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Tillgänglig på 55 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalismus_(Literatur)" title="Naturalismus (Literatur) – schweizertyska" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Naturalismus (Literatur)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="schweizertyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A_(%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8)" title="المذهب الطبيعي (أدب) – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المذهب الطبيعي (أدب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalizm_(%C9%99d%C9%99biyyat)" title="Naturalizm (ədəbiyyat) – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Naturalizm (ədəbiyyat)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Натурализъм (литература) – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Натурализъм (литература)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalizam" title="Naturalizam – bosniska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Naturalizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalisme" title="Naturalisme – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Naturalisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalismus_(literatura)" title="Naturalismus (literatura) – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Naturalismus (literatura)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturiolaeth_(llenyddiaeth)" title="Naturiolaeth (llenyddiaeth) – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Naturiolaeth (llenyddiaeth)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalisme_(litteratur)" title="Naturalisme (litteratur) – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Naturalisme (litteratur)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalismus_(Literatur)" title="Naturalismus (Literatur) – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Naturalismus (Literatur)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism" title="Naturalism – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Naturalism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_(%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Νατουραλισμός (λογοτεχνία) – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νατουραλισμός (λογοτεχνία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_(literature)" title="Naturalism (literature) – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Naturalism (literature)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalismo_(literatura)" title="Naturalismo (literatura) – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Naturalismo (literatura)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalismo" title="Naturalismo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Naturalismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalismo_(artea)" title="Naturalismo (artea) – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Naturalismo (artea)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85_(%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="ناتورالیسم (ادبیات) – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ناتورالیسم (ادبیات)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalisme_(litt%C3%A9rature)" title="Naturalisme (littérature) – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Naturalisme (littérature)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalisme_(literatuer)" title="Naturalisme (literatuer) – västfrisiska" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Naturalisme (literatuer)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="västfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A0darras_(litreachas)" title="Nàdarras (litreachas) – skotsk gäliska" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Nàdarras (litreachas)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotsk gäliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalismo" title="Naturalismo – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Naturalismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%97%B0%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98_(%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99)" title="자연주의 (문학) – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자연주의 (문학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalizam" title="Naturalizam – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Naturalizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalismo" title="Naturalismo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Naturalismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalisme_(seni_rupa)" title="Naturalisme (seni rupa) – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Naturalisme (seni rupa)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalismo_(letteratura)" title="Naturalismo (letteratura) – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Naturalismo (letteratura)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D_(%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA)" title="נטורליזם (ספרות) – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נטורליזם (ספרות)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ნატურალიზმი – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნატურალიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalizmus_(m%C5%B1v%C3%A9szet)" title="Naturalizmus (művészet) – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Naturalizmus (művészet)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Натурализам – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Натурализам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalisme_(literatuur)" title="Naturalisme (literatuur) – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Naturalisme (literatuur)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="प्रकृतवाद – nepalesiska" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रकृतवाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="自然主義文学 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="自然主義文学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalismen" title="Naturalismen – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Naturalismen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalismen" title="Naturalismen – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Naturalismen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalizm" title="Naturalizm – uzbekiska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Naturalizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6_(%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4)" title="ਪ੍ਰਕਿਰਤੀਵਾਦ (ਸਾਹਿਤ) – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਕਿਰਤੀਵਾਦ (ਸਾਹਿਤ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalizm_(literatura)" title="Naturalizm (literatura) – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Naturalizm (literatura)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_do_naturalismo" title="Literatura do naturalismo – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Literatura do naturalismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_(literatur%C4%83)" title="Naturalism (literatură) – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Naturalism (literatură)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Натурализм (литература) – rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Натурализм (литература)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Натурализм (литература) – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Натурализм (литература)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natyralizmi_n%C3%AB_let%C3%ABrsi" title="Natyralizmi në letërsi – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Natyralizmi në letërsi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_(literature)" title="Naturalism (literature) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Naturalism (literature)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalizmus_(literat%C3%BAra)" title="Naturalizmus (literatúra) – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Naturalizmus (literatúra)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalizem" title="Naturalizem – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Naturalizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC_(%D0%BA%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82)" title="Натурализам (књижевност) – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Натурализам (књижевност)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalizam" title="Naturalizam – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Naturalizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalismeu_(sastra)" title="Naturalismeu (sastra) – sundanesiska" lang="su" hreflang="su" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><p><b>Naturalismen</b> var en litterär rörelse under 1800-talets senare hälft. Den var en radikal form av <a href="/wiki/Realism_(litteratur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Realism (litteratur)">realism</a>, som påverkad av tidens naturvetenskapliga strömningar tog fram manifest för hur litteratur skulle skrivas. Den viktigaste och mest produktiva naturalistiska författaren var <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a>, som 1880 skrev ett manifest om sin litterära naturalism i skriften <i>Den experimentella romanen</i> (<i>Le Roman expérimental</i>), i vilket han talar för att införa naturvetenskapliga metoder i romanen.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enligt manifestet ska författaren bestämma förutsättningar för karaktärerna och sedan skriva romanen som ett experiment om vad som händer utifrån dessa förutsättningar. </p><p>En av naturalismens viktigaste teoretiker anses vara kritikern <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Hippolyte Taine</a>, vars uttalande om att "[l]ast och dygd är produkter som <a href="/wiki/Vitriol" title="Vitriol">vitriol</a> och socker"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, från inledningen till <i>Histoire de la littérature anglaise</i> (1863–1864), närmast har blivit ett motto för naturalismen. Taines och naturalismens <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialistiska</a> och <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">deterministiska</a> filosofi passade väl in i den rådande tidsandan, då vetenskapen om människan växte fram och de stora framstegen inom naturvetenskaperna gav genklang i hela världen. Detta skapade en positiv syn på vetenskapen. I denna tids optimistiska vetenskapstro blev också för första gången samhället och människan objekt som gick att undersöka. Detta gjordes gärna i naiv analogi med naturvetenskaperna, och de humanvetenskaper som växte fram inom till exempel samhällsvetenskapen (till exempel <a href="/wiki/Durkheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Durkheim">Durkheim</a>) är således också starkt färgade av en materialistisk och positivistisk syn på människan, och vilka kunskaper man kan ha om henne. Taine ansåg att litteraturen var ett redskap sida vid sida med vetenskaperna, i det att den kunde frammana en ultimat levande verklighet. <a href="/wiki/%C3%96rjan_Lindberger" title="Örjan Lindberger">Örjan Lindberger</a> uttryckte det som att ”[d]ikten kan framställa verkligheten som levande verklighet på ett sätt som i regel är historien eller samhällsvetenskapen och statistiken förmenat".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Det var tron på vetenskapen som metod att förändra samhället som utgjorde grunden för de naturalistiska idéerna. Det fanns därför naturalistiska författare som såg sig som ett avantgarde, och andra med <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialistiskt</a> färgade idéer. Innehållsmässigt kan man beskriva romanerna som skildringar av studier av karaktärer, som ses som resultatet av omkringliggande faktorer, till exempel medfödda egenskaper, miljö och om man följer "naturen" eller bryter mot den. Detta är fallet i <a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">Strindbergs</a> <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%B6ken_Julie" title="Fröken Julie">Fröken Julie</a> och i många av Zolas romaner, som <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Raquin" title="Thérèse Raquin">Thérèse Raquin</a>. När man i Europa i samband med <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rsta_v%C3%A4rldskriget" title="Första världskriget">första världskriget</a> förlorade den utvecklingsoptimism som hade präglat det sena 1800-talet dog den positivism som hade varit naturalismens drivmedel i princip ut.