoo</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_Karoo" title="Succulent Karoo">Succulent Karoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Floristic_Region" title="Cape Floristic Region">Cape Floristic Region</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Griqualand_West_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Griqualand West Centre (page does not exist)">Griqualand West Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albany_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albany Centre (page does not exist)">Albany Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drakensberg_Alpine_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drakensberg Alpine Centre (page does not exist)">Drakensberg Alpine Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soutpansberg_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soutpansberg Centre (page does not exist)">Soutpansberg Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolkberg_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolkberg Centre (page does not exist)">Wolkberg Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekhukhuneland_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekhukhuneland Centre (page does not exist)">Sekhukhuneland Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barberton_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barberton Centre (page does not exist)">Barberton Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maputaland-Pondoland_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Maputaland-Pondoland Region">Maputaland-Pondoland Region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ecoregions806" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">Ecoregions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_South_Africa" title="List of ecoregions in South Africa">List of ecoregions in South Africa</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests">Tropical and subtropical<br />moist broadleaf forests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knysna%E2%80%93Amatole_montane_forests" title="Knysna–Amatole montane forests">Knysna–Amatole montane forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KwaZulu%E2%80%93Cape_coastal_forest_mosaic" title="KwaZulu–Cape coastal forest mosaic">KwaZulu–Cape coastal forest mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maputaland_coastal_forest_mosaic" title="Maputaland coastal forest mosaic">Maputaland coastal forest mosaic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">Tropical and subtropical grasslands,<br />savannas, and shrublands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Acacia-Baikiaea_woodlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalahari Acacia-Baikiaea woodlands">Kalahari Acacia-Baikiaea woodlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushveld" title="Bushveld">Southern Africa bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambezian_and_mopane_woodlands" title="Zambezian and mopane woodlands">Zambezian and mopane woodlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Montane_grasslands_and_shrublands" title="Montane grasslands and shrublands">Montane grasslands<br />and shrublands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drakensberg_alti-montane_grasslands_and_woodlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Drakensberg alti-montane grasslands and woodlands">Drakensberg alti-montane grasslands and woodlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drakensberg_montane_grasslands,_woodlands_and_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Drakensberg montane grasslands, woodlands and forests">Drakensberg montane grasslands, woodlands and forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highveld_grasslands" class="mw-redirect" title="Highveld grasslands">Highveld grasslands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maputaland%E2%80%93Pondoland_bushland_and_thickets" title="Maputaland–Pondoland bushland and thickets">Maputaland–Pondoland bushland and thickets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_scrub" title="Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub">Mediterranean forests,<br />woodlands, and scrub</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany_thickets" title="Albany thickets">Albany thickets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_fynbos_and_renosterveld" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowland fynbos and renosterveld">Lowland fynbos and renosterveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montane_fynbos_and_renosterveld" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane fynbos and renosterveld">Montane fynbos and renosterveld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands" title="Deserts and xeric shrublands">Deserts and xeric shrublands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_xeric_savanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalahari xeric savanna">Kalahari xeric savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nama_Karoo" title="Nama Karoo">Nama Karoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_Karoo" title="Succulent Karoo">Succulent Karoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Indian_Ocean_Islands_tundra" title="Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra">Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mangroves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa_mangroves" title="Southern Africa mangroves">Southern Africa mangroves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_ecoregions_of_the_South_African_exclusive_economic_zone" title="Marine ecoregions of the South African exclusive economic zone">Marine ecoregions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agulhas_ecoregion" class="mw-redirect" title="Agulhas ecoregion">Agulhas ecoregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benguela_ecoregion" class="mw-redirect" title="Benguela ecoregion">Benguela ecoregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delagoa_ecoregion" class="mw-redirect" title="Delagoa ecoregion">Delagoa ecoregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natal_ecoregion" class="mw-redirect" title="Natal ecoregion">Natal ecoregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Atlantic_ecoregion" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Atlantic ecoregion">Southeast Atlantic ecoregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Indian_ecoregion" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Indian ecoregion">Southwest Indian ecoregion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Biomes_and_Vegetation_classification806" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biomes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vegetation_classification" title="Vegetation classification">Vegetation classification</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetation_types_of_South_Africa" title="List of vegetation types of South Africa">List of vegetation types of South Africa</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">Savanna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andesite_Mountain_Bushveld" title="Andesite Mountain Bushveld">Andesite Mountain Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aoub_Duneveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aoub Duneveld (page does not exist)">Aoub Duneveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barberton_Serpentine_Sourveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barberton Serpentine Sourveld (page does not exist)">Barberton Serpentine Sourveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhisho_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhisho Thornveld (page does not exist)">Bhisho Thornveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral_Mopane_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cathedral Mopane Bushveld (page does not exist)">Cathedral Mopane Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Sandy_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Sandy Bushveld (page does not exist)">Central Sandy Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delagoa_Lowveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delagoa Lowveld (page does not exist)">Delagoa Lowveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwaalboom_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dwaalboom Thornveld (page does not exist)">Dwaalboom Thornveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarsberg-Swartruggens_Mountain_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dwarsberg-Swartruggens Mountain Bushveld (page does not exist)">Dwarsberg-Swartruggens Mountain Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Valley_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Valley Bushveld (page does not exist)">Eastern Valley Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabbro_Grassy_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabbro Grassy Bushveld (page does not exist)">Gabbro Grassy Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gauteng_Shale_Mountain_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gauteng Shale Mountain Bushveld (page does not exist)">Gauteng Shale Mountain Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghaap_Plateau_Vaalbosveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghaap Plateau Vaalbosveld (page does not exist)">Ghaap Plateau Vaalbosveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_Reef_Mountain_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gold Reef Mountain Bushveld (page does not exist)">Gold Reef Mountain Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordonia_Duneveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordonia Duneveld (page does not exist)">Gordonia Duneveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordonia_Kameeldoring_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordonia Kameeldoring Bushveld (page does not exist)">Gordonia Kameeldoring Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordonia_Plains_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordonia Plains Shrubland (page does not exist)">Gordonia Plains Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Granite_Lowveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Granite Lowveld (page does not exist)">Granite Lowveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravelotte_Rocky_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gravelotte Rocky Bushveld (page does not exist)">Gravelotte Rocky Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaalrug_Mountain_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaalrug Mountain Bushveld (page does not exist)">Kaalrug Mountain Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathu_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kathu Bushveld (page does not exist)">Kathu Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimberley_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimberley Thornveld (page does not exist)">Kimberley Thornveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koranna-Langeberg_Mountain_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koranna-Langeberg Mountain Bushveld (page does not exist)">Koranna-Langeberg Mountain Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuruman_Mountain_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuruman Mountain Bushveld (page does not exist)">Kuruman Mountain Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuruman_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuruman Thornveld (page does not exist)">Kuruman Thornveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuruman_Vaalbosveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuruman Vaalbosveld (page does not exist)">Kuruman Vaalbosveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KwaZulu-Natal_Hinterland_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KwaZulu-Natal Hinterland Thornveld (page does not exist)">KwaZulu-Natal Hinterland Thornveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KwaZulu-Natal_Sandstone_Sourveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KwaZulu-Natal Sandstone Sourveld (page does not exist)">KwaZulu-Natal Sandstone Sourveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lebombo_Summit_Sourveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lebombo Summit Sourveld (page does not exist)">Lebombo Summit Sourveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legogote_Sour_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legogote Sour Bushveld (page does not exist)">Legogote Sour Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limpopo_Ridge_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limpopo Ridge Bushveld (page does not exist)">Limpopo Ridge Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limpopo_Sweet_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limpopo Sweet Bushveld (page does not exist)">Limpopo Sweet Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loskop_Mountain_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loskop Mountain Bushveld (page does not exist)">Loskop Mountain Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loskop_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loskop Thornveld (page does not exist)">Loskop Thornveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lowveld_Rugged_Mopaneveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lowveld Rugged Mopaneveld (page does not exist)">Lowveld Rugged Mopaneveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madikwe_Dolomite_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madikwe Dolomite Bushveld (page does not exist)">Madikwe Dolomite Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mafikeng_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mafikeng Bushveld (page does not exist)">Mafikeng Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makatini_Clay_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makatini Clay Thicket (page does not exist)">Makatini Clay Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhado_Sweet_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makhado Sweet Bushveld (page does not exist)">Makhado Sweet Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makuleke_Sandy_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makuleke Sandy Bushveld (page does not exist)">Makuleke Sandy Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malelane_Mountain_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malelane Mountain Bushveld (page does not exist)">Malelane Mountain Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamabolo_Mountain_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mamabolo Mountain Bushveld (page does not exist)">Mamabolo Mountain Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marikana_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marikana Thornveld (page does not exist)">Marikana Thornveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molopo_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molopo Bushveld (page does not exist)">Molopo Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moot_Plains_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moot Plains Bushveld (page does not exist)">Moot