Brain Sciences | An Open Access Journal from MDPI

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<option value="brainsci" selected='selected'> Brain Sciences </option> <option value="buildings" > Buildings </option> <option value="businesses" > Businesses </option> <option value="carbon" > C </option> <option value="cancers" > Cancers </option> <option value="cardiogenetics" > Cardiogenetics </option> <option value="catalysts" > Catalysts </option> <option value="cells" > Cells </option> <option value="ceramics" > Ceramics </option> <option value="challenges" > Challenges </option> <option value="ChemEngineering" > ChemEngineering </option> <option value="chemistry" > Chemistry </option> <option value="chemproc" > Chemistry Proceedings </option> <option value="chemosensors" > Chemosensors </option> <option value="children" > Children </option> <option value="chips" > Chips </option> <option value="civileng" > CivilEng </option> <option value="cleantechnol" > Clean Technologies (Clean Technol.) </option> <option value="climate" > Climate </option> <option value="ctn" > Clinical and 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<option value="cosmetics" > Cosmetics </option> <option value="covid" > COVID </option> <option value="crops" > Crops </option> <option value="cryo" > Cryo </option> <option value="cryptography" > Cryptography </option> <option value="crystals" > Crystals </option> <option value="cimb" > Current Issues in Molecular Biology (CIMB) </option> <option value="curroncol" > Current Oncology </option> <option value="dairy" > Dairy </option> <option value="data" > Data </option> <option value="dentistry" > Dentistry Journal </option> <option value="dermato" > Dermato </option> <option value="dermatopathology" > Dermatopathology </option> <option value="designs" > Designs </option> <option value="diabetology" > Diabetology </option> <option value="diagnostics" > Diagnostics </option> <option value="dietetics" > Dietetics </option> <option value="digital" > Digital </option> <option value="disabilities" > Disabilities </option> <option value="diseases" > Diseases </option> <option 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</option> <option value="engproc" > Engineering Proceedings </option> <option value="entropy" > Entropy </option> <option value="environsciproc" > Environmental Sciences Proceedings </option> <option value="environments" > Environments </option> <option value="epidemiologia" > Epidemiologia </option> <option value="epigenomes" > Epigenomes </option> <option value="ebj" > European Burn Journal (EBJ) </option> <option value="ejihpe" > European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE) </option> <option value="fermentation" > Fermentation </option> <option value="fibers" > Fibers </option> <option value="fintech" > FinTech </option> <option value="fire" > Fire </option> <option value="fishes" > Fishes </option> <option value="fluids" > Fluids </option> <option value="foods" > Foods </option> <option value="forecasting" > Forecasting </option> <option value="forensicsci" > Forensic Sciences </option> <option value="forests" > Forests </option> <option value="fossstud" > Fossil Studies </option> <option value="foundations" > Foundations </option> <option value="fractalfract" > Fractal and Fractional (Fractal Fract) </option> <option value="fuels" > Fuels </option> <option value="future" > Future </option> <option value="futureinternet" > Future Internet </option> <option value="futurepharmacol" > Future Pharmacology </option> <option value="futuretransp" > Future Transportation </option> <option value="galaxies" > Galaxies </option> <option value="games" > Games </option> <option value="gases" > Gases </option> <option value="gastroent" > Gastroenterology Insights </option> <option value="gastrointestdisord" > Gastrointestinal Disorders </option> <option value="gastronomy" > Gastronomy </option> <option value="gels" > Gels </option> <option value="genealogy" > Genealogy </option> <option value="genes" > Genes </option> <option value="geographies" > Geographies </option> <option value="geohazards" > GeoHazards </option> <option value="geomatics" > Geomatics </option> <option value="geometry" > Geometry </option> <option value="geosciences" > Geosciences </option> <option value="geotechnics" > Geotechnics </option> <option value="geriatrics" > Geriatrics </option> <option value="glacies" > Glacies </option> <option value="gucdd" > Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD) </option> <option value="grasses" > Grasses </option> <option value="hardware" > Hardware </option> <option value="healthcare" > Healthcare </option> <option value="hearts" > Hearts </option> <option value="hemato" > Hemato </option> <option value="hematolrep" > Hematology Reports </option> <option value="heritage" > Heritage </option> <option value="histories" > Histories </option> <option value="horticulturae" > Horticulturae </option> <option value="hospitals" > Hospitals </option> <option value="humanities" > Humanities </option> <option value="humans" > Humans </option> <option value="hydrobiology" > Hydrobiology </option> <option value="hydrogen" > Hydrogen </option> <option value="hydrology" > Hydrology </option> <option value="hygiene" > Hygiene </option> <option value="immuno" > Immuno </option> <option value="idr" > Infectious Disease Reports </option> <option value="informatics" > Informatics </option> <option value="information" > Information </option> <option value="infrastructures" > Infrastructures </option> <option value="inorganics" > Inorganics </option> <option value="insects" > Insects </option> <option value="instruments" > Instruments </option> <option value="iic" > Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction </option> <option value="ijerph" > International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) </option> <option value="ijfs" > International Journal of Financial Studies (IJFS) </option> <option value="ijms" > International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS) </option> <option value="IJNS" > International Journal of Neonatal Screening (IJNS) </option> <option value="ijpb" > International Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option> <option value="ijt" > International Journal of Topology </option> <option value="ijtm" > International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM) </option> <option value="ijtpp" > International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP) </option> <option value="ime" > International Medical Education (IME) </option> <option value="inventions" > Inventions </option> <option value="IoT" > IoT </option> <option value="ijgi" > ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI) </option> <option value="J" > J </option> <option value="jal" > Journal of Ageing and Longevity (JAL) </option> <option value="jcdd" > Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD) </option> <option value="jcto" > Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology (JCTO) </option> <option value="jcm" > Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) </option> <option value="jcs" > Journal of Composites Science (J. Compos. Sci.) </option> <option value="jcp" > Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy (JCP) </option> <option value="jdad" > Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (JDAD) </option> <option value="jdb" > Journal of Developmental Biology (JDB) </option> <option value="jeta" > Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA) </option> <option value="jfb" > Journal of Functional Biomaterials (JFB) </option> <option value="jfmk" > Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK) </option> <option value="jof" > Journal of Fungi (JoF) </option> <option value="jimaging" > Journal of Imaging (J. Imaging) </option> <option value="jintelligence" > Journal of Intelligence (J. Intell.) </option> <option value="jlpea" > Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option> <option value="jmmp" > Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option> <option value="jmse" > Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option> <option value="jmahp" > Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option> <option value="jmp" > Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option> <option value="jnt" > Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option> <option value="jne" > Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option> <option value="ohbm" > Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option> <option value="jop" > Journal of Parks </option> <option value="jpm" > Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option> <option value="jpbi" > Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option> <option value="jor" > Journal of Respiration (JoR) </option> <option value="jrfm" > Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option> <option value="jsan" > Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option> <option value="joma" > Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option> <option value="jtaer" > Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option> <option value="jvd" > Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option> <option value="jox" > Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option> <option value="jzbg" > Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option> <option value="journalmedia" > Journalism and Media </option> <option value="kidneydial" > Kidney and Dialysis </option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases" > Kinases and Phosphatases </option> <option value="knowledge" > Knowledge </option> <option value="labmed" > LabMed </option> <option value="laboratories" > Laboratories </option> <option value="land" > Land </option> <option value="languages" > Languages </option> <option value="laws" > Laws </option> <option value="life" > Life </option> <option value="limnolrev" > Limnological Review </option> <option value="lipidology" > Lipidology </option> <option value="liquids" > Liquids </option> <option value="literature" > Literature </option> <option value="livers" > Livers </option> <option value="logics" > Logics </option> <option value="logistics" > Logistics </option> <option value="lubricants" > Lubricants </option> <option value="lymphatics" > Lymphatics </option> <option value="make" > Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction (MAKE) </option> <option value="machines" > Machines </option> <option value="macromol" > Macromol </option> <option value="magnetism" > Magnetism </option> <option value="magnetochemistry" > Magnetochemistry </option> <option value="marinedrugs" > Marine Drugs </option> <option value="materials" > Materials </option> <option value="materproc" > Materials Proceedings </option> <option value="mca" > Mathematical and Computational Applications (MCA) </option> <option value="mathematics" > Mathematics </option> <option value="medsci" > Medical Sciences </option> <option value="msf" > Medical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="medicina" > Medicina </option> <option value="medicines" > Medicines </option> <option value="membranes" > Membranes </option> <option value="merits" > Merits </option> <option value="metabolites" > Metabolites </option> <option value="metals" > Metals </option> <option value="meteorology" > Meteorology </option> <option value="methane" > Methane </option> <option value="mps" > Methods and Protocols (MPs) </option> <option value="metrics" > Metrics </option> <option value="metrology" > Metrology </option> <option value="micro" > Micro </option> <option value="microbiolres" > Microbiology Research </option> <option value="micromachines" > Micromachines </option> <option value="microorganisms" > Microorganisms </option> <option value="microplastics" > Microplastics </option> <option value="minerals" > Minerals </option> <option value="mining" > Mining </option> <option value="modelling" > Modelling </option> <option value="mmphys" > Modern Mathematical Physics </option> <option value="molbank" > Molbank </option> <option value="molecules" > Molecules </option> <option value="mti" > Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option> <option value="muscles" > Muscles </option> <option value="nanoenergyadv" > Nanoenergy Advances </option> <option value="nanomanufacturing" > Nanomanufacturing </option> <option value="nanomaterials" > Nanomaterials </option> <option value="ndt" > NDT </option> <option value="network" > Network </option> <option value="neuroglia" > Neuroglia </option> <option value="neurolint" > Neurology International </option> <option value="neurosci" > NeuroSci </option> <option value="nitrogen" > Nitrogen </option> <option value="ncrna" > Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) </option> <option value="nursrep" > Nursing Reports </option> <option value="nutraceuticals" > Nutraceuticals </option> <option value="nutrients" > Nutrients </option> <option value="obesities" > Obesities </option> <option value="oceans" > Oceans </option> <option value="onco" > Onco </option> <option value="optics" > Optics </option> <option value="oral" > Oral </option> <option value="organics" > Organics </option> <option value="organoids" > Organoids </option> <option value="osteology" > Osteology </option> <option value="oxygen" > Oxygen </option> <option value="parasitologia" > Parasitologia </option> <option value="particles" > Particles </option> <option value="pathogens" > Pathogens </option> <option value="pathophysiology" > Pathophysiology </option> <option value="pediatrrep" > Pediatric Reports </option> <option value="pets" > Pets </option> <option value="pharmaceuticals" > Pharmaceuticals </option> <option value="pharmaceutics" > Pharmaceutics </option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology" > Pharmacoepidemiology </option> <option value="pharmacy" > Pharmacy </option> <option value="philosophies" > Philosophies </option> <option value="photochem" > Photochem </option> <option value="photonics" > Photonics </option> <option value="phycology" > Phycology </option> <option value="physchem" > Physchem </option> <option value="psf" > Physical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="physics" > Physics </option> <option value="physiologia" > Physiologia </option> <option value="plants" > Plants </option> <option value="plasma" > Plasma </option> <option value="platforms" > Platforms </option> <option value="pollutants" > Pollutants </option> <option value="polymers" > Polymers </option> <option value="polysaccharides" > Polysaccharides </option> <option value="populations" > Populations </option> <option value="poultry" > Poultry </option> <option value="powders" > Powders </option> <option value="proceedings" > Proceedings </option> <option value="processes" > Processes </option> <option value="prosthesis" > Prosthesis </option> <option value="proteomes" > Proteomes </option> <option 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Med.) </option> <option value="resources" > Resources </option> <option value="rheumato" > Rheumato </option> <option value="risks" > Risks </option> <option value="robotics" > Robotics </option> <option value="ruminants" > Ruminants </option> <option value="safety" > Safety </option> <option value="sci" > Sci </option> <option value="scipharm" > Scientia Pharmaceutica (Sci. Pharm.) </option> <option value="sclerosis" > Sclerosis </option> <option value="seeds" > Seeds </option> <option value="sensors" > Sensors </option> <option value="separations" > Separations </option> <option value="sexes" > Sexes </option> <option value="signals" > Signals </option> <option value="sinusitis" > Sinusitis </option> <option value="smartcities" > Smart Cities </option> <option value="socsci" > Social Sciences </option> <option value="siuj" > Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal (SIUJ) </option> <option value="societies" > Societies </option> <option value="software" > Software </option> <option value="soilsystems" > Soil Systems </option> <option value="solar" > Solar </option> <option value="solids" > Solids </option> <option value="spectroscj" > Spectroscopy Journal </option> <option value="sports" > Sports </option> <option value="standards" > Standards </option> <option value="stats" > Stats </option> <option value="stresses" > Stresses </option> <option value="surfaces" > Surfaces </option> <option value="surgeries" > Surgeries </option> <option value="std" > Surgical Techniques Development </option> <option value="sustainability" > Sustainability </option> <option value="suschem" > Sustainable Chemistry </option> <option value="symmetry" > Symmetry </option> <option value="synbio" > SynBio </option> <option value="systems" > Systems </option> <option value="targets" > Targets </option> <option value="taxonomy" > Taxonomy </option> <option value="technologies" > Technologies </option> <option value="telecom" > Telecom </option> <option value="textiles" > Textiles </option> <option value="thalassrep" > Thalassemia Reports </option> <option value="therapeutics" > Therapeutics </option> <option value="thermo" > Thermo </option> <option value="timespace" > Time and Space </option> <option value="tomography" > Tomography </option> <option value="tourismhosp" > Tourism and Hospitality </option> <option value="toxics" > Toxics </option> <option value="toxins" > Toxins </option> <option value="transplantology" > Transplantology </option> <option value="traumacare" > Trauma Care </option> <option value="higheredu" > Trends in Higher Education </option> <option value="tropicalmed" > Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed) </option> <option value="universe" > Universe </option> <option value="urbansci" > Urban Science </option> <option value="uro" > Uro </option> <option value="vaccines" > Vaccines </option> <option value="vehicles" > Vehicles </option> <option value="venereology" > Venereology </option> <option value="vetsci" > Veterinary Sciences </option> <option value="vibration" > Vibration </option> <option value="virtualworlds" > Virtual Worlds </option> <option value="viruses" > Viruses </option> <option value="vision" > Vision </option> <option value="waste" > Waste </option> <option value="water" > Water </option> <option value="wild" > Wild </option> <option value="wind" > Wind </option> <option 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data-orbit> <li > <a href="/2076-3425/14/10/1029"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/title_story/title_story_17310451320988.jpg?1732286508" alt="Neurolaw 2.0 &ldquo;Law-Relevant Expert Knowledge Objectively Measured with Brain Imaging: An Event-Related Potential (ERP) Study&rdquo;" /> <div class="orbit-caption"> Neurolaw 2.0 “Law-Relevant Expert Knowledge Objectively Measured with Brain Imaging: An Event-Related Potential (ERP) Study” </div> </a> </li> <li class="hidden"> <a href="/2076-3425/14/10/1033"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/title_story/title_story_17309476464396.jpg?1732286508" alt="Mental Health and Autism" /> <div class="orbit-caption"> Mental Health and Autism </div> </a> </li> <li class="hidden"> <a href="/2076-3425/14/11/1072"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/title_story/title_story_1730947607565.jpg?1732286508" alt="Driving Abilities and Wearing-Off in Parkinson&rsquo;s Disease: A Driving Simulation Study" /> <div class="orbit-caption"> Driving Abilities and Wearing-Off in Parkinson’s Disease: A Driving Simulation Study </div> </a> </li> <li class="hidden"> <a href="/2076-3425/14/11/1069"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/title_story/title_story_17309475780658.jpg?1732286508" alt="Boosting Resilience Attentional Bias in Previously Bullied University Students with Low Post-Traumatic Growth: A Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Study" /> <div class="orbit-caption"> Boosting Resilience Attentional Bias in Previously Bullied University Students with Low Post-Traumatic Growth: A Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Study </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="content__container"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link show-for-small-only"> <h2 class="no-padding-left no-margin">Journal Description</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="journal__description"> <h1> <em>Brain Sciences</em> </h1> <div class="journal__description__content"> <em>Brain Sciences</em> is an international, <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/editorial_process">peer-reviewed</a>, open access journal on neuroscience published monthly online by MDPI.