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Då hade litteraturen sedan flera år börjat att tas över av olika högmodernistiska strömningar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exempel_på_litteratur"><span id="Exempel_p.C3.A5_litteratur"></span>Exempel på litteratur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naturalismens_litteratur&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Exempel på litteratur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naturalismens_litteratur&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Exempel på litteratur"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Gustave Flaubert</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Madame_Bovary_(roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame Bovary (roman)">Madame Bovary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Raquin" title="Thérèse Raquin">Thérèse Raquin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">August Strindberg</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%B6ken_Julie" title="Fröken Julie">Fröken Julie</a></i> (drama)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">August Strindberg</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Fadren" title="Fadren">Fadren</a></i> (drama)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4varna" title="Vävarna">Vävarna</a></i> (drama)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjodor_Dostojevskij" title="Fjodor Dostojevskij">Fjodor Dostojevskij</a> – <a href="/wiki/Brott_och_straff" title="Brott och straff">Brott och Straff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Crane" title="Stephen Crane">Stephen Crane</a> – <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_%C3%B6ppna_b%C3%A5ten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Den öppna båten [inte skriven än]">Den öppna båten</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naturalismens_litteratur&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naturalismens_litteratur&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Se även"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(konst)" title="Naturalism (konst)">Naturalism (konst)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utvecklingsroman" title="Utvecklingsroman">Utvecklingsroman</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naturalismens_litteratur&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naturalismens_litteratur&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFStaffan_Bergsten_&_Lars_Elleström2004"><a href="/wiki/Staffan_Bergsten" title="Staffan Bergsten">Staffan Bergsten</a> & <a href="/wiki/Lars_Ellestr%C3%B6m" title="Lars Elleström">Lars Elleström</a> (2004). <i><span>Litteraturhistoriens grundbegrepp</span></i> (Andra upplagan). <a href="/wiki/Lund" title="Lund">Lund</a>: <a href="/wiki/Studentlitteratur" title="Studentlitteratur">Studentlitteratur</a>. sid. 71. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/91-44-04255-8" title="Special:Bokkällor/91-44-04255-8">ISBN 91-44-04255-8</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Litteraturhistoriens+grundbegrepp&rft.aulast=%5B%5BStaffan+Bergsten%5D%5D+%26+%5B%5BLars+Ellestr%C3%B6m%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5BStaffan+Bergsten%5D%5D+%26+%5B%5BLars+Ellestr%C3%B6m%5D%5D&rft.date=2004&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B71&rft.edition=Andra+upplagan&rft.place=%5B%5BLund%5D%5D&rft.pub=%5B%5BStudentlitteratur%5D%5D&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Naturalismens_litteratur"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book"> <i><span><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></span></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 18 april 2007</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5B%5BEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%5D%5D&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Naturalismens_litteratur"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFInge_Jonsson2000"><a href="/wiki/Inge_Jonsson" title="Inge Jonsson">Inge Jonsson</a> (2000). <i><span>Idéer och teorier om ordens konst</span></i> (Andra upplagan). <a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gleerups_utbildning" title="Gleerups utbildning">Gleerups</a>. sid. 133. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/91-40-04612-5" title="Special:Bokkällor/91-40-04612-5">ISBN 91-40-04612-5</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Id%C3%A9er+och+teorier+om+ordens+konst&rft.aulast=%5B%5BInge+Jonsson%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5BInge+Jonsson%5D%5D&rft.date=2000&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B133&rft.edition=Andra+upplagan&rft.place=%5B%5BMalm%C3%B6%5D%5D&rft.pub=%5B%5BGleerups+utbildning%7CGleerups%5D%5D&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Naturalismens_litteratur"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Bergsten, Elleström, s. 72.</span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox 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title="Litteratur">Litteratur</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Format</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Blogg" title="Blogg">Blogg</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Bokrulle" title="Bokrulle">Bokrulle</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Bok" title="Bok">Bok</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/E-bok" title="E-bok">E-bok</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6ljetong" title="Följetong">Följetong</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Handskrift" title="Handskrift">Handskrift</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kompendium" title="Kompendium">Kompendium</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ljudbok" title="Ljudbok">Ljudbok</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Muntlig_tradition" title="Muntlig tradition">Muntlig tradition</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ostrakon" title="Ostrakon">Ostrakon</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Radio_(medium)" title="Radio (medium)">Radio</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sociala_medier" title="Sociala medier">Sociala medier</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">Stele</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Tidning" title="Tidning">Tidning</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Tidskrift" title="Tidskrift">Tidskrift</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Webbplats" title="Webbplats">Webbplats</a></div></td><td style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="17"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:A_pilgrimage_in_Europe_and_America_leading_to_the_discovery_of_the_sourches_of_the_Missisipi_and_Bloody_River.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/A_pilgrimage_in_Europe_and_America_leading_to_the_discovery_of_the_sourches_of_the_Missisipi_and_Bloody_River.png/150px-A_pilgrimage_in_Europe_and_America_leading_to_the_discovery_of_the_sourches_of_the_Missisipi_and_Bloody_River.