Brain Sciences | An Open Access Journal from MDPI

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Health (IJERPH) </option> <option value="ijfs" > International Journal of Financial Studies (IJFS) </option> <option value="ijms" > International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS) </option> <option value="IJNS" > International Journal of Neonatal Screening (IJNS) </option> <option value="ijom" > International Journal of Orofacial Myology and Myofunctional Therapy (IJOM) </option> <option value="ijpb" > International Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option> <option value="ijt" > International Journal of Topology </option> <option value="ijtm" > International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM) </option> <option value="ijtpp" > International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP) </option> <option value="ime" > International Medical Education (IME) </option> <option value="inventions" > Inventions </option> <option value="IoT" > IoT </option> <option value="ijgi" > ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI) </option> <option value="J" > J </option> <option value="jal" > Journal of Ageing and Longevity (JAL) </option> <option value="jcdd" > Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD) </option> <option value="jcto" > Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology (JCTO) </option> <option value="jcm" > Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) </option> <option value="jcs" > Journal of Composites Science (J. 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(JoR) </option> <option value="jrfm" > Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option> <option value="jsan" > Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option> <option value="joma" > Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option> <option value="jtaer" > Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option> <option value="jvd" > Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option> <option value="jox" > Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option> <option value="jzbg" > Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option> <option value="journalmedia" > Journalism and Media </option> <option value="kidneydial" > Kidney and Dialysis </option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases" > Kinases and Phosphatases </option> <option value="knowledge" > Knowledge </option> <option value="labmed" > LabMed </option> <option value="laboratories" > Laboratories </option> <option value="land" > Land </option> <option value="languages" > Languages </option> 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Computational Applications (MCA) </option> <option value="mathematics" > Mathematics </option> <option value="medsci" > Medical Sciences </option> <option value="msf" > Medical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="medicina" > Medicina </option> <option value="medicines" > Medicines </option> <option value="membranes" > Membranes </option> <option value="merits" > Merits </option> <option value="metabolites" > Metabolites </option> <option value="metals" > Metals </option> <option value="meteorology" > Meteorology </option> <option value="methane" > Methane </option> <option value="mps" > Methods and Protocols (MPs) </option> <option value="metrics" > Metrics </option> <option value="metrology" > Metrology </option> <option value="micro" > Micro </option> <option value="microbiolres" > Microbiology Research </option> <option value="micromachines" > Micromachines </option> <option value="microorganisms" > Microorganisms </option> <option value="microplastics" > Microplastics </option> <option value="microwave" > Microwave </option> <option value="minerals" > Minerals </option> <option value="mining" > Mining </option> <option value="modelling" > Modelling </option> <option value="mmphys" > Modern Mathematical Physics </option> <option value="molbank" > Molbank </option> <option value="molecules" > Molecules </option> <option value="mti" > Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option> <option value="muscles" > Muscles </option> <option value="nanoenergyadv" > Nanoenergy Advances </option> <option value="nanomanufacturing" > Nanomanufacturing </option> <option value="nanomaterials" > Nanomaterials </option> <option value="ndt" > NDT </option> <option value="network" > Network </option> <option value="neuroglia" > Neuroglia </option> <option value="neurolint" > Neurology International </option> <option value="neurosci" > NeuroSci </option> <option value="nitrogen" > Nitrogen </option> <option value="ncrna" > Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) </option> <option 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value="pharmacoepidemiology" > Pharmacoepidemiology </option> <option value="pharmacy" > Pharmacy </option> <option value="philosophies" > Philosophies </option> <option value="photochem" > Photochem </option> <option value="photonics" > Photonics </option> <option value="phycology" > Phycology </option> <option value="physchem" > Physchem </option> <option value="psf" > Physical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="physics" > Physics </option> <option value="physiologia" > Physiologia </option> <option value="plants" > Plants </option> <option value="plasma" > Plasma </option> <option value="platforms" > Platforms </option> <option value="pollutants" > Pollutants </option> <option value="polymers" > Polymers </option> <option value="polysaccharides" > Polysaccharides </option> <option value="populations" > Populations </option> <option value="poultry" > Poultry </option> <option value="powders" > Powders </option> <option value="proceedings" > Proceedings </option> <option 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Pharm.) </option> <option value="sclerosis" > Sclerosis </option> <option value="seeds" > Seeds </option> <option value="sensors" > Sensors </option> <option value="separations" > Separations </option> <option value="sexes" > Sexes </option> <option value="signals" > Signals </option> <option value="sinusitis" > Sinusitis </option> <option value="smartcities" > Smart Cities </option> <option value="socsci" > Social Sciences </option> <option value="siuj" > Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal (SIUJ) </option> <option value="societies" > Societies </option> <option value="software" > Software </option> <option value="soilsystems" > Soil Systems </option> <option value="solar" > Solar </option> <option value="solids" > Solids </option> <option value="spectroscj" > Spectroscopy Journal </option> <option value="sports" > Sports </option> <option value="standards" > Standards </option> <option value="stats" > Stats </option> <option value="stresses" > Stresses </option> <option value="surfaces" > Surfaces </option> <option value="surgeries" > Surgeries </option> <option value="std" > Surgical Techniques Development </option> <option value="sustainability" > Sustainability </option> <option value="suschem" > Sustainable Chemistry </option> <option value="symmetry" > Symmetry </option> <option value="synbio" > SynBio </option> <option value="systems" > Systems </option> <option value="targets" > Targets </option> <option value="taxonomy" > Taxonomy </option> <option value="technologies" > Technologies </option> <option value="telecom" > Telecom </option> <option value="textiles" > Textiles </option> <option value="thalassrep" > Thalassemia Reports </option> <option value="therapeutics" > Therapeutics </option> <option value="thermo" > Thermo </option> <option value="timespace" > Time and Space </option> <option value="tomography" > Tomography </option> <option value="tourismhosp" > Tourism and Hospitality </option> <option value="toxics" > Toxics </option> 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data-name="Vinpocetine, a Phosphodiesterase Type 1 Inhibitor, Mitigates Locomotor Hyperactivity in Female Mice Exposed to Lead During Development" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/15/2/150">Vinpocetine, a Phosphodiesterase Type 1 Inhibitor, Mitigates Locomotor Hyperactivity in Female Mice Exposed to Lead During Development</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ulisses C. Araujo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fernanda Nunes</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bruno S. Gonçalves</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Regina A. A. Gomes</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Maria de Fátima R. Moreira</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andre Nunes-Freitas</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Thomas E. Krahe</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yael de Abreu-Villaça</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alex C. Manhães</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Cláudio C. Filgueiras</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>15</em>(2), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020150 (registering DOI) - 2 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background/Objectives Studies in rodents indicate that disruptions in both cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling pathways are involved in the development of hyperactive behavior. We examined whether vinpocetine, a phosphodiesterase type 1 inhibitor that enhances brain cAMP and cGMP <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/2/150/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background/Objectives Studies in rodents indicate that disruptions in both cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling pathways are involved in the development of hyperactive behavior. We examined whether vinpocetine, a phosphodiesterase type 1 inhibitor that enhances brain cAMP and cGMP levels, could mitigate locomotor hyperactivity in mice exposed to lead during early development. Methods Swiss mice were exposed to 90 ppm of lead in their drinking water throughout gestation and the first ten postnatal days. At postnatal day 10 (PN10), blood lead levels (BLLs) were about 30 µg/dL. At PN30, animals either received vinpocetine (20 mg/kg, i.p.) or a vehicle 4 h before the evaluation of locomotor activity in the open field. Results Lead-exposed males did not display differences in locomotor activity compared to controls, while lead-exposed females showed a significant increase in locomotion. Vinpocetine treatment significantly reversed the lead-induced hyperactivity in females. Conclusions These findings suggest that the cAMP and cGMP signaling pathways play a role in the hyperactivity induced by lead exposure. <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/150">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/brainsci/special_issues/93X2EGUKU7 ">Role of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Metabolic Dysfunction in Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Pharmacological Targets and Therapeutic Interventions</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/2/150/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1582478"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1582478"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1582478" data-cycle-prev="#prev1582478" data-cycle-progressive="#images1582478" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1582478-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00150/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00150-g001-550.jpg?1738496654" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1582478" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1582478-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00150/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00150-g002-550.jpg?1738496656'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1582478-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00150/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00150-g003-550.jpg?1738496662'><p>Figure 3</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1582478-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00150/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00150-g001-550.jpg?1738496654" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Mean body mass (± SEM) of mice exposed to lead during gestation and neonatal life (LEAD) or filtered water (CONT) at the second (PN2), tenth (PN10) and twenty-first (PN21) postnatal days. Note that lead exposure resulted in a significant body mass reduction at PN2. FPLSD: * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/150'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00150/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00150-g002-550.jpg?1738496656" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Ambulation in the periphery and in the center of open field throughout 1 min time intervals (<b>A</b>) and for the total 10 min test (<b>B</b>). Values represent mean (+S.E.M.) of the total sample. Note that the activity in the periphery was higher than that in the center. *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/150'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00150/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00150-g003-550.jpg?1738496662" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Mean (± SEM) of total ambulation (C+Pe) in the open field for PN30 (PN1 = day of birth) female (<b>a</b>) and male (<b>b</b>) mice exposed to lead during gestation and neonatal life (LEAD) or filtered water (CONT), treated with vinpocetine 20 mg/kg (VINP) or vehicle (DMSO) at PN30 (single i.p. dose 4 h prior to behavioral testing). Note that neonatal exposure to lead increased locomotor activity in females treated with the vehicle solution and that treatment with 20 mg/kg of vinpocetine restored locomotor activity to control levels. No differences were observed for males. In (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>), total ambulation per 1 min interval is shown. The center/periphery ratio, a measure of anxiety-like behavior, for females (<b>e</b>) and males (<b>f</b>) was not affected by either lead exposure or vinpocetine treatment. FPLSD: * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/150'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="extending-content content-ready"> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1581568" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1581568" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1581568" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/149/s1?version=1738358116"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 80 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 853 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/149/pdf?version=1738358116" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Eye-Tracking Metrics as a Digital Biomarker for Neurocognitive Disorders in Multiple Sclerosis: A Scoping