Plains Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mopane_Basalt_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mopane Basalt Shrubland (page does not exist)">Mopane Basalt Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mopane_Gabbro_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mopane Gabbro Shrubland (page does not exist)">Mopane Gabbro Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musina_Mopane_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musina Mopane Bushveld (page does not exist)">Musina Mopane Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngongoni_Veld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngongoni Veld (page does not exist)">Ngongoni Veld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norite_Koppies_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norite Koppies Bushveld (page does not exist)">Norite Koppies Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Lebombo_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Lebombo Bushveld (page does not exist)">Northern Lebombo Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Zululand_Sourveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Zululand Sourveld (page does not exist)">Northern Zululand Sourveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nossob_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nossob Bushveld (page does not exist)">Nossob Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nwambyia-Pumbe_Sandy_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nwambyia-Pumbe Sandy Bushveld (page does not exist)">Nwambyia-Pumbe Sandy Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohrigstad_Mountain_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ohrigstad Mountain Bushveld (page does not exist)">Ohrigstad Mountain Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olifantshoek_Plains_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olifantshoek Plains Thornveld (page does not exist)">Olifantshoek Plains Thornveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phalaborwa-Timbavati_Mopaneveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phalaborwa-Timbavati Mopaneveld (page does not exist)">Phalaborwa-Timbavati Mopaneveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pilanesberg_Mountain_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pilanesberg Mountain Bushveld (page does not exist)">Pilanesberg Mountain Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polokwane_Plateau_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polokwane Plateau Bushveld (page does not exist)">Polokwane Plateau Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmasburg_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Postmasburg Thornveld (page does not exist)">Postmasburg Thornveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poung_Dolomite_Mountain_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poung Dolomite Mountain Bushveld (page does not exist)">Poung Dolomite Mountain Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoriuskop_Sour_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pretoriuskop Sour Bushveld (page does not exist)">Pretoriuskop Sour Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roodeberg_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roodeberg Bushveld (page does not exist)">Roodeberg Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schmidtsdrif_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schmidtsdrif Thornveld (page does not exist)">Schmidtsdrif Thornveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schweizer-Reneke_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schweizer-Reneke Bushveld (page does not exist)">Schweizer-Reneke Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekhukhune_Mountain_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekhukhune Mountain Bushveld (page does not exist)">Sekhukhune Mountain Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekhukhune_Plains_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekhukhune Plains Bushveld (page does not exist)">Sekhukhune Plains Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Eastern_Coastal_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Eastern Coastal Thornveld (page does not exist)">South Eastern Coastal Thornveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Lebombo_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Lebombo Bushveld (page does not exist)">Southern Lebombo Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soutpansberg_Mountain_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soutpansberg Mountain Bushveld (page does not exist)">Soutpansberg Mountain Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Springbokvlakte_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springbokvlakte Thornveld (page does not exist)">Springbokvlakte Thornveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stella_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stella Bushveld (page does not exist)">Stella Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swaziland_Sour_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swaziland Sour Bushveld (page does not exist)">Swaziland Sour Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembe_Sandy_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembe Sandy Bushveld (page does not exist)">Tembe Sandy Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thukela_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thukela Thornveld (page does not exist)">Thukela Thornveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thukela_Valley_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thukela Valley Bushveld (page does not exist)">Thukela Valley Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsende_Mopaneveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsende Mopaneveld (page does not exist)">Tsende Mopaneveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tshokwane-Hlane_Basalt_Lowveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tshokwane-Hlane Basalt Lowveld (page does not exist)">Tshokwane-Hlane Basalt Lowveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tzaneen_Sour_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tzaneen Sour Bushveld (page does not exist)">Tzaneen Sour Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaalbos_Rocky_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaalbos Rocky Shrubland (page does not exist)">Vaalbos Rocky Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VhaVenda_Miombo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VhaVenda Miombo (page does not exist)">VhaVenda Miombo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterberg_Mountain_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waterberg Mountain Bushveld (page does not exist)">Waterberg Mountain Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Maputaland_Clay_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Maputaland Clay Bushveld (page does not exist)">Western Maputaland Clay Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Maputaland_Sandy_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Maputaland Sandy Bushveld (page does not exist)">Western Maputaland Sandy Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Sandy_Bushveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Sandy Bushveld (page does not exist)">Western Sandy Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeerust_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeerust Thornveld (page does not exist)">Zeerust Thornveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zululand_Coastal_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zululand Coastal Thornveld (page does not exist)">Zululand Coastal Thornveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zululand_Lowveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zululand Lowveld (page does not exist)">Zululand Lowveld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">Grassland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliwal_North_Dry_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aliwal North Dry Grassland (page does not exist)">Aliwal North Dry Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amathole_Mistbelt_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amathole Mistbelt Grassland (page does not exist)">Amathole Mistbelt Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amathole_Montane_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amathole Montane Grassland (page does not exist)">Amathole Montane Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amersfoort_Highveld_Clay_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amersfoort Highveld Clay Grassland (page does not exist)">Amersfoort Highveld Clay Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barberton_Montane_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barberton Montane Grassland (page does not exist)">Barberton Montane Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basotho_Montane_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basotho Montane Shrubland (page does not exist)">Basotho Montane Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bedford_Dry_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bedford Dry Grassland (page does not exist)">Bedford Dry Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besemkaree_Koppies_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Besemkaree Koppies Shrubland (page does not exist)">Besemkaree Koppies Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloemfontein_Dry_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bloemfontein Dry Grassland (page does not exist)">Bloemfontein Dry Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloemfontein_Karroid_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bloemfontein Karroid Shrubland (page does not exist)">Bloemfontein Karroid Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carletonville_Dolomite_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carletonville Dolomite Grassland (page does not exist)">Carletonville Dolomite Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Free_State_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Free State Grassland (page does not exist)">Central Free State Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drakensberg_Afroalpine_Heathland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drakensberg Afroalpine Heathland (page does not exist)">Drakensberg Afroalpine Heathland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drakensberg_Foothill_Moist_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drakensberg Foothill Moist Grassland (page does not exist)">Drakensberg Foothill Moist Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drakensberg-Amathole_Afromontane_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drakensberg-Amathole Afromontane Fynbos (page does not exist)">Drakensberg-Amathole Afromontane Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Griqualand_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Griqualand Grassland (page does not exist)">East Griqualand Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Free_State_Clay_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Free State Clay Grassland (page does not exist)">Eastern Free State Clay Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Free_State_Sandy_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Free State Sandy Grassland (page does not exist)">Eastern Free State Sandy Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Highveld_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Highveld Grassland (page does not exist)">Eastern Highveld Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egoli_Granite_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egoli Granite Grassland (page does not exist)">Egoli Granite Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfort_Highveld_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frankfort Highveld Grassland (page does not exist)">Frankfort Highveld Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Income_Sandy_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Income Sandy Grassland (page does not exist)">Income Sandy Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ithala_Quartzite_Sourveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ithala Quartzite Sourveld (page does not exist)">Ithala Quartzite Sourveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KaNgwane_Montane_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KaNgwane Montane Grassland (page does not exist)">KaNgwane Montane Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karoo_Escarpment_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karoo Escarpment Grassland (page does not exist)">Karoo Escarpment Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klerksdorp_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klerksdorp Thornveld (page does not exist)">Klerksdorp Thornveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KwaZulu-Natal_Highland_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KwaZulu-Natal Highland Thornveld (page does not exist)">KwaZulu-Natal Highland Thornveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leolo_Summit_Sourveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leolo Summit Sourveld (page does not exist)">Leolo Summit Sourveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesotho_Highland_Basalt_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lesotho Highland Basalt Grassland (page does not exist)">Lesotho Highland Basalt Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_Escarpment_Moist_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Low Escarpment Moist Grassland (page does not exist)">Low Escarpment Moist Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydenburg_Montane_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lydenburg Montane Grassland (page does not exist)">Lydenburg Montane Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydenburg_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lydenburg Thornveld (page does not exist)">Lydenburg Thornveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mabela_Sandy_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mabela Sandy Grassland (page does not exist)">Mabela Sandy Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midlands_Mistbelt_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midlands Mistbelt Grassland (page does not exist)">Midlands Mistbelt Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mooi_River_Highland_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mooi River Highland Grassland (page does not exist)">Mooi River Highland Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mthatha_Moist_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mthatha Moist Grassland (page does not exist)">Mthatha Moist Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Drakensberg_Highland_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Drakensberg Highland Grassland (page does not exist)">Northern Drakensberg Highland Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Escarpment_Afromontane_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Escarpment Afromontane Fynbos (page does not exist)">Northern