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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="يراع الخط العربي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يراع الخط العربي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Калам – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Калам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalam" title="Qalam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Qalam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kalam" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalam" title="Qalam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Qalam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalam" title="Qalam – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Qalam" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0_(%E7%AD%86%E8%A8%98%E5%85%B7)" title="カラム (筆記具) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カラム (筆記具)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalam_(Islom)" title="Qalam (Islom) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qalam (Islom)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kalam" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC" title="Калям – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Калям" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of reed pen used for Islamic and Sephardic Jewish calligraphy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Qalam_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Qalam (disambiguation)">Qalam (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mishkin-Qalam-23.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Mishkin-Qalam-23.JPG/249px-Mishkin-Qalam-23.JPG" decoding="async" width="249" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Mishkin-Qalam-23.JPG/374px-Mishkin-Qalam-23.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Mishkin-Qalam-23.JPG/499px-Mishkin-Qalam-23.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1315" data-file-height="1787" /></a><figcaption>Qalams as used in calligraphy.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>qalam</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قلم</span>) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Reed_pen" title="Reed pen">reed pen</a>. It is made from a cut, dried <a href="/wiki/Phragmites" title="Phragmites">reed</a>, and used for <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a>. The pen is seen as an important symbol of wisdom in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and references the emphasis on knowledge and education within the Islamic tradition. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qalam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D9%85" class="extiw" title="wikt:قلم">word</a> Qalam is an Arabic word derived from the root Q-L-M, meaning nail pen or wheat.  It has nothing to do and has no similarities with the Greek word kalamos.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qalam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Manufacturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The stems of hollow reeds are cut at specific angles depending on intended script<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so that they can be used for calligraphy, and the type of reed used varies depending on the specific calligrapher's preferences. For example, master calligrapher <a href="/wiki/Jafar_Tabrizi" title="Jafar Tabrizi">Ja'far Tabrizi</a> preferred the <i>wāṣeṭi</i> and <i>āmuyi</i> reeds of eastern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Oxus River</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was desired that the <i>qalam</i> should be roughly twelve to sixteen inches long, and could not be too dry as they needed to be a specific balance of not too sturdy and not too flexible.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Qalam_in_the_Islamic_tradition">Qalam in the Islamic tradition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qalam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Qalam in the Islamic tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concepts of knowledge and writing are very important in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and thus the <i>qalam</i> is revered as a symbol of wisdom and education in the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sura_68" class="mw-redirect" title="Sura 68">Sura 68</a> is called <a href="/wiki/Al-Qalam" title="Al-Qalam">Al-Qalam</a>. Even in pre-Islamic societies, writing was widely used for commercial and occasionally legislative purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a commonly held belief amongst the Muslim population that disrespect of calligraphy as a tradition would reveal a person as being uneducated and unwise.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Islam, the physical presence of the written letters of the Quran functioned the way icons did to the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a>, as a blessing and protection. Because of this, Islamic calligraphers often had a high place in society, while their counterparts in regions like Byzantium would only be known to their family and patrons.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_-_Penbox_and_Inkwell_-_Walters_57627.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Turkish_-_Penbox_and_Inkwell_-_Walters_57627.jpg/220px-Turkish_-_Penbox_and_Inkwell_-_Walters_57627.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Turkish_-_Penbox_and_Inkwell_-_Walters_57627.jpg/330px-Turkish_-_Penbox_and_Inkwell_-_Walters_57627.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Turkish_-_Penbox_and_Inkwell_-_Walters_57627.jpg/440px-Turkish_-_Penbox_and_Inkwell_-_Walters_57627.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="822" /></a><figcaption>A Turkish penbox and inkwell that would have been used by calligraphers.</figcaption></figure> <p>Calligraphy holds a central position in the Islamic artistic tradition, and because of this there exist a large variety of accessories to accompany the <i>qalam</i> and its user, such as pen boxes, ink wells, and knives for cutting the reeds. These tools were often very ornamented and cherished objects and reflected countless hours of other artists and craftsmen.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ink used in antiquity was most frequently black or dark brown, and was made from gum arabic, soot, gallnuts, or vitriol. Some Qurans, however, are written entirely in gold, and more contemporary calligraphers may use a wider variety of colors. <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_Muhammad_ibn_Muqla" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ali Muhammad ibn Muqla">Abu Ali Muhammad ibn Muqla</a>, a Persian official of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid caliphate</a>, developed a standardized system of writing calligraphy based on the marks made with the point of a reed pen, in combination with other geometric principles.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As far as other aspects of ornamentation go, metallic inks on colored parchment passed from Byzantium to Muslim Spain, and Arabic calligraphy in turn made its way back to Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qalam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pen_types,_brands_and_companies" title="List of pen types, brands and companies">List of pen types, brands and companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_pen" title="Reed pen">Reed pen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qalam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJeffery1938" class="citation book cs1">Jeffery, Arthur (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.217779/2015.217779.The-Foreign#page/n260"><i>The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qurʾān</i></a>. Baroda: Oriental Institute. pp. 242–243.