Review" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/15/2/149">Eye-Tracking Metrics as a Digital Biomarker for Neurocognitive Disorders in Multiple Sclerosis: A Scoping Review</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sonja Cecchetti</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andrew T. Duchowski</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marco Cavallo</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>15</em>(2), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020149 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease classified as neurodegenerative because it can be associated with the more or less progressive development of neurological symptoms and cognitive deficits. In recent years, various studies have started to investigate eye movements in relation to cognitive <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/2/149/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease classified as neurodegenerative because it can be associated with the more or less progressive development of neurological symptoms and cognitive deficits. In recent years, various studies have started to investigate eye movements in relation to cognitive impairment in persons with MS by means of eye-tracking equipment. However, the high heterogeneity of the paradigms used in different studies, as well as the different methodologies included, makes it difficult to provide a complete and precise picture of this important research and clinical issue. The purpose of the present in-depth scoping review was to map the existing literature in this field to determine which metrics may be relevant when dealing with the neurocognitive profile of people with MS. From the analyses of the included studies, the anti-saccade latency and errors were the most frequently proposed metrics. Correlation analyses between these metrics and cognitive measures showed significant associations between them, calling for a deeper investigation of this promising research and clinical field. The results of the present scoping review strongly suggest that eye tracking may play a crucial role in clinical practice during the early detection of neurocognitive disorders. There is a great need for primary research that addresses the full complexity of MS in its different phenotypes and the disease-related variables from a multidisciplinary perspective. Future research should clarify whether oculomotor dysfunction in MS follows or precedes cognitive deficits. <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/149">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/brainsci/special_issues/XNAA96QNEC ">Eye-Tracking Monitoring of Neurological and Psychiatric Conditions Across Life Span</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1581533" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1581533" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1581533" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/148/s1?version=1738343320"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 44 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 20 pages, 676 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/148/pdf?version=1738343320" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Systematic Review of Self-Assessment Scales for Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Systematic Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/15/2/148">Systematic Review of Self-Assessment Scales for Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lucie Métivier</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sonia Dollfus</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>15</em>(2), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020148 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> <b>Background/Objectives</b>: Negative symptoms (NSs) significantly impair the outcome of schizophrenia, primarily due to their effect on quality of life and their resistance to pharmacological treatments. Several scales have been developed to assess the various dimensions of NSs, including avolition, anhedonia, alogia, social <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/2/148/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> <b>Background/Objectives</b>: Negative symptoms (NSs) significantly impair the outcome of schizophrenia, primarily due to their effect on quality of life and their resistance to pharmacological treatments. Several scales have been developed to assess the various dimensions of NSs, including avolition, anhedonia, alogia, social withdrawal, and blunted affect. While observer-rated scales are the most commonly used, self-assessment tools remain underutilized. However, self-assessments offer a promising approach for gaining insights into the personal experiences of individuals. The objective of this review was to identify and report the psychometric properties of self-assessment scales for NSs that are relevant for both research and clinical practice, with a focus on tools that assess multiple domains of NSs in order to support comprehensive evaluations and tailored therapeutic strategies. <b>Methods</b>: We conducted an exhaustive literature review following PRISMA guidelines to identify self-evaluation scales that evaluate several domains of NSs in the MEDLINE and Web of Science databases. The COSMIN checklist was used to assess the methodological quality of each tool. <b>Results</b>: Our review identified five self-assessment scales. Among these, two scales received a Grade A recommendation for use in clinical or research practice: the Self-evaluation Negative Symptom (SNS), which assesses the five domains of NSs, and the Motivation And Pleasure Scale Self-report (MAP-SR), which evaluates anhedonia, avolition, and social withdrawal. <b>Conclusions</b>: The SNS and the MAP-SR are the only tools with sufficient psychometric properties, making them reliable for use in both research and clinical practice. Despite the development of self-assessment tools for NSs, their integration into research and clinical settings remains limited, highlighting the need for increased utilization to enhance the understanding and management of these symptoms. <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/148">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/brainsci/sections/Neuropsychiatry">Neuropsychiatry</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 571 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/147/pdf?version=1738330035" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Binaural Pulse Modulation (BPM) as an Adjunctive Treatment for Anxiety: A Pilot Study" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/15/2/147">Binaural Pulse Modulation (BPM) as an Adjunctive Treatment for Anxiety: A Pilot Study</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gerry Leisman</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Joseph Wallach</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yanin Machado-Ferrer</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mauricio-Chinchilla Acosta</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Abraham-Gérard Meyer</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Robert Lebovits</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Scott Donkin</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>15</em>(2), 147; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020147">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020147</a> - 31 Jan 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background: Treating psychiatric illnesses or influencing mental states with neurofeedback is challenging, likely due to the limited spatial specificity of EEG and the complications arising from the inadequate signal-to-noise ratio reduction of single-trial EEG. Objective: This pilot study aimed to investigate the feasibility <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/2/147/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background: Treating psychiatric illnesses or influencing mental states with neurofeedback is challenging, likely due to the limited spatial specificity of EEG and the complications arising from the inadequate signal-to-noise ratio reduction of single-trial EEG. Objective: This pilot study aimed to investigate the feasibility of employing a binaural pulse mode-modulation (BPM) device to reduce anxiety by self-regulation. We desired to determine whether anxiety could be significantly reduced or regulated using BPM-type systems. Methods: Sixty adult participants were examined with self-reported anxiety tests (COVID Stress Scale, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7, Beck Depression Inventory-II), which were completed before treatment, after four weeks, and after 12 weeks post-treatment. This BPM device produced two frequencies which combined to create a binaural pulse through differential auditory tone presentations. The participant calibrated the suitable target tone for optimal treatment efficacy. Each participant adjusted the binaural pulse to enhance the emotional intensity felt when envisioning an experience with comparable emotional significance or while performing a cognitive task while concurrently listening to music. The “treatment” relied on the individual’s regulation of binaural pulses to obtain the desired state. The training concentrated on particular facets of their psychological challenges while listening to an auditory tone, adjusting a knob until the sound amplified the intended emotional state. Another knob was turned to intensify the emotional state associated with distress reduction. Results: On the self-reported measures, the BPM treatment group was significantly better than the sham treatment (control) groups (<i>p</i> < 0.01). These findings indicate that over the four-week intervention period, BPM was similarly effective. On the GAD-7, the significant difference over time was noted before treatment and at the end of treatment for the experimental group, with the average GAD-7 score at the end of treatment being significantly lower (<i>p</i> < 0.01). Conclusions: BPM seems to induce a short-term alteration in self-reported distress levels during therapy. This study’s limitations are examined, and recommendations for future research are provided. <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/147">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/brainsci/special_issues/WIY0S66QD7 ">Neuromodulation and Neurostimulation in Psychiatric Disorders</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/2/147/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1581254-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00147/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00147-g001-550.jpg?1738330150" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1581254-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00147/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00147-g001-550.jpg?1738330150" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Flow chart of BPM Administration.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/147'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 3841 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/146/pdf?version=1738329040" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Response Assessment in Long-Term Glioblastoma Survivors Using a Multiparametric MRI-Based Prediction Model" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/15/2/146">Response Assessment in Long-Term Glioblastoma Survivors Using a Multiparametric MRI-Based Prediction Model</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Laiz Laura de Godoy</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Archith Rajan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Amir Banihashemi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Thara Patel</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Arati Desai</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Stephen Bagley</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Steven Brem</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sanjeev Chawla</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Suyash Mohan</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>15</em>(2), 146; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020146">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020146</a> - 31 Jan 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> <b>Purpose:</b> Early treatment response assessments are crucial, and the results are known to better correlate with prognosis and survival outcomes. The present study was conducted to differentiate true progression (TP) from pseudoprogression (PsP) in long-term-surviving glioblastoma patients using our previously established multiparametric MRI-based <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/2/146/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> <b>Purpose:</b> Early treatment response assessments are crucial, and the results are known to better correlate with prognosis and survival outcomes. The present study was conducted to differentiate true progression (TP) from pseudoprogression (PsP) in long-term-surviving glioblastoma patients using our previously established multiparametric MRI-based predictive model, as well as to identify clinical factors impacting survival outcomes in these patients. <b>Methods:</b> We report six patients with glioblastoma that had an overall survival longer than 5 years. When tumor specimens were available from second-stage surgery, histopathological analyses were used to classify between TP (>25% characteristics of malignant neoplasms; <i>n</i> = 2) and PsP (<25% characteristics of malignant neoplasms; <i>n</i> = 2). In the absence of histopathology, modified RANO criteria were assessed to determine the presence of TP (<i>n</i> = 1) or PsP (<i>n</i> = 1). The predictive probabilities (PPs) of tumor progression were measured from contrast-enhancing regions of neoplasms using a multiparametric MRI-based prediction model. Subsequently, these PP values were used to define each lesion as TP (PP ≥ 50%) or PsP (PP < 50%). Additionally, detailed clinical information was collected. <b>Results:</b> Our predictive model correctly identified all patients with TP (<i>n</i> = 3) and PsP (<i>n</i> = 3) cases, reflecting a significant concordance between histopathology/modified RANO criteria and PP values. The overall survival varied from 5.1 to 12.3 years. Five of the six glioblastoma patients were MGMT promoter methylated. All patients were female, with a median age of 56 years. Moreover, all six patients had a good functional status (KPS ≥ 70), underwent near-total/complete resection, and received alternative therapies. <b>Conclusions:</b> Multiparametric MRI can aid in assessing treatment response in long-term-surviving glioblastoma patients. <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/146">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/brainsci/special_issues/0HI4W11008 ">Advanced Approaches to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Central Nervous System Tumors</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/2/146/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1581240"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1581240"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1581240" data-cycle-prev="#prev1581240" data-cycle-progressive="#images1581240" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1581240-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00146/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00146-g001-550.jpg?1738329149" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1581240" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1581240-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00146/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00146-g002-550.jpg?1738329152'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1581240-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00146/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00146-g003-550.jpg?1738329155'><p>Figure 3</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1581240-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00146/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00146-g001-550.jpg?1738329149" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Flowchart of included patients.