<br /> <ul> <li><span class="label openaccess"><a title="Open Access" href="https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess">Open Access</a></span>— free for readers, with <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/brainsci/apc">article processing charges (APC)</a> paid by authors or their institutions.</li> <li><strong>High Visibility:</strong> indexed within <a href="https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/21100367158">Scopus</a>, <a href="https://mjl.clarivate.com/search-results?issn=2076-3425&hide_exact_match_fl=true&utm_source=mjl&utm_medium=share-by-link&utm_campaign=search-results-share-this-journal">SCIE (Web of Science)</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22brain+sci%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=pubdate">PubMed</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/journals/2399/">PMC</a>, <a href="https://www.embase.com/login">Embase</a>, <a href="https://www.psyndex.de/">PSYNDEX</a>, <a href="https://www.apa.org/pubs/databases/psycinfo/index?tab=2">PsycInfo</a>, <a href="https://sso.cas.org/as/authorization.oauth2?response_type=code&client_id=scifinder-n&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fscifinder-n.cas.org%2Fpa%2Foidc%2Fcb&state=eyJ6aXAiOiJERUYiLCJhbGciOiJkaXIiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2Iiwia2lkIjoianMiLCJzdWZmaXgiOiJUYWozcGUu">CAPlus / SciFinder</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/brainsci/indexing">other databases</a>.</li> <li><strong>Rapid Publication:</strong> manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 12.9 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.5 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).</li> <li><strong>Recognition of Reviewers:</strong> reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.</li> <li><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/announcements/9182"><strong>Journal Clusters-Neurosciences</strong></a>: <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/brainsci"><em>Brain Sciences</em></a>, <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/neurolint"><em>Neurology International</em></a>, <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/neurosci"><em>Neuro</em><em>S</em><em>ci</em></a>, <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ctn"><em>Clinical and Translational Neuroscience</em></a>, <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/neuroglia"><em>Neuroglia</em></a>, <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/psychiatryint"><em>Psychiatry</em> <em>International</em></a>, <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/clockssleep"><em>Clocks & Sleep</em></a> and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/jdad"><em>Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease</em></a>.</li> </ul> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 15px;"> <strong>Impact Factor:</strong> 2.7 (2023); 5-Year Impact Factor: 3.0 (2023) </div> <div> <a href="/journal/brainsci/imprint" class="UI_JournalImprintsInfoButton"> <i class="material-icons spaced-link">subject</i> Imprint Information </a>    <a href="/journal/brainsci/brainsci_flyer.pdf" class="UD_JournalFlyer"> <i class="material-icons spaced-link">get_app</i> Journal Flyer </a>     <a class="oa-link" href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/openaccess"> <i class="material icons spaced-link"></i> Open Access </a>     <strong> ISSN: 2076-3425 </strong> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container content__container--overflow-initial"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link active"> <h2 class="no-padding-left">Latest Articles</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content"> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item no-border"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 1215 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/14/12/1173/pdf?version=1732292388" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Spinal Cord Stimulation for Spinal Cord Injury-Related Pain: A Pilot Study" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/14/12/1173">Spinal Cord Stimulation for Spinal Cord Injury-Related Pain: A Pilot Study</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alexander Alamri</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Meredith MacDonald</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alaa Al-Mohammad</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lucia Ricciardi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Michael G. Hart</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Erlick A. Pereira</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 1173; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121173">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121173</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has emerged as an effective treatment for managing chronic pain that is unresponsive to traditional therapies. While SCS is well documented for conditions like failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) and complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), its effectiveness in <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1173/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has emerged as an effective treatment for managing chronic pain that is unresponsive to traditional therapies. While SCS is well documented for conditions like failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) and complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), its effectiveness in managing pain related to spinal cord injuries (SCI) is less studied. This study aims to assess the efficacy of SCS in alleviating SCI-related pain and improving patients’ quality of life, filling a gap in the existing literature. Methods: This cohort study included 15 adult patients with traumatic and non-traumatic SCIs, treated between 2016 and 2022. Patients received SCS implants after either a trial or direct implantation. Pain levels were assessed using visual analog scale (VAS) scores, while quality of life was evaluated using the EuroQol five-dimensional (EQ-5D) scale. The SCS devices were implanted at different spinal levels, with various stimulation protocols applied, including high-frequency stimulation (10 kHz). Results: In patients with traumatic SCI, the mean VAS score decreased from 8.6 to 4.5, with 71% reporting more than 50% pain relief. Non-traumatic SCI patients experienced a reduction from 8.5 to 2.5, with all showing more than 50% pain relief. EQ-5D scores improved in both groups. A 49% reduction in pain medication usage was also observed, though one patient required revision surgery due to an adverse event. Conclusions: SCS significantly reduces pain and improves quality of life for SCI patients, particularly with high-frequency protocols. While promising, further research is needed to optimize patient selection and stimulation parameters for better long-term outcomes. <a href="/2076-3425/14/12/1173">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/brainsci/sections/Neuroscience_Pain">Neuroscience of Pain</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="extending-content content-ready"> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 1023 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/14/12/1172/pdf?version=1732291691" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Maintenance of Bodily Expressions Modulates Functional Connectivity Between Prefrontal Cortex and Extrastriate Body Area During Working Memory Processing" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/14/12/1172">Maintenance of Bodily Expressions Modulates Functional Connectivity Between Prefrontal Cortex and Extrastriate Body Area During Working Memory Processing</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jie Ren</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mingming Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shuaicheng Liu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Weiqi He</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wenbo Luo</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 1172; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121172">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121172</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> <b>Background/Objectives:</b> As a form of visual input, bodily expressions can be maintained and manipulated in visual working memory (VWM) over a short period of time. While the prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays an indispensable role in top-down control, it remains largely unclear whether this <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1172/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> <b>Background/Objectives:</b> As a form of visual input, bodily expressions can be maintained and manipulated in visual working memory (VWM) over a short period of time. While the prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays an indispensable role in top-down control, it remains largely unclear whether this region also modulates the VWM storage of bodily expressions during a delay period. Therefore, the two primary goals of this study were to examine whether the emotional bodies would elicit heightened brain activity among areas such as the PFC and extrastriate body area (EBA) and whether the emotional effects subsequently modulate the functional connectivity patterns for active maintenance during delay periods. <b>Methods: </b>During functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning, participants performed a delayed-response task in which they were instructed to view and maintain a body stimulus in working memory before emotion categorization (happiness, anger, and neutral). If processing happy and angry bodies consume increased cognitive demands, stronger PFC activation and its functional connectivity with perceptual areas would be observed. <b>Results:</b> Results based on univariate and multivariate analyses conducted on the data collected during stimulus presentation revealed an enhanced processing of the left PFC and left EBA. Importantly, subsequent functional connectivity analyses performed on delayed-period data using a psychophysiological interaction model indicated that functional connectivity between the PFC and EBA increases for happy and angry bodies compared to neutral bodies. <b>Conclusions:</b> The emotion-modulated coupling between the PFC and EBA during maintenance deepens our understanding of the functional organization underlying the VWM processing of bodily information. <a href="/2076-3425/14/12/1172">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/brainsci/sections/Social_Cognitive_Affective_Neuroscience">Cognitive, Social and Affective Neuroscience</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 20 pages, 10048 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/14/12/1171/pdf?version=1732286761" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Creativity and Mental Illness: A Case Study of a Patient with Progressive Bulbar Palsy" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/14/12/1171">Creativity and Mental Illness: A Case Study of a Patient with Progressive Bulbar Palsy</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Felix Geser</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tibor C. G. Mitrovics</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Laura Obexer</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Peter Streicher</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Johannes Haybaeck</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Deniz Yilmazer-Hanke</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 1171; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121171">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121171</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Creativity and the production of artwork can have an impact on the course and treatment of comorbid severe mental illness and neurodegeneration. We report on a 70-year-old male patient with highly original artistic behavior, who suffered from lifelong recurrent major depression and subsequently <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1171/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Creativity and the production of artwork can have an impact on the course and treatment of comorbid severe mental illness and neurodegeneration. We report on a 70-year-old male patient with highly original artistic behavior, who suffered from lifelong recurrent major depression and subsequently developed symptoms of progressive bulbar palsy (PBP). In the context of a systematic literature review, we detail the patient’s personal and artistic biographies and portray artwork from his artistic portfolio together with his disease history, clinical examination, psychopathological and neuropsychological evaluations, blood and cerebrospinal fluid analyses, neuroimaging, neurophysiological testing, and psychotherapeutic treatment. The patient’s 1–2-year history of primarily bulbar motor symptoms and signs aligned with electromyography, showing widespread signs of continuing denervation/chronic neurogenic changes. Slight impairments in semantic fluency, executive control, and visuoconstructive abilities were observed in neuropsychological testing, in conjunction with right-sided medial temporal lobe atrophy in an MRI. He was prescribed medication, including extended-release venlafaxine, trazodone, pramipexole, and zolpidem, and took his medication regularly, usually at high doses. For most of his life, the patient had attributed professional “success” and artistic output to, at times, excessive alcohol consumption. Later, however, his interest in creative work continued despite alcohol reduction and cessation. Psychotherapy grounded him in reality via goal-centered behaviors, making him realize that his physical and mental ailments rather hindered his creative output. In summary, creative behavior can be utilized in the treatment of patients with psychiatric conditions (affective or addictive disorders) and/or neurodegenerative diseases. In the reported case, specific psychopharmacology and psychotherapy that address goal-directed self-efficacy experiences of reality were critical to the patient’s treatment. <a href="/2076-3425/14/12/1171">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/brainsci/sections/Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1171/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1527362"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1527362"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1527362" data-cycle-prev="#prev1527362" data-cycle-progressive="#images1527362" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1527362-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01171/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01171-g001-550.jpg?1732286931" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1527362" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1527362-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01171/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01171-g002-550.jpg?1732286933'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1527362-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01171/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01171-g003-550.jpg?1732286936'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1527362-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01171/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01171-g004-550.jpg?1732286938'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1527362-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01171/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01171-g005-550.jpg?1732286941'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1527362-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01171/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01171-g006-550.jpg?1732286943'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1527362-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01171/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01171-g007-550.jpg?1732286945'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1527362-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01171/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01171-g008-550.jpg?1732286950'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1527362-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01171/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01171-g001-550.jpg?1732286931" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Systematic literature search adopting the PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) scheme (adapted from Page et al. [<a href="#B18-brainsci-14-01171" class="html-bibr">18</a>,<a href="#B19-brainsci-14-01171" class="html-bibr">19</a>]). APA, American Psychological Association; N, number.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1171'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01171/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01171-g002-550.jpg?1732286933" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Timeline of creativity and major life events in relation to mood changes, alcohol use, and progressive bulbar palsy (PBP) during our patient’s lifetime. This scheme, which was developed based on the patient’s history, gives a qualitative rather than a quantitative overview of events. A simplified version of this scheme was used as a working model in the psychotherapeutic process.