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Humanities </option> <option value="humans" > Humans </option> <option value="hydrobiology" > Hydrobiology </option> <option value="hydrogen" > Hydrogen </option> <option value="hydrology" > Hydrology </option> <option value="hygiene" > Hygiene </option> <option value="immuno" > Immuno </option> <option value="idr" > Infectious Disease Reports </option> <option value="informatics" > Informatics </option> <option value="information" > Information </option> <option value="infrastructures" > Infrastructures </option> <option value="inorganics" > Inorganics </option> <option value="insects" > Insects </option> <option value="instruments" > Instruments </option> <option value="iic" > Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction </option> <option value="ijerph" > International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) </option> <option value="ijfs" > International Journal of Financial Studies (IJFS) </option> <option value="ijms" > International Journal of Molecular 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value="jcto" > Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology (JCTO) </option> <option value="jcm" > Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) </option> <option value="jcs" > Journal of Composites Science (J. Compos. Sci.) </option> <option value="jcp" > Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy (JCP) </option> <option value="jdad" > Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (JDAD) </option> <option value="jdb" > Journal of Developmental Biology (JDB) </option> <option value="jeta" > Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA) </option> <option value="jemr" > Journal of Eye Movement Research (JEMR) </option> <option value="jfb" > Journal of Functional Biomaterials (JFB) </option> <option value="jfmk" > Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK) </option> <option value="jof" > Journal of Fungi (JoF) </option> <option value="jimaging" > Journal of Imaging (J. Imaging) </option> <option value="jintelligence" > Journal of Intelligence (J. Intell.) </option> <option value="jlpea" > Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option> <option value="jmmp" > Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option> <option value="jmse" > Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option> <option value="jmahp" > Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option> <option value="jmms" > Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences (JMMS) </option> <option value="jmp" > Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option> <option value="jnt" > Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option> <option value="jne" > Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option> <option value="ohbm" > Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option> <option value="jop" > Journal of Parks </option> <option value="jpm" > Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option> <option value="jpbi" > Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option> <option value="jor" > Journal of Respiration (JoR) </option> <option value="jrfm" > Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option> <option value="jsan" > Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option> <option value="joma" > Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option> <option value="jtaer" > Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option> <option value="jvd" > Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option> <option value="jox" > Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option> <option value="jzbg" > Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option> <option value="journalmedia" > Journalism and Media </option> <option value="kidneydial" > Kidney and Dialysis </option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases" > Kinases and Phosphatases </option> <option value="knowledge" > Knowledge </option> <option value="labmed" > LabMed </option> <option value="laboratories" > Laboratories </option> <option value="land" > Land </option> <option value="languages" > Languages </option> <option value="laws" > Laws </option> <option value="life" > Life </option> <option value="limnolrev" > Limnological Review </option> <option value="lipidology" > Lipidology </option> <option value="liquids" > Liquids </option> <option value="literature" > Literature </option> <option value="livers" > Livers </option> <option value="logics" > Logics </option> <option value="logistics" > Logistics </option> <option value="lubricants" > Lubricants </option> <option value="lymphatics" > Lymphatics </option> <option value="make" > Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction (MAKE) </option> <option value="machines" > Machines </option> <option value="macromol" > Macromol </option> <option value="magnetism" > Magnetism </option> <option value="magnetochemistry" > Magnetochemistry </option> <option value="marinedrugs" > Marine Drugs </option> <option value="materials" > Materials </option> <option value="materproc" > Materials Proceedings </option> <option value="mca" > Mathematical and Computational Applications (MCA) </option> <option value="mathematics" > Mathematics </option> <option value="medsci" > Medical Sciences </option> <option value="msf" > Medical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="medicina" > Medicina </option> <option value="medicines" > Medicines </option> <option value="membranes" > Membranes </option> <option value="merits" > Merits </option> <option value="metabolites" > Metabolites </option> <option value="metals" > Metals </option> <option value="meteorology" > Meteorology </option> <option value="methane" > Methane </option> <option value="mps" > Methods and Protocols (MPs) </option> <option value="metrics" > Metrics </option> <option value="metrology" > Metrology </option> <option value="micro" > Micro </option> <option value="microbiolres" > Microbiology Research </option> <option value="micromachines" > Micromachines </option> <option value="microorganisms" > Microorganisms </option> <option value="microplastics" > Microplastics </option> <option value="microwave" > Microwave </option> <option value="minerals" > Minerals </option> <option value="mining" > Mining </option> <option value="modelling" > Modelling </option> <option value="mmphys" > Modern Mathematical Physics </option> <option value="molbank" > Molbank </option> <option value="molecules" > Molecules </option> <option value="mti" > Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option> <option value="muscles" > Muscles </option> <option value="nanoenergyadv" > Nanoenergy Advances </option> <option value="nanomanufacturing" > Nanomanufacturing </option> <option value="nanomaterials" > Nanomaterials </option> <option value="ndt" > NDT </option> <option value="network" > Network </option> <option value="neuroglia" > Neuroglia </option> <option value="neurolint" > Neurology International </option> <option value="neurosci" > NeuroSci </option> <option value="nitrogen" > Nitrogen </option> <option value="ncrna" > Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) </option> <option value="nursrep" > Nursing Reports </option> <option value="nutraceuticals" > Nutraceuticals </option> <option value="nutrients" > Nutrients </option> <option value="obesities" > Obesities </option> <option value="oceans" > Oceans </option> <option value="onco" > Onco </option> <option value="optics" > Optics </option> <option value="oral" > Oral </option> <option value="organics" > Organics </option> <option value="organoids" > Organoids </option> <option value="osteology" > Osteology </option> <option value="oxygen" > Oxygen </option> <option value="parasitologia" > Parasitologia </option> <option value="particles" > Particles </option> <option value="pathogens" > Pathogens </option> <option value="pathophysiology" > Pathophysiology </option> <option value="pediatrrep" > Pediatric Reports </option> <option value="pets" > Pets </option> <option value="pharmaceuticals" > Pharmaceuticals </option> <option value="pharmaceutics" > Pharmaceutics </option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology" > Pharmacoepidemiology </option> <option value="pharmacy" > Pharmacy </option> <option value="philosophies" > Philosophies </option> <option value="photochem" > Photochem </option> <option value="photonics" > Photonics </option> <option value="phycology" > Phycology </option> <option value="physchem" > Physchem </option> <option value="psf" > Physical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="physics" > Physics </option> <option value="physiologia" > Physiologia </option> <option value="plants" > Plants </option> <option value="plasma" > Plasma </option> <option value="platforms" > Platforms </option> <option value="pollutants" > Pollutants </option> <option value="polymers" > Polymers </option> <option value="polysaccharides" > Polysaccharides </option> <option value="populations" > Populations </option> <option value="poultry" > Poultry </option> <option value="powders" > Powders </option> <option value="proceedings" > Proceedings </option> <option value="processes" > Processes </option> <option value="prosthesis" > Prosthesis </option> <option value="proteomes" > Proteomes </option> <option value="psychiatryint" > Psychiatry International </option> <option value="psychoactives" > Psychoactives </option> <option value="psycholint" > Psychology International </option> <option value="publications" > Publications </option> <option value="qubs" > Quantum Beam Science (QuBS) </option> <option value="quantumrep" > Quantum Reports </option> <option value="quaternary" > Quaternary </option> <option value="radiation" > Radiation </option> <option value="reactions" > Reactions </option> <option value="realestate" > Real Estate </option> <option value="receptors" > Receptors </option> <option value="recycling" > Recycling </option> <option value="rsee" > Regional Science and Environmental Economics (RSEE) </option> <option value="religions" > Religions </option> <option value="remotesensing" > Remote Sensing </option> <option value="reports" > Reports </option> <option value="reprodmed" > Reproductive Medicine (Reprod. Med.) </option> <option value="resources" > Resources </option> <option value="rheumato" > Rheumato </option> <option value="risks" > Risks </option> <option value="robotics" > Robotics </option> <option value="ruminants" > Ruminants </option> <option value="safety" > Safety </option> <option value="sci" > Sci </option> <option value="scipharm" > Scientia Pharmaceutica (Sci. Pharm.) </option> <option value="sclerosis" > Sclerosis </option> <option value="seeds" > Seeds </option> <option value="sensors" > Sensors </option> <option value="separations" > Separations </option> <option value="sexes" > Sexes </option> <option value="signals" > Signals </option> <option value="sinusitis" > Sinusitis </option> <option value="smartcities" > Smart Cities </option> <option value="socsci" > Social Sciences </option> <option value="siuj" > Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal (SIUJ) </option> <option value="societies" > Societies </option> <option value="software" > Software </option> <option value="soilsystems" > Soil Systems </option> <option value="solar" > Solar </option> <option value="solids" > Solids </option> <option value="spectroscj" > Spectroscopy Journal </option> <option value="sports" > Sports </option> <option value="standards" > Standards </option> <option value="stats" > Stats </option> <option value="stresses" > Stresses </option> <option value="surfaces" > Surfaces </option> <option value="surgeries" > Surgeries </option> <option value="std" > Surgical Techniques Development </option> <option value="sustainability" > Sustainability </option> <option value="suschem" > Sustainable Chemistry </option> <option value="symmetry" > Symmetry </option> <option value="synbio" > SynBio </option> <option value="systems" > Systems </option> <option value="targets" > Targets </option> <option value="taxonomy" > Taxonomy </option> <option value="technologies" > Technologies </option> <option value="telecom" > Telecom </option> <option value="textiles" > Textiles </option> <option value="thalassrep" > Thalassemia Reports </option> <option value="therapeutics" > Therapeutics </option> <option value="thermo" > Thermo </option> <option value="timespace" > Time and Space </option> <option value="tomography" > Tomography </option> <option value="tourismhosp" > Tourism and Hospitality </option> <option value="toxics" > Toxics </option> 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style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_commentary">Commentary (12)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="comment" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_article-commentary" value="article-commentary"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_article-commentary">Comment (11)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="reply" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_reply" value="reply"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_reply">Reply (9)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="concept paper" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_concept-paper" value="concept-paper"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_concept-paper">Concept Paper (8)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="hypothesis" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_hypothesis" value="hypothesis"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_hypothesis">Hypothesis (8)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="technical note" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_technical-note" value="technical-note"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_technical-note">Technical Note (6)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="viewpoint" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_viewpoint" value="viewpoint"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_viewpoint">Viewpoint (4)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="project report" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_project-report" value="project-report"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_project-report">Project Report (3)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="retraction" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_retraction" value="retraction"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_retraction">Retraction (2)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="essay" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_essay" value="essay"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_essay">Essay (2)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="new book received" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_books-received" value="books-received"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_books-received">New Book Received (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="discussion" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_discussion" value="discussion"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_discussion">Discussion (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="letter" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_letter" value="letter"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_letter">Letter (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="interesting images" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_interesting-image" value="interesting-image"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_interesting-image">Interesting Images (1)</label> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color js-filter-close" data-itemid="article_types" onclick="$('#refine-modal-article_types').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">Add to Filter</a> <a class="button button--grey" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal').find('.close-reveal-modal').click(); return false;">Cancel</a> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" name="article_types" id="refine_article_types_field"> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div></div> <div class="generic-item refind-item-wrap filter-container filter-container-countries" style=""> <h3>Countries / Regions</h3> <div class="js-refinement-selections-container"> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_UNITED_STATES"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> USA </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ITALY"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Italy </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CHINA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> China </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_GERMANY"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Germany </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_UNITED_KINGDOM"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> UK </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CANADA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Canada </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SPAIN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Spain </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_JAPAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Japan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_POLAND"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Poland </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_AUSTRALIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Australia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_FRANCE"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> France </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_KOREA_REPUBLIC_OF"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Republic of Korea </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SWITZERLAND"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Switzerland </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BRAZIL"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Brazil </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_NETHERLANDS"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> The Netherlands </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_GREECE"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Greece </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_TAIWAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Taiwan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ROMANIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Romania </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_AUSTRIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Austria </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BELGIUM"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Belgium </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SAUDI_ARABIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Saudi Arabia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MEXICO"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Mexico </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_RUSSIAN_FEDERATION"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Russia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_INDIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> India </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ISRAEL"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Israel </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SWEDEN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Sweden </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_PORTUGAL"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Portugal </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_NORWAY"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Norway </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_DENMARK"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Denmark </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_TURKEY"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Turkey (Türkiye) </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SINGAPORE"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Singapore </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_FINLAND"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Finland </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_IRAN_ISLAMIC_REPUBLIC_OF"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Iran </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CHILE"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Chile </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_EGYPT"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Egypt </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CZECH_REPUBLIC"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Czech Republic </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_PAKISTAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Pakistan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_IRELAND"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Ireland </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MALAYSIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Malaysia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_NEW_ZEALAND"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> New Zealand </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SERBIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Serbia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_COLOMBIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Colombia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ARGENTINA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Argentina </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_UNITED_ARAB_EMIRATES"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> United Arab Emirates </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_HUNGARY"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Hungary </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_THAILAND"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Thailand </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CYPRUS"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Cyprus </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_LITHUANIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Lithuania </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_JORDAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Jordan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BANGLADESH"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Bangladesh </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BULGARIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Bulgaria </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SOUTH_AFRICA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> South Africa </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CUBA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Cuba </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_IRAQ"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Iraq </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ICELAND"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Iceland </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_LEBANON"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Lebanon </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CROATIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Croatia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_HONG_KONG"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Hong Kong </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_LATVIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Latvia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_NEPAL"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Nepal </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ECUADOR"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Ecuador </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_NIGERIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Nigeria </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_INDONESIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Indonesia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_KUWAIT"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Kuwait </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SLOVENIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Slovenia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_LUXEMBOURG"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Luxembourg </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_PARAGUAY"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Paraguay </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_QATAR"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Qatar </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SLOVAKIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Slovakia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_TUNISIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Tunisia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_UKRAINE"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Ukraine </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MOROCCO"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Morocco </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_PHILIPPINES"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Philippines </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BAHRAIN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Bahrain </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ESTONIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Estonia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_GEORGIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Georgia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_PERU"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Peru </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_VIETNAM"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Vietnam </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BOSNIA_AND_HERZEGOVINA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Bosnia and Herzegovina </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_DOMINICAN_REPUBLIC"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Dominican Republic </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_OMAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Oman </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SAINT_KITTS_AND_NEVIS"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Saint Kitts and Nevis </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SRI_LANKA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Sri Lanka </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_URUGUAY"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Uruguay </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_YEMEN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Yemen </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ALBANIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Albania </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ALGERIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Algeria </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ETHIOPIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Ethiopia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_GHANA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Ghana </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_GRENADA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Grenada </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MALTA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Malta </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_PANAMA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Panama </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_AFGHANISTAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Afghanistan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ARMENIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Armenia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_VENEZUELA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Venezuela </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container 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aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2>Error</h2> Oops... you haven't selected anything for export. </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal-new').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">Ok</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="jscroll"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="124529" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 818 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/8/1/6/pdf?version=1514374294" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Emotional Encoding Context Leads to Memory Bias in Individuals with High Anxiety" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/8/1/6">Emotional Encoding Context Leads to Memory Bias in Individuals with High Anxiety</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Christopher Lee</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Myra A. Fernandes</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2018</b>, <em>8</em>(1), 6; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8010006">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8010006</a> - 27 Dec 2017 </div> <a href="/2076-3425/8/1/6#metrics">Cited by 9</a> | Viewed by 2021777 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> We investigated whether anxious individuals, who adopt an inherently negative mindset, demonstrate a particularly salient memory bias for words tainted by negative contexts. To this end, sequentially presented target words, overlayed onto negative or neutral pictures, were studied in separate blocks (within-subjects) using <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/8/1/6/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> We investigated whether anxious individuals, who adopt an inherently negative mindset, demonstrate a particularly salient memory bias for words tainted by negative contexts. To this end, sequentially presented target words, overlayed onto negative or neutral pictures, were studied in separate blocks (within-subjects) using a deep or shallow encoding instruction (between-subjects). Following study, in Test 1, participants completed separate recognition test blocks for the words overlayed onto the negative and the neutral contexts. Following this, in Test 2, participants completed a recognition test for the foils from each Test 1 block. We found a significant three-way interaction on Test 2, such that individuals with high anxiety who initially studied target words using a shallow encoding instruction, demonstrated significantly elevated memory for foils that were contained within the negative Test 1 block. Results show that during retrieval (Test 1), participants re-entered the mode of processing (negative or neutral) engaged at encoding, tainting the encoding of foils with that same mode of processing. The findings suggest that individuals with high relative to low anxiety, adopt a particularly salient negative retrieval mode, and this creates a downstream bias in encoding and subsequent retrieval of otherwise neutral information. <a href="/2076-3425/8/1/6">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/8/1/6/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev124529"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next124529"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next124529" data-cycle-prev="#prev124529" data-cycle-progressive="#images124529" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-124529-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-08-00006/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-08-00006-g001-550.jpg?1569752701" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images124529" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-124529-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-08-00006/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-08-00006-g002-550.jpg?1569752701'><p>Figure 2</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-124529-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-08-00006/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-08-00006-g001-550.jpg?1569752701" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Sample IAPS picture stimuli of negative (<b>left</b>) and neutral (<b>right</b>) context images.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/8/1/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-08-00006/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-08-00006-g002-550.jpg?1569752701" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Mean accuracy rates on Test 2 for foils derived from the neutral and negative Test 1 subtests for low and high anxiety groups, following shallow encoding of targets. Error bars show the standard error.