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/146'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00146/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00146-g002-550.jpg?1738329152" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p><b>(Patient #1):</b> A 50-year-old female with glioblastoma, who underwent near total resection, and received SOC therapy and was subsequently treated with mibefradil dihydrochloride combined with temozolomide. (<b>A</b>) Post-contrast T1-weighted image shows a heterogeneously enhancing lesion in the left frontal lobe. (<b>B</b>) T2-FLAIR image demonstrates hyperintense signal abnormality surrounding the lesion and extending to the posterior left frontal lobe. (<b>C</b>) DSC shows mildly elevated rCBV corresponding to the enhancing margins (white arrow). Constellation of these conventional and advanced imaging findings favored predominantly treatment-related changes (radiation necrosis). The multiparametric MRI-based predictive model comprising rCBV<sub>max</sub> along with FA (<b>D</b>) and CL (<b>E</b>) suggests a diagnosis of pseudoprogression (rCBV<sub>max</sub> = 1.6, FA = 0.09, CL = 0.03), with a significant component of treatment-related changes (PP = 1%). (<b>F</b>) The surgical specimen demonstrated largely geographic necrosis and radiation-induced vasculopathy consistent with treatment-related changes and (<b>G</b>) only rare infiltrative residual viable tumor cells (5% viable tumor with 95% treatment-related changes). H&amp;E stain: hematoxylin and eosin stain.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/146'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00146/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00146-g003-550.jpg?1738329155" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p><b>(Patient #4):</b> A 57-year-old female patient with glioblastoma, who underwent near total resection, and was treated with SOC therapy. (<b>A</b>) Post-contrast T1-weighted image shows a heterogeneously enhancing mass at the margins of the resection cavity. (<b>B</b>) T2-FLAIR image demonstrates hyperintense signal abnormality surrounding the surgical margins extending to the right occipital lobe and thalamocapsular region. (<b>C</b>) DSC shows elevated rCBV from the enhancing region of the tumor (white arrow). Constellation of these conventional and advanced imaging findings favors tumor progression. The multiparametric MRI-based predictive model comprising rCBV<sub>max</sub> along with FA (<b>D</b>) and CL (<b>E</b>) (rCBV<sub>max</sub> = 2.02, FA = 0.21, CL= 0.09) suggests a significant component of recurrent tumor (PP = 90%). (<b>F</b>) The surgical specimen demonstrated predominantly viable tumor with (<b>G</b>) minimum necrosis and focal treatment-related changes (85% viable tumor, 2% necrosis, 13% reactive changes). H&amp;E stain: hematoxylin and eosin stain.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/146'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 506 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/145/pdf?version=1738318015" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Multidomain Cognitive Tele-Neurorehabilitation Training in Long-Term Post-Stroke Patients: An RCT Study" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/15/2/145">Multidomain Cognitive Tele-Neurorehabilitation Training in Long-Term Post-Stroke Patients: An RCT Study</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marianna Contrada</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gennarina Arabia</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Martina Vatrano</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Caterina Pucci</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Isabel Mantia</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Federica Scarfone</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Giusi Torchia</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Maria Quintieri</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Antonio Cerasa</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Loris Pignolo</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>15</em>(2), 145; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020145">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020145</a> - 31 Jan 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Purpose: Over the past decade, tele-neurorehabilitation (TNR) has emerged as a vital and effective tool for delivering continuous care to stroke patients, playing a key role in enhancing functional recovery and ensuring consistent access to rehabilitation services. In the field of TNR, various <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/2/145/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Purpose: Over the past decade, tele-neurorehabilitation (TNR) has emerged as a vital and effective tool for delivering continuous care to stroke patients, playing a key role in enhancing functional recovery and ensuring consistent access to rehabilitation services. In the field of TNR, various protocols are utilized to ensure effective cognitive stimulation at home. Recent preliminary studies highlight the employment of multidomain cognitive interventions, which would seem to induce more stable and relevant cognitive recovery in stroke patients. A randomized controlled trial (RCT) study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of a TNR multidomain cognitive approach to conventional face-to-face cognitive treatment. Methods: A total of 30 patients with stroke were equally enrolled and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. In the experimental group, patients received sessions of home-based cognitive virtual reality rehabilitation system (VRRS) training. The control group underwent traditional face-to-face cognitive multidomain treatment at the hospital. The therapy was given for one hour every day for four weeks in both groups. Specific cognitive domains, including memory, praxis skills, executive functions, and speech therapy, were stimulated in the procedure. Neuropsychological evaluations were performed at three timepoints: at baseline (T0), at the end of TNR (T1), and six months later (T2). Results: The TNR group demonstrated significant improvements in working memory and language abilities, as well as in depressive symptoms and caregiver burden, with an average decrease of 2.07. Most of this improvement persisted 6 months after treatment. The group that received face-to-face cognitive treatment showed improvements (not persisting at T2) after treatment in a task measuring constructive apraxia and alternating attention with the cognitive skill of set-shifting. Conclusions: According to our findings, multidomain cognitive TNR may be useful in enhancing cognitive outcomes in stroke populations (even six months after treatment concludes). TNR may also be a viable way to deliver these interventions since it boosts people’s motivation to train and, consequently, their adherence to treatment while also having a positive effect on caregivers’ distress management. <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/145">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/brainsci/special_issues/40C7CY2N97 ">Recent Advances in Neurorehabilitation: Emerging Techniques and Technologies</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/2/145/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1581093-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00145/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00145-g001-550.jpg?1738318092" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1581093-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00145/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00145-g001-550.jpg?1738318092" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The CONSORT flow diagram illustrates the stages of a parallel randomized trial in which two groups of stroke patients received either traditional (control group) or home-based (experimental group) multidomain cognitive training.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/145'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 34 pages, 2413 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/144/pdf?version=1738312406" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate, Quercetin, and Kaempferol for Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease Through Prevention of Gut Dysbiosis and Attenuation of Multiple Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/15/2/144">Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate, Quercetin, and Kaempferol for Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease Through Prevention of Gut Dysbiosis and Attenuation of Multiple Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alexis Kalu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Swapan K. Ray</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>15</em>(2), 144; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020144">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020144</a> - 31 Jan 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition in which degeneration mostly occurs in the dopamine (DA)-producing neurons within the substantia nigra in the midbrain. As a result, individuals with this condition suffer from progressively worsening motor impairment because of the resulting DA deficiency, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/2/144/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition in which degeneration mostly occurs in the dopamine (DA)-producing neurons within the substantia nigra in the midbrain. As a result, individuals with this condition suffer from progressively worsening motor impairment because of the resulting DA deficiency, along with an array of other symptoms that, over time, force them into a completely debilitating state. As an age-related disease, PD has only risen in prevalence over the years; thus, an emphasis has recently been placed on discovering a new treatment for this condition that is capable of attenuating its progression. The gut microbiota has become an area of intrigue among PD studies, as research into this topic has shown that imbalances in the gut microbiota (colloquially known as gut dysbiosis) seemingly promote the primary etiologic factors that have been found to be associated with PD and its pathologic progression. With this knowledge, research into PD treatment has begun to expand beyond synthetic pharmaceutical compounds, as a growing emphasis has been placed on studying plant-derived polyphenolic compounds, namely flavonoids, as a new potential therapeutic approach. Due to their capacity to promote a state of homeostasis in the gut microbiota and their long-standing history as powerful medicinal agents, flavonoids have begun to be looked at as promising therapeutic agents capable of attenuating several of the pathologic states seen amidst PD through indirect and direct means. This review article focuses on three flavonoids, specifically epigallocatechin-3-gallate, quercetin, and kaempferol, discussing the mechanisms through which these powerful flavonoids can potentially prevent gut dysbiosis, neuroinflammation, and other molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis and progression of PD, while also exploring their real-world application and how issues of bioavailability and potential drug interactions can be circumvented or exploited. <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/144">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/brainsci/sections/Molecular_Cellular_Neuroscience">Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 454 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/143/pdf?version=1738310085" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Head Injury and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Population-Based Study from the National ALS Registry" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/15/2/143">Head Injury and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Population-Based Study from the National ALS Registry</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jaime Raymond</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ileana M. Howard</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jasmine Berry</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Theodore Larson</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>D. Kevin Horton</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Paul Mehta</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>15</em>(2), 143; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020143">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020143</a> - 31 Jan 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> <b>Background/Objectives:</b> To examine if head injury (HI) is associated with age at ALS diagnosis in the United States. <b>Methods:</b> In this cross-sectional populationf-based analysis, we identified patients with ALS who were registered from 2015 to 2023 who completed the Registry’s head trauma survey <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/2/143/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> <b>Background/Objectives:</b> To examine if head injury (HI) is associated with age at ALS diagnosis in the United States. <b>Methods:</b> In this cross-sectional populationf-based analysis, we identified patients with ALS who were registered from 2015 to 2023 who completed the Registry’s head trauma survey module. The association between HI and age at ALS diagnosis was assessed using multivariate analysis. <b>Results:</b> Of the 3424 respondents, 56.6% had experienced a HI. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for an ALS diagnosis before age 60 years for patients with a HI was 1.24 (95% CI, 1.07–1.45). One or two HIs had an aOR of 1.15 (95% CI, 0.97–1.36), and five or more HIs had an aOR of 1.58 (95% CI, 1.19–2.09). HI before age 18 years yielded an aOR of 2.03 (95% CI, 1.53–2.70) as well as HI between the ages of 18 and 30 years (aOR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.06–2.06)). When narrowing the analysis to patients with HI before age 18 compared with patients with no HI, we found an association with HI that led to an emergency department or hospital visit (aOR = 1.50 (95% CI: 1.21–1.86)). <b>Conclusions:</b> In this cross-sectional analysis of ALS patients, HIs occurring in childhood and early adulthood and the number of HIs increased the odds of being diagnosed before age 60 years. These results suggest that HI continues to be a risk factor for ALS and could be associated with a younger age of diagnosis. <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/143">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/brainsci/sections/Neuromuscular_Movement_Disorders">Neuromuscular and Movement Disorders</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/2/143/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1580890-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00143/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00143-g001-550.jpg?1738310181" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1580890-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00143/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00143-g001-550.jpg?1738310181" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Adjusted odds ratios for ALS by age at time of first head injury relative to ALS diagnosis before age 60 years, United States, December 2014–December 2023. Patients were respondents from the National ALS Registry who completed the HI survey, n = 3424. The reference group comprised persons in the ALS Registry without head injury. Vertical bars represent 95% confidence intervals.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/143'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 4 pages, 143 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/142/pdf?version=1738308823" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Brain Mechanisms of Hypnosis" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Editorial</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/15/2/142">Brain Mechanisms of Hypnosis</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Giuseppe De Benedittis</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>15</em>(2), 142; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020142">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020142</a> - 31 Jan 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-full inline"> Hypnosis is the longest-lasting of all psychotherapies and one of the oldest practiced methods for the control of pain and other stress-related chronic disorders [...] <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/142">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/brainsci/special_issues/TUXXT9302F ">Brain Mechanism of Hypnosis</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1580826" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1580826" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1580826" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/141/s1?version=1738305208"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 55 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 23 pages, 1149 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/141/pdf?version=1738305207" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Psychological Determinants of Conflict with the Law and Susceptibility to Rehabilitation in Relation to the Presence of Symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/15/2/141">Psychological Determinants of Conflict with the Law and Susceptibility to Rehabilitation in Relation to the Presence of Symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Agnieszka Nowogrodzka</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mirosław Andrusiewicz</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ewa Mojs</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>15</em>(2), 141; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020141">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020141</a> - 31 Jan 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> <b>Background/Objectives:</b> Many prison-sentenced individuals exhibit symptoms of mental dysfunctions, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The presence of co-occurring mental disorders further complicates their rehabilitation and social reintegration efforts. Given these challenges, understanding the role of specific disorders, such as ADHD, is critical <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/2/141/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> <b>Background/Objectives:</b> Many prison-sentenced individuals exhibit symptoms of mental dysfunctions, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The presence of co-occurring mental disorders further complicates their rehabilitation and social reintegration efforts. Given these challenges, understanding the role of specific disorders, such as ADHD, is critical for developing targeted interventions tailored to the needs of incarcerated individuals and improving their outcomes. This research aimed to clarify the relationships among hyperactivity, criminal behavior, and psychological functioning to inform preventative and therapeutic strategies. <b>Methods:</b> This study investigated the complex interplay among attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, criminal behavior, and various psychological factors in a sample of 391 male inmates from low-security Polish prisons and a control group of non-offending men. Principal component analysis (PCA) and Spearman’s rank correlation were used to analyze the relationships among ADHD severity, type of crime (no crime, property crime, crime involving aggression), family functioning, childhood trauma, early maladaptive schemas, and mental health disorders. <b>Results:</b> The results revealed that while traumatic experiences were present across all groups, stronger family cohesion and support were associated with the absence of ADHD symptoms and criminal behavior. As ADHD severity and criminal behavior escalated, particularly in cases involving aggression, family support diminished, and maladaptive schemas, including “disconnection and rejection” and “excessive vigilance and inhibition”, became more prominent, alongside increased correlations with mental health issues (anxiety and depression). <b>Conclusions:</b> The findings underscore the crucial role of family environment and early intervention in mitigating the risks associated with ADHD and criminal behavior, highlighting the need for comprehensive interventions targeting maladaptive schemas and providing support for both internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Limitations include the retrospective nature of data collection and the exclusive focus on male inmates in low-security facilities. <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/141">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Topic <a href="/topics/J2DZ204395">Personality, Health and Well-Being among Different Age Groups</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/2/141/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1580826"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1580826"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1580826" data-cycle-prev="#prev1580826" data-cycle-progressive="#images1580826" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1580826-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00141/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00141-g001-550.jpg?1738305283" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1580826" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1580826-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00141/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00141-g002-550.jpg?1738305285'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1580826-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00141/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00141-g003-550.jpg?1738305287'><p>Figure 3</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1580826-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00141/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00141-g001-550.jpg?1738305283" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The cycle of ADHD and criminal behavior. This diagram illustrates the interconnected factors contributing to the increased risk of criminal behavior in individuals with ADHD, emphasizing how various elements reinforce one another, creating a challenging pathway.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/141'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00141/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00141-g002-550.jpg?1738305285" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Principal component analysis (PCA) of family environment factors and their relationship to ADHD severity and criminal behavior. Six biplots display the relationships between family environment variables and principal components (PC1 and PC2) for six groups: three levels of ADHD severity (negative, moderate, severe; panels (<b>A</b>–<b>C</b>)) and three types of criminal behavior (no crime, crime against property, crime involving aggression; panels (<b>D</b>–<b>F</b>)). Each point represents a variable. The closer a point is to an axis, the higher the correlation (positive or negative) with that PC. The percentage of variance explained by each PC is shown. The dashed lines connect the variables to their coordinates.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/141'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00141/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00141-g003-550.jpg?1738305287" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Principal component analysis (PCA) biplots illustrating the relationships among psychological and behavioral characteristics and ADHD severity and criminal behavior. Each panel displays the loading of variables on the first two principal components (PC1 and PC2). The percentage of variance explained by each PC is indicated. Points closer to the axes indicate stronger positive (positive side of the axis) or negative (negative side of the axis) correlations. Dashed lines connect each variable to its coordinate. (<b>A</b>–<b>C</b>) Associations of psychological and behavioral characteristics with different levels of ADHD severity. (<b>D</b>–<b>F</b>) Associations of psychological and behavioral characteristics with different types of criminal behavior.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/141'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1580668" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1580668" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1580668" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/140/s1?version=1738251168"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 377 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 339 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/140/pdf?version=1738251168" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Efficacy of Body Representation Rehabilitation Training for Adults with Unilateral Brain Damage: A Preliminary Study" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/15/2/140">Efficacy of Body Representation Rehabilitation Training for Adults with Unilateral Brain Damage: A Preliminary Study</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Maria Cropano</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mariachiara Gaita</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Erica Dolce</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Silvia Canino</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Valentina Gerarda Angelillo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Antonella Di Vita</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Maddalena Boccia</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Simona Raimo</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Liana Palermo</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>15</em>(2), 140; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020140">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020140</a> - 30 Jan 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background/Objectives: Body representations (BRs) are essential for guiding movements, maintaining spatial awareness, and achieving effective interactions with the environment. Several studies suggest that BRs are frequently impaired following unilateral brain damage, emphasising the need for tailored rehabilitation interventions; however, there is a lack <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/2/140/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background/Objectives: Body representations (BRs) are essential for guiding movements, maintaining spatial awareness, and achieving effective interactions with the environment. Several studies suggest that BRs are frequently impaired following unilateral brain damage, emphasising the need for tailored rehabilitation interventions; however, there is a lack of studies evaluating the effectiveness of training specifically designed to improve different kinds of functional BRs after stroke. Therefore, the present study aimed to present and implement a specific rehabilitation training program for BR alterations and evaluate its effectiveness in a sample of adults with unilateral brain damage. Methods: Nine adults with unilateral brain damage and seven age- and education-matched healthy controls were recruited. Both groups underwent a neuropsychological assessment to evaluate BR (action- and nonaction-oriented). Additionally, functional autonomy and motor functioning were assessed in the patient group. Following an initial assessment (T0), the patients participated in a BR-specific rehabilitation intervention. At the end of the rehabilitation program (T1), both groups were re-evaluated with the same tasks used at T0. Results: At T0, the patient group performed worse on BR tasks than the controls. At T1, a significant improvement in the nonaction-oriented BR and functional autonomy was observed in the patient group. Conclusions: This preliminary study suggests the effectiveness of a targeted rehabilitation intervention for BR in promoting enhanced body boundary awareness and greater accuracy in the perception of body part positions, possibly leading to increased functional autonomy. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating BR training in rehabilitation programs for adults with acquired brain damage, alongside motor rehabilitation. <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/140">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/brainsci/sections/Neurorehabilitation">Neurorehabilitation</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 24 pages, 1422 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/139/pdf?version=1738250435" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Processing of Scene-Grammar Inconsistencies in Children with Developmental Language Disorder—Insights from Implicit and Explicit Measures" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/15/2/139">Processing of Scene-Grammar Inconsistencies in Children with Developmental Language Disorder—Insights from Implicit and Explicit Measures</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Daniela Bahn</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dilara Deniz Türk</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nikol Tsenkova</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gudrun Schwarzer</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Melissa Le-Hoa Võ</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Christina Kauschke</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>15</em>(2), 139; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020139">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020139</a> - 30 Jan 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background/Objectives: Developmental language disorders (DLD) are often associated with co-occurring neurodevelopmental difficulties, including attentional or social–emotional problems. Another nonverbal domain, i.e., visual cognition and its relationship to DLD, is virtually unexplored. However, learning visuospatial regularities – a scene-grammar - is crucial for navigating <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/2/139/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background/Objectives: Developmental language disorders (DLD) are often associated with co-occurring neurodevelopmental difficulties, including attentional or social–emotional problems. Another nonverbal domain, i.e., visual cognition and its relationship to DLD, is virtually unexplored. However, learning visuospatial regularities – a scene-grammar - is crucial for navigating our daily environment. These regularities show certain similarities to the structure of language and there is preliminary evidence for a relationship between scene processing and language competence in preschoolers with and without DLD. This study compared implicit and explicit visuospatial knowledge of everyday indoor scenes in older children, aged 6 to 10 years, of both groups. Methods: We measured ‘dwell times’ on semantic and syntactic object – scene inconsistencies via eye-tracking and performance in an object-placement task, and their associations with children’s language, visual, and cognitive skills. Results: Visual attention towards object-scene inconsistencies was highly comparable between groups, but children with DLD scored lower in a visual perception test and higher language skills were associated with higher visuo-cognitive performance in both tasks. In the explicit scene-grammar measurement, this relationship only existed for children with DLD and disappeared when nonverbal cognitive performance was controlled. Conclusions: Our study suggests the existence of mild problems in visuospatial processing co-occurring with DLD, which is partly influenced by age and nonverbal cognitive ability. The acquisition of visual cognition and linguistic knowledge is an interactive, multimodal process where the perception of objects in scenes might affect how the words for these objects are learned and vice versa. A better understanding of this interplay could eventually have impact on the diagnosis and treatment of DLD. <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/139">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/brainsci/special_issues/FWQS0I7E3F ">Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Early Language Acquisition</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1580652" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1580652" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1580652" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/138/s1?version=1738250332"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 929 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 2885 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/138/pdf?version=1738250332" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Effect of Vibro-Tactile Stimulation Sequence and Support Surface Inclination on Gait and Balance Measures" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/15/2/138">Effect of Vibro-Tactile Stimulation Sequence and Support Surface Inclination on Gait and Balance Measures</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Christopher P. Engsberg</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nathaniel H. Hunt</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Steven Barlow</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mukul Mukherjee</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>15</em>(2), 138; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020138">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020138</a> - 30 Jan 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The plantar surfaces of the feet are important for balance control during walking, specifically by allowing for the perception of pressure movements during stance. <b>Background/Objectives</b>: The current study aimed to perturb CoP movement perception in healthy individuals by applying vibrations to the <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/2/138/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The plantar surfaces of the feet are important for balance control during walking, specifically by allowing for the perception of pressure movements during stance. <b>Background/Objectives</b>: The current study aimed to perturb CoP movement perception in healthy individuals by applying vibrations to the soles of the feet in different stimulation sequences: a natural pattern that followed CoP movement (<i>gait-like</i>) and a perturbing pattern that did not follow the CoP (<i>random</i>) during walking. We hypothesized that the <i>gait-like</i> stimulation sequence would be similar to walking without any stimulation and therefore have no effect on balance measures and that the <i>random</i> sequence would negatively affect balance measures such as the anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) margins of stability (MoSs) and foot placement area. <b>Methods</b>: Subjects walked at a level angle and 5.0 and 8.0 degrees of incline and with low visual conditions to increase reliance on tactile sensations from the feet. <b>Results</b>: No significant effect of the stimulation sequence was found at any incline, while there was a significant effect of incline. As the incline increased from level to 5 deg, subjects reduced their AP MoS measured at heel strikes from 4.36 ± 0.56 cm to 1.95 ± 1.07 cm and increased their foot placement area from 24.04 ± 11.13 cm<sup>2</sup> to 38.98 ± 17.47 cm<sup>2</sup>. However, the AP MoS measured at midstance did not significantly change as the incline increased. <b>Conclusions</b>: The stimulation sequence had no effect on the dependent measures, but the subjects could still feel the vibrations on the plantar surfaces during walking; this implies that similar stimulation techniques could be a useful method for applying directive biofeedback without negatively impacting gait. Overall, this study demonstrates the detailed control of our tactile system and the adaptability of healthy individuals while walking with a perturbing stimulation. <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/138">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/brainsci/special_issues/F7NS2D750W ">Multisensory Perception of the Body and Its Movement</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/2/138/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1580652"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1580652"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1580652" data-cycle-prev="#prev1580652" data-cycle-progressive="#images1580652" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1580652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00138/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00138-g001-550.jpg?1738250412" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1580652" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1580652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00138/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00138-g002-550.jpg?1738250413'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1580652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00138/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00138-g003-550.jpg?1738250414'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1580652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00138/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00138-g004-550.jpg?1738250415'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1580652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00138/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00138-g005-550.jpg?1738250417'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1580652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00138/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00138-g006-550.jpg?1738250418'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1580652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00138/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00138-g007-550.jpg?1738250419'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1580652-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00138/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00138-g008-550.jpg?1738250421'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1580652-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00138/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00138-g001-550.jpg?1738250412" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Sensorimotor control requires the comparison of an internal model of the current state to the actual state to generate corrections for reaching a desired state. Task constraints are influenced by the specific task, to shape the corrections, and the expected sensory feedback. In this experiment, the treadmill incline altered task constraints, and the plantar stimulation patterns may have affected how the actual sensory feedback aligned with the predicted feedback (e.g., the natural CoP path) to maintain balance during walking. We hypothesized that increased sensory error from unexpected stimulation (random pattern) may lead to greater state corrections and, potentially, balance deficits. Red arrows depict where <span class="html-italic">random</span> stimulation alters model outputs. Conversely, effective corrections without deficits would suggest a healthy system. Gait-like stimulation was expected to align with the natural CoP path, not affecting sensory error.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/138'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00138/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00138-g002-550.jpg?1738250413" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The experiment and equipment set-up for data collection. (<b>Left</b>) Custom-made tactor-embedded insoles that fit into the specific shoe size of each subject. These tactors were then connected to the tactor boxes that were attached to a fanny pack using Velcro. Subjects wore sunglasses in the dark room to decrease visual information and increase reliance on tactile feedback. (<b>Right</b>) Subjects wore the fanny pack around their waist such that the tactor boxes were on their back above the posterior pelvic markers.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/138'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00138/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00138-g003-550.jpg?1738250414" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) The stance time of the previous step was used to determine two random time points (X<sub>1</sub> and X<sub>2</sub>) within the time of heel-strike-to-toe-off (Δt<sub>k</sub>). Multiplication sign is denoted with “*”. (<b>B</b>) During the current stance, a random order of tactor sets was calculated through performing a random permutation from 1 to 3. Then, once the foot had been in the stance for X<sub>1</sub>sec, the first tactor set changed to the second set; then, reaching X<sub>2</sub>sec led to the final tactor set being active until toe-off occurred.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/138'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00138/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00138-g004-550.jpg?1738250415" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The protocol of an example trial. The order of stimulation patterns was randomized between trials for each of the three inclines. Individuals walked for a total of 5 min where 1 min of each stimulation pattern was experienced. There were 30 s breaks with no stimulation between the three patterns to allow the subject to return to a normal baseline of walking before the next stimulation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/138'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00138/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00138-g005-550.jpg?1738250417" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Box and whisker plots of quartiles for spatiotemporal results. Stimulation pattern and incline had no significant effect.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/138'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00138/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00138-g006-550.jpg?1738250418" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Box and whisker plots of quartiles for balance measures. Stimulation had no effect on balance measures. Incline had significant changes in foot placement area and AP MoS at heel strike. (* indicates <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/138'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00138/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00138-g007-550.jpg?1738250419" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>A representative subject of AP MoS changes and foot placement area changes over the levels of inclines. (<b>Left</b>) The AP MoS at heel strike reduced with incline and was the distance from the base of support at heel strike (filled circles) to the XCoM. The AP MoS at midstance was the distance from the base of support at midstance (open circles) to the XCoM. (<b>Right</b>) Foot placement area was the ellipse area for the two feet and increased with incline.