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/A_pilgrimage_in_Europe_and_America_leading_to_the_discovery_of_the_sourches_of_the_Missisipi_and_Bloody_River.png/225px-A_pilgrimage_in_Europe_and_America_leading_to_the_discovery_of_the_sourches_of_the_Missisipi_and_Bloody_River.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/A_pilgrimage_in_Europe_and_America_leading_to_the_discovery_of_the_sourches_of_the_Missisipi_and_Bloody_River.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="269" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Former</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Prosa" title="Prosa">Prosa</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Poesi" title="Poesi">Poesi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Dialog" title="Dialog">Dialog</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Monolog" title="Monolog">Monolog</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> Förteckning<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Tecknad_serie" title="Tecknad serie">Serie</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Tekniker</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Alfabet" title="Alfabet">Alfabet</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Skrift" class="mw-redirect" title="Skrift">Skrift</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ordbehandlare" title="Ordbehandlare">Ordbehandlare</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Boktryckarkonst" title="Boktryckarkonst">Boktryckarkonst</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Illumination" title="Illumination">Illumination</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kalligrafi" title="Kalligrafi">Kalligrafi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Best%C3%A4lltryck" title="Beställtryck">Beställtryck</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Litteraturstudier</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Litteraturvetenskap" title="Litteraturvetenskap">Litteraturvetenskap</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Retorik" title="Retorik">Retorik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Filologi" title="Filologi">Filologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Lingvistik" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingvistik">Lingvistik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Poetik" title="Poetik">Poetik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Stilistik" title="Stilistik">Stilistik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Paleografi" title="Paleografi">Paleografi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteksvetenskap" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteksvetenskap">Biblioteksvetenskap</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Spr%C3%A5kfilosofi" title="Språkfilosofi">Språkfilosofi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Litteraturkritik" title="Litteraturkritik">Litteraturkritik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%96vers%C3%A4ttning" title="Översättning">Översättning</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Narratologi" title="Narratologi">Narratologi</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Litteraturhistoria" title="Litteraturhistoria">Litteraturhistoria</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Antikens_litteratur" title="Antikens litteratur">Antiken</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Medeltidens_litteratur" title="Medeltidens litteratur">Medeltiden</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A4ssansens_litteratur" title="Renässansens litteratur">Renässansen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Barockens_litteratur" title="Barockens litteratur">Barocken</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Klassicism" title="Klassicism">Klassicism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Upplysningstiden" title="Upplysningstiden">Upplysningstiden</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Romantikens_litteratur" title="Romantikens litteratur">Romantiken</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Realismens_litteratur" title="Realismens litteratur">Realismen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Naturalismen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Modernismens_litteratur" title="Modernismens litteratur">Modernismen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism#Litteratur_och_litteraturkritik" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernismen</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Yrken</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rfattare" title="Författare">Författare</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">Journalist</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Talskrivare" title="Talskrivare">Talskrivare</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Bibliotekarie" title="Bibliotekarie">Bibliotekarie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rl%C3%A4ggare" title="Förläggare">Förläggare</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Redakt%C3%B6r" class="mw-redirect" title="Redaktör">Redaktör</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Skribent" title="Skribent">Skribent</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Encyklopedist" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyklopedist">Encyklopedist</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Informat%C3%B6r" title="Informatör">Informatör</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4ttare" title="Sättare">Sättare</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Genrer</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%B6nlitteratur" title="Skönlitteratur">Skönlitteratur</a></div></td><td 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title="Novellett">Novellett</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sagalitteratur" title="Sagalitteratur">Saga</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Lyrik" title="Lyrik">Lyrik</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6rlyrik" title="Körlyrik">Körlyrik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A5ngtext" title="Sångtext">Sånglyrik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Elegi_(poesi)" title="Elegi (poesi)">Elegi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Epigram" title="Epigram">Epigram</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">Ode</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a 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