Escarpment Afromontane Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Escarpment_Dolomite_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Escarpment Dolomite Grassland (page does not exist)">Northern Escarpment Dolomite Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Escarpment_Quartzite_Sourveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Escarpment Quartzite Sourveld (page does not exist)">Northern Escarpment Quartzite Sourveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Free_State_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Free State Shrubland (page does not exist)">Northern Free State Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_KwaZulu-Natal_Moist_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern KwaZulu-Natal Moist Grassland (page does not exist)">Northern KwaZulu-Natal Moist Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_KwaZulu-Natal_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern KwaZulu-Natal Shrubland (page does not exist)">Northern KwaZulu-Natal Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Zululand_Mistbelt_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Zululand Mistbelt Grassland (page does not exist)">Northern Zululand Mistbelt Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulpietersburg_Moist_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paulpietersburg Moist Grassland (page does not exist)">Paulpietersburg Moist Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queenstown_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Queenstown Thornveld (page does not exist)">Queenstown Thornveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rand_Highveld_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rand Highveld Grassland (page does not exist)">Rand Highveld Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekhukhune_Montane_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekhukhune Montane Grassland (page does not exist)">Sekhukhune Montane Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senqu_Montane_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senqu Montane Shrubland (page does not exist)">Senqu Montane Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Drakensberg_Highland_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Drakensberg Highland Grassland (page does not exist)">Southern Drakensberg Highland Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_KwaZulu-Natal_Moist_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern KwaZulu-Natal Moist Grassland (page does not exist)">Southern KwaZulu-Natal Moist Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soutpansberg_Summit_Sourveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soutpansberg Summit Sourveld (page does not exist)">Soutpansberg Summit Sourveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soweto_Highveld_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soweto Highveld Grassland (page does not exist)">Soweto Highveld Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steenkampsberg_Montane_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steenkampsberg Montane Grassland (page does not exist)">Steenkampsberg Montane Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stormberg_Plateau_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stormberg Plateau Grassland (page does not exist)">Stormberg Plateau Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strydpoort_Summit_Sourveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strydpoort Summit Sourveld (page does not exist)">Strydpoort Summit Sourveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarkastad_Montane_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarkastad Montane Shrubland (page does not exist)">Tarkastad Montane Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakane_Clay_Grassland" title="Tsakane Clay Grassland">Tsakane Clay Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsomo_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsomo Grassland (page does not exist)">Tsomo Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UKhahlamba_Basalt_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UKhahlamba Basalt Grassland (page does not exist)">uKhahlamba Basalt Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaal_Reefs_Dolomite_Sinkhole_Woodland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaal Reefs Dolomite Sinkhole Woodland (page does not exist)">Vaal Reefs Dolomite Sinkhole Woodland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaal-Vet_Sandy_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaal-Vet Sandy Grassland (page does not exist)">Vaal-Vet Sandy Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vredefort_Dome_Granite_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vredefort Dome Granite Grassland (page does not exist)">Vredefort Dome Granite Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wakkerstroom_Montane_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wakkerstroom Montane Grassland (page does not exist)">Wakkerstroom Montane Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterberg-Magaliesberg_Summit_Sourveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waterberg-Magaliesberg Summit Sourveld (page does not exist)">Waterberg-Magaliesberg Summit Sourveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Free_State_Clay_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Free State Clay Grassland (page does not exist)">Western Free State Clay Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Highveld_Sandy_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Highveld Sandy Grassland (page does not exist)">Western Highveld Sandy Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Lesotho_Basalt_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Lesotho Basalt Shrubland (page does not exist)">Western Lesotho Basalt Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winburg_Grassy_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Winburg Grassy Shrubland (page does not exist)">Winburg Grassy Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolkberg_Dolomite_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolkberg Dolomite Grassland (page does not exist)">Wolkberg Dolomite Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woodbush_Granite_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Woodbush Granite Grassland (page does not exist)">Woodbush Granite Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xhariep_Karroid_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xhariep Karroid Grassland (page does not exist)">Xhariep Karroid Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zastron_Moist_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zastron Moist Grassland (page does not exist)">Zastron Moist Grassland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fynbos" title="Fynbos">Fynbos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agulhas_Limestone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agulhas Limestone Fynbos (page does not exist)">Agulhas Limestone Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agulhas_Sand_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agulhas Sand Fynbos (page does not exist)">Agulhas Sand Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albertinia_Sand_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albertinia Sand Fynbos (page does not exist)">Albertinia Sand Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algoa_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algoa Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">Algoa Sandstone Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_Sand_Fynbos" title="Atlantis Sand Fynbos">Atlantis Sand Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bokkeveld_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bokkeveld Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">Bokkeveld Sandstone Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boland_Granite_Fynbos" title="Boland Granite Fynbos">Boland Granite Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breede_Alluvium_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breede Alluvium Fynbos (page does not exist)">Breede Alluvium Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breede_Quartzite_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breede Quartzite Fynbos (page does not exist)">Breede Quartzite Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breede_Sand_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breede Sand Fynbos (page does not exist)">Breede Sand Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breede_Shale_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breede Shale Fynbos (page does not exist)">Breede Shale Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canca_Limestone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canca Limestone Fynbos (page does not exist)">Canca Limestone Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats_Sand_Fynbos" title="Cape Flats Sand Fynbos">Cape Flats Sand Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Winelands_Shale_Fynbos" title="Cape Winelands Shale Fynbos">Cape Winelands Shale Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cederberg_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cederberg Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">Cederberg Sandstone Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Coastal_Shale_Band_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Coastal Shale Band Vegetation (page does not exist)">Central Coastal Shale Band Vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Inland_Shale_Band_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Inland Shale Band Vegetation (page does not exist)">Central Inland Shale Band Vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Hoop_Limestone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Hoop Limestone Fynbos (page does not exist)">De Hoop Limestone Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Coastal_Shale_Band_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Coastal Shale Band Vegetation (page does not exist)">Eastern Coastal Shale Band Vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Inland_Shale_Band_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Inland Shale Band Vegetation (page does not exist)">Eastern Inland Shale Band Vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elgin_Shale_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elgin Shale Fynbos (page does not exist)">Elgin Shale Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elim_Ferricrete_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elim Ferricrete Fynbos (page does not exist)">Elim Ferricrete Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_Route_Granite_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garden Route Granite Fynbos (page does not exist)">Garden Route Granite Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_Route_Shale_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garden Route Shale Fynbos (page does not exist)">Garden Route Shale Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graafwater_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graafwater Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">Graafwater Sandstone Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greyton_Shale_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greyton Shale Fynbos (page does not exist)">Greyton Shale Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grootrivier_Quartzite_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grootrivier Quartzite Fynbos (page does not exist)">Grootrivier Quartzite Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangklip_Sand_Fynbos" title="Hangklip Sand Fynbos">Hangklip Sand Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawequas_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hawequas Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">Hawequas Sandstone Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hopefield_Sand_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hopefield Sand Fynbos (page does not exist)">Hopefield Sand Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamiesberg_Granite_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamiesberg Granite Fynbos (page does not exist)">Kamiesberg Granite Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kango_Conglomerate_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kango Conglomerate Fynbos (page does not exist)">Kango Conglomerate Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knysna_Sand_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knysna Sand Fynbos (page does not exist)">Knysna Sand Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogelberg_Sandstone_Fynbos" title="Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos">Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kouebokkeveld_Alluvium_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kouebokkeveld Alluvium Fynbos (page does not exist)">Kouebokkeveld Alluvium Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kouebokkeveld_Shale_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kouebokkeveld Shale Fynbos (page does not exist)">Kouebokkeveld Shale Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kouga_Grassy_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kouga Grassy Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">Kouga Grassy Sandstone Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kouga_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kouga Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">Kouga Sandstone Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leipoldtville_Sand_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leipoldtville Sand Fynbos (page does not exist)">Leipoldtville Sand Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loerie_Conglomerate_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loerie Conglomerate Fynbos (page does not exist)">Loerie Conglomerate Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lourensford_Alluvium_Fynbos" title="Lourensford Alluvium Fynbos">Lourensford Alluvium Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matjiesfontein_Quartzite_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matjiesfontein Quartzite Fynbos (page does not exist)">Matjiesfontein Quartzite Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matjiesfontein_Shale_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matjiesfontein Shale Fynbos (page does not exist)">Matjiesfontein Shale Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montagu_Shale_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montagu Shale Fynbos (page does not exist)">Montagu Shale Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namaqualand_Sand_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namaqualand Sand Fynbos (page does not exist)">Namaqualand Sand Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Hex_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Hex Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">North Hex Sandstone Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Kammanassie_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Kammanassie Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">North