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/8/1/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="265027" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 23 pages, 1173 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/9/9/226/pdf?version=1568019426" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="On Variation in Mindfulness Training: A Multimodal Study of Brief Open Monitoring Meditation on Error Monitoring" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/9/9/226">On Variation in Mindfulness Training: A Multimodal Study of Brief Open Monitoring Meditation on Error Monitoring</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yanli Lin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>William D. Eckerle</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ling W. Peng</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jason S. Moser</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2019</b>, <em>9</em>(9), 226; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9090226">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9090226</a> - 6 Sep 2019 </div> <a href="/2076-3425/9/9/226#metrics">Cited by 15</a> | Viewed by 792382 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> A nascent line of research aimed at elucidating the neurocognitive mechanisms of mindfulness has consistently identified a relationship between mindfulness and error monitoring. However, the exact nature of this relationship is unclear, with studies reporting divergent outcomes. The current study sought to clarify <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/9/9/226/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> A nascent line of research aimed at elucidating the neurocognitive mechanisms of mindfulness has consistently identified a relationship between mindfulness and error monitoring. However, the exact nature of this relationship is unclear, with studies reporting divergent outcomes. The current study sought to clarify the ambiguity by addressing issues related to construct heterogeneity and technical variation in mindfulness training. Specifically, we examined the effects of a brief open monitoring (OM) meditation on neural (error-related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe)) and behavioral indices of error monitoring in one of the largest novice non-meditating samples to date (<i>N</i> = 212). Results revealed that the OM meditation enhanced Pe amplitude relative to active controls but did not modulate the ERN or behavioral performance. Moreover, exploratory analyses yielded no relationships between trait mindfulness and the ERN or Pe across either group. Broadly, our findings suggest that technical variation in scope and object of awareness during mindfulness training may differentially modulate the ERN and Pe. Conceptual and methodological implications pertaining to the operationalization of mindfulness and its training are discussed. <a href="/2076-3425/9/9/226">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/brainsci/special_issues/Mindfulness ">The Neuroscience of Mindfulness</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/9/9/226/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev265027"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next265027"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next265027" data-cycle-prev="#prev265027" data-cycle-progressive="#images265027" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-265027-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-09-00226/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-09-00226-g001-550.jpg?1568019503" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images265027" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-265027-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-09-00226/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-09-00226-g002-550.jpg?1568019503'><p>Figure 2</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-265027-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-09-00226/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-09-00226-g001-550.jpg?1568019503" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Grand average waveforms as a function of group representing the error-related negativity (ERN; left) averaged across frontocentral electrode site FCz and the error positivity (Pe; right) averaged across central electrode site Pz.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/9/9/226'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-09-00226/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-09-00226-g002-550.jpg?1568019503" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Scalp voltage maps for the error-minus-correct error-related negativity (ERN, left) and error positivity (Pe, right) as a function of group (control, top; meditation, bottom).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/9/9/226'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="128792" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 10 pages, 187 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/8/2/20/pdf?version=1516954308" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Neuroscience of Growth Mindset and Intrinsic Motivation" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/8/2/20">The Neuroscience of Growth Mindset and Intrinsic Motivation</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Betsy Ng</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2018</b>, <em>8</em>(2), 20; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8020020">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8020020</a> - 26 Jan 2018 </div> <a href="/2076-3425/8/2/20#metrics">Cited by 110</a> | Viewed by 86231 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Our actions can be triggered by intentions, incentives or intrinsic values. Recent neuroscientific research has yielded some results about the growth mindset and intrinsic motivation. With the advances in neuroscience and motivational studies, there is a global need to utilize this information to <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/8/2/20/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Our actions can be triggered by intentions, incentives or intrinsic values. Recent neuroscientific research has yielded some results about the growth mindset and intrinsic motivation. With the advances in neuroscience and motivational studies, there is a global need to utilize this information to inform educational practice and research. Yet, little is known about the neuroscientific interplay between growth mindset and intrinsic motivation. This paper attempts to draw on the theories of growth mindset and intrinsic motivation, together with contemporary ideas in neuroscience, outline the potential for neuroscientific research in education. It aims to shed light on the relationship between growth mindset and intrinsic motivation in terms of supporting a growth mindset to facilitate intrinsic motivation through neural responses. Recent empirical research from the educational neuroscience perspective that provides insights into the interplay between growth mindset and intrinsic motivation will also be discussed. <a href="/2076-3425/8/2/20">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/brainsci/special_issues/learning_reward_decision_making ">Neurological Research on Learning, Reward and Decision Making</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="163482" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 27 pages, 542 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/8/8/154/pdf?version=1534153516" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Sex: A Significant Risk Factor for Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/8/8/154">Sex: A Significant Risk Factor for Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Paulo Pinares-Garcia</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marielle Stratikopoulos</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alice Zagato</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hannah Loke</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Joohyung Lee</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2018</b>, <em>8</em>(8), 154; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8080154">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8080154</a> - 13 Aug 2018 </div> <a href="/2076-3425/8/8/154#metrics">Cited by 143</a> | Viewed by 84883 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Males and females sometimes significantly differ in their propensity to develop neurological disorders. Females suffer more from mood disorders such as depression and anxiety, whereas males are more susceptible to deficits in the dopamine system including Parkinson’s disease (PD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/8/8/154/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Males and females sometimes significantly differ in their propensity to develop neurological disorders. Females suffer more from mood disorders such as depression and anxiety, whereas males are more susceptible to deficits in the dopamine system including Parkinson’s disease (PD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism. Despite this, biological sex is rarely considered when making treatment decisions in neurological disorders. A better understanding of the molecular mechanism(s) underlying sex differences in the healthy and diseased brain will help to devise diagnostic and therapeutic strategies optimal for each sex. Thus, the aim of this review is to discuss the available evidence on sex differences in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders regarding prevalence, progression, symptoms and response to therapy. We also discuss the sex-related factors such as gonadal sex hormones and sex chromosome genes and how these might help to explain some of the clinically observed sex differences in these disorders. In particular, we highlight the emerging role of the Y-chromosome gene, <i>SRY,</i> in the male brain and its potential role as a male-specific risk factor for disorders such as PD, autism, and ADHD in many individuals. <a href="/2076-3425/8/8/154">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/brainsci/special_issues/sex_differences_brain ">Sex Differences in the Healthy and Diseased Brain</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/8/8/154/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-163482-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-08-00154/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-08-00154-g001-550.jpg?1570367394" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-163482-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-08-00154/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-08-00154-g001-550.jpg?1570367394" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Sex differences in the prevalence of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Abbreviations: ADHD, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/8/8/154'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="19884" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 242 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/2/3/347/pdf?version=1346847816" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Internet and Gaming Addiction: A Systematic Literature Review of Neuroimaging Studies" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/2/3/347">Internet and Gaming Addiction: A Systematic Literature Review of Neuroimaging Studies</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Daria J. Kuss</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mark D. Griffiths</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2012</b>, <em>2</em>(3), 347-374; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci2030347">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci2030347</a> - 5 Sep 2012 </div> <a href="/2076-3425/2/3/347#metrics">Cited by 281</a> | Viewed by 82508 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In the past decade, research has accumulated suggesting that excessive Internet use can lead to the development of a behavioral addiction. Internet addiction has been considered as a serious threat to mental health and the excessive use of the Internet has been linked <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/2/3/347/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In the past decade, research has accumulated suggesting that excessive Internet use can lead to the development of a behavioral addiction. Internet addiction has been considered as a serious threat to mental health and the excessive use of the Internet has been linked to a variety of negative psychosocial consequences. The aim of this review is to identify all empirical studies to date that used neuroimaging techniques to shed light upon the emerging mental health problem of Internet and gaming addiction from a neuroscientific perspective. Neuroimaging studies offer an advantage over traditional survey and behavioral research because with this method, it is possible to distinguish particular brain areas that are