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id="toc-Contemporary_Persian_calligraphy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modernist_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernist_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Modernist movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernist_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_modernism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_modernism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Post modernism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_modernism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Genres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Most_notable_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Most_notable_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Most notable figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Most_notable_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Персідская каліграфія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Персідская каліграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persa_belskribo" title="Persa belskribo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Persa belskribo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="خوشنویسی ایرانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خوشنویسی ایرانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Պարսկական գեղագրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պարսկական գեղագրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaligrafi_Persia" title="Kaligrafi Persia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kaligrafi Persia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligrafia_persiana" title="Calligrafia persiana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Calligrafia persiana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%AA" title="קליגרפיה פרסית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קליגרפיה פרסית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni_khat_Parsi" title="Seni khat Parsi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Seni khat Parsi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fors_xattotligi" title="Fors xattotligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fors xattotligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Персидская каллиграфия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Персидская каллиграфия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Персијска калиграфија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Персијска калиграфија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Хушнависии форсӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хушнависии форсӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%B8%E6%B3%95" title="波斯書法 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Writing art of the Persian language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Calligraphy" title="Category:Calligraphy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:KeitenAijin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/KeitenAijin.jpg/150px-KeitenAijin.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/KeitenAijin.jpg/225px-KeitenAijin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/KeitenAijin.jpg/300px-KeitenAijin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4188" data-file-height="1984" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By script</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_calligraphy" title="Turkish calligraphy">Turkish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_calligraphy" title="Indian calligraphy">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calligraphy" title="Tibetan calligraphy">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_calligraphy" title="Serbian calligraphy">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyaz_(Cyrillic_calligraphy)" title="Vyaz (Cyrillic calligraphy)">Vyaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_calligraphy" title="Georgian calligraphy">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Hanzi</a>-based <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_calligraphy" title="Korean calligraphy">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calligraphy" title="Japanese calligraphy">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_calligraphy" title="Vietnamese calligraphy">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_calligraphy" title="Western calligraphy">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_calligraphy" title="Mongolian calligraphy">Mongolian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Persian calligraphy</b> or <b>Iranian calligraphy</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">خوشنِویسیِ ایرانی</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Xošnevisi-ye Irani</i></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a>. It is one of the most revered arts throughout the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">history of Iran</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_calligraphy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nastaliq-proportions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Nastaliq-proportions.jpg/180px-Nastaliq-proportions.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Nastaliq-proportions.jpg/270px-Nastaliq-proportions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Nastaliq-proportions.jpg/360px-Nastaliq-proportions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="1768" /></a><figcaption>Example showing Nastaʿlīq's proportion rules.