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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Album in book form containing Islamic miniature paintings and calligraphy</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Youth_kneeling_and_holding_out_a_wine-cup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Youth_kneeling_and_holding_out_a_wine-cup.jpg/220px-Youth_kneeling_and_holding_out_a_wine-cup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Youth_kneeling_and_holding_out_a_wine-cup.jpg/330px-Youth_kneeling_and_holding_out_a_wine-cup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Youth_kneeling_and_holding_out_a_wine-cup.jpg/440px-Youth_kneeling_and_holding_out_a_wine-cup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2417" data-file-height="4021" /></a><figcaption><i>Youth kneeling and holding out a wine-cup</i>. Safavid period, early 17th century. Isfahan School. Ink and color wash on paper. Freer Sackler Gallery F1928.10.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruba%27is_by_Hafiz_-_Nasta%27liq_script.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ruba%27is_by_Hafiz_-_Nasta%27liq_script.jpg/220px-Ruba%27is_by_Hafiz_-_Nasta%27liq_script.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ruba%27is_by_Hafiz_-_Nasta%27liq_script.jpg/330px-Ruba%27is_by_Hafiz_-_Nasta%27liq_script.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ruba%27is_by_Hafiz_-_Nasta%27liq_script.jpg/440px-Ruba%27is_by_Hafiz_-_Nasta%27liq_script.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1445" /></a><figcaption>Some verses in Persian <a href="/wiki/Nasta%27liq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasta'liq">nasta'liq</a> script, probably always a single page meant for a <i>muraqqa</i>; 16–17th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>Muraqqa</b> ( <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">مُرَقّع</span> , <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مورّقة</span> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Murakka</i>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> is an album in book form containing Islamic miniature paintings and specimens of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a>, normally from several different sources, and perhaps other matter. The album was popular among collectors in the Islamic world, and by the later 16th century became the predominant format for miniature painting in the Persian <a href="/wiki/Safavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid">Safavid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, greatly affecting the direction taken by the painting traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Ottoman miniature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mughal_miniature" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal miniature">Mughal miniature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The album largely replaced the full-scale illustrated manuscript of classics of <a href="/wiki/Persian_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian poetry">Persian poetry</a>, which had been the typical vehicle for the finest miniature painters up to that time. The great cost and delay of commissioning a top-quality example of such a work essentially restricted them to the ruler and a handful of other great figures, who usually had to maintain a whole workshop of calligraphers, artists and other craftsmen, with a librarian to manage the whole process. </p><p>An album could be compiled over time, page by page, and often included miniatures and pages of calligraphy from older books that were broken up for this purpose, and allowed a wider circle of collectors access to the best painters and calligraphers, although they were also compiled by, or presented to, shahs and emperors. The earliest <i>muraqqa</i> were of pages of calligraphy only; it was at the court in <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid</a> prince <a href="/wiki/Baysunghur" title="Baysunghur">Baysunghur</a> in the early 15th century that the form became important for miniature painting. The word <i>muraqqa</i> means "that which has been patched together" in <a href="/wiki/Farsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Farsi">Persian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The works in an album, typically of different original sizes, were trimmed or mounted on standard size pages, often with new border decoration being added. When the compilation was considered complete it was bound, often very luxuriously, with an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_book-cover&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic book-cover (page does not exist)">Islamic book-cover</a> that might be highly decorated with <a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">lacquered</a> paint, gold stamping on leather, or other techniques. Other <i>muraqqa</i> might be bound in a special <a href="/wiki/Concertina" title="Concertina">concertina</a>-like form. Many were arranged with pages of calligraphy facing miniatures, the matching of verse to image allowing some scope for the creativity of the compiler.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albums containing only calligraphy tended to be arranged chronologically to show the development of a style. The bindings of many albums allowed items to be added and removed, or they were just removed from the centre of the page, and such changes were often made; some albums had marks which allow changes to be traced.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grandest albums had specially written prefaces which are the source of a high proportion of surviving contemporary writing on the arts of the book, and the biographies of painters and calligraphers; these tended to be written by calligraphers. For calligraphers too the single page for an album became the "bread and butter" source of income,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using mostly texts from poetry, whether extracts from a long classic or <a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">ghazal</a> lyrics, but sometimes an extract from the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>, perhaps given the place of honour at the start of the album. Album pages often have areas of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">decorated illumination</a> (as in the illustration) that share their motifs with other media, notably book-covers and carpet designs, the best of which were in fact probably mostly produced by the same type of artist at court, and sent to the weavers.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the classic Islamic <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscript</a> tradition had concentrated on rather crowded scenes with strong narrative content as illustrations in full texts of classic and lengthy works like the <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Khamsa_of_Nizami" title="Khamsa of Nizami">Khamsa of Nizami</a></i>, the single miniature intended from the start for a <i>muraqqa</i> soon developed as a simpler scene with fewer, larger, figures, often showing idealized beauties of either sex in a garden setting, or genre figures from nomadic life, usually with no real or fictional identities attached to them. In Mughal India realistic portraiture, nearly always of rulers or courtiers, became a very common feature, and in Ottoman Turkey portraits of the Sultans, often very stylised, were a particular speciality. Fully coloured scenes tended to give way to part-drawn and part-painted ones, or to figures with little or no background. The album to some extent overlaps with the anthology, a collection of different pieces where the main emphasis is on the texts, but which can also include paintings and drawings inserted from different sources. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shift_to_the_album">Shift to the album</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muraqqa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Shift to the album"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Young_Lady_Reclining_After_a_Bath,_Leaf_from_the_Read_Persian_Album_Herat_(Afghanistan),_1590s._By_Muhammad_Mu%E2%80%99min_MS_M.386.5r._Purchased_by_Pierpont_Morgan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/A_Young_Lady_Reclining_After_a_Bath%2C_Leaf_from_the_Read_Persian_Album_Herat_%28Afghanistan%29%2C_1590s._By_Muhammad_Mu%E2%80%99min_MS_M.386.5r._Purchased_by_Pierpont_Morgan.jpg/350px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/A_Young_Lady_Reclining_After_a_Bath%2C_Leaf_from_the_Read_Persian_Album_Herat_%28Afghanistan%29%2C_1590s._By_Muhammad_Mu%E2%80%99min_MS_M.386.5r._Purchased_by_Pierpont_Morgan.jpg/525px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/A_Young_Lady_Reclining_After_a_Bath%2C_Leaf_from_the_Read_Persian_Album_Herat_%28Afghanistan%29%2C_1590s._By_Muhammad_Mu%E2%80%99min_MS_M.386.5r._Purchased_by_Pierpont_Morgan.jpg/700px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption><i>A Young Lady Reclining After a Bath</i>, <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> 1590s, a single miniature for the <i>muraqqa</i> market</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_Empire">Persian Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muraqqa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Persian Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dominant tradition of miniature painting in the late <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> was that of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, which had a number of centres, but all usually dependent on one key patron, whether the shah himself, or a figure either governing a part of the country from a centre such as <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, where Baysunghur was an important patron in the early 15th century, or the ruler of a further part of the <a href="/wiki/Persianate" class="mw-redirect" title="Persianate">Persianate</a> world in a centre like <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>. As the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a> centralized Persian rule in the 16th century the number of potential patrons of a full-size atelier declined, but the atelier of the shah expanded and produced a number of superb illustrated books, using a variety of very talented artists on each. However, in the 1540s Shah <a href="/wiki/Tahmasp_I" title="Tahmasp I">Tahmasp I</a>, previously a keen patron, lost interest in commissioning books, and thereafter the Persian miniature painting tradition lacked a steady source of commissions for books in the old style. After a gap of some years, Tahmasp's nephew <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Mirza" title="Ibrahim Mirza">Ibrahim Mirza</a> established an atelier at <a href="/wiki/Mashad" class="mw-redirect" title="Mashad">Mashad</a>, which produced the <a href="/wiki/Freer_Jami" class="mw-redirect" title="Freer Jami">Freer Jami</a> in the 1560s, and which Shah <a href="/wiki/Ismail_II_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismail II of Persia">Ismail II</a> took over after having its former patron killed in 1577. But Ismail's reign was very brief, and thereafter consistent large-scale patronage was lacking. It was in this period that the single miniature designed for inserting in an album came to be dominant; such works had long been produced, but now they became the main source of income for many artists, who probably often produced them speculatively with no commission, and then looked to sell them (little is known about the market for album miniatures).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The artist who epitomises the Persian album miniature is <a href="/wiki/Riza_Abbasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Riza Abbasi">Riza Abbasi</a>, active from the 1580s until his death in 1635, whose early single miniatures of groups are somewhat like those in narrative scenes, but lacking any actual narrative attached to them. He soon turned to, and developed, subjects mostly of one or two figures, often portrait-like, although very few identities are given or were probably ever intended to be recognised. There are a large number of beautiful youths, to whose clothes great attention is paid.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muraqqa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarayi_Album_145ba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sarayi_Album_145ba.jpg/220px-Sarayi_Album_145ba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sarayi_Album_145ba.jpg/330px-Sarayi_Album_145ba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sarayi_Album_145ba.jpg/440px-Sarayi_Album_145ba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>15th century portrait of <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmet II">Mehmet II</a> (1432-1481), showing Italian influence</figcaption></figure> <p>The best Ottoman painting was heavily concentrated in the capital, which from 1453 was <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, and the most important patron was always the Sultan. The royal library remains very largely intact in Turkey, mostly at <a href="/wiki/Topkapi_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Topkapi Palace">Topkapi Palace</a>, and was greatly enriched by Persian manuscripts, initially taken during the several Ottoman invasions of eastern Persia, and later, after a treaty in 1555, often received as <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_gift" title="Diplomatic gift">diplomatic gifts</a>. Many of these manuscripts were broken up to use the miniatures in albums.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Persian artists were imported from virtually the start of the Ottoman tradition, but especially in the 16th century; sixteen artists were brought back just from the brief Ottoman conquest of <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> in 1514, though by 1558 the palace records list only nine foreign artists of all kinds, against twenty-six Turks. But a distinctively Ottoman style can be seen from the start of the 16th century, with pictures showing simpler landscape backgrounds, more sea and ships, neatly tented army camps, distant cityscapes, more individual characterization of faces, but also a less refined technique. There was strong European influence, mostly from <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, but this was restricted to portraiture.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turkish albums include mixtures of collected miniatures similar to those in Persia, and often including Persian pieces, with the addition of rather more greatly elaborated pen drawings of an essentially decorative nature, of a foliage motif, or a bird or animal treated largely as such. Albums dedicated to the sultans, with portraits and laudatory pieces of text, are a distinctive Turkish type, and there were also albums of scenes of Turkish life, showing the relatively uniform costume of different ranks in society, methods of torture and execution, and other scenes of interest to the mostly Western foreigners they were produced for, matching similar <a href="/wiki/Old_master_print" title="Old master print">prints</a> made in contemporary Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One very distinctive type of miniature is found only in Ottoman albums, though they may have been brought from Persia as booty, and perhaps were not intended for albums originally. These are eighty or so the mysterious and powerful images grouped under the name of <a href="/wiki/Siyah_Qalam" title="Siyah Qalam">Siyah Qalam</a>, meaning "Black Pen" (or drunk or evil pen), full of demons and scenes which suggest nomadic life in Central Asia, though it has also been suggested that they come from a single Persian court artist letting himself go. They are perhaps from the early 15th century, reaching Turkey in the 16th.