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1171'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01171/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01171-g003-550.jpg?1732286936" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Examples of our patient’s earlier paintings. Titles and years of the artist’s age at production are provided. “Corrida” (31) (<b>a</b>); “Vengeance Bird” (40) (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1171'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01171/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01171-g004-550.jpg?1732286938" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Examples of other earlier creative works of the patient. Titles of collages and years of the artist’s age at production are provided. “Birds” (45) (<b>a</b>); “Untitled” (47 years) (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1171'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01171/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01171-g005-550.jpg?1732286941" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Example of our patient’s late artwork, produced shortly before or after manifestation of neurodegenerative disease. Title and year of the artist’s age at production are “Locked Away” (68).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1171'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01171/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01171-g006-550.jpg?1732286943" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Examples of our patient’s late paintings, produced after manifestation of neurodegenerative disease. Titles and years of the artist’s age at production are provided. “Untitled” (69) (<b>a</b>); “Untitled” (69 years, comment by the author: How many faces do you spot?) (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1171'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01171/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01171-g007-550.jpg?1732286945" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Neuropsychological testing (according to University of Basel, Memory Clinic, Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD)–Plus, 1987, revised edition, January 2005, <a href="https://www.memoryclinic.ch/de" target="_blank">https://www.memoryclinic.ch/de</a> (accessed on 13 April 2024)). Green horizontal columns indicate test results that are part of the basic CERAD test battery, with the gray columns braking down subsections of test 4 (learning word list). The yellow horizontal columns indicate the outcome of additional tests that are part of the CERAD-Plus test battery.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1171'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01171/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01171-g008-550.jpg?1732286950" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Magnetic resonance imaging showing right-sided medial temporal lobe atrophy (white arrows). Coronal plane, T2-weighted (T2w) turbo spin echo sequence (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>); axial plane, T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequence (T2-FLAIR) (<b>c</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1171'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 466 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/14/12/1170/pdf?version=1732286119" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Obsessive–Compulsive Traits and Problematic Internet Use Are Increased Among Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Is There a Role of Obsessive Doubts and Communication Impairment?" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/14/12/1170">Obsessive–Compulsive Traits and Problematic Internet Use Are Increased Among Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Is There a Role of Obsessive Doubts and Communication Impairment?</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Barbara Carpita</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Benedetta Nardi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Francesca Parri</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gianluca Cerofolini</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chiara Bonelli</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Cristina Gaia Bocchino</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gabriele Massimetti</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ivan Mirko Cremone</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Stefano Pini</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Liliana Dell’Osso</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 1170; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121170">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121170</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background: The link between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and the complexity of their differential diagnosis has been vastly investigated. Growing attention has been paid to the presence of problematic Internet use (PIU) in autistic individuals. Studies assessing OCD traits <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1170/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background: The link between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and the complexity of their differential diagnosis has been vastly investigated. Growing attention has been paid to the presence of problematic Internet use (PIU) in autistic individuals. Studies assessing OCD traits in autistic individuals are scarce and even less take into account the role that this overlap may have on the development and maintenance of PIU. We aimed to investigate OCD features in ASD individuals and their association with autism severity and the prevalence of PIU, and the potential dimensions associated with a greater probability of PIU. Methods: a total of 46 participants with ASD and 53 controls were assessed with the Adult Autism Subthreshold Spectrum questionnaire and the Obsessive–Compulsive Spectrum—Short Version. Results: There were significantly higher OCD features in ASD participants along with important correlations between OCD and ASD dimensions and a higher prevalence of PIU in the ASD group. Participants with putative PIU reported greater scores on some ASD and OCD dimensions, the with Doubt and Non-verbal communication domains emerging as significant predictors of the presence of putative PIU. Conclusions: These results support the three-way link between ASD, OCD, and PIU, contributing to the hypothesis of a neurodevelopmental basis for those conditions. <a href="/2076-3425/14/12/1170">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/brainsci/special_issues/188932DF90 ">Exploring the Mental Health of People with Autism</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1527065" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1527065" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1527065" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2076-3425/14/12/1169/s1?version=1732272710"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 518 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 10 pages, 1080 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/14/12/1169/pdf?version=1732272710" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Real-World Open-Label Experience with Rimegepant for the Acute Treatment of Migraine Attacks: A Multicenter Pilot Study" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/14/12/1169">Real-World Open-Label Experience with Rimegepant for the Acute Treatment of Migraine Attacks: A Multicenter Pilot Study</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Emmanouil V. Dermitzakis</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dimitrios Rikos</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Michail Vikelis</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Georgia Xiromerisiou</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Styliani Zisopoulou</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dimitrios Rallis</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Panagiotis Soldatos</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>George S. Vlachos</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Georgios G. Vasiliadis</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andreas A. Argyriou</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 1169; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121169">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121169</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> <b>Objectives:</b> The present open-label multicenter pilot study sought to prospectively evaluate the efficacy and safety of rimegepant in treating migraine attacks. <b>Methods:</b> The primary endpoint was pain freedom at two hours post-dose, while the co-primary efficacy endpoints included a reduction in the headache <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1169/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> <b>Objectives:</b> The present open-label multicenter pilot study sought to prospectively evaluate the efficacy and safety of rimegepant in treating migraine attacks. <b>Methods:</b> The primary endpoint was pain freedom at two hours post-dose, while the co-primary efficacy endpoints included a reduction in the headache intensity and freedom from the most bothersome symptoms (MBS) associated with migraine at the same time point. To test the potential efficacy of rimegepant, patients were asked to record in a questionnaire all the relevant changes with each migraine attack treated with rimegepant at two hours post-dose vs. two hours before. The attending neurologists provided information on the basic demographics, medical anamnesis, and migraine history as well as the triptan use history. <b>Results:</b> A total of 54 patients (32 with episodic and 22 with chronic migraine) received rimegepant 75 mg at least once during a single migraine attack (overall, 140 dosage intakes). Pain freedom at 2 h was achieved in 45/140 (32.1%) intakes. Regarding the efficacy of the first rimegepant dose (n = 54), significant reductions in the headache intensity were observed between the pre- and 2 h post-treatment average VAS scores (−4.8 ± 2.8 mean; <i>p</i> < 0.001). Likewise, the same mean reductions in the average VAS scores occurred when the 2 h response to all 140 doses was analyzed (−5 ± 2.8; <i>p</i> < 0.001). Freedom from MBS at 2 h post-dose was achieved for photophobia in 43%, for phonophobia in 53%, and for nausea in 57%. The ability to fully return to everyday activities at 2 h post-dose was achieved in 83/140 instances (59%). We only recorded mild adverse events in 24/140 dosages. <b>Conclusions:</b> Our preliminary results demonstrate that rimegepant is effective, safe, and well tolerated in treating acute migraine attacks. <a href="/2076-3425/14/12/1169">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/brainsci/sections/Neuroscience_Pain">Neuroscience of Pain</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1169/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1527065"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1527065"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1527065" data-cycle-prev="#prev1527065" data-cycle-progressive="#images1527065" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1527065-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01169/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01169-g001-550.jpg?1732272785" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1527065" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1527065-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01169/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01169-g002-550.jpg?1732272786'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1527065-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01169/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01169-g003-550.jpg?1732272787'><p>Figure 3</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1527065-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01169/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01169-g001-550.jpg?1732272785" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Changes in the intensity of pain, according to VAS, after the first rimegepant dose only (n = 54) and after all doses (n = 140).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1169'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01169/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01169-g002-550.jpg?1732272786" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Ability of returning to everyday activities 2 h after all 140 rimegepant intakes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1169'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01169/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01169-g003-550.jpg?1732272787" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Satisfaction rates for all 140 rimegepant dosages.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1169'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 29 pages, 1859 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/14/12/1168/pdf?version=1732275601" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Face Processing in Prematurely Born Individuals—A Systematic Review" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Systematic Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/14/12/1168">Face Processing in Prematurely Born Individuals—A Systematic Review</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tiffany Tang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kasper Pledts</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Matthijs Moerkerke</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Stephanie Van der Donck</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bieke Bollen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jean Steyaert</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kaat Alaerts</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Els Ortibus</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gunnar Naulaers</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bart Boets</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 1168; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121168">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121168</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background/Objectives: Prematurely born individuals are at risk for developing socio-emotional difficulties and psychopathologies such as autism spectrum disorder. Particular difficulties processing social information conveyed by the face may underlie these vulnerabilities. Methods: This comprehensive review provides an overview of 27 studies published between <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1168/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background/Objectives: Prematurely born individuals are at risk for developing socio-emotional difficulties and psychopathologies such as autism spectrum disorder. Particular difficulties processing social information conveyed by the face may underlie these vulnerabilities. Methods: This comprehensive review provides an overview of 27 studies published between 2000 and mid-2022 concerning face processing in individuals born preterm and/or born with low birth weight across different age ranges, paradigms, and outcome measures. The results were interpreted across different developmental stages. Results: Behavioural studies indicated that prematurity is associated with poorer facial identity and expression processing compared to term-born controls, especially for negative emotions. Structural alterations and delayed maturation in key neural face processing structures could explain these findings. Neuroimaging also revealed functional atypicalities, which may either be rooted in the structural alterations or may partly compensate for the delayed maturation. Conclusions: The results suggest that altered face processing may be associated with an increased risk of developing psychopathologies in individuals born prematurely. Future studies should investigate the preterm behavioural phenotype and the potential need for face processing rehabilitation programs. <a href="/2076-3425/14/12/1168">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/brainsci/special_issues/X5E0TZ6C6B ">Face and Person Perception: Recent Updates and Future Perspectives</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1168/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1527105"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1527105"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1527105" data-cycle-prev="#prev1527105" data-cycle-progressive="#images1527105" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1527105-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01168/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01168-g001-550.jpg?1732275827" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1527105" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1527105-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01168/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01168-g002-550.jpg?1732275828'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1527105-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01168/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01168-g003-550.jpg?1732275830'><p>Figure 3</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1527105-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01168/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01168-g001-550.jpg?1732275827" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic overview of the strategy from identification of articles in the databases to inclusion in the synthesis, according to the PRISMA checklist [<a href="#B30-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">30</a>]. Abbreviations: <span class="html-italic">n</span>, the number of articles.