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/138'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00138/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00138-g008-550.jpg?1738250421" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>The feedback model revisited with the possible effects of stimulation. During abnormal stimulation, the CNS may perceive natural CoP movements and vibro-tactile patterns as distinctive inputs. Thus, most sensory feedback from the plantar surface consists of expected natural feedback, while additional vibro-tactile input is ignored or treated as irrelevant. Previously, we assumed that these inputs would intertwine, but in healthy individuals, even in slightly unstable walking conditions, this does not seem to be the case.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/138'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 25 pages, 653 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/137/pdf?version=1738244582" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Role of Immune Cells in Moyamoya Disease" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/15/2/137">The Role of Immune Cells in Moyamoya Disease</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sheng Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Qian Jiang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuan Liu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xincheng Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yimin Huang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Huaqiu Zhang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>15</em>(2), 137; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020137">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020137</a> - 30 Jan 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a rare progressive cerebrovascular disorder characterized by the stenosis or occlusion of the terminal segments of the internal carotid arteries, leading to the development of abnormal collateral vascular networks. These networks are a compensatory mechanism for reduced blood flow <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/2/137/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a rare progressive cerebrovascular disorder characterized by the stenosis or occlusion of the terminal segments of the internal carotid arteries, leading to the development of abnormal collateral vascular networks. These networks are a compensatory mechanism for reduced blood flow to the brain. Despite extensive research, the exact etiology of MMD remains unknown, although recent studies suggest that immune system dysfunction plays a critical role in its pathogenesis. In particular, the involvement of immune cells such as T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells has been increasingly recognized. These immune cells contribute to the inflammatory process and vascular remodeling observed in MMD patients, further complicating the disease’s progression. Inflammation and immune-mediated damage to the vessel walls may accelerate the narrowing and occlusion of arteries, exacerbating ischemic events in the brain. Additionally, studies have revealed that certain genetic and environmental factors can influence immune system activation in MMD, linking these pathways to disease development. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the immune mechanisms at play in MMD, focusing on how immune cells participate in vascular injury and remodeling. Understanding these immunological processes may offer new therapeutic targets to halt or reverse disease progression, potentially leading to more effective treatment strategies for MMD. <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/137">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/brainsci/sections/Molecular_Cellular_Neuroscience">Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 32 pages, 5318 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/136/pdf?version=1738230725" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Towards a New Dawn for Neuro-Oncology: Nanomedicine at the Service of Drug Delivery for Primary and Secondary Brain Tumours" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/15/2/136">Towards a New Dawn for Neuro-Oncology: Nanomedicine at the Service of Drug Delivery for Primary and Secondary Brain Tumours</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Smita Khilar</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Antonina Dembinska-Kenner</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Helen Hall</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nikolaos Syrmos</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gianfranco K. I. Ligarotti</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Puneet Plaha</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vasileios Apostolopoulos</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Salvatore Chibbaro</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Giuseppe Maria Vincenzo Barbagallo</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mario Ganau</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>15</em>(2), 136; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020136">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020136</a> - 30 Jan 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> (1) Background/Objectives: Primary and secondary brain tumours often hold devastating prognoses and low survival rates despite the application of maximal neurosurgical resection, and state-of-the-art radiotherapy and chemotherapy. One limiting factor in their management is that several antineoplastic agents are unable to cross the <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/2/136/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> (1) Background/Objectives: Primary and secondary brain tumours often hold devastating prognoses and low survival rates despite the application of maximal neurosurgical resection, and state-of-the-art radiotherapy and chemotherapy. One limiting factor in their management is that several antineoplastic agents are unable to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) to reach the tumour microenvironment. Nanomedicine could hold the potential to become an effective means of drug delivery to overcome previous hurdles towards effective neuro-oncological treatments. (2) Methods: A scoping review following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines and checklist was conducted using key terms input into PubMed to find articles that reflect emerging trends in the utilisation of nanomedicine in drug delivery for primary and secondary brain tumours. (3) Results: The review highlights various strategies by which different nanoparticles can be exploited to bypass the BBB; we provide a synthesis of the literature on the ongoing contributions to therapeutic protocols based on chemotherapy, immunotherapy, focused ultrasound, radiotherapy/radiosurgery, and radio-immunotherapy. (4) Conclusions: The emerging trends summarised in this scoping review indicate encouraging advantageous properties of nanoparticles as potential effective drug delivery mechanisms; however, there are still nanotoxicity issues that largely remain to be addressed before the translation of these innovations from laboratory to clinical practice. <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/136">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/brainsci/special_issues/OCVN990G86 ">Advanced Clinical Technologies in Treating Neurosurgical Diseases</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/2/136/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1580301"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1580301"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1580301" data-cycle-prev="#prev1580301" data-cycle-progressive="#images1580301" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1580301-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00136/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00136-g001-550.jpg?1738230819" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1580301" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1580301-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00136/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00136-g002-550.jpg?1738230821'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1580301-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00136/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00136-g003-550.jpg?1738230823'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1580301-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00136/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00136-g004-550.jpg?1738230825'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1580301-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00136/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00136-g005-550.jpg?1738230828'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1580301-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00136/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00136-g001-550.jpg?1738230819" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Flow diagram according to PRISMA-ScR guidelines, (<a href="https://www.prisma-statement.org/scoping/" target="_blank">https://www.prisma-statement.org/scoping/</a>, accessed on 23 June 2024); * indicates that database used for the search (<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/</a>, accessed between 23 June 2024 and 31 October 2024); ** indicates all articles excluded at the time of abstract review due to either their focus (e.g., articles on the management of brain tumours not dealing with the use of nanoconjugates or articles on nanomedicine not focused or not fully dedicated to neuro-oncology) or design (non-original investigations such as case reports, editorials, and letters to editors).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/136'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00136/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00136-g002-550.jpg?1738230821" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Dual targeting of primary malignancy and brain metastases. This image shows how polymeric nanoparticles loaded with Platin-M and chemotherapeutic glycolytic inhibitors are able to enter the mitochondria of primary malignancy in breast or lung cancers, as well as their secondary brain lesions. This approach has been proposed in breast-induced brain metastases by Ashokan et al. [<a href="#B70-brainsci-15-00136" class="html-bibr">70</a>]. Created in BioRender. Khilar, S., 2025 (<a href="https://BioRender.com/d46l747/" target="_blank">https://BioRender.com/d46l747/</a>, last modified on 21 January 2025).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/136'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00136/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00136-g003-550.jpg?1738230823" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Intratumoural thermotherapy can be achieved by directing an alternating magnetic field towards nanoparticles containing a magnetic core. This strategy has been adopted in patients with recurrent glioblastoma by Maier-Hauff et al. [<a href="#B60-brainsci-15-00136" class="html-bibr">60</a>]. Created in BioRender. Khilar, S., 2025 (<a href="https://BioRender.com/c14m563/" target="_blank">https://BioRender.com/c14m563/</a>, last modified on 21 January 2025).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/136'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00136/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00136-g004-550.jpg?1738230825" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Immunotherapy can exploit targeted drug delivery to induce a tumour-hostile microenvironment. This approach has been used by Sevieri et al. [<a href="#B107-brainsci-15-00136" class="html-bibr">107</a>] to create ferritin nanoparticles able to target HER2 and TfR1 receptors on the surface of tumour cell membranes and penetrate those cancer cells via receptor-mediated transcytosis. Created in BioRender. Khilar, S., 2025 (<a href="https://BioRender.com/c82g636/" target="_blank">https://BioRender.com/c82g636/</a>, last modified on 21 January 2025).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/136'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00136/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00136-g005-550.jpg?1738230828" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Receptor-mediated trancytosis can also be used to increase cancer cells’ toxicity. Such a Trojan-horse strategy can be used to facilitate the release of Doxorubicin (DOX) into the cytoplasm and nucleus by nanoparticles exploiting a mimicry coating based on cancer-cell-derived membranes. This strategy has been nicely described in breast-induced brain metastases by Liu et al. [<a href="#B111-brainsci-15-00136" class="html-bibr">111</a>]. Created in BioRender. Khilar, S., 2025 (<a href="https://BioRender.com/m06x929/" target="_blank">https://BioRender.com/m06x929/</a>, last modified on 21 January 2025).