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foreign+Vocabulary+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.place=Baroda&rft.pages=242-243&rft.pub=Oriental+Institute&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Jeffery&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.217779%2F2015.217779.The-Foreign%23page%2Fn260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQalam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNöldeke1910" class="citation book cs1">Nöldeke, Theodor (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/urn/urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:5-3403"><i>Neue Beiträge zur semitischen Sprachwissenschaft</i></a>. Straßburg: Karl J. Trübner. p. 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neue+Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+semitischen+Sprachwissenschaft&rft.place=Stra%C3%9Fburg&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Karl+J.+Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=N%C3%B6ldeke&rft.aufirst=Theodor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmenadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de%2Furn%2Furn%3Anbn%3Ade%3Agbv%3A3%3A5-3403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQalam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Folsach2001" class="citation book cs1">von Folsach, Kjeld (2001). <i>Art from the World of Islam in the David Collection</i>. Copenhagen: F. Hendriksens Eftf. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-88464-21-0" title="Special:BookSources/87-88464-21-0"><bdi>87-88464-21-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+from+the+World+of+Islam+in+the+David+Collection&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=F.+Hendriksens+Eftf.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=87-88464-21-0&rft.aulast=von+Folsach&rft.aufirst=Kjeld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQalam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoudarzi2016" class="citation web cs1">Goudarzi, Sina (19 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/qalam-pen">"Qalam"</a>. <i>Iranic Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iranic+Online&rft.atitle=Qalam&rft.date=2016-05-19&rft.aulast=Goudarzi&rft.aufirst=Sina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fqalam-pen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQalam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuartGrohmann2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Huart; Grohmann (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/kalam-SIM_3806?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=Kalam">"Ḳalam"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition Online</i>. Second.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam+New+Edition+Online&rft.atitle=%E1%B8%B2alam&rft.volume=Second&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Huart&rft.au=Grohmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fkalam-SIM_3806%3Fs.num%3D0%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2%26s.q%3DKalam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQalam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom,_Blair1997" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Blair, Jonathan, Sheila (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamicarts00bloo/page/58/mode/2up?q=qalam"><i>Islamic Arts</i></a></span>. London: Phaidon Press Ltd. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/071483176X" title="Special:BookSources/071483176X"><bdi>071483176X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Arts&rft.place=London&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Phaidon+Press+Ltd&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=071483176X&rft.aulast=Bloom%2C+Blair&rft.aufirst=Jonathan%2C+Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamicarts00bloo%2Fpage%2F58%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dqalam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQalam" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansour2011" class="citation book cs1">Mansour, Nassar (2011). <i>Sacred Script: Muhaqqaq in Islamic Calligraphy</i>. I.B.Tauris. pp. 149–150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848854390" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848854390"><bdi>978-1848854390</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Script%3A+Muhaqqaq+in+Islamic+Calligraphy&rft.pages=149-150&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1848854390&rft.aulast=Mansour&rft.aufirst=Nassar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQalam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBierman2005" class="citation book cs1">Bierman, Irene A. (2005). <i>The Experience of Islamic Art on the Margins of Islam</i>. Reading: Garnet Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780863723001" title="Special:BookSources/9780863723001"><bdi>9780863723001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Experience+of+Islamic+Art+on+the+Margins+of+Islam&rft.place=Reading&rft.pub=Garnet+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780863723001&rft.aulast=Bierman&rft.aufirst=Irene+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQalam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcWilliamsRoxburgh2007" class="citation book cs1">McWilliams, Mary; Roxburgh, David (2007). <i>Traces of the Calligrapher: Islamic Calligraphy in Practice, c. 1600-1900</i>. The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300126327" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300126327"><bdi>978-0300126327</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traces+of+the+Calligrapher%3A+Islamic+Calligraphy+in+Practice%2C+c.+1600-1900&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=The+Museum+of+Fine+Arts%2C+Houston&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0300126327&rft.aulast=McWilliams&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Roxburgh%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQalam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_calligraphy" title="Template:Islamic calligraphy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_calligraphy" title="Template talk:Islamic calligraphy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_calligraphy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic calligraphy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_calligraphy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hijazi_script" title="Hijazi script">Hijazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeli_Thuluth" title="Jeli Thuluth">Jeli Thuluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kairouani_calligraphy" title="Kairouani calligraphy">Kairouani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_script" title="Maghrebi script">Maghrebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashq" title="Mashq">Mashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_calligraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman calligraphy">Ottoman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawqi" title="Tawqi">Tawqi (Tevki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruq%27ah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruq'ah script">Ruq'ah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasta%27liq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasta'liq">Nasta'liq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Taʿlīq script">Taʿlīq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basmalah-1wm.