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1168'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01168/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01168-g002-550.jpg?1732275828" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Schematic overview of the final selection of articles for inclusion in the synthesis, subdivided based on methodology for systematic analysis. Abbreviations: (f)MRI, (functional) magnetic resonance imaging; EEG, electroencephalography; fNIRS, functional near-infrared spectroscopy; MEG, magnetoencephalography. Articles referenced in the figure: [<a href="#B4-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">4</a>,<a href="#B19-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">19</a>,<a href="#B35-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">35</a>,<a href="#B36-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">36</a>,<a href="#B37-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">37</a>,<a href="#B38-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">38</a>,<a href="#B39-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">39</a>,<a href="#B40-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">40</a>,<a href="#B41-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">41</a>,<a href="#B42-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">42</a>,<a href="#B43-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">43</a>,<a href="#B44-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">44</a>,<a href="#B45-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">45</a>,<a href="#B46-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">46</a>,<a href="#B47-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">47</a>,<a href="#B48-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">48</a>,<a href="#B49-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">49</a>,<a href="#B50-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">50</a>,<a href="#B51-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">51</a>,<a href="#B52-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">52</a>,<a href="#B53-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">53</a>,<a href="#B54-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">54</a>,<a href="#B55-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">55</a>,<a href="#B56-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">56</a>,<a href="#B57-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">57</a>,<a href="#B59-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">59</a>,<a href="#B60-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">60</a>,<a href="#B61-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">61</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1168'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01168/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01168-g003-550.jpg?1732275830" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Schematic visualisation of the investigated age ranges (illustrated by the green boxes) of the included articles, subdivided by methodology (i.e., behavioural studies and imaging studies). Articles referenced in the figure: [<a href="#B4-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">4</a>,<a href="#B19-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">19</a>,<a href="#B35-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">35</a>,<a href="#B36-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">36</a>,<a href="#B37-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">37</a>,<a href="#B38-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">38</a>,<a href="#B39-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">39</a>,<a href="#B40-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">40</a>,<a href="#B41-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">41</a>,<a href="#B42-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">42</a>,<a href="#B43-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">43</a>,<a href="#B44-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">44</a>,<a href="#B45-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">45</a>,<a href="#B46-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">46</a>,<a href="#B47-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">47</a>,<a href="#B48-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">48</a>,<a href="#B49-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">49</a>,<a href="#B50-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">50</a>,<a href="#B51-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">51</a>,<a href="#B52-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">52</a>,<a href="#B53-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">53</a>,<a href="#B54-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">54</a>,<a href="#B55-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">55</a>,<a href="#B56-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">56</a>,<a href="#B57-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">57</a>,<a href="#B59-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">59</a>,<a href="#B60-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">60</a>,<a href="#B61-brainsci-14-01168" class="html-bibr">61</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1168'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 23 pages, 7363 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/14/12/1167/pdf?version=1732269746" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Relevant Factors in the Schooling of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Early Childhood Education" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/14/12/1167">Relevant Factors in the Schooling of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Early Childhood Education</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Francisco Villegas Lirola</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Antonio Codina Sánchez</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 1167; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121167">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121167</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background: Educational professionals face significant challenges in determining the most appropriate educational placement for each child with ASD, which is a major concern for their parents. The purpose of this paper is to identify the factors in the development of students with ASD <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1167/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background: Educational professionals face significant challenges in determining the most appropriate educational placement for each child with ASD, which is a major concern for their parents. The purpose of this paper is to identify the factors in the development of students with ASD (language development, cognitive development, and socio-emotional development) that are most relevant in determining the modalities of schooling in early childhood education. Methods: A total of 381 Psychopedagogical Evaluation Reports from students with ASD aged 3 to 5 years were reviewed. The importance of each variable was identified using artificial neural network analysis. Classification trees were used to determine their distribution in the two schooling modalities. Results: A total of 42.9% of boys aged 3–5 years with ASD and 54.12% of girls aged 3–5 years with ASD were enrolled in specific modalities. Conclusions: Cognitive development and comprehensive language were the two variables that best explained whether children with ASD were educated in specific or ordinary modalities. The presence of a significantly impaired level of cognitive development was the best predictor of schooling in specific modalities, and for the rest of the cognitive levels, the greater the difficulties in comprehensive language, the greater the likelihood of schooling in specific modalities. <a href="/2076-3425/14/12/1167">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/brainsci/special_issues/188932DF90 ">Exploring the Mental Health of People with Autism</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1167/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1526975"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1526975"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1526975" data-cycle-prev="#prev1526975" data-cycle-progressive="#images1526975" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1526975-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01167/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01167-g001-550.jpg?1732269817" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1526975" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1526975-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01167/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01167-g002-550.jpg?1732269818'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1526975-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01167/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01167-g003-550.jpg?1732269822'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1526975-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01167/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01167-g004-550.jpg?1732269825'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1526975-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01167/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01167-g005-550.jpg?1732269826'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1526975-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01167/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01167-g006-550.jpg?1732269827'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1526975-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01167/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01167-g007-550.jpg?1732269828'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1526975-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01167/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01167-g008-550.jpg?1732269829'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1526975-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01167/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01167-g009-550.jpg?1732269831'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1526975-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01167/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01167-g010-550.jpg?1732269832'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1526975-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01167/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01167-g011-550.jpg?1732269834'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1526975-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01167/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01167-g012-550.jpg?1732269836'><p>Figure 12</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1526975-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01167/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01167-g001-550.jpg?1732269817" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Procedure for the schooling of pupils with SEN in Almería (own elaboration).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1167'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01167/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01167-g002-550.jpg?1732269818" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Types of schooling students SEN in Almería (own elaboration).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1167'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01167/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01167-g003-550.jpg?1732269822" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Source population, participants by sex, age, and schooling modalities (own elaboration).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1167'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01167/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01167-g004-550.jpg?1732269825" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Educational Centers by areas of each Educational Guidance Team (EGT), Almería, Spain (own elaboration).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1167'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01167/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01167-g005-550.jpg?1732269826" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Cognitive development categories (own elaboration).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1167'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01167/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01167-g006-550.jpg?1732269827" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Psychomotor development categories (own elaboration).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1167'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01167/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01167-g007-550.jpg?1732269828" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Communicative and linguistic development categories (own elaboration).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1167'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01167/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01167-g008-550.jpg?1732269829" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Social and emotional development categories (own elaboration).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1167'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01167/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01167-g009-550.jpg?1732269831" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Structure of artificial neural network analysis (own elaboration).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1167'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01167/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01167-g010-550.jpg?1732269832" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>ROC curve for the predictive model of the Schooling Modality variable, by the Cognitive Development and Comprehensive Language variables.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1167'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01167/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01167-g011-550.jpg?1732269834" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Importance of personal development variables in children with ASD in determining the type of schooling (3–5-year-old group). D_DesCog: Cognitive development; D_L_Comp_Lang: Comprehensive language; I_Age: Age; D_L_Int_Com: Communicative intention; D_L_E.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1167'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01167/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01167-g012-550.jpg?1732269836" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Classification tree of schooling modalities according to the variables of cognitive development and comprehensive language.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1167'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 4866 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/14/12/1166/pdf?version=1732264368" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Emotion Recognition Based on a EEG–fNIRS Hybrid Brain Network in the Source Space" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/14/12/1166">Emotion Recognition Based on a EEG–fNIRS Hybrid Brain Network in the Source Space</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mingxing Hou</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xueying Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Guijun Chen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lixia Huang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ying Sun</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 1166; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121166">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121166</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> <b>Background/Objectives</b>: Studies have shown that emotion recognition based on electroencephalogram (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) multimodal physiological signals exhibits superior performance compared to that of unimodal approaches. Nonetheless, there remains a paucity of in-depth investigations analyzing the inherent relationship between EEG <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1166/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> <b>Background/Objectives</b>: Studies have shown that emotion recognition based on electroencephalogram (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) multimodal physiological signals exhibits superior performance compared to that of unimodal approaches. Nonetheless, there remains a paucity of in-depth investigations analyzing the inherent relationship between EEG and fNIRS and constructing brain networks to improve the performance of emotion recognition. <b>Methods</b>: In this study, we introduce an innovative method to construct hybrid brain networks in the source space based on simultaneous EEG-fNIRS signals for emotion recognition. Specifically, we perform source localization on EEG signals to derive the EEG source signals. Subsequently, causal brain networks are established in the source space by analyzing the Granger causality between the EEG source signals, while coupled brain networks in the source space are formed by assessing the coupling strength between the EEG source signals and the fNIRS signals. The resultant causal brain networks and coupled brain networks are integrated to create hybrid brain networks in the source space, which serve as features for emotion recognition. <b>Results</b>: The effectiveness of our proposed method is validated on multiple emotion datasets. The experimental results indicate that the recognition performance of our approach significantly surpasses that of the baseline method. <b>Conclusions</b>: This work offers a novel perspective on the fusion of EEG and fNIRS signals in an emotion-evoked experimental paradigm and provides a feasible solution for enhancing emotion recognition performance. <a href="/2076-3425/14/12/1166">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/brainsci/sections/Neurotechnology_Neuroimaging">Neurotechnology and Neuroimaging</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1166/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1526781"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1526781"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1526781" data-cycle-prev="#prev1526781" data-cycle-progressive="#images1526781" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1526781-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01166/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01166-g001-550.jpg?1732264446" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1526781" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1526781-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01166/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01166-g002-550.jpg?1732264447'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1526781-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01166/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01166-g003-550.jpg?1732264448'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1526781-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01166/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01166-g004-550.jpg?1732264449'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1526781-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01166/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01166-g005-550.jpg?1732264450'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1526781-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01166/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01166-g006-550.jpg?1732264452'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1526781-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01166/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01166-g007-550.jpg?1732264453'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1526781-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01166/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01166-g008-550.jpg?1732264454'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1526781-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01166/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01166-g001-550.jpg?1732264446" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Experimental setup for EEG–fNIRS data acquisition. (<b>a</b>) Experimental scenario; (<b>b</b>) positions of EEG electrodes and fNIRS optodes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1166'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01166/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01166-g002-550.jpg?1732264447" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Emotion-evoked experimental paradigm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1166'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01166/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01166-g003-550.jpg?1732264448" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The overall flowchart of our approach.