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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Naturalism (literature)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalismus_(Literatur)" title="Naturalismus (Literatur) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Naturalismus (Literatur)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A_(%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8)" title="المذهب الطبيعي (أدب) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المذهب الطبيعي (أدب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalizm_(%C9%99d%C9%99biyyat)" title="Naturalizm (ədəbiyyat) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Naturalizm (ədəbiyyat)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Натурализъм (литература) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Натурализъм (литература)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalizam" title="Naturalizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Naturalizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalisme" title="Naturalisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Naturalisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalismus_(literatura)" title="Naturalismus (literatura) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Naturalismus (literatura)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturiolaeth_(llenyddiaeth)" title="Naturiolaeth (llenyddiaeth) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Naturiolaeth (llenyddiaeth)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalisme_(litteratur)" title="Naturalisme (litteratur) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Naturalisme (litteratur)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalismus_(Literatur)" title="Naturalismus (Literatur) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Naturalismus (Literatur)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism" title="Naturalism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Naturalism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_(%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Νατουραλισμός (λογοτεχνία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νατουραλισμός (λογοτεχνία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalismo_(literatura)" title="Naturalismo (literatura) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Naturalismo (literatura)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalismo" title="Naturalismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Naturalismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalismo_(artea)" title="Naturalismo (artea) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Naturalismo (artea)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85_(%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="ناتورالیسم (ادبیات) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ناتورالیسم (ادبیات)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalisme_(litt%C3%A9rature)" title="Naturalisme (littérature) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Naturalisme (littérature)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalisme_(literatuer)" title="Naturalisme (literatuer) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Naturalisme (literatuer)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A0darras_(litreachas)" title="Nàdarras (litreachas) – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Nàdarras (litreachas)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalismo" title="Naturalismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Naturalismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%97%B0%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98_(%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99)" title="자연주의 (문학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자연주의 (문학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalizam" title="Naturalizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Naturalizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalismo" title="Naturalismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Naturalismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalisme_(seni_rupa)" title="Naturalisme (seni rupa) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Naturalisme (seni rupa)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalismo_(letteratura)" title="Naturalismo (letteratura) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Naturalismo (letteratura)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D_(%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA)" title="נטורליזם (ספרות) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נטורליזם (ספרות)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ნატურალიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნატურალიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalizmus_(m%C5%B1v%C3%A9szet)" title="Naturalizmus (művészet) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Naturalizmus (művészet)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Натурализам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Натурализам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalisme_(literatuur)" title="Naturalisme (literatuur) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Naturalisme (literatuur)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="प्रकृतवाद – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रकृतवाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="自然主義文学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="自然主義文学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalismen" title="Naturalismen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Naturalismen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalismen" title="Naturalismen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Naturalismen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalizm" title="Naturalizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Naturalizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6_(%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4)" title="ਪ੍ਰਕਿਰਤੀਵਾਦ (ਸਾਹਿਤ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਕਿਰਤੀਵਾਦ (ਸਾਹਿਤ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalizm_(literatura)" title="Naturalizm (literatura) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Naturalizm (literatura)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_do_naturalismo" title="Literatura do naturalismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Literatura do naturalismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_(literatur%C4%83)" title="Naturalism (literatură) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Naturalism (literatură)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Натурализм (литература) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Натурализм (литература)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Натурализм (литература) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Натурализм (литература)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natyralizmi_n%C3%AB_let%C3%ABrsi" title="Natyralizmi në letërsi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Natyralizmi në letërsi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_(literature)" title="Naturalism (literature) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Naturalism (literature)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalizmus_(literat%C3%BAra)" title="Naturalizmus (literatúra) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Naturalizmus (literatúra)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalizem" title="Naturalizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Naturalizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC_(%D0%BA%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82)" title="Натурализам (књижевност) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Натурализам (књижевност)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalizam" title="Naturalizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Naturalizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalismeu_(sastra)" title="Naturalismeu (sastra) – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Naturalismeu (sastra)" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalismi_(kirjallisuus)" title="Naturalismi (kirjallisuus) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Naturalismi (kirjallisuus)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalismens_litteratur" title="Naturalismens litteratur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Naturalismens litteratur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இயல்பியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இயல்பியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Literary movement</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Naturalism_(literature)" title="Special:EditPage/Naturalism (literature)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Naturalism%22+literature">"Naturalism" literature</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Naturalism%22+literature+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Naturalism%22+literature&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Naturalism%22+literature+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Naturalism%22+literature">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Naturalism%22+literature&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Naturalism</b> is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_movements" title="List of literary movements">literary movement</a> beginning in the late nineteenth century, similar to <a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">literary realism</a> in its rejection of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, but distinct in its embrace of <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">determinism</a>, detachment, <a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(science)" title="Objectivity (science)">scientific objectivism</a>, and social commentary. Literary naturalism emphasizes observation and the scientific method in the fictional portrayal of reality. Naturalism includes detachment, in which the author maintains an impersonal tone and disinterested point of view; determinism, which is defined as the opposite of free will, in which a character's fate has been decided, even <a href="/wiki/Predeterminism" title="Predeterminism">predetermined</a>, by impersonal forces of nature beyond human control; and a sense that the universe itself is indifferent to human life. The novel would be an experiment where the author could discover and analyze the forces, or scientific laws, that influenced behavior, and these included emotion, heredity, and environment. The movement largely traces to the theories of French author <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naturalism_(literature)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Literary Naturalism traces back most directly<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a>'s "The Experimental Novel" (1880), which details Zola's concept of a naturalistic novel,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which traces philosophically to <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also to physiologist <a href="/wiki/Claude_Bernard" title="Claude Bernard">Claude Bernard</a> and historian <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Hippolyte Taine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Comte had proposed a scientific method that "went beyond empiricism, beyond the passive and detached observation of phenomena". The application of this method "called for a scientist to conduct controlled experiments that would either prove or disprove hypotheses regarding those phenomena". Zola took this scientific method and argued that naturalism in literature should be like controlled experiments in which the characters function as the phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Naturalism began as a branch of <a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">literary realism</a>, and realism had favored fact, logic, and impersonality over the imaginative, symbolic, and supernatural. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Norris" title="Frank Norris">Frank Norris</a>, an American journalist and novelist, whose work was predominantly in the naturalist genre, "placed realism, romanticism, and naturalism in a dialectic, in which realism and romanticism were opposing forces", and naturalism was a mixture of the two. Norris's idea of naturalism differs from Zola's in that "it does not mention materialistic determinism or any other philosophic idea".