Kammanassie Sandstone Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Langeberg_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">North Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Outeniqua_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">North Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Rooiberg_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">North Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Sonderend_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">North Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Swartberg_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">North Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Inland_Shale_Band_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Inland Shale Band Vegetation (page does not exist)">Northern Inland Shale Band Vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olifants_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olifants Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">Olifants Sandstone Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overberg_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Overberg Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">Overberg Sandstone Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Granite_Fynbos" title="Peninsula Granite Fynbos">Peninsula Granite Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Sandstone_Fynbos" title="Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos">Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piketberg_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piketberg Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">Piketberg Sandstone Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potberg_Ferricrete_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potberg Ferricrete Fynbos (page does not exist)">Potberg Ferricrete Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potberg_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potberg Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">Potberg Sandstone Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robertson_Granite_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robertson Granite Fynbos (page does not exist)">Robertson Granite Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Hex_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Hex Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">South Hex Sandstone Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Kammanassie_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Kammanassie Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">South Kammanassie Sandstone Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Langeberg_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">South Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Outeniqua_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">South Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Rooiberg_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">South Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sonderend_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">South Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Swartberg_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">South Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Cape_Dune_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Cape Dune Fynbos (page does not exist)">Southern Cape Dune Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stinkfonteinberge_Quartzite_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stinkfonteinberge Quartzite Fynbos (page does not exist)">Stinkfonteinberge Quartzite Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suurberg_Quartzite_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suurberg Quartzite Fynbos (page does not exist)">Suurberg Quartzite Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suurberg_Shale_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suurberg Shale Fynbos (page does not exist)">Suurberg Shale Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swartberg_Altimontane_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swartberg Altimontane Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">Swartberg Altimontane Sandstone Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swartberg_Shale_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swartberg Shale Fynbos (page does not exist)">Swartberg Shale Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swartland_Alluvium_Fynbos" title="Swartland Alluvium Fynbos">Swartland Alluvium Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swartruggens_Quartzite_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swartruggens Quartzite Fynbos (page does not exist)">Swartruggens Quartzite Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swellendam_Silcrete_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swellendam Silcrete Fynbos (page does not exist)">Swellendam Silcrete Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsitsikamma_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsitsikamma Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">Tsitsikamma Sandstone Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Altimontane_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Altimontane Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">Western Altimontane Sandstone Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Coastal_Shale_Band_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Coastal Shale Band Vegetation (page does not exist)">Western Coastal Shale Band Vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winterhoek_Sandstone_Fynbos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Winterhoek Sandstone Fynbos (page does not exist)">Winterhoek Sandstone Fynbos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renosterveld" title="Renosterveld">Renosterveld</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baviaanskloof_Shale_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baviaanskloof Shale Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Baviaanskloof Shale Renosterveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breede_Alluvium_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breede Alluvium Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Breede Alluvium Renosterveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breede_Shale_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breede Shale Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Breede Shale Renosterveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Mountain_Shale_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Ru%C3%AAns_Shale_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Ruêns Shale Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Central Ruêns Shale Renosterveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceres_Shale_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceres Shale Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Ceres Shale Renosterveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Ru%C3%AAns_Shale_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Ruêns Shale Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Eastern Ruêns Shale Renosterveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hantam_Plateau_Dolerite_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hantam Plateau Dolerite Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Hantam Plateau Dolerite Renosterveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humansdorp_Shale_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humansdorp Shale Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Humansdorp Shale Renosterveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kango_Limestone_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kango Limestone Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Kango Limestone Renosterveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langkloof_Shale_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langkloof Shale Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Langkloof Shale Renosterveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matjiesfontein_Shale_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matjiesfontein Shale Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Matjiesfontein Shale Renosterveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montagu_Shale_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montagu Shale Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Montagu Shale Renosterveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossel_Bay_Shale_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mossel Bay Shale Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Mossel Bay Shale Renosterveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namaqualand_Granite_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namaqualand Granite Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Namaqualand Granite Renosterveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nieuwoudtville_Shale_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nieuwoudtville Shale Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Nieuwoudtville Shale Renosterveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nieuwoudtville-Roggeveld_Dolerite_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nieuwoudtville-Roggeveld Dolerite Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Nieuwoudtville-Roggeveld Dolerite Renosterveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Shale_Renosterveld" title="Peninsula Shale Renosterveld">Peninsula Shale Renosterveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robertson_Granite_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robertson Granite Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Robertson Granite Renosterveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roggeveld_Shale_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roggeveld Shale Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Roggeveld Shale Renosterveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ru%C3%AAns_Silcrete_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruêns Silcrete Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Ruêns Silcrete Renosterveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swartberg_Shale_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swartberg Shale Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Swartberg Shale Renosterveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swartland_Alluvium_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swartland Alluvium Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Swartland Alluvium Renosterveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swartland_Granite_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swartland Granite Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Swartland Granite Renosterveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swartland_Shale_Renosterveld" title="Swartland Shale Renosterveld">Swartland Shale Renosterveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swartland_Silcrete_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swartland Silcrete Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Swartland Silcrete Renosterveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uniondale_Shale_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uniondale Shale Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Uniondale Shale Renosterveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanrhynsdorp_Shale_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanrhynsdorp Shale Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Vanrhynsdorp Shale Renosterveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Ru%C3%AAns_Shale_Renosterveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Ruêns Shale Renosterveld (page does not exist)">Western Ruêns Shale Renosterveld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Succulent_Karoo" title="Succulent Karoo">Succulent<br />Karoo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aggeneys_Gravel_Vygieveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aggeneys Gravel Vygieveld (page does not exist)">Aggeneys Gravel Vygieveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agter-Sederberg_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agter-Sederberg Shrubland (page does not exist)">Agter-Sederberg Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anenous_Plateau_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anenous Plateau Shrubland (page does not exist)">Anenous Plateau Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bushmanland_Inselberg_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bushmanland Inselberg Shrubland (page does not exist)">Bushmanland Inselberg Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Knersvlakte_Vygieveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Knersvlakte Vygieveld (page does not exist)">Central Knersvlakte Vygieveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Richtersveld_Mountain_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Richtersveld Mountain Shrubland (page does not exist)">Central Richtersveld Mountain Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citrusdal_Vygieveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Citrusdal Vygieveld (page does not exist)">Citrusdal Vygieveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Die_Plate_Succulent_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Die Plate Succulent Shrubland (page does not exist)">Die Plate Succulent Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doringrivier_Quartzite_Karoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doringrivier Quartzite Karoo (page does not exist)">Doringrivier Quartzite Karoo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Little_Karoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Little Karoo (page does not exist)">Eastern Little Karoo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eenriet_Plains_Succulent_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eenriet Plains Succulent Shrubland (page does not exist)">Eenriet Plains Succulent Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goariep_Mountain_Succulent_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goariep Mountain Succulent Shrubland (page does not exist)">Goariep Mountain Succulent Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hantam_Karoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hantam Karoo (page does not exist)">Hantam Karoo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamiesberg_Mountains_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamiesberg Mountains Shrubland (page does not exist)">Kamiesberg Mountains Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klawer_Sandy_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klawer Sandy Shrubland (page does not exist)">Klawer Sandy Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knersvlakte_Dolomite_Vygieveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knersvlakte Dolomite Vygieveld (page does not exist)">Knersvlakte Dolomite Vygieveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knersvlakte_Quartz_Vygieveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knersvlakte Quartz Vygieveld (page does not exist)">Knersvlakte Quartz Vygieveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knersvlakte_Shale_Vygieveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knersvlakte Shale Vygieveld (page does not exist)">Knersvlakte Shale Vygieveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koedoesberge-Moordenaars_Karoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo (page does not exist)">Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosiesberg_Succulent_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosiesberg Succulent Shrubland (page does not exist)">Kosiesberg Succulent Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lekkersing_Succulent_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lekkersing Succulent Shrubland (page does not exist)">Lekkersing Succulent Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Karoo_Quartz_Vygieveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Little Karoo Quartz Vygieveld (page does not exist)">Little Karoo Quartz Vygieveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namaqualand_Arid_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namaqualand Arid Grassland (page does not exist)">Namaqualand Arid Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namaqualand_Blomveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namaqualand Blomveld (page does not exist)">Namaqualand Blomveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namaqualand_Coastal_Duneveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namaqualand Coastal Duneveld (page does not exist)">Namaqualand Coastal Duneveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namaqualand_Heuweltjie_Strandveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namaqualand Heuweltjie Strandveld (page does not exist)">Namaqualand Heuweltjie Strandveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namaqualand_Heuweltjieveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namaqualand Heuweltjieveld (page does not exist)">Namaqualand Heuweltjieveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namaqualand_Inland_Duneveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namaqualand Inland Duneveld (page does not exist)">Namaqualand Inland Duneveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namaqualand_Klipkoppe_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namaqualand Klipkoppe Shrubland (page does not exist)">Namaqualand Klipkoppe Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namaqualand_Shale_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namaqualand Shale Shrubland (page does not exist)">Namaqualand Shale Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namaqualand_Spinescent_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namaqualand Spinescent Grassland (page does not exist)">Namaqualand Spinescent Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namaqualand_Strandveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namaqualand Strandveld (page does not exist)">Namaqualand Strandveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Knersvlakte_Vygieveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Knersvlakte Vygieveld (page does not exist)">Northern Knersvlakte Vygieveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Richtersveld_Scorpionstailveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Richtersveld Scorpionstailveld (page does not exist)">Northern Richtersveld Scorpionstailveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Richtersveld_Yellow_Duneveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Richtersveld Yellow Duneveld (page does not exist)">Northern Richtersveld Yellow Duneveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oograbies_Plains_Sandy_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oograbies Plains Sandy Grassland (page does not exist)">Oograbies Plains Sandy Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piketberg_Quartz_Succulent_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piketberg Quartz Succulent Shrubland (page does not exist)">Piketberg Quartz Succulent Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platbakkies_Succulent_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platbakkies Succulent Shrubland (page does not exist)">Platbakkies Succulent Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Albert_Succulent_Karoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prince Albert Succulent Karoo (page does not exist)">Prince Albert Succulent Karoo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richtersveld_Coastal_Duneveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richtersveld Coastal Duneveld (page does not exist)">Richtersveld Coastal Duneveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richtersveld_Red_Duneveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richtersveld Red Duneveld (page does not exist)">Richtersveld Red Duneveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richtersveld_Sandy_Coastal_Scorpionstailveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richtersveld Sandy Coastal Scorpionstailveld (page does not exist)">Richtersveld Sandy Coastal Scorpionstailveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riethuis-Wallekraal_Quartz_Vygieveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riethuis-Wallekraal Quartz Vygieveld (page does not exist)">Riethuis-Wallekraal Quartz Vygieveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robertson_Karoo" title="Robertson Karoo">Robertson Karoo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roggeveld_Karoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roggeveld Karoo (page does not exist)">Roggeveld Karoo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiberg_Quartz_Vygieveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rooiberg Quartz Vygieveld (page does not exist)">Rooiberg Quartz Vygieveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosyntjieberg_Succulent_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosyntjieberg Succulent Shrubland (page does not exist)">Rosyntjieberg Succulent Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Namaqualand_Quartzite_Klipkoppe_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Namaqualand Quartzite Klipkoppe Shrubland (page does not exist)">Southern Namaqualand Quartzite Klipkoppe Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Richtersveld_Inselberg_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Richtersveld Inselberg Shrubland (page does not exist)">Southern Richtersveld Inselberg Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Richtersveld_Scorpionstailveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Richtersveld Scorpionstailveld (page does not exist)">Southern Richtersveld Scorpionstailveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Richtersveld_Yellow_Duneveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Richtersveld Yellow Duneveld (page does not exist)">Southern Richtersveld Yellow Duneveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steytlerville_Karoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steytlerville Karoo (page does not exist)">Steytlerville Karoo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stinkfonteinberge_Eastern_Apron_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stinkfonteinberge Eastern Apron Shrubland (page does not exist)">Stinkfonteinberge Eastern Apron Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swartruggens_Quartzite_Karoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swartruggens Quartzite Karoo (page does not exist)">Swartruggens Quartzite Karoo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanqua_Escarpment_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanqua Escarpment Shrubland (page does not exist)">Tanqua Escarpment Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanqua_Karoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanqua Karoo">Tanqua Karoo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatasberg_Mountain_Succulent_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tatasberg Mountain Succulent Shrubland (page does not exist)">Tatasberg Mountain Succulent Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umdaus_Mountains_Succulent_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umdaus Mountains Succulent Shrubland (page does not exist)">Umdaus Mountains Succulent Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Annisvlakte_Succulent_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Annisvlakte Succulent Shrubland (page does not exist)">Upper Annisvlakte Succulent Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanrhynsdorp_Gannabosveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanrhynsdorp Gannabosveld (page does not exist)">Vanrhynsdorp Gannabosveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vyftienmyl_se_Berge_Succulent_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vyftienmyl se Berge Succulent Shrubland (page does not exist)">Vyftienmyl se Berge Succulent Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Bushmanland_Klipveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Bushmanland Klipveld (page does not exist)">Western Bushmanland Klipveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Gwarrieveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Gwarrieveld (page does not exist)">Western Gwarrieveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Little_Karoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Little Karoo (page does not exist)">Western Little Karoo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willowmore_Gwarrieveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willowmore Gwarrieveld (page does not exist)">Willowmore Gwarrieveld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albany_Thicket_and_Strandveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albany Thicket and Strandveld (page does not exist)">Albany<br />Thicket<br />and<br />Strandveld</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albany_Arid_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albany Arid Thicket (page does not exist)">Albany Arid Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albany_Bontveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albany Bontveld (page does not exist)">Albany Bontveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albany_Mesic_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albany Mesic Thicket (page does not exist)">Albany Mesic Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albany_Valley_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albany Valley Thicket (page does not exist)">Albany Valley Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baviaans_Valley_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baviaans Valley Thicket (page does not exist)">Baviaans Valley Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethelsdorp_Bontveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bethelsdorp Bontveld (page does not exist)">Bethelsdorp Bontveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blombos_Strandveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blombos Strandveld (page does not exist)">Blombos Strandveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffels_Mesic_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buffels Mesic Thicket (page does not exist)">Buffels Mesic Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffels_Valley_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buffels Valley Thicket (page does not exist)">Buffels Valley Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats_Dune_Strandveld" title="Cape Flats Dune Strandveld">Cape Flats Dune Strandveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossroads_Grassland_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crossroads Grassland Thicket (page does not exist)">Crossroads Grassland Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doubledrift_Karroid_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doubledrift Karroid Thicket (page does not exist)">Doubledrift Karroid Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Gwarrieveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Gwarrieveld (page does not exist)">Eastern Gwarrieveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elands_Forest_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elands Forest Thicket (page does not exist)">Elands Forest Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escarpment_Arid_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Escarpment Arid Thicket (page does not exist)">Escarpment Arid Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escarpment_Mesic_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Escarpment Mesic Thicket (page does not exist)">Escarpment Mesic Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escarpment_Valley_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Escarpment Valley Thicket (page does not exist)">Escarpment Valley Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_Arid_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fish Arid Thicket (page does not exist)">Fish Arid Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_Mesic_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fish Mesic Thicket (page does not exist)">Fish Mesic Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_Valley_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fish Valley Thicket (page does not exist)">Fish Valley Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamka_Arid_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gamka Arid Thicket (page does not exist)">Gamka Arid Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamka_Valley_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gamka Valley Thicket (page does not exist)">Gamka Valley Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geluk_Grassland_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geluk Grassland Thicket (page does not exist)">Geluk Grassland Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goukamma_Dune_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goukamma Dune Thicket (page does not exist)">Goukamma Dune Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gouritz_Valley_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gouritz Valley Thicket (page does not exist)">Gouritz Valley Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grahamstown_Grassland_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grahamstown Grassland Thicket (page does not exist)">Grahamstown Grassland Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grassridge_Bontveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grassridge Bontveld (page does not exist)">Grassridge Bontveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groot_Brak_Dune_Strandveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Groot Brak Dune Strandveld (page does not exist)">Groot Brak Dune Strandveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg_Dune_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamburg Dune Thicket (page does not exist)">Hamburg Dune Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hartenbos_Dune_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hartenbos