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1166'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01166/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01166-g004-550.jpg?1732264449" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The schematic diagram of the DKT atlas. (<b>a</b>) Superior view; (<b>b</b>) basal view; (<b>c</b>) lateral view.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1166'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01166/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01166-g005-550.jpg?1732264450" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The overall process of calculating a coupling matrix.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1166'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01166/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01166-g006-550.jpg?1732264452" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>SVM recognition confusion matrices of three brain networks. (<b>a</b>) SG; (<b>b</b>) SC; (<b>c</b>) SG_SC.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1166'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01166/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01166-g007-550.jpg?1732264453" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Samples distribution in 2-D feature space. (<b>a</b>) SG; (<b>b</b>) SC; (<b>c</b>) SG_SC.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1166'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01166/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01166-g008-550.jpg?1732264454" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Emotion recognition accuracies (%) of SG and EG from three datasets.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1166'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 889 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/14/12/1165/pdf?version=1732259224" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Reliability and Validity of the KFORCE Sens® Inertial Sensor for Measuring Cervical Spine Proprioception in Patients with Non-Specific Chronic Neck Pain" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/14/12/1165">Reliability and Validity of the KFORCE Sens<sup>®</sup> Inertial Sensor for Measuring Cervical Spine Proprioception in Patients with Non-Specific Chronic Neck Pain</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>George A. Koumantakis</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Stamatina Gkouma</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Christina Floka</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Petros I. Tatsios</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Maria Moutzouri</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vasiliki Sakellari</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 1165; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121165">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121165</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background/Objectives: Patients with non-specific chronic neck pain (NSCNP) exhibit sensorimotor disturbances, with proprioception impairment considered an important aspect. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of a novel inertial sensor-based electrogoniometer (KFORCE Sens<sup>®</sup>) for cervical spine <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1165/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background/Objectives: Patients with non-specific chronic neck pain (NSCNP) exhibit sensorimotor disturbances, with proprioception impairment considered an important aspect. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of a novel inertial sensor-based electrogoniometer (KFORCE Sens<sup>®</sup>) for cervical spine (CS) proprioception measurement in patients with NSCNP. Methods: The within-day intra-rater reliability of CS proprioception and its association with patient demographics and clinical status were examined in fifty-nine patients with NSCNP, aged between 25–65 years, recruited from primary care. CS proprioception was examined via angle reproduction, in angles set mid-range in the available CS range of motion (ROM) in each motion direction. The clinical status evaluation comprised the maximum and average pain intensity in the last week, disability, fear of movement/re-injury, catastrophizing, neck awareness, and CS-ROM. Reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC<sub>2,1</sub>), standard error of the measurement (SEM), and minimum detectable change (MDC<sub>95%</sub>). Pearson’s R assessed between-measures associations. Results: CS proprioception reliability was good (ICC<sub>2,1</sub> = 0.75–0.89), with low measurement error (SEM = 1.38–3.02° and MDC<sub>95%</sub> = 3.83–8.38°). Correlations between participants’ CS proprioception and their clinical status or demographics were not significant. Conclusions: The reliability of CS proprioception assessment with the KFORCE Sens<sup>®</sup> was good in a sample of mildly to moderately disabled patients with CNP and thus deemed suitable for further research in this field. <a href="/2076-3425/14/12/1165">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/brainsci/sections/Sensory_Motor_Neuroscience_">Sensory and Motor Neuroscience</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1165/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1526686"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1526686"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1526686" data-cycle-prev="#prev1526686" data-cycle-progressive="#images1526686" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1526686-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01165/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01165-g001-550.jpg?1732259440" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1526686" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1526686-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01165/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01165-g002-550.jpg?1732259442'><p>Figure 2</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1526686-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01165/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01165-g001-550.jpg?1732259440" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Measurements of cervical spine ROM in flexion (<b>a</b>), extension (<b>b</b>), right and left side flexion (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>), and right and left rotation (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1165'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01165/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01165-g002-550.jpg?1732259442" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Passive cervical spine placement in the ‘target angles’ (50% of cervical spine ROM) of flexion (<b>a</b>), extension (<b>b</b>), right and left side flexion (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>), and right and left rotation (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>), with participant in a seated position wearing an eye mask.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1165'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 1132 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/14/12/1164/pdf?version=1732199898" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Noninvasive Ultra Low Intensity Light Photodynamic Treatment of Glioblastoma with Drug Augmentation: LoGlo PDT Regimen" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Perspective</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/14/12/1164">Noninvasive Ultra Low Intensity Light Photodynamic Treatment of Glioblastoma with Drug Augmentation: LoGlo PDT Regimen</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Richard E. Kast</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Anton P. Kast</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jürgen Arnhold</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Felix Capanni</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Laura N. Milla Sanabria</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nicolas Bader</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bruno Marques Vieira</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alex Alfieri</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Georg Karpel-Massler</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Erasmo Barros da Silva, Jr.</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 1164; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121164">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121164</a> - 21 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This paper presents the basis for LoGlo PDT, a new treatment for glioblastoma. Glioblastoma is currently treated with maximal safe resection, temozolomide, and ionizing irradiation. Mortality in 2024 remains over 80% within several years from diagnosis. Oral 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is an FDA/EMA <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1164/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This paper presents the basis for LoGlo PDT, a new treatment for glioblastoma. Glioblastoma is currently treated with maximal safe resection, temozolomide, and ionizing irradiation. Mortality in 2024 remains over 80% within several years from diagnosis. Oral 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is an FDA/EMA approved drug that is selectively taken up by malignant cells, including by glioblastoma. In photodynamic treatment of glioblastoma, intense intraoperative light causes glioblastoma tissue that has taken up 5-ALA to generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species. The requirement for intense light flux has restricted photodynamic treatment to a single one-hour intraoperative session. We analyze here published data showing that external light, illuminating the entire intact scalp, can attain low μW/cm<sup>2</sup> flux several cm into intact brain that would be sufficient to mediate 5-ALA photodynamic treatment of glioblastoma if the light and 5-ALA are delivered continuously over 24 h. At the core of LoGlo PDT regimen is the dataset showing that, for a given fluence, as the duration of PDT light delivery goes down, light intensity (flux) delivered must go up to achieve the same glioblastoma cell cytotoxicity as would a weaker light (lower flux) delivered over a longer time. Thus, a repetitive, noninvasive PDT of glioblastoma using an external light source may be possible. We analyze 5-ALA cellular physiology to show that three non-oncology drugs, ciprofloxacin, deferiprone, and telmisartan, can be repurposed to increase light energy capture after 5-ALA, thereby increasing photodynamic treatment’s glioblastoma cell cytotoxicity. The LoGlo PDT approach uses both drug augmentation and prolonged ultra-low noninvasive transcranial light delivery for a repetitive, noninvasive 5-ALA photodynamic treatment of glioblastoma. <a href="/2076-3425/14/12/1164">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/brainsci/special_issues/7796605017 ">Innovation in Brain Tumor Treatment</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1164/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1526391"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1526391"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1526391" data-cycle-prev="#prev1526391" data-cycle-progressive="#images1526391" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1526391-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01164/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01164-g001-550.jpg?1732199971" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1526391" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1526391-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01164/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01164-g002-550.jpg?1732199973'><p>Figure 2</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1526391-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01164/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01164-g001-550.jpg?1732199971" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) shows how a cap with 80 LEDs will illuminate the entire brain. (<b>B</b>) indicates how diffusion of any beam of light by brain tissue can work in our favor as well as being a drawback. Proximal LEDs’ light diffuses away from our target GB area, but this light will be, to some unknown degree, compensated for by light from further away, off center, LEDs’ light diffusing toward our target area.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1164'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01164/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01164-g002-550.jpg?1732199973" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Depicts 5-ALA entry into GB cells and its indirect action in creating cytotoxic ROS after cells’ exposure to an electromagnetic field (light). By inhibiting 5-ALA export, telmisartan increases intracellular 5-ALA. By inhibiting diversion of PpIX to heme synthesis, deferiprone increases intracellular PpIX. ABCG2 drug efflux pump, synonymous with BRCP; ABCB1, a drug efflux pump.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1164'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 22 pages, 1348 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/14/12/1163/pdf?version=1732240012" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Galantamine-Memantine Combination in the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease Dementia" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/14/12/1163">Galantamine-Memantine Combination in the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease Dementia</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Emma D. Frost</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Swanny X. Shi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vishnu V. Byroju</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jamir Pitton Rissardo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jack Donlon</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nicholas Vigilante</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Briana P. Murray</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ian M. Walker</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andrew McGarry</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Thomas N. Ferraro</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Khalid A. Hanafy</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Valentina Echeverria</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ludmil Mitrev</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mitchel A. Kling</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Balaji Krishnaiah</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>David B. Lovejoy</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shafiqur Rahman</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Trevor W. Stone</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Maju Mathew Koola</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 1163; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121163">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121163</a> - 21 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects over 1% of population over age 60. It is defined by motor and nonmotor symptoms including a spectrum of cognitive impairments known as Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD). Currently, the only US Food and <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1163/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects over 1% of population over age 60. It is defined by motor and nonmotor symptoms including a spectrum of cognitive impairments known as Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD). Currently, the only US Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment for PDD is rivastigmine, which inhibits acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase increasing the level of acetylcholine in the brain. Due to its limited efficacy and side effect profile, rivastigmine is often not prescribed, leaving patients with no treatment options. PD has several derangements in neurotransmitter pathways (dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway, kynurenine pathway (KP), acetylcholine, α7 nicotinic receptor, and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors) and rivastigmine is only partially effective as it only targets one pathway. Kynurenic acid (KYNA), a metabolite of tryptophan metabolism, affects the pathophysiology of PDD in multiple ways. Both galantamine (α7 nicotinic receptor) and memantine (antagonist of the NMDA subtype of the glutamate receptor) are KYNA modulators. When used in combination, they target multiple pathways. While randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with each drug alone for PD have failed, the combination of galantamine and memantine has demonstrated a synergistic effect on cognitive enhancement in animal models. It has therapeutic potential that has not been adequately assessed, warranting future randomized controlled trials. In this review, we summarize the KYNA-centric model for PD pathophysiology and discuss how this treatment combination is promising in improving cognitive function in patients with PDD through its action on KYNA. <a href="/2076-3425/14/12/1163">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/brainsci/sections/Neuropharmacology%20and%20Neuropathology">Neuropharmacology and Neuropathology</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1163/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1526308"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1526308"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1526308" data-cycle-prev="#prev1526308" data-cycle-progressive="#images1526308" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1526308-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01163/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01163-g001-550.jpg?1732240140" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1526308" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1526308-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01163/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01163-g002-550.jpg?1732240141'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1526308-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01163/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01163-g003-550.jpg?1732240142'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1526308-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01163/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01163-g004-550.jpg?1732240144'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1526308-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01163/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01163-g001-550.jpg?1732240140" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Kynurenine pathway. An abbreviated depiction of the kynurenine pathway showing the major steps.