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basmalah"><img alt="Basmalah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Basmalah-1wm.svg/80px-Basmalah-1wm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Basmalah-1wm.svg/120px-Basmalah-1wm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Basmalah-1wm.svg/160px-Basmalah-1wm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="672" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligraffiti" title="Calligraffiti">Arabic calligraffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_miniature" title="Arabic miniature">Arabic miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmala" title="Basmala">Basmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firman" title="Firman">Firman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilya" title="Hilya">Hilya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Islamic illuminated manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_miniature" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal miniature">Mughal miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraqqa" title="Muraqqa">Muraqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Ottoman illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Ottoman miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomorphism#Zoomorphic_representation_in_Islamic_art" title="Zoomorphism">Islamic zoomorphism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Calligraphers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_calligraphers" title="List of Ottoman calligraphers">List of Ottoman calligraphers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Persian_calligraphers" title="List of Persian calligraphers">List of Persian calligraphers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Tools</li><li>Techniques</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kasheeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasheeda">Kasheeda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_heaping" title="Word heaping">Word heaping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Furqan_Islamic_Heritage_Foundation" title="Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation">Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Turkish_Calligraphy_Art" title="Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art">Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Iranian_Calligraphists" title="Society of Iranian Calligraphists">Society of Iranian Calligraphists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Kufic" title="Pseudo-Kufic">Pseudo-Kufic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art">Islamic arts</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pens" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pens" title="Template:Pens"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pens" title="Template talk:Pens"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pens" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pens"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pens" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pen" title="Pen">Pens</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_pen" title="Active pen">Active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballpoint_pen" title="Ballpoint pen">Ballpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fudepen" title="Fudepen">Brush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrator_pen" title="Demonstrator pen">Demonstrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_pen" title="Digital pen">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dip_pen" title="Dip pen">Dip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_pen" title="Fountain pen">Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gel_pen" title="Gel pen">Gel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pen" title="Light pen">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marker_pen" title="Marker pen">Marker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marker_pen" title="Marker pen">dry erase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlighter" title="Highlighter">highlighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_marker" title="Paint marker">paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_marker" title="Permanent marker">permanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UV_marker" title="UV marker">UV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quill" title="Quill">Quill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastrum" title="Rastrum">Rastrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_pen" title="Reed pen">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollerball_pen" title="Rollerball pen">Rollerball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_pen" title="Ruling pen">Ruling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_pen" title="Skin pen">Skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylus" title="Stylus">Stylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_pen" title="Technical pen">Technical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parts and tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blotting_paper" title="Blotting paper">Blotting paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desk_blotter" class="mw-redirect" title="Desk blotter">Ink blotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkwell" title="Inkwell">Inkwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nib_(pen)" title="Nib (pen)">Nib</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flex_nib" title="Flex nib">flex nib</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penknife" title="Penknife">Penknife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pounce_(calligraphy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pounce (calligraphy)">Pounce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">Inks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alizarine_ink" title="Alizarine ink">Alizarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_pen_ink" title="Fountain pen ink">Fountain pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_ink" title="India ink">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_gall_ink" title="Iron gall ink">Iron gall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stark%27s_ink" title="Stark's ink">Stark's</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballpoint_pen_artwork" title="Ballpoint pen artwork">Ballpoint pen artwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballpoint_pen_knife" title="Ballpoint pen knife">Ballpoint pen knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterfeit_banknote_detection_pen" title="Counterfeit banknote detection pen">Counterfeit banknote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_pen_trade" title="Birmingham pen trade">Birmingham pen trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pen_Museum" title="Pen Museum">Pen Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_computing" title="Pen computing">Pen computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_gun" title="Pen gun">Pen gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penmanship" title="Penmanship">Penmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_painting" title="Pen painting">Pen painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_spinning" title="Pen spinning">Pen spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retipping" title="Retipping">Retipping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">Cartooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inking_(comic_book_production)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inking (comic book production)">Inking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letterer" title="Letterer">Lettering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pen_types,_brands_and_companies" title="List of pen types, brands and companies">List of types, brands and companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencil" title="Pencil">Pencil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_pencil" title="Mechanical pencil">Mechanical pencil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayam" title="Narayam">Narayam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> 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