involved in the development and maintenance of addiction. A systematic literature search was conducted, identifying 18 studies. These studies provide compelling evidence for the similarities between different types of addictions, notably substance-related addictions and Internet and gaming addiction, on a variety of levels. On the molecular level, Internet addiction is characterized by an overall reward deficiency that entails decreased dopaminergic activity. On the level of neural circuitry, Internet and gaming addiction led to neuroadaptation and structural changes that occur as a consequence of prolonged increased activity in brain areas associated with addiction. On a behavioral level, Internet and gaming addicts appear to be constricted with regards to their cognitive functioning in various domains. The paper shows that understanding the neuronal correlates associated with the development of Internet and gaming addiction will promote future research and will pave the way for the development of addiction treatment approaches. <a href="/2076-3425/2/3/347">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/brainsci/special_issues/addiction_neuroadaptation ">Addiction and Neuroadaptation</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="700001" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 33 pages, 565 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/11/12/1633/pdf?version=1639155099" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/11/12/1633">Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Olivia Remes</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>João Francisco Mendes</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Peter Templeton</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2021</b>, <em>11</em>(12), 1633; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11121633">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11121633</a> - 10 Dec 2021 </div> <a href="/2076-3425/11/12/1633#metrics">Cited by 154</a> | Viewed by 57286 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Depression is one of the leading causes of disability, and, if left unmanaged, it can increase the risk for suicide. The evidence base on the determinants of depression is fragmented, which makes the interpretation of the results across studies difficult. The objective of <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/12/1633/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Depression is one of the leading causes of disability, and, if left unmanaged, it can increase the risk for suicide. The evidence base on the determinants of depression is fragmented, which makes the interpretation of the results across studies difficult. The objective of this study is to conduct a thorough synthesis of the literature assessing the biological, psychological, and social determinants of depression in order to piece together the puzzle of the key factors that are related to this condition. Titles and abstracts published between 2017 and 2020 were identified in PubMed, as well as Medline, Scopus, and PsycInfo. Key words relating to biological, social, and psychological determinants as well as depression were applied to the databases, and the screening and data charting of the documents took place. We included 470 documents in this literature review. The findings showed that there are a plethora of risk and protective factors (relating to biological, psychological, and social determinants) that are related to depression; these determinants are interlinked and influence depression outcomes through a web of causation. In this paper, we describe and present the vast, fragmented, and complex literature related to this topic. This review may be used to guide practice, public health efforts, policy, and research related to mental health and, specifically, depression. <a href="/2076-3425/11/12/1633">Full article</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="218228" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 20 pages, 823 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/9/4/76/pdf?version=1553850527" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Positive and Negative Emotion Regulation in Adolescence: Links to Anxiety and Depression" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/9/4/76">Positive and Negative Emotion Regulation in Adolescence: Links to Anxiety and Depression</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Katherine S. Young</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Christina F. Sandman</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Michelle G. Craske</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2019</b>, <em>9</em>(4), 76; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9040076">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9040076</a> - 29 Mar 2019 </div> <a href="/2076-3425/9/4/76#metrics">Cited by 271</a> | Viewed by 50439 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Emotion regulation skills develop substantially across adolescence, a period characterized by emotional challenges and developing regulatory neural circuitry. Adolescence is also a risk period for the new onset of anxiety and depressive disorders, psychopathologies which have long been associated with disruptions in regulation <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/9/4/76/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Emotion regulation skills develop substantially across adolescence, a period characterized by emotional challenges and developing regulatory neural circuitry. Adolescence is also a risk period for the new onset of anxiety and depressive disorders, psychopathologies which have long been associated with disruptions in regulation of positive and negative emotions. This paper reviews the current understanding of the role of disrupted emotion regulation in adolescent anxiety and depression, describing findings from self-report, behavioral, peripheral psychophysiological, and neural measures. Self-report studies robustly identified associations between emotion dysregulation and adolescent anxiety and depression. Findings from behavioral and psychophysiological studies are mixed, with some suggestion of specific impairments in reappraisal in anxiety. Results from neuroimaging studies broadly implicate altered functioning of amygdala-prefrontal cortical circuitries, although again, findings are mixed regarding specific patterns of altered neural functioning. Future work may benefit from focusing on designs that contrast effects of specific regulatory strategies, and isolate changes in emotional regulation from emotional reactivity. Approaches to improve treatments based on empirical evidence of disrupted emotion regulation in adolescents are also discussed. Future intervention studies might consider training and measurement of specific strategies in adolescents to better understand the role of emotion regulation as a treatment mechanism. <a href="/2076-3425/9/4/76">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/brainsci/special_issues/Neuro_Emotion ">The Multi-Dimensional Contributions of Prefrontal Circuits to Emotion Regulation during Adulthood and Critical Stages of Development</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/9/4/76/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-218228-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-09-00076/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-09-00076-g001-550.jpg?1571297456" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-218228-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-09-00076/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-09-00076-g001-550.jpg?1571297456" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Patterns of altered neural activation and connectivity during emotion regulation in adolescents with depression. Overall, studies to date have demonstrated altered activation and connectivity in the amygdala and across regions of prefrontal cortex. The directionality of effects (greater or lesser in depressed compared to non-depressed participants), and the specific set of regions involved however varies across studies. (PFC: prefrontal cortex, dm/dlPFC: dorsomedial/dorsolateral PFC)</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/9/4/76'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="443909" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 4595 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/10/11/849/pdf?version=1605242489" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Neuroimaging of Basal Ganglia in Neurometabolic Diseases in Children" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/10/11/849">Neuroimaging of Basal Ganglia in Neurometabolic Diseases in Children</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Justyna Paprocka</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Magdalena Machnikowska-Sokołowska</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Katarzyna Gruszczyńska</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ewa Emich-Widera</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2020</b>, <em>10</em>(11), 849; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10110849">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10110849</a> - 12 Nov 2020 </div> <a href="/2076-3425/10/11/849#metrics">Cited by 10</a> | Viewed by 46831 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Diseases primarily affecting the basal ganglia in children result in characteristic disturbances of movement and muscle tone. Both experimental and clinical evidence indicates that the basal ganglia also play a role in higher mental states. The basal ganglia can be affected by neurometabolic, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/10/11/849/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Diseases primarily affecting the basal ganglia in children result in characteristic disturbances of movement and muscle tone. Both experimental and clinical evidence indicates that the basal ganglia also play a role in higher mental states. The basal ganglia can be affected by neurometabolic, degenerative diseases or other conditions from which they must be differentiated. Neuroradiological findings in basal ganglia diseases are also known. However, they may be similar in different diseases. Their assessment in children may require repeated MRI examinations depending on the stage of brain development (mainly the level of myelination). A large spectrum of pathological changes in the basal ganglia in many diseases is caused by their vulnerability to metabolic abnormalities and chemical or ischemic trauma. The diagnosis is usually established by correlation of clinical and radiological findings. Neuroimaging of basal ganglia in neurometabolic diseases is helpful in early diagnosis and monitoring of changes for optimal therapy. This review focuses on neuroimaging of basal ganglia and its role in the differential diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism. <a