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1163'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01163/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01163-g002-550.jpg?1732240141" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Overview of the kynurenine pathway in the brain and its effects. Depiction of the differential expression of the KP in cells of the central nervous system. Astrocytes lack the full complement of KP enzymes, hence KP activation in astrocytes terminates in the production of neuroprotective KYNA. However, as microglia fully express KP enzymes, KP activation in microglia can result in the production of neurotoxic metabolites 3-HK and QUIN. KP = Kynurenine Pathway; TRP = Tryptophan; KYNA = Kynurenic Acid; IDO = Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; TDO = Tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase; QUIN = Quinolinic Acid; 3-HAA = 3 Hydroxyanthranilic Acid; 3-HK = 3-hydroxykynurenine; KMO = Kynurenin-3-monooxygenase; KYN = Kynurenine.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1163'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01163/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01163-g003-550.jpg?1732240142" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Kynurenine pathway-centric pathophysiology model. Depiction of some of the receptors, pathways, and processes affected by increased levels of major kynurenine pathway metabolites KYN, KYNA, 3-HK, and QUIN after pathway activation. AhR = aryl hydrocarbon receptor; α7nAChR = Alpha7 nicotinic receptor; BCL-2 = B-cell Lymphoma 2; GABA = γ-aminobutyric acid; KYN = Kynurenine; KYNA = Kynurenic Acid; NMDA = N-methyl-D-aspartate; QUIN = Quinolinic Acid; 3-HK = 3-hydroxykynurenine. ↑, increased process; ↓, decreased process.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1163'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01163/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01163-g004-550.jpg?1732240144" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Magic Bullet Versus Shotgun Approach. The magic bullet approach has long been thought to be the answer to treating complex medical conditions. Pharmaceutical companies hoped that they would be able to develop a single drug to treat many conditions. However, this has failed countless times. We argue that the shotgun approach is more effective. Using multiple drugs (shotgun approach) to target multiple pathways implicated in a disease is likely to a more effective treatment approach [<a href="#B225-brainsci-14-01163" class="html-bibr">225</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1163'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 2647 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/14/12/1162/pdf?version=1732238193" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Personalized Dose Selection for Treatment of Patients with Neuropsychiatric Disorders Using tDCS" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/14/12/1162">Personalized Dose Selection for Treatment of Patients with Neuropsychiatric Disorders Using tDCS</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sagarika Bhattacharjee</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rajan Kashyap</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vanteemar S. Sreeraj</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Palanimuthu T. Sivakumar</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ganesan Venkatasubramanian</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>John E. Desmond</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>S. H. Annabel Chen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>T. N. Sathyaprabha</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kaviraja Udupa</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 1162; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121162">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121162</a> - 21 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> <b>Background</b>: Individualizing transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) parameters can improve precision in neuropsychiatric disorders. One important decision for the clinician is the selection of an appropriate montage—conventional or high-definition (HD)—to implement dose-controlled tDCS while maintaining the patient’s safety. <b>Method</b>: The present <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1162/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> <b>Background</b>: Individualizing transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) parameters can improve precision in neuropsychiatric disorders. One important decision for the clinician is the selection of an appropriate montage—conventional or high-definition (HD)—to implement dose-controlled tDCS while maintaining the patient’s safety. <b>Method</b>: The present study simulated tDCS administration using T1-weighted brain images of 50 dementia, 25 depression patients, and 25 healthy individuals for two conventional and HD montages, targeting the regions of interest (ROIs) in the dorsal and ventral pathways that support language processing. For each tDCS configuration, the electric fields at the ROIs and the individualized dose required to achieve the desired current intensity at the target ROI across the subjects were estimated. Linear regression was performed on these parameters. <b>Result</b>: A significant relationship between atrophy and current dose that varies according to the disease was found. The dementia patients with significant brain atrophy required a higher personalized dosage for HD montage, as the current intensity at the target ROIs was lower and more variable than that of conventional montage. For dementia, tDCS individualization is pathway-dependent, wherein HD configuration of the dorsal route requires current dosages above the safety limit (>4 mA) for 46% of individuals. However, there was no significant difference in electrode configurations between the HD and traditional setups for depression and healthy volunteers without significant brain atrophy. <b>Conclusions</b>: HD-tDCS with fixed locations is limited, making conventional tDCS more effective for dose-controlled applications. In patients with atrophy, individualized adjustments based on simulations are needed due to the variable stimulation strength in the ROI. <a href="/2076-3425/14/12/1162">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/brainsci/special_issues/27LP9L7496 ">Brain Stimulation for Psychiatric Disorders: Emerging Evidence and New Perspectives</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1162/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1525789"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1525789"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1525789" data-cycle-prev="#prev1525789" data-cycle-progressive="#images1525789" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1525789-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01162/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01162-g001-550.jpg?1732238342" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1525789" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1525789-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01162/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01162-g002-550.jpg?1732238346'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1525789-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01162/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01162-g003-550.jpg?1732238349'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1525789-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01162/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01162-g004-550.jpg?1732238351'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1525789-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01162/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01162-g001-550.jpg?1732238342" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Electric field simulation of tDCS dorsal and ventral pathway montages for both conventional and high-definition (HD) configurations demonstrating the (<b>i</b>) electrode positions, and (<b>ii</b>) electric field distributions across the brain regions. (<b>B</b>) Average current density (ACD) showing the electric field strength on the standard MNI brain (used as a reference for the calibration of doses) for conventional and HD configurations across (<b>i</b>) the dorsal pathway with two target ROIs: left inferior parietal lobule and left angular gyrus; and (<b>ii</b>) the ventral pathway with two target ROIs: left middle temporal gyrus and left inferior temporal gyrus. (<b>C</b>) Brain volumetric characteristics of the three groups (dementia, depression, and healthy) highlighting differences in the TBV [Total brain volume (GM + WM)] and TICV (Total intracranial volume (TBV + CSF)).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1162'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01162/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01162-g002-550.jpg?1732238346" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The plot of mean ± standard deviations of ACD (<b>a</b>(<b>1</b>)–<b>a</b>(<b>4</b>)) highlighting their distribution across the subjects (<b>b</b>(<b>1</b>)–<b>b</b>(<b>4</b>)) for dorsal and ventral ROIs using conventional and high-definition montages for dementia, depression, and healthy volunteers. Level of significance denoted by * &lt;0.05. ** &lt;0.01, *** &lt;0.001.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1162'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01162/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01162-g003-550.jpg?1732238349" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The plot of mean ± standard deviations of personalized dosages (<b>a</b>(<b>1</b>)–<b>a</b>(<b>4</b>)) highlighting their distribution across the subjects (<b>b</b>(<b>1</b>)–<b>b</b>(<b>4</b>)) for dorsal and ventral ROIs using conventional and high-definition montages for dementia, depression, and healthy volunteers. Level of significance denoted by ** &lt;0.01.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1162'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01162/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01162-g004-550.jpg?1732238351" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Showing (<b>i</b>) The significant (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001) relationship between the atrophy parameter and personalized doses at the target ROI at the left inferior parietal lobule, and (<b>ii</b>) its significant variation across the three groups: depression, dementia, and healthy volunteers. (*** denotes significance level &lt; 0.001).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/12/1162'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 1417 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/14/11/1161/pdf?version=1732175875" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Cross-Section of Neurological Manifestations Among SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariants—Single-Center Study" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/14/11/1161">Cross-Section of Neurological Manifestations Among SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariants—Single-Center Study</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Justyna Jachman-Kapułka</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Aleksander Zińczuk</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Krzysztof Simon</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marta Rorat</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(11), 1161; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111161">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111161</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> <b>Background/Objectives</b>: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 is undergoing constant mutation. New strains vary in neuropathogenicity and the neurological spectrum of disease. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and clinical characteristics of neurological manifestations during the Omicron dominance among <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/11/1161/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> <b>Background/Objectives</b>: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 is undergoing constant mutation. New strains vary in neuropathogenicity and the neurological spectrum of disease. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and clinical characteristics of neurological manifestations during the Omicron dominance among hospitalized patients, including the differences between three subsequent periods. <b>Methods</b>: This retrospective single-center study included 426 hospitalized adults with confirmed COVID-19 divided into three periods (O1, O2, and O3) dependent on the dominance of Omicron subvariants in Poland. Demographic and clinical data, in particular neurological manifestations, were collected and compared. <b>Results</b>: The median age of the group was 74, older in subsequent (later) periods. The number of patients with a history of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination increased with the duration of the pandemic. The severity of COVID-19 became lower in successive periods. Neurological manifestations were observed in 55.4% of patients, and the most frequent were delirium, headache, myalgia, dizziness, cerebrovascular diseases, and encephalopathy. In subsequent periods of Omicron dominance, a higher frequency of neurological manifestations such as delirium, transient ischemic attack (TIA), and encephalopathy was observed. Headache or myalgia was related to a shorter hospitalization while delirium, cerebrovascular diseases, and ischemic stroke were linked with an increased risk of death. <b>Conclusions</b>: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 presents a wide spectrum of neurological manifestations. Although there is an improvement in the survival rate of patients with COVID-19, the frequency of neurological manifestations increases. The occurrence of delirium, cerebrovascular diseases, and ischemic stroke results in higher mortality. <a href="/2076-3425/14/11/1161">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/brainsci/sections/Neurovirology">Neurovirology</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/11/1161/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1525343"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1525343"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1525343" data-cycle-prev="#prev1525343" data-cycle-progressive="#images1525343" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1525343-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01161/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01161-g001-550.jpg?1732176015" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1525343" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1525343-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01161/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01161-g002-550.jpg?1732176017'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1525343-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01161/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01161-g003-550.jpg?1732176019'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1525343-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01161/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01161-g004-550.jpg?1732176022'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1525343-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01161/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01161-g001-550.jpg?1732176015" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The dominance of Omicron subvariants in Poland divided into three periods. The data and graph are adapted from Nexstrain.org [<a href="#B39-brainsci-14-01161" class="html-bibr">39</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/11/1161'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01161/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01161-g002-550.jpg?1732176017" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Age of patients (years; median) in three periods of Omicron dominance.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/11/1161'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01161/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01161-g003-550.jpg?1732176019" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Percentage distribution of deaths, ICU admissions, and oxygen therapy among patients hospitalized with COVID-19 across three periods of Omicron dominance.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/11/1161'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01161/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01161-g004-550.jpg?1732176022" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Distribution of the frequency of neurological manifestations among patients hospitalized with COVID-19 across three periods of Omicron dominance.