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/136'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 2079 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/135/pdf?version=1738227951" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Problem with Time: Application of Partial Least Squares Analysis on Time-Frequency Plots to Account for Varying Time Intervals with Applied EEG Data" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/15/2/135">The Problem with Time: Application of Partial Least Squares Analysis on Time-Frequency Plots to Account for Varying Time Intervals with Applied EEG Data</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jessie M. H. Szostakiwskyj</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Filomeno Cortese</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Raneen Abdul-Rhaman</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sarah J. Anderson</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Amy L. Warren</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rebecca Archer</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Emma Read</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kent G. Hecker</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>15</em>(2), 135; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020135">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020135</a> - 30 Jan 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> <b>Background/Objectives:</b> When attempting to study neurocognitive mechanisms with electroencephalography (EEG) in applied ecologically valid settings, responses to stimuli may differ in time, which presents challenges to traditional EEG averaging methods. In this proof-of-concept paper, we present a method to normalize time over unequal <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/2/135/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> <b>Background/Objectives:</b> When attempting to study neurocognitive mechanisms with electroencephalography (EEG) in applied ecologically valid settings, responses to stimuli may differ in time, which presents challenges to traditional EEG averaging methods. In this proof-of-concept paper, we present a method to normalize time over unequal trial lengths while preserving frequency content. <b>Methods:</b> Epochs are converted to time-frequency space where they are resampled to contain an equal number of timepoints representing the proportion of trial complete rather than true time. To validate this method, we used EEG data recorded from 8 novices and 4 experts in veterinary medicine while completing decision-making tasks using two question types: multiple-choice and script concordance questions used in veterinary school exams. <b>Results:</b> The resulting resampled time-frequency data were analyzed with partial least squares (PLS), a multivariate technique that extracts patterns of data that support a contrast between conditions and groups while controlling for Type I error. We found a significant latent variable representing a difference between question types for experts only. <b>Conclusions:</b> Despite within and between subject differences in timing, we found consistent differences between question types in experts in gamma and beta bands that are consistent with changes resulting from increased information load and decision-making. This novel analysis method may be a viable path forward to preserve ecological validity in EEG studies. <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/135">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/brainsci/special_issues/31GJV8M3XK ">Advances in Educational Neuroscience: Current Status and Future Directions</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/2/135/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1580218"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1580218"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1580218" data-cycle-prev="#prev1580218" data-cycle-progressive="#images1580218" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1580218-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00135/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00135-g001-550.jpg?1738228033" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1580218" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1580218-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00135/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00135-g002-550.jpg?1738228035'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1580218-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00135/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00135-g003-550.jpg?1738228037'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1580218-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00135/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00135-g004-550.jpg?1738228040'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1580218-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00135/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00135-g001-550.jpg?1738228033" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Multiple choice question sample; (<b>b</b>) Script concordance question sample. Questions are designed to be parallel in content.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/135'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00135/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00135-g002-550.jpg?1738228035" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Box plot depicting the variability in length of trials based on response times (RT; in seconds) for each question in (<b>a</b>) the MCQ test condition and (<b>b</b>) the SCT condition as performed by experts (red) and novices (blue). Thick horizontal lines are the median RT, whiskers indicate the range of RTs (minimum to maximum), and the black dots indicate outlier RTs.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/135'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00135/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00135-g003-550.jpg?1738228037" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Averaged brain scores for PLS analysis comparing novice and expert time-frequency data while answering MCQ and SCT questions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/135'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00135/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00135-g004-550.jpg?1738228040" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Time-frequency spectral power plots at electrode locations (<b>a</b>) Fz, (<b>b</b>) Cz, (<b>c</b>) Pz, and (<b>d</b>) Oz, respectively. Positive bootstrap ratios (&gt;2) indicate regions that demonstrate a stable relationship between conditions (i.e., greater spectral power for SCT in experts). Negative bootstrap ratios (&lt;−2) indicate regions that demonstrate a stable relationship between conditions (i.e., greater spectral power for MCQ in experts). The black outlined boxes highlight clusters of significant brain activity.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/135'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 23 pages, 2560 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/134/pdf?version=1738229170" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Modeling ALS with Patient-Derived iPSCs: Recent Advances and Future Potentials" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/15/2/134">Modeling ALS with Patient-Derived iPSCs: Recent Advances and Future Potentials</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ladan Dawoody Nejad</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Erik P. Pioro</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>15</em>(2), 134; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020134">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020134</a> - 30 Jan 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a terminal complex neurodegenerative disease, with 10–15% of cases being familial and the majority being sporadic with no known cause. There are no animal models for the 85–90% of sporadic ALS cases. More creative, sophisticated models of ALS <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/2/134/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a terminal complex neurodegenerative disease, with 10–15% of cases being familial and the majority being sporadic with no known cause. There are no animal models for the 85–90% of sporadic ALS cases. More creative, sophisticated models of ALS disease are required to unravel the mysteries of this complicated disease. While ALS patients urgently require new medications and treatments, suitable preclinical <i>in vitro </i>models for drug screening are lacking. Therefore, human-derived induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology offers the opportunity to model diverse and unreachable cell types in a culture dish. In this review, we focus on recent hiPSC-derived ALS neuronal and non-neuronal models to examine the research progress of current ALS 2D monocultures, co-cultures, and more complex 3D-model organoids. Despite the challenges inherent to hiPSC-based models, their application to preclinical drug studies is enormous. <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/134">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/brainsci/special_issues/7BU028H426 ">Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Recent Considerations for Diagnosis, Pathogenesis and Therapy</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 796 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/133/pdf?version=1738164911" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Emotional Availability in Autism Intervention: A Mother–Father Comparative Analysis" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/15/2/133">Emotional Availability in Autism Intervention: A Mother–Father Comparative Analysis</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Silvia Perzolli</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Giulio Bertamini</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Paola Venuti</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Arianna Bentenuto</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>15</em>(2), 133; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020133">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020133</a> - 29 Jan 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background/Objectives: The literature highlights the importance of parental involvement in autism treatment. However, much research has predominantly focused on child outcomes and cognitive dimensions. This study explores the impact of an early intensive intervention with parental involvement, focusing on changes in parents’ affective <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/2/133/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background/Objectives: The literature highlights the importance of parental involvement in autism treatment. However, much research has predominantly focused on child outcomes and cognitive dimensions. This study explores the impact of an early intensive intervention with parental involvement, focusing on changes in parents’ affective exchanges. Notably, given the paucity of studies on fathers in the intervention context, this study examines the comparative trajectory of change considering both caregivers. Methods: Twenty autistic preschoolers were monitored for one year during a parental-based intervention. Child–mother and child–father play interactions were coded with the Emotional Availability Scales at baseline and at 12 months. Repeated measures linear mixed-effect models were employed to investigate time and caregiver effects and their interaction. Results: Results highlighted both similarities and differences in change trajectories between caregivers. Parental sensitivity, structuring, and non-intrusiveness significantly increased for both parents with fathers showing more prominent gains in structuring the interaction while being non-intrusive. Child responsiveness and involvement significantly increased, showing similar trajectories with both caregivers. Children were generally more involved while interacting with their fathers. Conclusion: Parent–child interactions with caregivers evolved toward more adaptive exchanges regarding emotional availability for children’s and parents’ dimensions. Fathers appeared to be particularly receptive regarding acquiring structuring abilities and non-intrusive behaviors. Our results underscore the importance of investigating parental features as well as the importance of actively involving caregivers to support distal outcomes and generalization. <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/133">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/brainsci/sections/Developmental_Neuroscience">Developmental Neuroscience</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/2/133/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1579908-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00133/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00133-g001-550.jpg?1738165000" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1579908-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00133/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00133-g001-550.jpg?1738165000" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>EAS model interaction plots.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/133'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 380 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/132/pdf?version=1738163357" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Natural Source of Drugs Targeting Central Nervous System Tumors—Focus on NAD(P)H Oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) Activity" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/15/2/132">Natural Source of Drugs Targeting Central Nervous System Tumors—Focus on NAD(P)H Oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) Activity</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nikola M. Stojanovic</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Milica Mitić</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jovan Ilić</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Milica Radić</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Miša Radisavljević</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marko Baralić</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Miljan Krstić</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>15</em>(2), 132; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020132">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020132</a> - 29 Jan 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Central nervous system (CNS) tumors involve a large and diverse group of malignancies that arise from various cell types within the brain tissue. Although there are advances in treatments, CNS tumors still remain challenging, due to their complex biology and the delicate nature <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/2/132/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Central nervous system (CNS) tumors involve a large and diverse group of malignancies that arise from various cell types within the brain tissue. Although there are advances in treatments, CNS tumors still remain challenging, due to their complex biology and the delicate nature of the surrounding tissue. NAD(P)H O=oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is an enzyme that plays a critical role in the detoxification of quinones, protecting cells from oxidative stress. In CNS tumors this enzyme is often overexpressed, which contributes to the resistance of tumor cells to chemotherapy by enhancing their antioxidant defenses. NQO1 influences the progression of CNS tumors by affecting downstream signaling pathways, such as those involving the transcription factor SNAIL, as well as others that are associated with tumor behavior. Plants represent a valuable source of numerous constituents with different chemical structures known to affect different molecular signaling pathways associated with different pathologies. <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/132">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/brainsci/special_issues/152MUOKTNL ">Brain Tumors: From Molecular Basis to Therapy</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 22 pages, 4307 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/131/pdf?version=1738140596" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="A