href="/2076-3425/10/11/849">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/10/11/849/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev443909"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next443909"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next443909" data-cycle-prev="#prev443909" data-cycle-progressive="#images443909" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-443909-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-10-00849/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-10-00849-g001-550.jpg?1605242566" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images443909" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-443909-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-10-00849/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-10-00849-g002-550.jpg?1605242566'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-443909-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-10-00849/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-10-00849-g003-550.jpg?1605242566'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-443909-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-10-00849/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-10-00849-g004-550.jpg?1605242566'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-443909-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-10-00849/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-10-00849-g005-550.jpg?1605242566'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-443909-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-10-00849/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-10-00849-g006-550.jpg?1605242566'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-443909-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-10-00849/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-10-00849-g001-550.jpg?1605242566" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Brain anatomy on MRI, the basal ganglia on the T2-weighted image, axial plane (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/10/11/849'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-10-00849/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-10-00849-g002-550.jpg?1605242566" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Infant brain MRI—no differences in signal intensity between the basal ganglia and the surrounding structures before the completion of myelination: (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) axial T1-weighted images (T1-WI) in a neonate with a hyperintense signal in the posterior internal capsule; (<b>c</b>) axial T2-weighted images (T2-WI) at the 36th week of gestation; (<b>d</b>) axial T2-WI in a neonate.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/10/11/849'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-10-00849/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-10-00849-g003-550.jpg?1605242566" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>). Completion of myelination on brain MRI and differences in signal intensity between the basal ganglia and the surrounding brain tissues (axial T2-WI).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/10/11/849'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-10-00849/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-10-00849-g004-550.jpg?1605242566" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Completion of myelination on brain MRI and differences in signal intensity between the basal ganglia and the surrounding brain—coronal T2-WI; putamen and caudate nucleus head (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>); thalamus and caudate body (<b>c</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/10/11/849'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-10-00849/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-10-00849-g005-550.jpg?1605242566" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Focus of the review—neuroimaging of basal ganglia in neurometabolic diseases in children—involvement of basal ganglia in inborn diseases of metabolism, often with white matter involvement (three spectra of pathologies).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/10/11/849'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-10-00849/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-10-00849-g006-550.jpg?1605242566" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Scheme of radiological assessment of basal ganglia neuroimaging changes in neurometabolic diseases. Legend: SI—signal, GRE—gradient-echo/sequence, MRS—magnetic resonance spectroscopy, DTI—diffusion tensor imaging, DWI—diffusion-weighted imaging.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/10/11/849'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="243800" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 248 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/9/7/153/pdf?version=1561714394" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Neural Foundations of Ayres Sensory Integration®" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Perspective</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/9/7/153">Neural Foundations of Ayres Sensory Integration<sup>®</sup></a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shelly J. Lane</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zoe Mailloux</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sarah Schoen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Anita Bundy</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Teresa A. May-Benson</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>L. Diane Parham</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Susanne Smith Roley</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Roseann C. Schaaf</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2019</b>, <em>9</em>(7), 153; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9070153">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9070153</a> - 28 Jun 2019 </div> <a href="/2076-3425/9/7/153#metrics">Cited by 76</a> | Viewed by 40385 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Sensory integration, now trademarked as Ayres Sensory Integration<sup>®</sup> or ASI, is based on principles of neuroscience and provides a framework for understanding the contributions of the sensory and motor foundations of human behavior. The theory and practice of ASI continues to evolve <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/9/7/153/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Sensory integration, now trademarked as Ayres Sensory Integration<sup>®</sup> or ASI, is based on principles of neuroscience and provides a framework for understanding the contributions of the sensory and motor foundations of human behavior. The theory and practice of ASI continues to evolve as greater understanding of the neurobiology of human behavior emerges. In this paper we examine core constructs of ASI identified in the seminal work of Dr. Jean Ayres, and present current neuroscience research that underlies the main patterns of sensory integration function and dysfunction. We consider how current research verifies and clarifies Ayres’ propositions by describing functions of the vestibular, proprioceptive, and tactile sensory systems, and exploring their relationships to ocular, postural, bilateral integration, praxis, and sensory modulation. We close by proposing neuroplasticity as the mechanisms underlying change as a result of ASI intervention. <a href="/2076-3425/9/7/153">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/brainsci/special_issues/Sensory-Processing-Disorder ">Brain Mechanisms of Sensory Processing Disorder</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="621628" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 10 pages, 403 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/11/9/1126/pdf?version=1629970704" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Psychological and Emotional Effects of Digital Technology on Children in COVID-19 Pandemic" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/11/9/1126">Psychological and Emotional Effects of Digital Technology on Children in COVID-19 Pandemic</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pierpaolo Limone</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Giusi Antonia Toto</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2021</b>, <em>11</em>(9), 1126; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11091126">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11091126</a> - 25 Aug 2021 </div> <a href="/2076-3425/11/9/1126#metrics">Cited by 68</a> | Viewed by 40308 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> COVID-19 has caused obstacles in continuing normal life almost everywhere in the world by causing the implementation of social distancing and eventually imposing the lockdown. This has become the reason for the increase in technology usage in daily life for professional work as <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/9/1126/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> COVID-19 has caused obstacles in continuing normal life almost everywhere in the world by causing the implementation of social distancing and eventually imposing the lockdown. This has become the reason for the increase in technology usage in daily life for professional work as well as for entertainment purposes. There has been an increased prevalence of technology usage in adolescents and children during lockdown leaving its impact on their lives either in a positive or negative aspect. The overall documented percentage increase of technology usage in children was about 15%, of which smartphone usage has 61.7% of prevalence. Disturbance in brain functioning is suggested to be originated by compromise of neuroplasticity of the nerves. The radiofrequency (RF) radiations emitting from the smartphone are of doubtful concern as a brain tumor risk factor in children. The increased usage can have effects on brain functioning that will compromise sleep and cognitive abilities and develop risk for certain mental illnesses including, but not limited to, depression, anxiety, Alzheimer’s disease, and attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD). Despite being a threat for developing mental illness, video games are proven to reduce depression and anxiety, and increase creativity, skills, and cognition in children. The increased usage of technology can have a positive and negative impact on the mental development of adolescents and children depending on the trends in the usage. However, parents should be monitoring their children’s mental health and behavior in these difficult times of pandemic. <a href="/2076-3425/11/9/1126">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/9/1126/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-621628-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-11-01126/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-11-01126-g001-550.jpg?1629970789" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-621628-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-11-01126/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-11-01126-g001-550.jpg?1629970789" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>PRISMA flow chart of the selection process.