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nastaʿlīq">Nastaʿlīq</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_Nasta'liq"><span id="History_of_Nasta.27liq"></span>History of Nasta'liq</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_calligraphy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of Nasta'liq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">introduction of Islam</a> in the 7th century, Persians adapted the Arabic alphabet to <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and developed the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian alphabet</a>. The Arabic alphabet has 28 characters. An additional four letters were added by Iranians,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which resulted in the 32 letters currently present in the Persian alphabet. </p><p>Around one thousand years ago, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Muqlah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Muqlah">Ibn Muqlah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ابنِ مقله بيضاوی شيرازی</span></span>) and his brother created six genres of Iranian calligraphy, namely "<a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Mohaqiq</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Rayhani_script" title="Rayhani script">Reyhan</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Sols</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Tawqi" title="Tawqi">Toqi</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Reqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Reqa">Reqa</a>". These genres were common for four centuries in Persia. In the 7th century (Hijri calendar), Hassan Farsi Kateb combined the "Naskh" and "Reqa" styles and invented a new genre of Persian calligraphy named "<a href="/wiki/Ta%27liq_(script)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'liq (script)">Ta'liq</a>". In the 14th century, Mir Ali Tabrizi combined two major scripts of his time, i.e. Naskh and Taliq, and created a new Persian calligraphic style called "Nas’taliq".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the past 500 years <a href="/wiki/Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nastaʿlīq">Nastaʿlīq</a> (also anglicized as Nastaleeq; <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">نستعلیق</span></span> <i><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">nastaʿlīq</i></span></i>) has been the predominant style for writing the <a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic script">Perso-Arabic script</a>. </p><p>In the 17th century Morteza Gholi Khan Shamlou and Mohammad Shafi Heravi created a new genre called cursive Nastaʿlīq <a href="/wiki/Shekasteh_Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq" class="mw-redirect" title="Shekasteh Nastaʿlīq">Shekasteh Nastaʿlīq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">شکسته نستعلیق</span></span>)). Almost a century later, Abdol-Majid Taleqani, who was a prominent artist at the time, brought this genre to its highest level. This calligraphic style is based on the same rules as Nas’taliq. However, cursive Nas’taliq has a few significant differences: it provides more flexible movements, and it is slightly more stretched and curved. Yadollah Kaboli is one of the most prominent contemporary calligraphers within this style. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_%27Ali_Mashhadi_(Persian,_1442-1519)._Folio_of_Poetry_From_the_Divan_of_Sultan_Husayn_Mirza,_ca._1490.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Folio of Poetry From the Divan of Sultan Husayn Mirza, c. 1490. Brooklyn Museum."><img alt="Folio of Poetry From the Divan of Sultan Husayn Mirza, c. 1490. Brooklyn Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sultan_%27Ali_Mashhadi_%28Persian%2C_1442-1519%29._Folio_of_Poetry_From_the_Divan_of_Sultan_Husayn_Mirza%2C_ca._1490.jpg/79px-Sultan_%27Ali_Mashhadi_%28Persian%2C_1442-1519%29._Folio_of_Poetry_From_the_Divan_of_Sultan_Husayn_Mirza%2C_ca._1490.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sultan_%27Ali_Mashhadi_%28Persian%2C_1442-1519%29._Folio_of_Poetry_From_the_Divan_of_Sultan_Husayn_Mirza%2C_ca._1490.jpg/119px-Sultan_%27Ali_Mashhadi_%28Persian%2C_1442-1519%29._Folio_of_Poetry_From_the_Divan_of_Sultan_Husayn_Mirza%2C_ca._1490.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sultan_%27Ali_Mashhadi_%28Persian%2C_1442-1519%29._Folio_of_Poetry_From_the_Divan_of_Sultan_Husayn_Mirza%2C_ca._1490.jpg/159px-Sultan_%27Ali_Mashhadi_%28Persian%2C_1442-1519%29._Folio_of_Poetry_From_the_Divan_of_Sultan_Husayn_Mirza%2C_ca._1490.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Folio of Poetry From the Divan of Sultan Husayn Mirza</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1490</span>. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Agra_castle_India_persian_poem.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Calligraphy of Persian poems on large pishtaq at the Agra Fort, India"><img alt="Calligraphy of Persian poems on large pishtaq at the Agra Fort, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Agra_castle_India_persian_poem.jpg/120px-Agra_castle_India_persian_poem.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Agra_castle_India_persian_poem.jpg/180px-Agra_castle_India_persian_poem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Agra_castle_India_persian_poem.jpg/240px-Agra_castle_India_persian_poem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Calligraphy of Persian poems on large <a href="/wiki/Pishtaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Pishtaq">pishtaq</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Agra Fort</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miremad-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chalipa panel, Mir Emad."><img alt="Chalipa panel, Mir Emad." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Miremad-1.jpg/73px-Miremad-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Miremad-1.jpg/109px-Miremad-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Miremad-1.jpg/146px-Miremad-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chalipa panel, <a href="/wiki/Mir_Emad" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir Emad">Mir Emad</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_cal_0175.2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Calligraphic composition by Shah Mahmud Nishapuri, a 16th-century master of Nasta'liq"><img alt="Calligraphic composition by Shah Mahmud Nishapuri, a 16th-century master of Nasta'liq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_cal_0175.2.jpg/80px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_cal_0175.2.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_cal_0175.2.jpg/120px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_cal_0175.2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_cal_0175.2.jpg/160px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_cal_0175.2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Calligraphic composition by Shah Mahmud Nishapuri, a 16th-century master of Nasta'liq</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_Persian_calligraphy">Contemporary Persian calligraphy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_calligraphy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contemporary Persian calligraphy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1950, the <i><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Iranian_Calligraphists" title="Society of Iranian Calligraphists">Iran's Association of Calligraphers</a></i> was founded by Hossein Mirkhani, Ali Akbar Kaveh, Ebrahim Bouzari, Hassan Mirkhani and Mehdi Baiani. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernist_movement">Modernist movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_calligraphy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modernist movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="fa:حسين زنده‌رودي">Zendeh Roudi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalil_Rasouli" title="Jalil Rasouli">Jalil Rasouli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parviz_Tanavoli" title="Parviz Tanavoli">Parviz Tanavoli</a>, and Nima Behnoud use Persian calligraphy and Rumi poetry in dress designing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_modernism">Post modernism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_calligraphy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post modernism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abol Atighetchi uses combination of colored naskh, suluth and kufic style calligraphy with large letters in a single large format acrylic painting for his work presentation and circles in gold leaf or simple color to decorate but in the Nastaligh style many colorful geometrical forms and lines are used to modernize the painting and the same technique is used to modernize the large format birds of bessmel (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">مرغ بسمل</span></span>), all drawn with large letters. This style of work can be classified as post-modern. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genres">Genres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_calligraphy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Genres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasta%27liq_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasta'liq script">Nasta'liq script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekasteh_Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq" class="mw-redirect" title="Shekasteh Nastaʿlīq">Shekasteh Nastaʿlīq</a> (Cursive Nasta'liq)</li> <li>Naghashi-khat (Painting-Calligraphy combined)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Most_notable_figures">Most notable figures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_calligraphy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Most notable figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Persian_calligraphy" title="Special:EditPage/Persian calligraphy">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Persian+calligraphy%22">"Persian calligraphy"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Persian+calligraphy%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Persian+calligraphy%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Persian+calligraphy%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Persian+calligraphy%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Persian+calligraphy%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Ali_Tabrizi" title="Mir Ali Tabrizi">Mir Ali Tabrizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Emad" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir Emad">Mir Emad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gholam_Hossein_Amirkhani" title="Gholam Hossein Amirkhani">Gholam Hossein Amirkhani</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_calligraphy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Persian_calligraphers" title="List of Persian calligraphers">List of Persian calligraphers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_calligraphy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persiancalligraphy.org/History-of-Calligraphy.html">"History - Persian Calligraphy- All about Persian Calligraphy"</a>. <i>persiancalligraphy.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904062040/http://www.persiancalligraphy.org/History-of-Calligraphy.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-09-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=persiancalligraphy.org&rft.atitle=History+-+Persian+Calligraphy-+All+about+Persian+Calligraphy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persiancalligraphy.org%2FHistory-of-Calligraphy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+calligraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_calligraphy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Persian_calligraphy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Persian calligraphy">Persian calligraphy</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Ḡolām-Ḥosayn Yūsofī, Calligraphy, <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>, at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/calligraphy">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/calligraphy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://persiancalligraphy.org/History-of-Calligraphy.html">Brief history of Persian Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192513/http://ioragallery.com/explore/about-persian-calligraphy">About history of Persian Calligraphy and its different styles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reed.edu/persian-calligraphy/en/">Anthology of Iranian Masters of Calligraphy</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_calligraphy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_calligraphy" title="Template:Islamic calligraphy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_calligraphy" title="Template talk:Islamic calligraphy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_calligraphy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic calligraphy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_calligraphy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hijazi_script" title="Hijazi script">Hijazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeli_Thuluth" title="Jeli Thuluth">Jeli Thuluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kairouani_calligraphy" title="Kairouani calligraphy">Kairouani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_script" title="Maghrebi script">Maghrebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashq" title="Mashq">Mashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_calligraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman calligraphy">Ottoman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawqi" title="Tawqi">Tawqi (Tevki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruq%27ah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruq'ah script">Ruq'ah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Persian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasta%27liq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasta'liq">Nasta'liq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Taʿlīq script">Taʿlīq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basmalah-1wm.