Dune Thicket (page does not exist)">Hartenbos Dune Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasouga_Dune_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kasouga Dune Thicket (page does not exist)">Kasouga Dune Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koedoeskloof_Karroid_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koedoeskloof Karroid Thicket (page does not exist)">Koedoeskloof Karroid Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lambert%27s_Bay_Strandveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lambert's Bay Strandveld (page does not exist)">Lambert's Bay Strandveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langebaan_Dune_Strandveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langebaan Dune Strandveld (page does not exist)">Langebaan Dune Strandveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mons_Ruber_Fynbos_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mons Ruber Fynbos Thicket (page does not exist)">Mons Ruber Fynbos Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motherwell_Karroid_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motherwell Karroid Thicket (page does not exist)">Motherwell Karroid Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanaga_Savanna_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanaga Savanna Thicket (page does not exist)">Nanaga Savanna Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oudshoorn_Karroid_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oudshoorn Karroid Thicket (page does not exist)">Oudshoorn Karroid Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overberg_Dune_Strandveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Overberg Dune Strandveld (page does not exist)">Overberg Dune Strandveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saldanha_Flats_Strandveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saldanha Flats Strandveld (page does not exist)">Saldanha Flats Strandveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saldanha_Granite_Strandveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saldanha Granite Strandveld (page does not exist)">Saldanha Granite Strandveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saldanha_Limestone_Strandveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saldanha Limestone Strandveld (page does not exist)">Saldanha Limestone Strandveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saltaire_Karroid_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saltaire Karroid Thicket (page does not exist)">Saltaire Karroid Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardinia_Forest_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sardinia Forest Thicket (page does not exist)">Sardinia Forest Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Francis_Dune_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St Francis Dune Thicket (page does not exist)">St Francis Dune Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtropical_Dune_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subtropical Dune Thicket (page does not exist)">Subtropical Dune Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sundays_Arid_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sundays Arid Thicket (page does not exist)">Sundays Arid Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sundays_Mesic_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sundays Mesic Thicket (page does not exist)">Sundays Mesic Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sundays_Valley_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sundays Valley Thicket (page does not exist)">Sundays Valley Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorndale_Forest_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thorndale Forest Thicket (page does not exist)">Thorndale Forest Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umtiza_Forest_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umtiza Forest Thicket (page does not exist)">Umtiza Forest Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanstadens_Forest_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanstadens Forest Thicket (page does not exist)">Vanstadens Forest Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Gwarrieveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Gwarrieveld (page does not exist)">Western Gwarrieveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willowmore_Gwarrieveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willowmore Gwarrieveld (page does not exist)">Willowmore Gwarrieveld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nama_Karoo_and_desert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nama Karoo and desert (page does not exist)">Nama<br />Karoo<br />and<br />desert</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albany_Broken_Veld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albany Broken Veld (page does not exist)">Albany Broken Veld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blouputs_Karroid_Thornveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blouputs Karroid Thornveld (page does not exist)">Blouputs Karroid Thornveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bushmanland_Arid_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bushmanland Arid Grassland (page does not exist)">Bushmanland Arid Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bushmanland_Basin_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bushmanland Basin Shrubland (page does not exist)">Bushmanland Basin Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bushmanland_Sandy_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bushmanland Sandy Grassland (page does not exist)">Bushmanland Sandy Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Lower_Karoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Lower Karoo (page does not exist)">Eastern Lower Karoo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Upper_Karoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Upper Karoo (page does not exist)">Eastern Upper Karoo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamka_Karoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gamka Karoo (page does not exist)">Gamka Karoo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalahari_Karroid_Shrubland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalahari Karroid Shrubland (page does not exist)">Kalahari Karroid Shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Gariep_Broken_Veld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower Gariep Broken Veld (page does not exist)">Lower Gariep Broken Veld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Karoo_Gwarrieveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower Karoo Gwarrieveld (page does not exist)">Lower Karoo Gwarrieveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Upper_Karoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Upper Karoo (page does not exist)">Northern Upper Karoo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Karoo_Hardeveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Karoo Hardeveld (page does not exist)">Upper Karoo Hardeveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Upper_Karoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Upper Karoo (page does not exist)">Western Upper Karoo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Bay_Coastal_Duneveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Bay Coastal Duneveld (page does not exist)">Alexander Bay Coastal Duneveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Gariep_Plains_Desert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Gariep Plains Desert (page does not exist)">Eastern Gariep Plains Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Gariep_Rocky_Desert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Gariep Rocky Desert (page does not exist)">Eastern Gariep Rocky Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helskloof_Canyon_Desert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helskloof Canyon Desert (page does not exist)">Helskloof Canyon Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahams_Mountain_Desert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kahams Mountain Desert (page does not exist)">Kahams Mountain Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwaggarug_Mountain_Desert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwaggarug Mountain Desert (page does not exist)">Kwaggarug Mountain Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namib_Lichen_Fields&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namib Lichen Fields (page does not exist)">Namib Lichen Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noms_Mountain_Desert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noms Mountain Desert (page does not exist)">Noms Mountain Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Nababiepsberge_Mountain_Desert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Nababiepsberge Mountain Desert (page does not exist)">Northern Nababiepsberge Mountain Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richtersberg_Mountain_Desert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richtersberg Mountain Desert (page does not exist)">Richtersberg Mountain Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richtersveld_Sheet_Wash_Desert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richtersveld Sheet Wash Desert (page does not exist)">Richtersveld Sheet Wash Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Nababiepsberge_Mountain_Desert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Nababiepsberge Mountain Desert (page does not exist)">Southern Nababiepsberge Mountain Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Gariep_Hills_Desert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Gariep Hills Desert (page does not exist)">Western Gariep Hills Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Gariep_Lowland_Desert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Gariep Lowland Desert (page does not exist)">Western Gariep Lowland Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Gariep_Plains_Desert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Gariep Plains Desert (page does not exist)">Western Gariep Plains Desert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Azonal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albany_Alluvial_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albany Alluvial Vegetation (page does not exist)">Albany Alluvial Vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albany_Dune_Strandveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albany Dune Strandveld (page does not exist)">Albany Dune Strandveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algoa_Dune_Strandveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algoa Dune Strandveld (page does not exist)">Algoa Dune Strandveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arid_Estuarine_Salt_Marshes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arid Estuarine Salt Marshes (page does not exist)">Arid Estuarine Salt Marshes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bushmanland_Vloere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bushmanland Vloere (page does not exist)">Bushmanland Vloere</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Estuarine_Salt_Marshes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cape Estuarine Salt Marshes (page does not exist)">Cape Estuarine Salt Marshes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Inland_Salt_Pans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cape Inland Salt Pans (page does not exist)">Cape Inland Salt Pans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Lowland_Alluvial_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cape Lowland Alluvial Vegetation (page does not exist)">Cape Lowland Alluvial Vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Lowland_Freshwater_Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetlands">Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Seashore_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cape Seashore Vegetation (page does not exist)">Cape Seashore Vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Vernal_Pools&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cape Vernal Pools (page does not exist)">Cape Vernal Pools</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drakensberg_Wetlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drakensberg Wetlands (page does not exist)">Drakensberg Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Temperate_Freshwater_Wetlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Temperate Freshwater Wetlands (page does not exist)">Eastern Temperate Freshwater Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fynbos_Riparian_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fynbos Riparian Vegetation (page does not exist)">Fynbos Riparian Vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Highveld_Alluvial_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Highveld Alluvial Vegetation (page does not exist)">Highveld Alluvial Vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Highveld_Salt_Pans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Highveld Salt Pans (page does not exist)">Highveld Salt Pans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesotho_Mires&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lesotho Mires (page does not exist)">Lesotho Mires</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Gariep_Alluvial_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower Gariep Alluvial Vegetation (page does not exist)">Lower Gariep Alluvial Vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscadel_Riviere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muscadel Riviere (page does not exist)">Muscadel Riviere</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namaqualand_Riviere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namaqualand Riviere (page does not exist)">Namaqualand Riviere</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namaqualand_Salt_Pans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namaqualand Salt Pans (page does not exist)">Namaqualand Salt Pans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namaqualand_Seashore_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namaqualand Seashore Vegetation (page does not exist)">Namaqualand Seashore Vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namib_Seashore_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namib Seashore Vegetation (page does not exist)">Namib Seashore Vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Kalahari_Mekgacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Kalahari Mekgacha (page does not exist)">Southern Kalahari Mekgacha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Kalahari_Salt_Pans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Kalahari Salt Pans (page does not exist)">Southern Kalahari Salt Pans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Karoo_Riviere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Karoo Riviere (page does not exist)">Southern Karoo