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/11/9/1126'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="136682" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 522 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/8/3/47/pdf?version=1525337863" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder: Etiology, Clinical Features, and Therapeutic Perspectives" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/8/3/47">Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder: Etiology, Clinical Features, and Therapeutic Perspectives</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Giovanni Martinotti</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rita Santacroce</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mauro Pettorruso</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chiara Montemitro</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Maria Chiara Spano</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marco Lorusso</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Massimo Di Giannantonio</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Arturo G. Lerner</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2018</b>, <em>8</em>(3), 47; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8030047">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8030047</a> - 16 Mar 2018 </div> <a href="/2076-3425/8/3/47#metrics">Cited by 106</a> | Viewed by 39433 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) is a rare, and therefore, poorly understood condition linked to hallucinogenic drugs consumption. The prevalence of this disorder is low; the condition is more often diagnosed in individuals with a history of previous psychological issues or substance misuse, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/8/3/47/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) is a rare, and therefore, poorly understood condition linked to hallucinogenic drugs consumption. The prevalence of this disorder is low; the condition is more often diagnosed in individuals with a history of previous psychological issues or substance misuse, but it can arise in anyone, even after a single exposure to triggering drugs. The aims of the present study are to review all the original studies about HPPD in order to evaluate the following: (1) the possible suggested etiologies; (2) the possible hallucinogens involved in HPPD induction; (3) the clinical features of both HPPD I and II; (4) the possible psychiatric comorbidities; and (5) the available and potential therapeutic strategies. We searched PubMed to identify original studies about psychedelics and Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD). Our research yielded a total of 45 papers, which have been analyzed and tabled to provide readers with the most updated and comprehensive literature review about the clinical features and treatment options for HPPD. <a href="/2076-3425/8/3/47">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/brainsci/special_issues/drug_abuse_scenario ">Recent Changes in Drug Abuse Scenario: The Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS) Phenomenon</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/8/3/47/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-136682-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-08-00047/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-08-00047-g001-550.jpg?1569942127" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-136682-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-08-00047/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-08-00047-g001-550.jpg?1569942127" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Flow-chart describing the data collection process.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/8/3/47'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="17231" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 1102 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/2/2/147/pdf?version=1334649334" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The “Id” Knows More than the “Ego” Admits: Neuropsychoanalytic and Primal Consciousness Perspectives on the Interface Between Affective and Cognitive Neuroscience" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/2/2/147">The “Id” Knows More than the “Ego” Admits: Neuropsychoanalytic and Primal Consciousness Perspectives on the Interface Between Affective and Cognitive Neuroscience</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mark Solms</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jaak Panksepp</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2012</b>, <em>2</em>(2), 147-175; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci2020147">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci2020147</a> - 17 Apr 2012 </div> <a href="/2076-3425/2/2/147#metrics">Cited by 195</a> | Viewed by 39291 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> It is commonly believed that consciousness is a higher brain function. Here we consider the likelihood, based on abundant neuroevolutionary data that lower brain affective phenomenal experiences provide the “energy” for the developmental construction of higher forms of cognitive consciousness. This view is <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/2/2/147/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> It is commonly believed that consciousness is a higher brain function. Here we consider the likelihood, based on abundant neuroevolutionary data that lower brain affective phenomenal experiences provide the “energy” for the developmental construction of higher forms of cognitive consciousness. This view is concordant with many of the theoretical formulations of Sigmund Freud. In this reconceptualization, all of consciousness may be dependent on the original evolution of affective phenomenal experiences that coded survival values. These subcortical energies provided a foundation that could be used for the epigenetic construction of perceptual and other higher forms of consciousness. From this perspective, perceptual experiences were initially affective at the primary-process brainstem level, but capable of being elaborated by secondary learning and memory processes into tertiary-cognitive forms of consciousness. Within this view, although all individual neural activities are unconscious, perhaps along with secondary-process learning and memory mechanisms, the primal sub-neocortical networks of emotions and other primal affects may have served as the sentient scaffolding for the construction of resolved perceptual and higher mental activities within the neocortex. The data supporting this neuro-psycho-evolutionary vision of the emergence of mind is discussed in relation to classical psychoanalytical models. <a href="/2076-3425/2/2/147">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/brainsci/special_issues/contr_cognit_emot ">The Brain Knows More than It Admits: The Control of Cognition and Emotion by Non-Conscious Processes</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/2/2/147/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev17231"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next17231"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next17231" data-cycle-prev="#prev17231" data-cycle-progressive="#images17231" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-17231-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-02-00147/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-02-00147-g001-1024.png?1416379142" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images17231" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-17231-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-02-00147/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-02-00147-g002-1024.png?1416379153'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-17231-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-02-00147/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-02-00147-g003-1024.png?1416379153'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-17231-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-02-00147/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-02-00147-g004-1024.png?1416379151'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-17231-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-02-00147/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-02-00147-g005-1024.png?1416379147'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-17231-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-02-00147/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-02-00147-g006-1024.png?1416379152'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-17231-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-02-00147/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-02-00147-g007-1024.png?1416379148'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-17231-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-02-00147/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-02-00147-g008-1024.png?1416379144'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-17231-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-02-00147/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-02-00147-g001-1024.png?1416379142" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>A schematic showing nested hierarchies of brain functions in which primary processes (red squares) influence secondary (green circles) and tertiary (blue rectangles) processes, which in turn exert top-down regulatory control. The seven primary process emotions are noted: positively valenced emotions highlighted in red (SEEKING, LUST, CARE and PLAY), and negative ones in purple (RAGE, FEAR and PANIC/GRIEF) [<a href="#B2-brainsci-02-00147" class="html-bibr">2</a>,<a href="#B4-brainsci-02-00147" class="html-bibr">4</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/2/2/147'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-02-00147/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-02-00147-g002-1024.png?1416379153" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Freud’s second model of the mental apparatus. Pcpt (previously φ) = Perceptual system; Mnem (previously ψ) = Mnemic systems; Ucs = Unconscious system; Pcs = Preconscious system; M = Motor system [also known as Consciousness system, abbreviated Cs (previously ω)]. Reproduced from [<a href="#B5-brainsci-02-00147" class="html-bibr">5</a>] with permission.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/2/2/147'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-02-00147/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-02-00147-g003-1024.png?1416379153" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Freud’s final model of the mental apparatus. Pcpt.-Cs. = Perceptual-Consciousness system. Reproduced from [<a href="#B17-brainsci-02-00147" class="html-bibr">17</a>] with permission.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/2/2/147'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-02-00147/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-02-00147-g004-1024.png?1416379151" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Dark blue = exteroceptive projection cortex; light blue = perceptual association cortex; green = motor projection cortex; yellow = motor association (executive) cortex.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/2/2/147'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-02-00147/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-02-00147-g005-1024.png?1416379147" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Red = some interoceptive nuclei; magenta = some ERTAS (arousal) nuclei; white = some basic emotion circuits.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/2/2/147'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-02-00147/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-02-00147-g006-1024.png?1416379152" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>The preceding <a href="#brainsci-02-00147-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a> and <a href="#brainsci-02-00147-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a> are colored here to show some correspondences with the brain structures indicated by the same colors in <a href="#brainsci-02-00147-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a> and <a href="#brainsci-02-00147-f005" class="html-fig">Figure 5</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/2/2/147'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-02-00147/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-02-00147-g007-1024.png?1416379148" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>A typical hydranencephalic brain. (Reprinted with permission of the American College of Radiology [<a href="#B40-brainsci-02-00147" class="html-bibr">40</a>]. No other representation of this material is authorized without expressed, written permission from the American College of Radiology).