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another distinctive type of Ottoman work is the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9coupage" class="mw-redirect" title="Découpage">découpage</a> or cut paper miniature, where different colours of paper, cut with minute detail then pasted together, are used to create the image. This technique was used for book-covers in Timurid Persia, which were then varnished over for protection, but in Turkey the images were treated as miniatures and went inside albums; the technique was also much used for page border decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mughal_Empire_&_South_Asian_Subcontinent"><span id="Mughal_Empire_.26_South_Asian_Subcontinent"></span>Mughal Empire & South Asian Subcontinent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muraqqa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mughal Empire & South Asian Subcontinent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Five_Recruits-_Ummee_Chund,_Indur,_Goolzaree,_Bukhtawur_and_Juhaz_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Five_Recruits-_Ummee_Chund%2C_Indur%2C_Goolzaree%2C_Bukhtawur_and_Juhaz_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Five_Recruits-_Ummee_Chund%2C_Indur%2C_Goolzaree%2C_Bukhtawur_and_Juhaz_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Five_Recruits-_Ummee_Chund%2C_Indur%2C_Goolzaree%2C_Bukhtawur_and_Juhaz_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Five_Recruits-_Ummee_Chund%2C_Indur%2C_Goolzaree%2C_Bukhtawur_and_Juhaz_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Five_Recruits-_Ummee_Chund%2C_Indur%2C_Goolzaree%2C_Bukhtawur_and_Juhaz_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Five_Recruits-_Ummee_Chund%2C_Indur%2C_Goolzaree%2C_Bukhtawur_and_Juhaz_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2494" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Company_style" title="Company style">Company style</a> miniature of <i>Five Recruits</i> to a British Indian military unit, c. 1815</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mughal_dynasty" title="Mughal dynasty">Mughal dynasty</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> was rather later in establishing a large court atelier, which did not begin until after the exile in Persia of the second emperor, <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a>, who on his return was joined from about 1549 by Persian artists including <a href="/wiki/Abd_as-Samad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd as-Samad">Abd as-Samad</a>. The Mughal style developed under the next emperor, <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>, who commissioned some very large illustrated books, but his artists produced single miniatures for albums as well. In the case of the <a href="/wiki/Jahangirnama" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahangirnama">Jahangirnama</a>, the emperor <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> kept a diary and commissioned paintings separately, which were most likely held in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitabkhana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kitabkhana (page does not exist)">Kitabkhana</a> (किताबखाना), until his official contribution to the court chronicle genre could be assembled.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From fairly early the Mughal style made a strong feature of realistic portraiture, usually in profile, and perhaps influenced by Western prints, which were available at the Mughal court. For a long time portraits were always of men, often accompanied by generalized female servants or <a href="/wiki/Concubine" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubine">concubines</a>; but there is scholarly debate about the representation of female court members in portraiture. Some scholars claim there are no known extant likenesses of figures like <a href="/wiki/Jahanara_Begum" title="Jahanara Begum">Jahanara Begum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mumtaz_Mahal" title="Mumtaz Mahal">Mumtaz Mahal</a>, and others attribute miniatures, for example from the <a href="/wiki/Dara_Shikoh" title="Dara Shikoh">Dara Shikoh</a> album or the <a href="/wiki/Freer_Gallery_of_Art" title="Freer Gallery of Art">Freer Gallery of Art</a> mirror portrait, to these famous noblewomen.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another popular subject area was realistic studies of animals and plants, mostly flowers; from the 17th century equestrian portraits, mostly of rulers, became another popular borrowing from the West.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The single idealized figure of the Riza Abbasi type was less popular, but fully painted scenes of lovers in a palace setting became popular later. Drawings of genre scenes, especially showing holy men, whether Muslim or Hindu, were also popular. </p><p>Akbar had an album, now dispersed, consisting entirely of portraits of figures at his enormous court which had a practical purpose; according to chroniclers he used to consult it when discussing appointments and the like with his advisors, apparently to jog his memory of who the people being discussed were. Many of them, like medieval European images of saints, carried objects associated with them to help identification, but otherwise the figures stand on a plain background.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a number of fine portraits of Akbar, but it was under his successors <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> and Shah Jahan that the portrait of the ruler became firmly established as a leading subject in Indian miniature painting, which was to spread to both Muslim and Hindu princely courts across India.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 18th and 19th centuries Indian artists working in the hybrid Indo-European <a href="/wiki/Company_style" title="Company style">Company style</a> produced albums of miniatures for Europeans living in India as part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> and its French and Portuguese equivalents. Some Europeans collected or were given earlier Indian miniatures; the Large and Small Clive albums were presented to <a href="/wiki/Lord_Clive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Clive">Lord Clive</a>, and are now in the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_%26_Albert_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria & Albert Museum">Victoria & Albert Museum</a> in London.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others created albums of new work, tending to concentrate on animal portraits and the houses, horses and other possessions of this wealthy group. In the 19th century images of Indians and their costumes, often categorized by regional and ethnic type, or occupation, became very popular. Large-scale patrons included Colonel <a href="/wiki/James_Skinner_(soldier)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Skinner (soldier)">James Skinner</a> of Skinner's Horse fame, who had a <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> mother, and for natural history paintings, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Impey" title="Mary Impey">Mary Impey</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Impey" title="Elijah Impey">Elijah Impey</a>, who commissioned over three hundred, and the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Marquess Wellesley</a>, brother of the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">first Duke of Wellington</a>, who had over 2,500 miniatures. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_noble_lady,_Mughal_dynasty,_India._17th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A noble lady, Mughal dynasty, India. 17th century. Color and gold on paper. Freer Gallery of Art F1907.219."><img alt="A noble lady, Mughal dynasty, India. 17th century. Color and gold on paper. Freer Gallery of Art F1907.219." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/A_noble_lady%2C_Mughal_dynasty%2C_India._17th_century.jpg/77px-A_noble_lady%2C_Mughal_dynasty%2C_India._17th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/A_noble_lady%2C_Mughal_dynasty%2C_India._17th_century.jpg/116px-A_noble_lady%2C_Mughal_dynasty%2C_India._17th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/A_noble_lady%2C_Mughal_dynasty%2C_India._17th_century.jpg/154px-A_noble_lady%2C_Mughal_dynasty%2C_India._17th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="932" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> A noble lady, Mughal dynasty, India. 17th century. Color and gold on paper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asia.si.edu/collections/edan/object.php?q=fsg_F1907.219&bcrumb=true">Freer Gallery of Art F1907.219.</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jahangir_holding_a_globe,_1614-1618.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jahangir holding a globe, 1614-1618. India."><img alt="Jahangir holding a globe, 1614-1618. India." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Jahangir_holding_a_globe%2C_1614-1618.jpg/87px-Jahangir_holding_a_globe%2C_1614-1618.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Jahangir_holding_a_globe%2C_1614-1618.jpg/131px-Jahangir_holding_a_globe%2C_1614-1618.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Jahangir_holding_a_globe%2C_1614-1618.jpg/174px-Jahangir_holding_a_globe%2C_1614-1618.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="2106" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> holding a globe, 1614-1618. India. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jahangir,_17th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jahangir, Mughal dynasty, Reign of Jahangir, 17th century. India. Color and gold on paper.Freer Gallery of Art. F1907.187."><img alt="Jahangir, Mughal dynasty, Reign of Jahangir, 17th century. India. Color and gold on paper.Freer Gallery of Art. F1907.187." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Jahangir%2C_17th_century.jpg/80px-Jahangir%2C_17th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Jahangir%2C_17th_century.jpg/119px-Jahangir%2C_17th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Jahangir%2C_17th_century.jpg/159px-Jahangir%2C_17th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="903" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a>, Mughal dynasty, Reign of Jahangir, 17th century. India. Color and gold on paper.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asia.si.edu/collections/edan/object.php?q=fsg_F1907.187&bcrumb=true">Freer Gallery of Art. F1907.187</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah_Jahan_and_his_son,_Dara_Shikoh,_c17th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shah Jahan and his son, Dara Shikoh hunting, Mughal, India. c 17th century. Color and gold on paper. Freer Sackler Gallery F1907.196"><img alt="Shah Jahan and his son, Dara Shikoh hunting, Mughal, India. c 17th century. Color and gold on paper. Freer Sackler Gallery F1907.196" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Shah_Jahan_and_his_son%2C_Dara_Shikoh%2C_c17th_century.jpg/120px-Shah_Jahan_and_his_son%2C_Dara_Shikoh%2C_c17th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Shah_Jahan_and_his_son%2C_Dara_Shikoh%2C_c17th_century.jpg/180px-Shah_Jahan_and_his_son%2C_Dara_Shikoh%2C_c17th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Shah_Jahan_and_his_son%2C_Dara_Shikoh%2C_c17th_century.jpg/240px-Shah_Jahan_and_his_son%2C_Dara_Shikoh%2C_c17th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a> and his son, <a href="/wiki/Dara_Shikoh" title="Dara Shikoh">Dara Shikoh</a> hunting, Mughal, India. c 17th century. Color and gold on paper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asia.si.edu/collections/edan/object.php?q=fsg_F1907.196&bcrumb=true">Freer Sackler Gallery F1907.196</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_of_albums">Use of albums</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muraqqa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Use of albums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Jahangir_receiving_his_two_sons,_an_album-painting_in_gouache_on_paper,_c_1605-06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emperor_Jahangir_receiving_his_two_sons%2C_an_album-painting_in_gouache_on_paper%2C_c_1605-06.jpg/170px-Emperor_Jahangir_receiving_his_two_sons%2C_an_album-painting_in_gouache_on_paper%2C_c_1605-06.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emperor_Jahangir_receiving_his_two_sons%2C_an_album-painting_in_gouache_on_paper%2C_c_1605-06.jpg/255px-Emperor_Jahangir_receiving_his_two_sons%2C_an_album-painting_in_gouache_on_paper%2C_c_1605-06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emperor_Jahangir_receiving_his_two_sons%2C_an_album-painting_in_gouache_on_paper%2C_c_1605-06.jpg/340px-Emperor_Jahangir_receiving_his_two_sons%2C_an_album-painting_in_gouache_on_paper%2C_c_1605-06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2768" data-file-height="3705" /></a><figcaption>Manohar, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> receiving his two sons, an album-painting in gouache on paper, c. 1605-6</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_cal_0007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_cal_0007.jpg/170px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_cal_0007.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_cal_0007.jpg/255px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_cal_0007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_cal_0007.jpg/340px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_cal_0007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2905" /></a><figcaption>Eight separate pieces of calligraphy by five different Ottoman calligraphers (<a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Hamdullah" title="Sheikh Hamdullah">Sheikh Hamdullah</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A2fiz_Osman" title="Hâfiz Osman">Hâfiz Osman</a>, Yusuf Efendi (d. 1729), <a href="/wiki/Egrikapili_Mehmed_Rasim_Efendi" title="Egrikapili Mehmed Rasim Efendi">Mehmed Rasim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Celaleddin_Efendi" title="Mahmud Celaleddin Efendi">Mahmud Celaleddin Efendi</a>) which were trimmed and pasted onto separate sheets of paper and mounted on a single sheet of muraqqa page</figcaption></figure> <p>Albums were often presented as gifts to mark a milestone in life. Chroniclers record that when the Persian Prince <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Mirza" title="Ibrahim Mirza">Ibrahim Mirza</a> was killed in 1577, on the orders of Shah <a href="/wiki/Tahmasp_I" title="Tahmasp I">Tahmasp I</a>, his wife, Tahmasp's sister, destroyed artworks including an album containing miniatures by <a href="/wiki/Kam%C4%81l_ud-D%C4%ABn_Behz%C4%81d" title="Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād">Behzad</a> among others, which her husband had compiled and given her for their wedding, washing the miniatures in water.