Riviere</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subantarctic_Kelp_Bed_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subantarctic Kelp Bed Vegetation (page does not exist)">Subantarctic Kelp Bed Vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtropical_Alluvial_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subtropical Alluvial Vegetation (page does not exist)">Subtropical Alluvial Vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtropical_Dune_Thicket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subtropical Dune Thicket (page does not exist)">Subtropical Dune Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtropical_Estuarine_Salt_Marshes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subtropical Estuarine Salt Marshes (page does not exist)">Subtropical Estuarine Salt Marshes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtropical_Freshwater_Wetlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subtropical Freshwater Wetlands (page does not exist)">Subtropical Freshwater Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtropical_Salt_Pans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subtropical Salt Pans (page does not exist)">Subtropical Salt Pans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtropical_Seashore_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subtropical Seashore Vegetation (page does not exist)">Subtropical Seashore Vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanqua_Wash_Riviere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanqua Wash Riviere (page does not exist)">Tanqua Wash Riviere</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Gariep_Alluvial_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Gariep Alluvial Vegetation (page does not exist)">Upper Gariep Alluvial Vegetation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forest_and_coastal_belt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forest and coastal belt (page does not exist)">Forest<br />and<br />Coastal<br />belt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KwaZulu-Natal_Coastal_Belt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KwaZulu-Natal Coastal Belt (page does not exist)">KwaZulu-Natal Coastal Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maputaland_Coastal_Belt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maputaland Coastal Belt (page does not exist)">Maputaland Coastal Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maputaland_Wooded_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maputaland Wooded Grassland (page does not exist)">Maputaland Wooded Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pondoland-Natal_Sandstone_Coastal_Sourveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pondoland-Natal Sandstone Coastal Sourveld (page does not exist)">Pondoland-Natal Sandstone Coastal Sourveld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transkei_Coastal_Belt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transkei Coastal Belt (page does not exist)">Transkei Coastal Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ironwood_Dry_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ironwood Dry Forest (page does not exist)">Ironwood Dry Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lowveld_Riverine_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lowveld Riverine Forest (page does not exist)">Lowveld Riverine Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangrove_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mangrove Forest (page does not exist)">Mangrove Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Afrotemperate_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Afrotemperate Forest (page does not exist)">Northern Afrotemperate Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Coastal_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Coastal Forest (page does not exist)">Northern Coastal Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Mistbelt_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Mistbelt Forest (page does not exist)">Northern Mistbelt Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand Forest">Sand Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarp_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scarp Forest (page does not exist)">Scarp Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Afrotemperate_Forest" title="Southern Afrotemperate Forest">Southern Afrotemperate Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Coastal_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Coastal Forest (page does not exist)">Southern Coastal Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mistbelt_Forest" title="Southern Mistbelt Forest">Southern Mistbelt Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swamp_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swamp Forest (page does not exist)">Swamp Forest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subantarctic" title="Subantarctic">Subantarctic</a><br />biome</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subantarctic_Biotic_Herbfield_and_Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subantarctic Biotic Herbfield and Grassland (page does not exist)">Subantarctic Biotic Herbfield and Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subantarctic_Cinder_Cone_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subantarctic Cinder Cone Vegetation (page does not exist)">Subantarctic Cinder Cone Vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subantarctic_Coastal_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subantarctic Coastal Vegetation (page does not exist)">Subantarctic Coastal Vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subantarctic_Drainage_Line_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subantarctic Drainage Line Vegetation (page does not exist)">Subantarctic Drainage Line Vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subantarctic_Fellfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subantarctic Fellfield (page does not exist)">Subantarctic Fellfield</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subantarctic_Fernbrake_Vegetation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subantarctic Fernbrake Vegetation (page does not exist)">Subantarctic Fernbrake Vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subantarctic_Mire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subantarctic Mire (page does not exist)">Subantarctic Mire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subantarctic_Polar_Desert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subantarctic Polar Desert (page does not exist)">Subantarctic Polar Desert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">not on<br />VEGMAP</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_of_South_Africa" title="List of forests of South Africa">List of forests of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_of_the_Eastern_Cape" title="List of forests of the Eastern Cape">List of forests of the Eastern Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_KwaZulu-Natal" title="Forests of KwaZulu-Natal">Forests of KwaZulu-Natal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal_Dune_Forest" title="KwaZulu-Natal Dune Forest">KwaZulu-Natal Dune Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal_coastal_lowland_forest" title="KwaZulu-Natal coastal lowland forest">KwaZulu-Natal coastal lowland forest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_of_the_Western_Cape" title="List of forests of the Western Cape">List of forests of the Western Cape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Protected_areas_of_South_Africa806" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_South_Africa" title="List of protected areas of South Africa">Protected areas of South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_protected_areas_of_South_Africa" title="Index of protected areas of South Africa">Index of protected areas of South Africa</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Parks" title="South African National Parks">South<br />African<br />National<br />Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addo_Elephant_National_Park" title="Addo Elephant National Park">Addo Elephant National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agulhas_National_Park" title="Agulhas National Park">Agulhas National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augrabies_Falls_National_Park" title="Augrabies Falls National Park">Augrabies Falls National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontebok_National_Park" title="Bontebok National Park">Bontebok National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camdeboo_National_Park" title="Camdeboo National Park">Camdeboo National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_Route_National_Park" title="Garden Route National Park">Garden Route National Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsitsikamma_National_Park" title="Tsitsikamma National Park">Tsitsikamma National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness_National_Park" title="Wilderness National Park">Wilderness National Park</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_Highlands_National_Park" title="Golden Gate Highlands National Park">Golden Gate Highlands National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoo_National_Park" title="Karoo National Park">Karoo National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park" title="Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park">Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruger_National_Park" title="Kruger National Park">Kruger National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapungubwe_National_Park" title="Mapungubwe National Park">Mapungubwe National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marakele_National_Park" title="Marakele National Park">Marakele National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokala_National_Park" title="Mokala National Park">Mokala National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Zebra_National_Park" title="Mountain Zebra National Park">Mountain Zebra National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaqua_National_Park" title="Namaqua National Park">Namaqua National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Mountain_National_Park" title="Table Mountain National Park">Table Mountain National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankwa_Karoo_National_Park" title="Tankwa Karoo National Park">Tankwa Karoo National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_National_Park" title="West Coast National Park">West Coast National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C7%80Ai-%C7%80Ais/Richtersveld_Transfrontier_Park" title="ǀAi-ǀAis/Richtersveld Transfrontier Park">ǀAi-ǀAis/Richtersveld Transfrontier Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosphere reserve">Biosphere<br />reserves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Winelands_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Cape Winelands Biosphere Reserve">Cape Winelands Biosphere Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouritz_Cluster_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Gouritz Cluster Biosphere Reserve">Gouritz Cluster Biosphere Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogelberg_Nature_Reserve" title="Kogelberg Nature Reserve">Kogelberg Nature Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruger_to_Canyons_Biosphere" title="Kruger to Canyons Biosphere">Kruger to Canyons Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magaliesberg_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Magaliesberg Biosphere Reserve">Magaliesberg Biosphere Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterberg_Biosphere" title="Waterberg Biosphere">Waterberg Biosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_areas_of_South_Africa" title="Marine protected areas of South Africa">Marine<br />protected<br />areas of<br />South<br />Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coastal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addo_Elephant_National_Park_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Addo Elephant National Park Marine Protected Area">Addo Elephant National Park Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amathole_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Amathole Marine Protected Area">Amathole Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty%27s_Bay_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Betty's Bay Marine Protected Area">Betty's Bay Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_Island_Marine_Protected_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird Island Marine Protected Area">Bird Island Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Hoop_Marine_Protected_Area" title="De Hoop Marine Protected Area">De Hoop Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwesa-Cwebe_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Dwesa-Cwebe Marine Protected Area">Dwesa-Cwebe Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goukamma_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Goukamma Marine Protected Area">Goukamma Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helderberg_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Helderberg Marine Protected Area">Helderberg Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hluleka_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Hluleka Marine Protected Area">Hluleka Marine Protected Area</a>I</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISimangaliso_Marine_Protected_Area" title="ISimangaliso Marine Protected Area">iSimangaliso Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutten_Island_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Jutten Island Marine Protected Area">Jutten Island Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langebaan_Lagoon_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area">Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malgas_Island_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Malgas Island Marine Protected Area">Malgas Island Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Island_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Marcus Island Marine Protected Area">Marcus Island Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaqua_National_Park_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Namaqua National Park Marine Protected Area">Namaqua National Park Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pondoland_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Pondoland Marine Protected Area">Pondoland Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robben_Island_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Robben Island Marine Protected Area">Robben Island Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocherpan_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Rocherpan Marine Protected Area">Rocherpan Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robberg_Marine_Protected_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Robberg Marine Protected Area">Robberg Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia_Bay_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Sardinia