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archive-ugent-be-D00FDA78-C0F1-11E1-A2B2-8B8EAAF23FF7_DS-5_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Archive-ugent-be-D00FDA78-C0F1-11E1-A2B2-8B8EAAF23FF7_DS-5_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Archive-ugent-be-D00FDA78-C0F1-11E1-A2B2-8B8EAAF23FF7_DS-5_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Archive-ugent-be-D00FDA78-C0F1-11E1-A2B2-8B8EAAF23FF7_DS-5_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Archive-ugent-be-D00FDA78-C0F1-11E1-A2B2-8B8EAAF23FF7_DS-5_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Archive-ugent-be-D00FDA78-C0F1-11E1-A2B2-8B8EAAF23FF7_DS-5_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Archive-ugent-be-D00FDA78-C0F1-11E1-A2B2-8B8EAAF23FF7_DS-5_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1978" data-file-height="2890" /></a><figcaption>Excerpt from the naturalistic book "Le sou du mutilé". Written by <a href="/wiki/Cyriel_Buysse" title="Cyriel Buysse">Cyriel Buysse</a> in the beginning of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Apart from Zola and Norris, there are various literary critics who have their own separate views on the matter. As said by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Civello&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Civello (page does not exist)">Paul Civello</a>, these critics can be grouped into four broad, and often overlapping, groups: early theorists, history-of-idea critics, European influence critics, and recent theorists. The early theorists saw naturalism thematically and in terms of literary technique. The history-of-idea critics understood it as an expression of the central ideas to an era. The European influence critics viewed it in much the same way as Zola. For example, according to theorist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kornelije_Kvas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kornelije Kvas (page does not exist)">Kornelije Kvas</a>, naturalism presents "forms of human experience not spoken of before – the physiological aspect of human behavior, sexuality, poverty – as literary topics worthy of being dealt with."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent theorists have either re-conceptualized naturalism as a narrative form, or denied its existence entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some say that naturalism is dead, or that it "may have never lived at all: even in the works of Émile Zola", its founder. "In 1900 an obituary entitled "The Passing of Naturalism" in <i>The Outlook</i> officially declared the literary movement deceased", and that Zola's attempt to create a scientific literature was a failure.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This certainly was not the first time Zola's novel had been criticized however. After his novel <i><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Raquin" title="Thérèse Raquin">Thérèse Raquin</a></i> (1867) had been sharply criticized for both contents and language, in a foreword for its second edition (1868), in a mixture of pride and defiance, he wrote: "Le groupe d'écrivains naturalistes auquel j'ai l'honneur d'appartenir a assez de courage et d'activité pour produire des oeuvres fortes, portant en elles leur défense",<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which translates as: "The group of naturalist writers I have the honor to belong to have enough courage and activity to produce strong works, carrying within them their defense." </p><p>Naturalism was very popular in its time and was known in different literary traditions in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, there was Cooplandt, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Couperus" title="Louis Couperus">Couperus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederik_van_Eeden" title="Frederik van Eeden">Frederik van Eeden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Emants" title="Marcellus Emants">Marcellus Emants</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, the most important naturalistic writers were <a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arno_Holz" title="Arno Holz">Arno Holz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Schlaf" title="Johannes Schlaf">Johannes Schlaf</a>. In Belgium, the most important writers were <a href="/wiki/Cyriel_Buysse" title="Cyriel Buysse">Cyriel Buysse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stijn_Streuvels" title="Stijn Streuvels">Stijn Streuvels</a>. In Spain, the most remarkable figure was <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Blasco_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez" title="Vicente Blasco Ibáñez">Vicente Blasco Ibánez</a>; In Brazil, the main writer of the genre was <a href="/wiki/Alu%C3%ADsio_de_Azevedo" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluísio de Azevedo">Aluísio de Azevedo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_Naturalism">American Naturalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naturalism_(literature)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: American Naturalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Naturalism in American literature traces to <a href="/wiki/Frank_Norris" title="Frank Norris">Frank Norris</a>, whose theories were markedly different from Zola's, particularly to the status of naturalism within the loci of realism and Romanticism; Norris thought of naturalism as being Romantic, and thought Zola as being "a realist of realists".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To Link, while American naturalism had trends, its definition had no unified critical consensus.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Link's examples include <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Crane" title="Stephen Crane">Stephen Crane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">Jack London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dreiser" title="Theodore Dreiser">Theodore Dreiser</a>, and Frank Norris, with <a href="/wiki/William_Dean_Howells" title="William Dean Howells">William Dean Howells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a> being clear markers on the other side of the naturalist/realist divide. </p><p>The center of Crane's naturalism is recognized as "<a href="/wiki/The_Open_Boat" title="The Open Boat">The Open Boat</a>," which portrayed a naturalistic view of man with his depiction of a group of survivors adrift in a boat. The humans with their creation confronted the sea and the world of nature. In the experiences of these men, Crane articulated the illusion of gods and the realization of the universe's indifference.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/A_Rose_for_Emily" title="A Rose for Emily">A Rose for Emily</a>," a story about a woman who killed her lover, is considered an example of a narrative within the naturalism category. This story, which also used <a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> elements, presented a tale that highlighted the extraordinary and excessive features in human nature and the social environment that influences them.