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basmalah"><img alt="Basmalah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Basmalah-1wm.svg/80px-Basmalah-1wm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Basmalah-1wm.svg/120px-Basmalah-1wm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Basmalah-1wm.svg/160px-Basmalah-1wm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="672" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligraffiti" title="Calligraffiti">Arabic calligraffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_miniature" title="Arabic miniature">Arabic miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmala" title="Basmala">Basmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firman" title="Firman">Firman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilya" title="Hilya">Hilya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Islamic illuminated manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_miniature" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal miniature">Mughal miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraqqa" title="Muraqqa">Muraqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Ottoman illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Ottoman miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomorphism#Zoomorphic_representation_in_Islamic_art" title="Zoomorphism">Islamic zoomorphism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Calligraphers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_calligraphers" title="List of Ottoman calligraphers">List of Ottoman calligraphers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Persian_calligraphers" title="List of Persian calligraphers">List of Persian calligraphers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Tools</li><li>Techniques</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kasheeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasheeda">Kasheeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalam" title="Qalam">Qalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_heaping" title="Word heaping">Word heaping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Furqan_Islamic_Heritage_Foundation" title="Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation">Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Turkish_Calligraphy_Art" title="Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art">Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Iranian_Calligraphists" title="Society of Iranian Calligraphists">Society of Iranian Calligraphists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Kufic" title="Pseudo-Kufic">Pseudo-Kufic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art">Islamic arts</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Iran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Intangible_Heritage_Iran" title="Template:Intangible Heritage Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Intangible_Heritage_Iran" title="Template talk:Intangible Heritage Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Intangible_Heritage_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Intangible Heritage Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Iran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Iran" title="List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Iran">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inscribed in 2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radif_(music)" title="Radif (music)">The Radif of Iranian music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Novruz, Nowrouz, Nooruz, Navruz, Nauroz, Nevruz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inscribed in 2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_carpet" title="Persian carpet">Traditional skills of carpet weaving in Kashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz_rug" title="Shiraz rug">Traditional skills of carpet weaving in Fars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27zieh" title="Ta'zieh">The ritual dramatic art of Ta‘zīye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlevani_and_zoorkhaneh_rituals" title="Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals">Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran#Khorasan" title="Music of Iran">The music of the Bakhshis of Khorasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inscribed in 2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lenj (page does not exist)">Traditional skills of building and sailing Iranian Lenj boats in the Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqq%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqqāli">Naqqāli, Iranian dramatic story-telling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inscribed in 2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashhad_Ardehal#Carpet_Washing_Ceremony" title="Mashhad Ardehal">Qalishuyan rituals of Mashhad Ardehal near Kashan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inscribed in 2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Flatbread making and sharing culture: <a href="/wiki/Lavash" title="Lavash">Lavash</a>, Katyrma, Jupka, Yufka</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inscribed in 2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Art of crafting and playing with <a href="/wiki/Kamancheh" title="Kamancheh">Kamancheh/Kamancha</a>, a bowed string musical instrument</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chovgan" title="Chovgan">Chogan, a horse-riding game accompanied by music and storytelling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inscribed in 2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Traditional skills of crafting and playing <a href="/wiki/Dutar" title="Dutar">Dotar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" 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