Bay Marine Protected Area">Sardinia Bay Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Mile_Beach_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Sixteen Mile Beach Marine Protected Area">Sixteen Mile Beach Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilbaai_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Stilbaai Marine Protected Area">Stilbaai Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Mountain_National_Park_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area">Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Trafalgar Marine Protected Area">Trafalgar Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsitsikamma_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Tsitsikamma Marine Protected Area">Tsitsikamma Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UThukela_Banks_Marine_Protected_Area" title="UThukela Banks Marine Protected Area">uThukela Banks Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_Bay_Whale_Sanctuary" title="Walker Bay Whale Sanctuary">Walker Bay Whale Sanctuary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offshore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Bank_Complex_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Agulhas Bank Complex Marine Protected Area">Agulhas Bank Complex Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Front_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Agulhas Front Marine Protected Area">Agulhas Front Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Muds_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Agulhas Muds Marine Protected Area">Agulhas Muds Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliwal_Shoal_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Aliwal Shoal Marine Protected Area">Aliwal Shoal Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amathole_Offshore_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Amathole Offshore Marine Protected Area">Amathole Offshore Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benguela_Bank_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Benguela Bank Marine Protected Area">Benguela Bank Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benguela_Muds_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Benguela Muds Marine Protected Area">Benguela Muds Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browns_Bank_Complex_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Browns Bank Complex Marine Protected Area">Browns Bank Complex Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browns_Bank_Corals_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Browns Bank Corals Marine Protected Area">Browns Bank Corals Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canyon_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Cape Canyon Marine Protected Area">Cape Canyon Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childs_Bank_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Childs Bank Marine Protected Area">Childs Bank Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISimangaliso_Offshore_Marine_Protected_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="ISimangaliso Offshore Marine Protected Area">iSimangaliso Offshore Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaqua_Fossil_Forest_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Namaqua Fossil Forest Marine Protected Area">Namaqua Fossil Forest Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Shelf_Edge_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Orange Shelf Edge Marine Protected Area">Orange Shelf Edge Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Prince Edward Islands Marine Protected Area">Prince Edward Islands Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protea_Banks_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Protea Banks Marine Protected Area">Protea Banks Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Atlantic_Seamounts_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Southeast Atlantic Seamounts Marine Protected Area">Southeast Atlantic Seamounts Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Indian_Seamount_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Southwest Indian Seamount Marine Protected Area">Southwest Indian Seamount Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Elizabeth_Corals_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Port Elizabeth Corals Marine Protected Area">Port Elizabeth Corals Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UThukela_Banks_Marine_Protected_Area" title="UThukela Banks Marine Protected Area">uThukela Banks Marine Protected Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Management<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CapeNature" title="CapeNature">CapeNature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Cape_Town" title="City of Cape Town">City of Cape Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Environment,_Forestry_and_Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries">Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Science_and_Innovation" title="Department of Science and Innovation">Department of Science and Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape_Parks" title="Eastern Cape Parks">Eastern Cape Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezemvelo_KZN_Wildlife" title="Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife">Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISimangaliso_Wetland_Park_Authority&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISimangaliso Wetland Park Authority (page does not exist)">iSimangaliso Wetland Park Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela_Bay_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality">Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Parks" title="South African National Parks">South African National Parks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Biodiversity_research_in_SA806" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Biodiversity research in SA</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolus_Herbarium" title="Bolus Herbarium">Bolus Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iziko_South_African_Museum" title="Iziko South African Museum">Iziko South African Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Research_Foundation_(South_Africa)" title="National Research Foundation (South Africa)">National Research Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_National_Collection_of_Fungi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South African National Collection of Fungi (page does not exist)">South African National Collection of Fungi</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Demography_Unit" title="Animal Demography Unit">Animal Demography Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_South_Africa" title="BirdLife South Africa">BirdLife South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Association_for_Marine_Biological_Research" title="South African Association for Marine Biological Research">South African Association for Marine Biological Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Environmental_Observation_Network" title="South African Environmental Observation Network">South African Environmental Observation Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Institute_for_Aquatic_Biodiversity" title="South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity">South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Biodiversity_Institute" title="South African National Biodiversity Institute">South African National Biodiversity Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research<br />projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Coelacanth_Ecosystem_Programme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme (page does not exist)">African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="National Biodiversity Assessment">National Biodiversity Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Vegetation_Map_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Vegetation Map Project (page does not exist)">National Vegetation Map Project</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reef_Atlas_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reef Atlas Project (page does not exist)">Reef Atlas Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaKeys" title="SeaKeys">SeaKeys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Citizen science<br />databases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISpot" title="ISpot">iSpot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_FitzPatrick_Institute_of_African_Ornithology" class="mw-redirect" title="Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology">Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology Virtual Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_South_Africa" title="List of botanical gardens in South Africa">Botanical<br />gardens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durban_Botanic_Gardens" title="Durban Botanic Gardens">Durban Botanic Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_National_Botanical_Garden" title="Free State National Botanical Garden">Free State National Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_Route_Botanical_Garden" title="Garden Route Botanical Garden">Garden Route Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantam_National_Botanical_Garden" title="Hantam National Botanical Garden">Hantam National Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Porter_National_Botanical_Garden" title="Harold Porter National Botanical Garden">Harold Porter National Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_Botanical_Garden" title="Johannesburg Botanical Garden">Johannesburg Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoo_Desert_National_Botanical_Garden" title="Karoo Desert National Botanical Garden">Karoo Desert National Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwelera_National_Botanical_Garden" title="Kwelera National Botanical Garden">Kwelera National Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirstenbosch_National_Botanical_Garden" title="Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden">Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal_National_Botanical_Garden" title="KwaZulu-Natal National Botanical Garden">KwaZulu-Natal National Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowveld_National_Botanical_Garden" title="Lowveld National Botanical Garden">Lowveld National Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makana_Botanical_Gardens" title="Makana Botanical Gardens">Makana Botanical Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manie_van_der_Schijff_Botanical_Garden" title="Manie van der Schijff Botanical Garden">Manie van der Schijff Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_University_Botanical_Garden" title="North-West University Botanical Garden">North-West University Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_National_Botanical_Garden" title="Pretoria National Botanical Garden">Pretoria National Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellenbosch_University_Botanical_Garden" title="Stellenbosch University Botanical Garden">Stellenbosch University Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thohoyandou_National_Botanical_Garden" title="Thohoyandou National Botanical Garden">Thohoyandou National Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_KwaZulu-Natal_Botanical_Garden" title="University of KwaZulu-Natal Botanical Garden">University of KwaZulu-Natal Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu_National_Botanical_Garden" title="Walter Sisulu National Botanical Garden">Walter Sisulu National Botanical Garden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taxonomists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_authors_of_South_African_botanical_taxa" title="List of authors of South African botanical taxa">List of authors of South African botanical taxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_authors_of_South_African_animal_taxa" title="List of authors of South African animal taxa">List of authors of South African animal taxa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related806" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">Ecotourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">Encyclopedia of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_recreational_diving" title="Environmental impact of recreational diving">Environmental impact of recreational diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_impact_diving" title="Low impact diving">Low impact diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">Marine protected area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">National park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">Nature conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">Nature reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_tourism" title="Scuba diving tourism">Scuba diving tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Sustainable_Seafood_Initiative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South African Sustainable Seafood Initiative (page does not exist)">South African Sustainable Seafood Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">World Register of Marine Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional biodiversity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Cape_Town" title="Biodiversity of Cape Town">Biodiversity of Cape Town</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nature_reserves_in_Cape_Town" title="List of nature reserves in Cape Town">List of nature reserves in Cape Town</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Living_Resources_Act,_18_of_1998" title="Marine Living Resources Act, 18 of 1998">Marine Living Resources Act, 18 of 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Management_Act,_1998" title="National Environmental Management Act, 1998">National Environmental Management Act, 1998</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Environmental_Management:_Biodiversity_Act,_10_of_2004&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 10 of 2004 (page does not exist)">National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 10 of 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Environmental_Management:_Integrated_Coastal_Management_Act,_24_of_2008&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Environmental Management: Integrated Coastal Management Act, 24 of 2008 (page does not exist)">National Environmental Management: Integrated Coastal Management Act, 24 of 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Environmental_Management:_Protected_Areas_Act,_57_of_2003&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 57 of 2003 (page does not exist)">National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 57 of 2003</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_field_guides_to_South_African_biota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of field guides to South African biota (page does not exist)">List of field guides to South African biota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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