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/2/2/147'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-02-00147/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-02-00147-g008-1024.png?1416379144" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>The emotional reaction of a young hydranencephalic girl. (We thank Bjorn Merker for the use of these photographs, reproduced with permission of the child’s mother [<a href="#B41-brainsci-02-00147" class="html-bibr">41</a>]).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/2/2/147'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="215987" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 20 pages, 884 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/9/3/68/pdf?version=1553766222" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Ayres Theories of Autism and Sensory Integration Revisited: What Contemporary Neuroscience Has to Say" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/9/3/68">Ayres Theories of Autism and Sensory Integration Revisited: What Contemporary Neuroscience Has to Say</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Emily Kilroy</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lisa Aziz-Zadeh</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sharon Cermak</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2019</b>, <em>9</em>(3), 68; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9030068">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9030068</a> - 21 Mar 2019 </div> <a href="/2076-3425/9/3/68#metrics">Cited by 66</a> | Viewed by 37989 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Abnormal sensory-based behaviors are a defining feature of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Dr. A. Jean Ayres was the first occupational therapist to conceptualize Sensory Integration (SI) theories and therapies to address these deficits. Her work was based on neurological knowledge of the 1970’s. <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/9/3/68/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Abnormal sensory-based behaviors are a defining feature of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Dr. A. Jean Ayres was the first occupational therapist to conceptualize Sensory Integration (SI) theories and therapies to address these deficits. Her work was based on neurological knowledge of the 1970’s. Since then, advancements in neuroimaging techniques make it possible to better understand the brain areas that may underlie sensory processing deficits in ASD. In this article, we explore the postulates proposed by Ayres (i.e., registration, modulation, motivation) through current neuroimaging literature. To this end, we review the neural underpinnings of sensory processing and integration in ASD by examining the literature on neurophysiological responses to sensory stimuli in individuals with ASD as well as structural and network organization using a variety of neuroimaging techniques. Many aspects of Ayres’ hypotheses about the nature of the disorder were found to be highly consistent with current literature on sensory processing in children with ASD but there are some discrepancies across various methodological techniques and ASD development. With additional characterization, neurophysiological profiles of sensory processing in ASD may serve as valuable biomarkers for diagnosis and monitoring of therapeutic interventions, such as SI therapy. <a href="/2076-3425/9/3/68">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/brainsci/special_issues/Sensory-Processing-Disorder ">Brain Mechanisms of Sensory Processing Disorder</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/9/3/68/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev215987"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next215987"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next215987" data-cycle-prev="#prev215987" data-cycle-progressive="#images215987" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-215987-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-09-00068/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-09-00068-g001-550.jpg?1571261631" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images215987" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-215987-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-09-00068/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-09-00068-g002-550.jpg?1571261631'><p>Figure 2</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-215987-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-09-00068/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-09-00068-g001-550.jpg?1571261631" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>PubMed publication search for Autism and Sensory modalities. Publications by decade for Autism Spectrum Disorder and sensory processing from 1980 through 2019.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/9/3/68'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/brainsci/brainsci-09-00068/article_deploy/html/images/brainsci-09-00068-g002-550.jpg?1571261631" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>A proposed visualization of Ayres Sensory Integration Hypothesis in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). CNS: Central nervous system.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3425/9/3/68'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="353175" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 21 pages, 336 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/10/5/274/pdf?version=1589631334" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of Worldwide Prevalence Estimates Since 2014" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/10/5/274">Epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of Worldwide Prevalence Estimates Since 2014</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Flavia Chiarotti</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Aldina Venerosi</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2020</b>, <em>10</em>(5), 274; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10050274">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10050274</a> - 1 May 2020 </div> <a href="/2076-3425/10/5/274#metrics">Cited by 380</a> | Viewed by 35478 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has increased dramatically in recent decades, supporting the claim of an autism epidemic. Systematic monitoring of ASD allows estimating prevalence and identifying potential sources of variation over time and geographical areas. At present, ASD prevalence estimates <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/10/5/274/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has increased dramatically in recent decades, supporting the claim of an autism epidemic. Systematic monitoring of ASD allows estimating prevalence and identifying potential sources of variation over time and geographical areas. At present, ASD prevalence estimates are available worldwide, coming either from surveillance systems using existing health and educational databases or from population studies specifically performed. In the present article, we present a review of the ASD prevalence estimates published since 2014. Data confirm a high variability in prevalence across the world, likely due to methodological differences in case detection, and the consistent increase of prevalence estimates within each geographical area. <a href="/2076-3425/10/5/274">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/brainsci/special_issues/Advance_Autism_Research ">Advances in Autism Research</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1284506" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 32 pages, 714 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3425/13/12/1610/pdf?version=1700559720" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Exploring the Role of Neuroplasticity in Development, Aging, and Neurodegeneration" data-journal="brainsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3425/13/12/1610">Exploring the Role of Neuroplasticity in Development, Aging, and Neurodegeneration</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Patrícia Marzola</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Thayza Melzer</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Eloisa Pavesi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Joana Gil-Mohapel</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Patricia S. Brocardo</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Brain Sci.</em> <b>2023</b>, <em>13</em>(12), 1610; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13121610">https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13121610</a> - 21 Nov 2023 </div> <a href="/2076-3425/13/12/1610#metrics">Cited by 18</a> | Viewed by 34806 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Neuroplasticity refers to the ability of the brain to reorganize and modify its neural connections in response to environmental stimuli, experience, learning, injury, and disease processes. It encompasses a range of mechanisms, including changes in synaptic strength and connectivity, the formation of new <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/12/1610/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Neuroplasticity refers to the ability of the brain to reorganize and modify its neural connections in response to environmental stimuli, experience, learning, injury, and disease processes. It encompasses a range of mechanisms, including changes in synaptic strength and connectivity, the formation of new synapses, alterations in the structure and function of neurons, and the generation of new neurons. Neuroplasticity plays a crucial role in developing and maintaining brain function, including learning and memory, as well as in recovery from brain injury and adaptation to environmental changes. In this review, we explore the vast potential of neuroplasticity in various aspects of brain function across the lifespan and in the context of disease. Changes in the aging brain and the significance of neuroplasticity in maintaining cognitive function later in life will also be reviewed. Finally, we will discuss common mechanisms associated with age-related neurodegenerative processes (including protein aggregation and accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation) and how these processes can be mitigated, at least partially, by non-invasive and non-pharmacologic lifestyle interventions aimed at promoting and harnessing neuroplasticity. <a href="/2076-3425/13/12/1610">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/brainsci/special_issues/9U5R90RDO7 ">Neuroregenerative Plasticity in Health and Disease</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> <span class="more" style="display: none;"></span> </div> <div class="row footer"> <div class="listing-select-options"> <div class="columns small-12"> <div class="select generic-item"> <a href="#" class="export-options-show export-element export-expanded"> Show export options <i 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