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps she did not want anything to fall into the hands of her brother, who had ordered his death, and who did take over the prince's atelier.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albums were often presented to rulers on their accession, or in Turkey at New Year. They could also be given as diplomatic gifts between rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A muraqqa was created for Sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_III" title="Murad III">Murad III</a> in 1572 when he ascended to the throne, which is unusual because the dedication is very detailed, including the date and place of creation, namely Istanbul, 980 AH/1572-73 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dedication is to Murad III, also naming his compiler Mehmed Cenderecizade. The Murad III muraqqa was designed much more extravagantly than other Islamic muraqqa and with original nakkashane (Ottoman painting studio) border paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This muraqqa contained miniature paintings, ink drawings, and calligraphy, including <a href="/wiki/Ghazals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghazals">ghazals</a>. The Murad III muraqqa has twenty-four miniatures created in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> to the east of Persia, <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qazvin" title="Qazvin">Qazvin</a> in Persia, and <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> between the late fifteenth and seventeenth centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a two-page introduction written in Persian, which is similar in structure to <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Safavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid">Safavid</a> album prefaces, and indicates that this muraqqa was compiled in Istanbul less than two years before Murad III became Sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another album in the Ottoman royal collection contains only Western images, mostly <a href="/wiki/Old_master_print" title="Old master print">prints</a> but including a drawing in pen of an <i>Ornamental Scroll with <a href="/wiki/Putti" class="mw-redirect" title="Putti">Putti</a> and Penises</i>, "for the merriment of adult guests at a dinner in <a href="/wiki/Beyo%C4%9Flu" title="Beyoğlu">Pera</a>". The collection was probably assembled for a <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florentine</a> in the late 15th century, probably a merchant living in Istanbul (where Pera was the quarter for Westerners). The other 15 images are a mixed group of Florentine <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engravings</a>, mostly unique impressions (i.e. otherwise unknown), with some religious subjects and a coloured print of <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmet II">Mehmet II</a>, who apparently acquired the album. It is of interest to art historians because only a small handful of early albums of Western prints survive anywhere, having been broken up by later collectors or dealers; they were probably common among collectors in Europe at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_from_the_Mughal_Court">Examples from the Mughal Court</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muraqqa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Examples from the Mughal Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Salim Album</i>, produced in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Akbar_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar the Great">Akbar the Great</a>, contains both Christian images and portraits of Hindu courtiers.</li> <li><i>Minto Albums</i>, from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a>, contains miniatures depicting royal courtiers, gardens, and images of wildlife, surrounded by elaborate floral borders.</li> <li><i>Shah Jahan Album</i>, now dispersed, as it was split up by <a href="/wiki/George_Joseph_Demotte" title="George Joseph Demotte">George Joseph Demotte</a>, a Belgian dealer. Many of the sheets are now in the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> in New York.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kevorkian_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevorkian Album">Kevorkian Album</a></i>, now mostly split between New York (Metropolitan) and Washington (Freer).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gulshan_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulshan Album">Gulshan Album</a></i>, compiled by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a>, now mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Golestan_Palace" title="Golestan Palace">Golestan Palace</a>, Tehran.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_modern_times">In modern times</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muraqqa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In modern times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Chughtai" title="Abdur Rahman Chughtai">Abdur Rahman Chughtai</a> was a painter who was responsible for the revival of the muraqqa in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</a> in 1928 after publishing his Muraqqa-I Chughtai. When he started painting in the 1910s his major influence was <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a>, but by the 1920s he was inspired by Islamic artwork including the muraqqa, <a href="/wiki/Ghazals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghazals">ghazals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Ottoman miniatures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using the emergent tools of <a href="/wiki/Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">digital humanities</a>, Sumathi Ramaswamy at <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> has recreated the form of a Mughal muraqqa’ to track the itineraries of the <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrestrial globe">terrestrial globe</a> in early modern <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muraqqa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asia.si.edu/collections/edan/object.php?q=fsg_F1928.10&bcrumb=true">Freer Sackler Gallery F1928.10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Froom. (2001), 1.; Rizvi, 800</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Froom, 1-2; Thackston, vii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A regular theme of prefaces - see Roxburgh, 111-112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Froom, 5-6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canby, quote on 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canby, 42-49, 45 on Qur'an, 83 on carpets.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Titley, 113-114; Riza; Brend, 165-166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riza</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Titley, 133-135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Titley, 136-142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Titley, 151, 157-158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson, 37; Walther & Wolf, 254-255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/a/a_lion_attacking_a_deer.aspx"><i>A lion attacking a deer</i>, stencilled scene of découpage paper shapes</a> British Museum; Titley, 158, 229, 242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFreer_Gallery_of_Art_and_the_Arthur_M._Sackler_Gallery1999" class="citation book cs1">Freer Gallery of Art and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution (1999). Shaner, Lynne (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T_QNAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Jahangirnama</i></a>. Foreword by Milo Cleveland Beach. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">vi–</span>vii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195127188" title="Special:BookSources/0195127188"><bdi>0195127188</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jahangirnama&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Evi-%3C%2Fspan%3Evii&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0195127188&rft.aulast=Freer+Gallery+of+Art+and+the+Arthur+M.+Sackler+Gallery&rft.aufirst=Smithsonian+Institution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT_QNAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuraqqa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crill and Jariwala, 23-30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLostyRoy2012" class="citation book cs1">Losty, J.P.; Roy, Malini (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BDl3MAEACAAJ&q=the+mughal+empire,+art+culture+and+empire"><i>Mughal India: Art, Culture and Empire Manuscripts and Paintings in the British Library</i></a>. London: The British Library. pp. <span class="nowrap">132–</span>133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780712358705" title="Special:BookSources/9780712358705"><bdi>9780712358705</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mughal+India%3A+Art%2C+Culture+and+Empire+Manuscripts+and+Paintings+in+the+British+Library&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E132-%3C%2Fspan%3E133&rft.pub=The+British+Library&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780712358705&rft.aulast=Losty&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rft.au=Roy%2C+Malini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBDl3MAEACAAJ%26q%3Dthe%2Bmughal%2Bempire%2C%2Bart%2Bculture%2Band%2Bempire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuraqqa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abid. Reign of Shah Jahan, portrait by Abid dated 1628; assembled late 17th century. <i>Mirror Case With Portrait of Mumtaz Mahal</i>. Freer Gallery of Art. F2005.4 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.asia.si.edu/collections/edan/object.php?q=fsg_F2005.4&bcrumb=true">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crill and Jariwala, 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crill and Jariwala, 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crill and Jariwala, 27-39, and catalogue entries</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O86414/painting-a-flower-study/">Small Clive album</a> <a href="/wiki/Victoria_%26_Albert_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria & Albert Museum">Victoria & Albert Museum</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Titley, 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.akdn.org/museum/detail.asp?artifactid=1731">Aga Khan Museum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724231354/http://www.akdn.org/museum/detail.asp?artifactid=1731">Archived</a> 2011-07-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tanidi, 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. E.Froom, (2001). "Collecting Tastes: A Muraqqa’ for Sultan Murad III". Electronic Journal of Oriental Studies IV: 19, pp. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emine F. Fetvaci, (2005). "Viziers to Eunuchs: Transitions in Ottoman Manuscript Patronage, 1566--1617." Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Harvard University. pp. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. E.Froom, (2001). "Collecting Tastes: A Muraqqa’ for Sultan Murad III". Electronic Journal of Oriental Studies IV: 19, p. 2, 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.Froom, (2001). "Collecting Tastes: A Muraqqa’ for Sultan Murad III". Electronic Journal of Oriental Studies IV: 19, p. 4.; Sheila S. Blair. (2000). "Color and Gold: The Decorated Papers Used in Manuscripts in Later Islamic Times." Muqarnas. 17. pp. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Landau & Parshall, 91-95; one might query the title, as the "putti" are rather rough-looking adults.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iftikhar Dadi, (2006). "Miniature Painting as Muslim Cosmopolitanism" ISIM Review: International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World. No. 18 pp. 53. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sumathi Ramaswamy, ‘Going Global in Mughal India’ (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://sites.duke.edu/globalinmughalindia/">http://sites.duke.edu/globalinmughalindia/</a>)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muraqqa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abid. Reign of Shah Jahan, portrait by Abid dated 1628; assembled late 17th century. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asia.si.edu/collections/edan/object.php?q=fsg_F2005.4&bcrumb=true">Mirror Case With Portrait of Mumtaz Mahal</a></i>. Freer Gallery of Art. F2005.4</li> <li>Brend, Barbara. <i>Islamic art</i>, Harvard University Press, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-46866-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-46866-X">0-674-46866-X</a>, 9780674468665</li> <li>"Canby (2009)", Canby, Sheila R. (ed). <i>Shah Abbas; The Remaking of Iran</i>, 2009, British Museum Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-2452-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-2452-0">978-0-7141-2452-0</a></li> <li>"Riza" – Canby, Sheila R., <i>Riza [Riżā; Reza; Āqā Riżā; Āqā Riżā Kāshānī; Riżā-yi ‛Abbāsī]</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Art_Online" title="Oxford Art Online">Oxford Art Online</a> (subscription required), accessed 5 March 2011</li> <li>Crill, Rosemary, and Jariwala, Kapil. <i>The Indian Portrait, 1560–1860</i>, <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a>, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85514-409-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85514-409-5">978-1-85514-409-5</a></li> <li>Dadi, Iftikhar (2006). "Miniature Painting as Muslim Cosmopolitanism" ISIM Review: International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World. No. 18 pp. 52–53.</li> <li>Fetvaci, Emine F. (2005). "Viziers to Eunuchs: Transitions in Ottoman Manuscript Patronage, 1566–1617." Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Harvard University. pp. 1–533</li> <li>Froom, A. E. (2001). "Collecting Tastes: A Muraqqa’ for Sultan Murad III". Electronic Journal of Oriental Studies IV: 19, pp. 1–14.</li> <li>Landau, David, and Parshall, Peter. <i>The Renaissance Print</i>, Yale, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-06883-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-06883-2">0-300-06883-2</a></li> <li>Losty, J.P.; Roy, Malini (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BDl3MAEACAAJ&q=the+mughal+empire,+art+culture+and+empire"><i>Mughal India: Art, Culture and Empire Manuscripts and Paintings in the British Library</i></a>. London: The British Library. pp. 132–133.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780712358705" title="Special:BookSources/9780712358705">9780712358705</a>.</li> <li>Rizvi, Kishwar. (2003). "Prefacing the File: The Writing of Art History in Sixteenth-Century Iran by David J. Roxburgh." (book review) The Art Bulletin. 85.4. pp. 800–803.