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/11/1161'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 12 pages, 266 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/14/11/1160/pdf?version=1732102608" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Neuropsychological Abnormalities Associated with Alcohol Dependence During Long-Term Rehabilitation Treatment of German Inpatients" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/14/11/1160">Neuropsychological Abnormalities Associated with Alcohol Dependence During Long-Term Rehabilitation Treatment of German Inpatients</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Josef Rabl</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dieter Geyer</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dario Kroll</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fabrizio Schifano</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Norbert Scherbaum</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(11), 1160; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111160">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111160</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background: Alcohol dependence is associated with several neuropsychological abnormalities, such as increased impulsivity or attentional bias towards drug-related stimuli. However, it is debated whether these abnormalities are on the decline after long-term abstinence from alcohol. Inpatient rehabilitation treatment enables the longitudinal investigation of <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/11/1160/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background: Alcohol dependence is associated with several neuropsychological abnormalities, such as increased impulsivity or attentional bias towards drug-related stimuli. However, it is debated whether these abnormalities are on the decline after long-term abstinence from alcohol. Inpatient rehabilitation treatment enables the longitudinal investigation of such variables during a long, largely secured, period of abstinence. Methods: This study involved alcohol-dependent patients consecutively admitted for a duration of 14–26 weeks to an inpatient rehabilitation treatment center located in a hospital specializing in substance use disorders. Craving and impulsivity were assessed with the means of two questionnaires (e.g., OCDS-G and BIS-11); conversely, attentional bias and problems with inhibition were measured with the help of two computer-based experiments (e.g., dot–probe task and stop–signal–reaction task). Investigations were conducted at entry, after 6 weeks, and during the last two weeks of the inpatient treatment. Results: A total of 130 patients with alcohol dependence (mean age 43.3 years; 78.5% male) completed the first, <i>N</i> = 102 the second, and <i>N</i> = 83 the final assessment. Over the whole period of inpatient treatment, there was a significant decrease in patients’ scores for both craving (t(83) = 7.8, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and impulsivity (t(82) = −3.75, <i>p</i> < 0.001, t(82) = 4.4, <i>p</i> < 0.001). However, there were no significant changes regarding attentional bias (t(82) = 0.16, <i>p</i> = 0.494) and inhibitory control (t(76) = 0.04, <i>p</i> = 0.482) scores. Conclusions: Neuropsychological abnormalities associated with alcohol dependence might persist even after a long abstinence period. The decrease in both craving and impulsivity levels may be explained by the protected, alcohol-free, hospital environment; however, patients’ risk of post-discharge relapse may remain high, as the basic neurobiological mechanisms of alcohol dependence may persist for long periods, and possibly for more than 3–6 months. <a href="/2076-3425/14/11/1160">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/brainsci/special_issues/39EC71DF96 ">Psychiatry and Addiction: A Multi-Faceted Issue</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 748 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/14/11/1159/pdf?version=1732099285" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Polyneuropathy in Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis: Diagnostic Challenges and Potential for Therapeutic Intervention" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/14/11/1159">Polyneuropathy in Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis: Diagnostic Challenges and Potential for Therapeutic Intervention</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Antonio Edvan Camelo-Filho</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pedro Lucas Grangeiro Sá Barreto Lima</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Francisco Luciano Honório Barreto Cavalcante</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Oliver Reiks Miyajima</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Carolina Figueiredo Santos</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rodrigo Fagundes da Rosa</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>André Luiz Santos Pessoa</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pedro Braga-Neto</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Paulo Ribeiro Nóbrega</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(11), 1159; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111159">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111159</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the <i>CYP27A1</i> gene, leading to cholestanol accumulation in various tissues, including peripheral nerves. Polyneuropathy is an underrecognized feature with considerable variability in clinical presentation and neurophysiological findings in CTX. This review <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/11/1159/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the <i>CYP27A1</i> gene, leading to cholestanol accumulation in various tissues, including peripheral nerves. Polyneuropathy is an underrecognized feature with considerable variability in clinical presentation and neurophysiological findings in CTX. This review assesses the prevalence, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic methodologies of polyneuropathy in CTX, exploring its underlying mechanisms and potential treatment outcomes. A literature review was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and the Virtual Health Library databases with search terms related to CTX and polyneuropathy. A total of 892 articles were initially identified, with 59 selected for in-depth analysis. The review focused on studies examining peripheral nerve involvement in CTX, including nerve conduction studies, electromyography, and nerve ultrasound. Polyneuropathy in CTX was observed in 50% to 77.7% of patients across multiple case series. Neurophysiological findings varied, with reports of axonal, demyelinating, and mixed polyneuropathies. Clinical presentation included lower limb atrophy, pes cavus, and distal weakness, with sensory symptoms less frequently reported. Treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) showed potential in improving nerve conduction parameters, although the response was variable and dependent on the timing of intervention. Polyneuropathy in CTX presents significant diagnostic challenges due to its heterogeneous presentation and varying neurophysiological findings. Early recognition and intervention are crucial for improving patient outcomes. Peripheral nerve ultrasound is a promising diagnostic tool, complementing traditional neurophysiological assessments. Further research is needed to standardize protocols and explore the full therapeutic potential of CDCA in managing CTX-related polyneuropathy. <a href="/2076-3425/14/11/1159">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/brainsci/special_issues/91Q8RWZT6X ">Advances in the Molecular Genetics of Neurological Disorders</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/11/1159/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1525117"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1525117"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1525117" data-cycle-prev="#prev1525117" data-cycle-progressive="#images1525117" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1525117-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01159/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01159-g001-550.jpg?1732099385" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1525117" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1525117-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01159/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01159-g002-550.jpg?1732099386'><p>Figure 2</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1525117-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01159/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01159-g001-550.jpg?1732099385" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Flowchart showing the study selection for review.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/11/1159'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01159/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01159-g002-550.jpg?1732099386" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Tendon xanthoma in CTX.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/11/1159'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 4184 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/14/11/1158/pdf?version=1732091939" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Reassessing the Neural Correlates of Social Exclusion: A Replication Study of the Cyberball Paradigm Using Arterial Spin Labeling" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/14/11/1158">Reassessing the Neural Correlates of Social Exclusion: A Replication Study of the Cyberball Paradigm Using Arterial Spin Labeling</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Karin Labek</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Roberto Viviani</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(11), 1158; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111158">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111158</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background/Objectives: The cyberball paradigm has been used in numerous neuroimaging studies to elicit activation in neural substrates of social exclusion, which have been interpreted in terms of activity associated with “social pain”. The objectives of the study were to assess not only the <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/11/1158/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background/Objectives: The cyberball paradigm has been used in numerous neuroimaging studies to elicit activation in neural substrates of social exclusion, which have been interpreted in terms of activity associated with “social pain”. The objectives of the study were to assess not only the replicability but also the specificity of the areas activated by this paradigm. Methods: Functional imaging with arterial spin labeling, an approach to image longer mental states. Results: We replicated findings of previous meta-analyses of this paradigm in the inferior frontal gyrus and ventral cingular cortex. However, these areas were also active in a watch condition (in which participants were not excluded), although less so. Conclusions: These findings relativize a simple and specific interpretation of these areas as the neural substrates of social exclusion and social pain, as in previous studies. In a broader experimental context, similar activations have been reported by neuroimaging studies when semantic disambiguation and evaluation of action goals are required, an interpretation that may also apply to the effects elicited by this paradigm. <a href="/2076-3425/14/11/1158">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/brainsci/special_issues/Human_Attachment ">State of the Art in Human Attachment</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/11/1158/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524878"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524878"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524878" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524878" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524878" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524878-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01158/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01158-g001-550.jpg?1732092033" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1524878" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524878-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01158/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01158-g002-550.jpg?1732092036'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524878-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01158/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01158-g003-550.jpg?1732092039'><p>Figure 3</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524878-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01158/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01158-g001-550.jpg?1732092033" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Contrast play vs. (watch or exclusion) in red-orange. In blue-green, effects in the opposite direction. Coordinates in Montreal Neurological Space. Parametric maps of <span class="html-italic">t</span> values displayed at <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, uncorrected.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/11/1158'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01158/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01158-g002-550.jpg?1732092036" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>In red: contrast exclude vs. play. In light blue: contrast watch vs. play. Data displayed at <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, uncorrected.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/11/1158'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01158/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01158-g003-550.jpg?1732092039" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>In yellow: contrast exclusion vs. watch. The red circle shows the left iFG/frontal operculum. In light blue: contrast watch vs. exclusion. Data displayed at <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, uncorrected.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/11/1158'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1524866" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1524866" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1524866" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2076-3425/14/11/1157/s1?version=1732091526"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 300 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 1523 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/14/11/1157/pdf?version=1732091525" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Prognostic Role of Invasion-Related Extracellular Matrix Molecules in Diffusely Infiltrating Grade 2 and 3 Astrocytomas" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/14/11/1157">Prognostic Role of Invasion-Related Extracellular Matrix Molecules in Diffusely Infiltrating Grade 2 and 3 Astrocytomas</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>László Szivos</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>József Virga</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zoltán Mészár</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Melinda Rostás</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andrea Bakó</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gábor Zahuczki</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tibor Hortobágyi</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Álmos Klekner</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(11), 1157; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111157">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111157</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background: Astrocytoma, an IDH-mutant is a common primary brain tumor. Total surgical resection is not feasible due to peritumoral infiltration mediated by extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules. Methods: This study aimed at determining the expression pattern of ECM molecules in different prognostic groups of <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/11/1157/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background: Astrocytoma, an IDH-mutant is a common primary brain tumor. Total surgical resection is not feasible due to peritumoral infiltration mediated by extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules. Methods: This study aimed at determining the expression pattern of ECM molecules in different prognostic groups of WHO grade 2 and grade 3 patients and identifying the effect of onco-radiotherapy on tumor cell invasion of grade 3 patients. Gene and protein expression of ECM molecules was determined by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Results: In the different prognostic groups of grade 2 tumors HMMR, IDH-1, MKI-67, PDGF-A and versican, in grade 3 tumors integrin α-3, and in both groups integrin α-3 and IDH-1 mRNA expression was significantly different. Regarding protein expression, only integrin αV expression changed significantly in the prognostic groups of grade 2 tumors. Conclusions: Based on the invasion spectrum determined by this joint gene and protein expression analysis, there was a sensitivity of 87.5% and a negative predictive value of 88.9% regarding the different prognostic groups of grade 2 astrocytoma. For grade 3 tumors, the applied standard oncotherapeutic modalities apparently lacked significant anti-invasive effects. <a href="/2076-3425/14/11/1157">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/brainsci/special_issues/152MUOKTNL ">Brain Tumors: From Molecular Basis to Therapy</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/11/1157/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524866"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524866"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524866" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524866" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524866" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524866-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01157/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01157-g001-550.jpg?1732091614" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1524866" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524866-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01157/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01157-g002-550.jpg?1732091616'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524866-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01157/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01157-g003-550.jpg?1732091620'><p>Figure 3</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524866-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01157/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01157-g001-550.jpg?1732091614" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Kaplan–Meier curve in terms of progression-free survival-1 time of different prognostic groups in Grade-2 astrocytomas. Group A: patients with poor prognosis; Group B: patients with better prognoses.