Computational Analysis of the Effect of Hard Choices on the Individuation of Values" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/15/2/131">A Computational Analysis of the Effect of Hard Choices on the Individuation of Values</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Norberto M. Grzywacz</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>15</em>(2), 131; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020131">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020131</a> - 29 Jan 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background/Objectives: Experimental studies show that when an individual makes choices, they affect future decisions. Future choices tend to be consistent with past ones. This tendency matters in the context of ambivalent situations because they may not lead to clear choices, often leading people <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/2/131/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background/Objectives: Experimental studies show that when an individual makes choices, they affect future decisions. Future choices tend to be consistent with past ones. This tendency matters in the context of ambivalent situations because they may not lead to clear choices, often leading people to make “arbitrary” decisions. Thus, because of choice consistency with the past, people’s decision-making values diverge. Thus, hard choices may contribute to the individuation of values. Methods: Here, we develop a Bayesian framework for the effects of cognitive choice consistency on decision-making. This framework thus extends earlier cognitive-science Bayesian theories, which focus on other tasks, such as inference. The minimization of total surprisals considering the history of stimuli and chosen actions implements choice consistency in our framework. We then use a computational model based on this framework to study the effect of hard choices on decision-making values. Results: The results for action selection based on sensory stimuli show that hard choices can cause the spontaneous symmetry breaking of the decision-making space. This spontaneous symmetry breaking is different across individuals, leading to individuation. If in addition, rewards are given to certain choices, then the direction of the symmetry breaking can be guided by these incentives. Finally, we explore the effects of the parametric complexity of the model, the number of choices, and the length of choice memory. Conclusions: Considering the brain’s mechanism of choice consistency and the number of hard choices made in life, we hypothesize that they contribute to individuality. We assess this hypothesis by placing our study in the context of the cognition-of-individuality literature and proposing experimental tests of our computational results. <a href="/2076-3425/15/2/131">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/brainsci/sections/Social_Cognitive_Affective_Neuroscience">Cognitive, Social and Affective Neuroscience</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/2/131/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1579556"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1579556"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1579556" data-cycle-prev="#prev1579556" data-cycle-progressive="#images1579556" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1579556-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00131/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00131-g001-550.jpg?1738140684" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1579556" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1579556-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00131/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00131-g002-550.jpg?1738140685'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1579556-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00131/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00131-g003-550.jpg?1738140686'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1579556-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00131/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00131-g004-550.jpg?1738140688'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1579556-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00131/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00131-g005-550.jpg?1738140689'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1579556-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00131/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00131-g006-550.jpg?1738140690'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1579556-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00131/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00131-g007-550.jpg?1738140692'><p>Figure 7</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1579556-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00131/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00131-g001-550.jpg?1738140684" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Bayesian update of the parameters of choice consistency. The figure shows three moments of parametric updates indicated in red, blue, and green. The first moment at time k (red) begins with a stimulus (Stim k) drawn from the probability distribution of stimuli (P(S)). With this stimulus, the brain calculates an action (Act k) from the probability distribution of actions given stimuli (P(A|S)). This calculation uses the set of parameters (Par k − 1) calculated at time k − 1. A reward (Rew k) then arrives from the probability distribution of rewards given stimuli and actions (P(R|A,S)). These stimulus and action are added to the histories of these values (Stim Hist and Act Hist). Given these histories and the new reward Rew k, a new parameter set (Par k) is computed, maximizing the Bayesian expected reward and action consistency. With this new set, one can repeat the process again at time k + 1 (blue). This process leads to the computation of a new parameter set (Par k + 1) that triggers the process again (green) and so on.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/131'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00131/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00131-g002-550.jpg?1738140685" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Computer simulation of our Bayesian theory of choice consistency with the standard parameters (<a href="#brainsci-15-00131-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>). (<b>A</b>) Choices of two actions for different stimuli over time. An example of such an action is buying a shirt with this or that pattern. In this figure, every dot stands for a choice (color) for the given sampled stimulus at the given time. (<b>B</b>) Running average (5 points) of the choices in panel (<b>A</b>). (<b>C</b>) Choice-consistency loss as a function of time. (<b>D</b>) Temporal evolution of the two parameters of the model. These time courses reveal that the choices separate spontaneously, with an apparent phase transition in loss and parameters.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/131'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00131/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00131-g003-550.jpg?1738140686" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Elimination of choices. (<b>A</b>) Longer simulations with standard parameters (<a href="#brainsci-15-00131-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>) show that eventually, choice consistency may cause one of the choices to eliminate the others. The conventions in this figure are the same as in <a href="#brainsci-15-00131-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>A. (<b>B</b>) Distribution of times of choice elimination for two values of memory length, namely, Δ.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/131'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00131/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00131-g004-550.jpg?1738140688" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Eight consecutive simulations of actions in response to sensory stimuli with the standard set of parameters, using the conventions of <a href="#brainsci-15-00131-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>A. Each simulation yielded a unique pattern of behavior. After a first random phase, the most common behaviors were such that positive sensory stimuli tended to yield Action 1 (Panels <b>D</b>,<b>G</b>,<b>H</b>) or Action 2 (Panels <b>A</b>,<b>C</b>,<b>E</b>). In these behaviors, negative sensory stimuli tended to yield the opposite actions. Occasionally, we also saw a behavior that was more mixed (Panel <b>B</b>). More rarely, we saw a behavior in which an action happened for positive stimuli earlier and negative ones later (<b>F</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/131'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00131/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00131-g005-550.jpg?1738140689" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Increasing the number of choice parameters boosts the individuality arising from the model. In these simulations, we substituted <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> <mo>→</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mfenced separators="|"> <mrow> <mn>1.25,0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1.75,0</mn> </mrow> </mfenced> </mrow> </semantics></math> for the standard value in <a href="#brainsci-15-00131-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a> and thus, we had four choice parameters instead of two. (<b>A</b>–<b>C</b>) Examples of choices (with conventions as in <a href="#brainsci-15-00131-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>A). (<b>D</b>–<b>F</b>) Temporal evolution of parameters in the simulations of (<b>A</b>, <b>B</b>, and <b>C</b>) respectively. Most simulations with 4 choice parameters yielded behaviors like those in <a href="#brainsci-15-00131-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>. However, some simulations yielded different behaviors, as illustrated in this figure. (<b>A</b>,<b>D</b>) Examples of not discriminating actions by stimuli. (<b>B</b>,<b>E</b>) Examples of switching stimulus dependence of choices. (<b>C</b>,<b>F</b>) Examples of Action 1 sandwiched between two stimulus locations of Action 2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/131'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00131/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00131-g006-550.jpg?1738140690" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Outcome of the simulations with three or four choices instead of two. (<b>A</b>) Choices of three actions for different stimuli over time (conventions as in <a href="#brainsci-15-00131-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>A). (<b>B</b>) Running average (5 points) of the choices in Panel (<b>A</b>). These panels show that choice consistency organizes the three actions in the space of stimuli. However, eventually one action dominates (Action 3 in this example), with one of the other actions stopping first (Action 2 in this example) and then the other (Action 1). (<b>C</b>) Scatter plot of the stoppage times of the losing actions. They tend to stop almost at the same time. (<b>D</b>) Running average (5 points) of a simulation with four choices.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/131'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-15-00131/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-15-00131-g007-550.jpg?1738140692" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>The interaction between rewards and choice consistency with standard parameters, except for variations of <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>λ</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>. (<b>A</b>) Simulation with only rewards (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>). As expected from the choice of the standard parameters, Action 2 is chosen for positive stimuli and vice versa for Action 1. (<b>B</b>) Example of simulation with <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.5</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> in which positive stimuli elicit Action 1 despite the rewards favoring the opposite. (<b>C</b>) Percentage of simulations for which Action 2 stimuli converge to values larger than those for Action 1 as a function of <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>λ</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>. (<b>D</b>) Mean stoppage time of the losing actions as a function of <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>λ</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>. Error bars in (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) are standard errors. As <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>λ</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> increases, we obtain more Action 2 because of the rewards, and the stoppage time rises because the influence of choice consistency diminishes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/15/2/131'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item last-item"> <a class="bold" href="/search?q=&journal=brainsci&sort=pubdate&page_count=50">More Articles...</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="left-column" class="content__column large-3 large-pull-6 medium-3 medium-pull-6 small-12 columns"> <div id="js-large-main-top-container"> <div id="js-main-top-container" class="content__container"> <a href="/journal/brainsci"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/brainsci-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" alt="brainsci-logo" title="Brain Sciences" style="max-height: 60px; margin: 0 0 0 0;"> </a> <div 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Lello Zolla, Kunio Yui<br/></span><span class="text-information highlight">Deadline: 31 May 2025</span></div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Topic in <span class="text-information italics times">Brain Sciences</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Healthcare</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Informatics</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">IJERPH</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">JCM</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Reports</span></span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/topics/NK0T6YO476"> Applications of Virtual Reality Technology in Rehabilitation </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Topic Editors: Jorge Oliveira, Pedro Gamito<br/></span><span class="text-information highlight">Deadline: 30 June 2025</span></div> <div class="generic-item last-item"> <a href="/topics?journal=brainsci" class="bold">More Topics</a> </div> </div> </div> <div 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