</li> <li>Robinson, B., <i>Fifteenth-Century Persian Painting: Problems and Issues</i>, NYU Press, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-7446-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-7446-6">0-8147-7446-6</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7446-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7446-5">978-0-8147-7446-5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9WbwqfEfoFUC&dq=siyah+Qalam&pg=PA37">google books</a></li> <li>Thackston, Wheeler McIntosh. <i>Album prefaces and other documents on the history of calligraphers and painters</i>, Volume 10 of Studies and sources in Islamic art and architecture: Supplements to Muqarnas, BRILL, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11961-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11961-2">90-04-11961-2</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11961-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11961-1">978-90-04-11961-1</a></li> <li>Titley, Norah M., <i>Persian Miniature Painting, and its Influence on the Art of Turkey and India</i>, 1983, University of Texas Press, 0292764847</li> <li>Tanindi, Zeren (2000). "Additions to Illustrated Manuscripts in Ottoman Workshops". Muqarnas. Brill: 17. pp. 147–161. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1523295">JSTOR</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muraqqa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Beach, Milo Cleveland. (1967). "The Heeramaneck Collection". The Burlington Magazine: 109.768. pp. 183–185.</li> <li>Blair, Sheila S. (2000). "Color and Gold: The Decorated Papers Used in Manuscripts in Later Islamic Times". Muqarnas. 17. pp. 24–36.</li> <li>Glynn, Catherine. (1983). "Early Painting in Mandi". Artibus Asiae. 44.1, pp. 21–64.</li> <li>Glynn, Catherine. (2000). "A Rajasthani Princely Album: Rajput Patronage of Mughal-Style Painting". Atibus Asiae. 60.2, pp. 222–264.</li> <li>Harris, Lucian. (2001). "Archibald Swinton: A New Source for Albums of Indian Miniatures in Williams Beckford's Collection*". The Burlington Magazine. 143.1179. pp. 360–366.</li> <li>Kurz, Otto. (1967). "A Volume of Mughal Drawings and Miniatures". Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes. 30, pp. 251–271.</li> <li>Roxburgh, David J., <i>Prefacing the Image The Writing of Art History in Sixteenth-Century Iran</i></li> <li>Roxburgh, David J. (2000). "Kamal al-Din Bihzad and Authorship in Persianate Painting." Muqarnas. 17, pp. 119–146.</li> <li>Soucek, Priscilla P. (1995). "Persian Drawings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art by Marie Lukens". <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>. 54.1, pp. 74-.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwietochowski,_Marie_LukensBabaie,_Sussan1989" class="citation book cs1">Swietochowski, Marie Lukens & Babaie, Sussan (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/90639/rec/3"><i>Persian drawings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art</i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870995642" title="Special:BookSources/0870995642"><bdi>0870995642</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persian+drawings+in+the+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0870995642&rft.au=Swietochowski%2C+Marie+Lukens&rft.au=Babaie%2C+Sussan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F90639%2Frec%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuraqqa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelch,_Stuart_C.1987" class="citation book cs1">Welch, Stuart C.; et al. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/114935/rec/401"><i>The Emperors' album: images of Mughal India</i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870994999" title="Special:BookSources/0870994999"><bdi>0870994999</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperors%27+album%3A+images+of+Mughal+India&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0870994999&rft.au=Welch%2C+Stuart+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F114935%2Frec%2F401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuraqqa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muraqqa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asia.si.edu/press/past/prMuraqqa.htm">Smithsonian 2008 exhibition</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbl.ie/">Chester Beatty Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiexhibitions.org/news/view.asp?ID=31">Images of a Muraqqa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/18/arts/design/18mugh.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=muraqqa&st=cse&oref=slogin">New York Times review of Smithsonian exhibit of Muraqqa</a></li> <li>Going Global in Mughal India <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sites.duke.edu/globalinmughalindia/">introduction</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://duke.onlineculture.co.uk/ttp/ttp.html">digital muraqqa album</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_art230" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_art" title="Template talk:Islamic art"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_art" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic art"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_art230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty#Architecture" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_architecture" title="Hausa architecture">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim architecture">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Bahmani_and_Deccan_Sultanates" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of the Bahmani and Deccan Sultanates">Bahmani and Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Indonesian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Malaysia" title="Islamic architecture">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_mosque" title="Tatar mosque">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen#Islamic_period" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_architectural_elements" title="Category:Islamic architectural elements">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moc%C3%A1rabe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mocárabe">Mocárabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitara_(textile)" title="Sitara (textile)">Sitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> Decoration</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_Tiling_(186943375).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/110px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="110" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/165px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/220px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="1091" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_art" title="Bangladeshi art">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Persian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_art#Early_Islamic_period" title="Persian art">Early</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qajar_art" title="Qajar art">Qajar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavid_art" title="Safavid art">Safavid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Turkish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Ottoman_Empire#Decorative_arts" title="Culture of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gul_(design)" title="Gul (design)">Gul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">Kilim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilim_motifs" title="Kilim motifs">Motifs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_carpet" title="Persian carpet">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_carpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish carpet">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_rug" title="Prayer rug">Prayer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fritware" title="Fritware">Fritware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moresque_ware" title="Hispano-Moresque ware">Hispano-Moresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Iznik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_lustreware" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic lustreware">Lustreware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina%27i_ware" title="Mina'i ware">Mina'i ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_pottery" title="Persian pottery">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_influences_on_Islamic_pottery" title="Chinese influences on Islamic pottery">Chinese influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Textiles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">Damask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">Ikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_embroidery" title="Islamic embroidery">Embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soumak" title="Soumak">Soumak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzani_(textile)" title="Suzani (textile)">Suzani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Woodwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khatam" title="Khatam">Khatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">Minbar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art#Islamic_brasswork" title="Islamic art">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_steel" title="Damascus steel">Damascus steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enamelled_glass#Islamic" title="Enamelled glass">Enamelled glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_glass" title="Islamic glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving#Islamic_hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Hardstone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_carving#Islamic_ivory" title="Ivory carving">Ivory carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_lamp" title="Mosque lamp">Mosque lamp</a></li> <li>Stained glass <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka_(window)" title="Shabaka (window)">Shabaka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts of<br />the book</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_miniature" title="Islamic miniature">Miniatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_miniature" title="Arabic miniature">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_calligraphy" title="Indian calligraphy">Indo-Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliq_script" title="Taliq script">Taliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muraqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilya" title="Hilya">Hilya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Ottoman illumination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Decoration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a> (<a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">tiles</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> Calligraphy</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">The garden</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman gardens">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_of_Islamic_art" title="List of museums of Islamic art">Museums,<br />collections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Berlin" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Cairo" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Doha" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Doha">Doha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Ghazni" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Ghazni">Ghazni</a></li> <li>Istanbul (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts_Museum" title="Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum">Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Turkish_Calligraphy_Art" title="Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art">Calligraphy Art</a>)</li> <li>Jerusalem (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum,_Jerusalem" title="Islamic Museum, Jerusalem">Islamic Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_for_Islamic_Art,_Jerusalem" title="Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem">Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Arts_Museum_Malaysia" title="Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li>London (<a href="/wiki/British_Museum#Islamic_art" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum#Islamic_art" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">V&A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khalili_Collection_of_Islamic_Art" title="Khalili Collection of Islamic Art">Khalili Collection</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art#Islamic_art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles</a></li> <li>Marrakech (<a href="/wiki/Marrakech_Museum" title="Marrakech Museum">Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majorelle_Garden" title="Majorelle Garden">Majorelle Garden</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum_of_Australia" title="Islamic Museum of Australia">Melbourne</a></li> <li>Paris (<a href="/wiki/Arab_World_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World Institute">Arab World Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louvre#Islamic_art" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Civilisations_Museum" title="Asian Civilisations Museum">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Museum" title="Aga Khan Museum">Toronto (Aga Khan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum_of_Tripoli" title="Islamic Museum of Tripoli">Tripoli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exhibitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_the_Sultans" title="Empire of the Sultans">Empire of the Sultans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heaven_on_Earth:_Art_from_Islamic_Lands" title="Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands">Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hajj:_Journey_to_the_Heart_of_Islam" title="Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam">Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles,<br />influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Art:_Mirror_of_the_Invisible_World" title="Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World">Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Islam" title="Aniconism in Islam">Aniconism in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_architecture" title="Indo-Saracenic architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_world_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe" title="Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe">Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Influences on Western art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">Grotesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moresque" title="Moresque">Moresque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_architecture" title="Mathematics and architecture">Mathematics and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_carpets_in_Renaissance_painting" title="Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting">Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Kufic" title="Pseudo-Kufic">Pseudo-Kufic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stilfragen" title="Stilfragen">Stilfragen</a></i></li> 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