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/11/1157'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01157/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01157-g002-550.jpg?1732091616" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Invasion spectrum of invasion-related extracellular matrix molecules in case of Grade-2 diffuse astrocytomas. Relative expression: Quotient of average mRNA expression of each ECM molecule’s natural logarithm (ln <span class="html-italic">x</span>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/11/1157'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01157/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01157-g003-550.jpg?1732091620" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Immunohistochemical staining of integrin α-3 and IDH-1 (<b>left</b>) and brevican and MDM2 (<b>right</b>) in Gr 3 astrocytaer tumors. The patient in grade 3 group A [No. 1521-<a href="#app1-brainsci-14-01157" class="html-app">Supplementary Materials Table S2A</a>] did not receive any previous treatment, while the patient in grade 3 group B [No. 501-<a href="#app1-brainsci-14-01157" class="html-app">Supplementary Materials Table S2B</a>] received whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/11/1157'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 2814 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/14/11/1156/pdf?version=1732091310" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Impact of Situation Awareness Variations on Multimodal Physiological Responses in High-Speed Train Driving" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/14/11/1156">Impact of Situation Awareness Variations on Multimodal Physiological Responses in High-Speed Train Driving</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wenli Dong</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Weining Fang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hanzhao Qiu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Haifeng Bao</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(11), 1156; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111156">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111156</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background: In safety-critical environments, human error is a leading cause of accidents, with the loss of situation awareness (SA) being a key contributing factor. Accurate SA assessment is essential for minimizing such risks and ensuring operational safety. Traditional SA measurement methods have limitations <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/11/1156/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background: In safety-critical environments, human error is a leading cause of accidents, with the loss of situation awareness (SA) being a key contributing factor. Accurate SA assessment is essential for minimizing such risks and ensuring operational safety. Traditional SA measurement methods have limitations in dynamic real-world settings, while physiological signals, particularly EEG, offer a non-invasive, real-time alternative for continuous SA monitoring. However, the reliability of SA measurement based on physiological signals depends on the accuracy of SA labeling. Objective: This study aims to design an effective SA measurement paradigm specific to high-speed train driving, investigate more accurate physiological signal-based SA labeling methods, and explore the relationships between SA levels and key physiological metrics based on the developed framework. Methods: This study recruited 19 male high-speed train driver trainees and developed an SA measurement paradigm specific to high-speed train driving. A method combining subjective SA ratings and task performance was introduced to generate accurate SA labels. Results: The results of statistical analysis confirmed the effectiveness of this paradigm in inducing SA level changes, revealing significant relationships between SA levels and key physiological metrics, including eye movement patterns, ECG features (e.g., heart rate variability), and EEG power spectral density across theta, alpha, and beta bands. Conclusions: This study supports the use of multimodal physiological signals for SA assessment and provides a theoretical foundation for future applications of SA monitoring in railway operations, contributing to enhanced operational safety. <a href="/2076-3425/14/11/1156">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/brainsci/special_issues/78L57J6B1Y ">Brains at Work: How Wearable Technology May Benefit Research, Health and Everyday Life</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/11/1156/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524858"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524858"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524858" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524858" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524858" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524858-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01156/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01156-g001-550.jpg?1732091465" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1524858" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524858-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01156/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01156-g002-550.jpg?1732091467'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524858-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01156/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01156-g003-550.jpg?1732091469'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1524858-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01156/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01156-g004-550.jpg?1732091470'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1524858-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01156/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01156-g005-550.jpg?1732091472'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1524858-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01156/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01156-g006-550.jpg?1732091473'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1524858-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01156/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01156-g007-550.jpg?1732091475'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1524858-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01156/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01156-g008-550.jpg?1732091478'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1524858-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01156/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01156-g009-550.jpg?1732091480'><p>Figure 9</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524858-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01156/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01156-g001-550.jpg?1732091465" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Experimental environment for signals acquisition under a simulated driving environment.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/11/1156'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01156/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01156-g002-550.jpg?1732091467" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Multimodal data acquisition and synchronization.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/11/1156'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01156/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01156-g003-550.jpg?1732091469" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Experimental procedure.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/11/1156'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01156/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01156-g004-550.jpg?1732091470" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Two-component GMM is fitted on RT and median of SA subjective score is used to identify the threshold of high and low SA.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/11/1156'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01156/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01156-g005-550.jpg?1732091472" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Trends in subjective fatigue and stress scores over time for different experimental conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/11/1156'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01156/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01156-g006-550.jpg?1732091473" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>AOIs.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/11/1156'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01156/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01156-g007-550.jpg?1732091475" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>ET heatmaps at high and low SA levels.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/11/1156'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01156/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01156-g008-550.jpg?1732091478" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Effect of SA Variations on ECG Features. *** indicates <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/11/1156'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01156/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01156-g009-550.jpg?1732091480" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Effect of SA Variations on EEG Features.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/11/1156'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 8 pages, 217 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/14/11/1155/pdf?version=1732018898" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Longitudinal Insights into the Mental Health of Healthcare Workers: Emotional Shifts During Two Years of the COVID-19 Crisis" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Brief Report</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/14/11/1155">Longitudinal Insights into the Mental Health of Healthcare Workers: Emotional Shifts During Two Years of the COVID-19 Crisis</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Maia Stanisławska-Kubiak</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Grażyna Teusz</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Michał Ziarko</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ewa Mojs</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(11), 1155; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111155">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111155</a> - 19 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Objective: Numerous studies have highlighted the prevalence of mental health disorders among healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic, with varying indications of emotional strain. This study compares the psychological functioning of healthcare workers at the onset of the pandemic and two years later, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/11/1155/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Objective: Numerous studies have highlighted the prevalence of mental health disorders among healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic, with varying indications of emotional strain. This study compares the psychological functioning of healthcare workers at the onset of the pandemic and two years later, offering a comprehensive assessment of their emotional and mental health status in the evolving context of COVID-19. Methods: This longitudinal analysis examined the relationship between stress, emotional processing, and their positive/negative impacts on medical personnel working in Polish hospitals and outpatient clinics in 2020 (<i>n</i> = 285) and 2022 (<i>n</i> = 252). The study employed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20), Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Mini-COPE, Acceptance of Illness Scale (AIS), Emotional Processing Scale (EPS), STAI, and PANAS to assess psychological responses and coping mechanisms. Results: Findings revealed a significant increase in denial, substance use, self-blame, negative mood, and impaired psychological and somatic functioning, alongside heightened symptoms of depression and anxiety. Conversely, a marked decrease in planning, positive reinterpretation, acceptance, religious coping, and seeking social support (both emotional and instrumental) was observed over the two-year period. Conclusion: The prolonged nature of the COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected the psychological resilience of healthcare professionals, eroding critical emotional resources necessary for maintaining interpersonal relationships and mental well-being. These results underscore the need for targeted interventions to support the mental health of medical staff in the ongoing crisis. <a href="/2076-3425/14/11/1155">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/brainsci/sections/Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 11 pages, 1749 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/14/11/1154/pdf?version=1732010246" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Window Coverage and Liquid Biopsy in the First-Line Therapy of Severe Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/14/11/1154">Window Coverage and Liquid Biopsy in the First-Line Therapy of Severe Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alexander Kilgue</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rayoung Kim</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lars-Uwe Scholtz</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Conrad Riemann</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Christoph J. Pfeiffer</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Matthias Schürmann</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ingo Todt</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(11), 1154; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111154">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111154</a> - 19 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Introduction: Based on clinical practice guidelines, the application of corticosteroids as a first-line therapy is common. Although sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL) etiology is primarily idiopathic, hearing loss can result from a perilymphatic fistula (PLF). Recent findings show evidence of a specific rate <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/11/1154/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Introduction: Based on clinical practice guidelines, the application of corticosteroids as a first-line therapy is common. Although sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL) etiology is primarily idiopathic, hearing loss can result from a perilymphatic fistula (PLF). Recent findings show evidence of a specific rate of PLF based on a cochlin-tomoprotein (CTP) detection test. Based on this rate of PLF treatment, the concepts of SSNHL need to be re-evaluated. The present study aimed to evaluate CTP in SSNHL patients and compare pre-surgical and post-surgical pure tone hearing thresholds after round and oval window sealing as first-line treatment. Material and Methods: A total of 30 patients with unilateral SSNHL with a pure tone average (PTA) (4 Freq. of 60 dB or more were enrolled in a prospective study. All patients underwent tympanoscopy for middle ear exploration as a first-line treatment. After intraoperative observation of a possible PLF, all patients obtained middle ear lavage to gain CTP samples for following ELISA-based CTP detection tests. All patients received round window and oval window sealing with fascia. PTA hearing thresholds were analyzed post-surgically 3 weeks after treatment based on 4-frequency bone conduction (BC). Results: The average preoperative pure tone BC threshold was 97.7 dB compared with the 69 dB postoperative BC threshold. Mean BC improved by 20.3 dB after middle ear exploration and window sealing. A total of 56% (17 of 30) of patients recovered at least 10 dB. The middle ear cochlin-tomoprotein detection rate was 70% positive. Conclusions: The combination of early tympanoscopy and inner ear-specific cochlin-tomoprotein as a detection tool for suspected PLF showed evidence of PLF as a key causative in SSNHL. <a href="/2076-3425/14/11/1154">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/brainsci/special_issues/Q4VB18T9VQ ">Recent Advances in Hearing Impairment</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/11/1154/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524135"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524135"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524135" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524135" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524135" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524135-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01154/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01154-g001-550.jpg?1732010325" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1524135" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524135-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01154/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01154-g002-550.jpg?1732010326'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524135-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01154/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01154-g003-550.jpg?1732010328'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1524135-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01154/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01154-g004-550.jpg?1732010328'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1524135-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01154/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01154-g005-550.jpg?1732010329'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524135-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01154/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01154-g001-550.jpg?1732010325" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Relationship between time to treatment (in days) and mean postoperative difference in pure tone audiometry (PTA). Statistical analysis revealed no statistically significant association (Pearson’s correlation coefficient r = −0.05).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/11/1154'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01154/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01154-g002-550.jpg?1732010326" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of bone conduction (BC) improvement in the three most affected contiguous frequencies between 0.5 and 4 kHz (Max 3 Freq <sup>0 = 110 dB</sup>, maximum hearing loss set 0 = 110 dB) and the CTP category.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/11/1154'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01154/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01154-g003-550.jpg?1732010328" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of bone conduction (BC) improvement in 4-frequency bone conduction at 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 4 kHz (4 Freq <sup>0 = 130 dB</sup>, maximum hearing loss set 0 = 130 dB) and the CTP category.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/11/1154'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01154/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01154-g004-550.jpg?1732010328" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>2 × 2 contingency table. Relationship between CTP categories (positive/intermediate) and postoperative PTA improvement. The association between CTP categories and postoperative PTA improvement was not statistically significant (Fisher’s exact test, <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.6828).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/11/1154'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-14-01154/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-14-01154-g005-550.jpg?1732010329" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Correlation test of the individual CTP value (dots) and pre-treatment PTA. Statistical analysis showed no correlation between the CTP value and pre-treatment PTA (Pearson correlation).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/14/11/1154'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item last-item"> <a class="bold" href="/search?q=&journal=brainsci&sort=pubdate&page_count=50">More Articles...</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="left-column" class="content__column large-3 large-pull-6 medium-3 medium-pull-6 small-12 columns"> <div id="js-large-main-top-container"> <div id="js-main-top-container" class="content__container"> <a href="/journal/brainsci"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/brainsci-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" alt="brainsci-logo" title="Brain Sciences" style="max-height: 60px; margin: 0 0 0 0;"> </a> <div class="generic-item no-border" style="position: relative;"> <div class=""> <a class="button button--color 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