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protagonist, Miss Emily, was forced to lead an isolated life, and that – combined with her mental illness – made insanity her inevitable fate. The environment in the forms of a class structure based on slavery<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and social change,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> together with <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">heredity</a>, represented the forces beyond her control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naturalism_(literature)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(visual_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalism (visual art)">Naturalism (visual art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(theatre)" title="Naturalism (theatre)">Naturalism (theatre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Philosophical naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociological_naturalism" title="Sociological naturalism">Sociological naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_literature_of_the_19th_century#Naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="French literature of the 19th century">Naturalism in 19th-century French literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realism in the visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verismo_(literature)" title="Verismo (literature)">Verismo (literature)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naturalism_(literature)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2017" class="citation web cs1">Campbell, Donna M. (8 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://public.wsu.edu/~campbelld/amlit/natural.htm">"Naturalism in American Literature"</a>. Washington State University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Naturalism+in+American+Literature&rft.pub=Washington+State+University&rft.date=2017-03-08&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Donna+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublic.wsu.edu%2F~campbelld%2Famlit%2Fnatural.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaturalism+%28literature%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler_Brown1957" class="citation book cs1">Fowler Brown, Donald (1957). "Zola, Master of Naturalism". <i>The Catholic Naturalism of Pardo Bazán</i>. 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Co. pp. 6–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Experimental+Novel%2C+and+Other+Essays&rft.pages=6-8&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Cassell+Pub.+Co&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Zola&rft.aufirst=%C3%89mile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexperimentalnove00zolarich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaturalism+%28literature%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCivello1994" class="citation cs2">Civello, Paul (1994), <i>American Literary Naturalism and its Twentieth-Century Transformations: Frank Norris, Ernest Hemingway, Don DeLillo</i>, The University of Georgia Press, pp. 1–2, 23–24</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Literary+Naturalism+and+its+Twentieth-Century+Transformations%3A+Frank+Norris%2C+Ernest+Hemingway%2C+Don+DeLillo&rft.pages=1-2%2C+23-24&rft.pub=The+University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Civello&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaturalism+%28literature%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPizer1993" class="citation cs2">Pizer, Donald (1993), <i>The Theory and Practice of American Literary Naturalism: Selected Essays and Reviews</i>, Southern Illinois University Press, pp. 120–122</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theory+and+Practice+of+American+Literary+Naturalism%3A+Selected+Essays+and+Reviews&rft.pages=120-122&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Pizer&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaturalism+%28literature%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:D00FDA78-C0F1-11E1-A2B2-8B8EAAF23FF7#?c=&m=&s=&cv=1&xywh=-596,-83,6023,3551">"Le Sou du mutilé. Belgique"</a>. <i>lib.ugent.be</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lib.ugent.be&rft.atitle=Le+Sou+du+mutil%C3%A9.+Belgique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flib.ugent.be%2Fviewer%2Farchive.ugent.be%3AD00FDA78-C0F1-11E1-A2B2-8B8EAAF23FF7%23%3Fc%3D%26m%3D%26s%3D%26cv%3D1%26xywh%3D-596%2C-83%2C6023%2C3551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaturalism+%28literature%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKvas2019" class="citation book cs1">Kvas, Kornelije (2019). <i>The Boundaries of Realism in World Literature</i>. Lanham, Boulder, New York, London: Lexington Books. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7936-0910-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7936-0910-6"><bdi>978-1-7936-0910-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boundaries+of+Realism+in+World+Literature&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Boulder%2C+New+York%2C+London&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-7936-0910-6&rft.aulast=Kvas&rft.aufirst=Kornelije&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaturalism+%28literature%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLink2004" class="citation cs2">Link, Eric Carl (2004), "Preface", <i>The Vast and Terrible Drama: American Literary Naturalism in the Late Nineteenth Century</i>, The University of Alabama Press, p. iv</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=The+Vast+and+Terrible+Drama%3A+American+Literary+Naturalism+in+the+Late+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pages=iv&rft.pub=The+University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Link&rft.aufirst=Eric+Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaturalism+%28literature%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZola" class="citation cs2">Zola, Émile, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beq.ebooksgratuits.com/vents/zola-raquin.pdf"><i>Thérèse Raquin</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, La Bibliotheque electronique du Quebec, p. 14</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se+Raquin&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=La+Bibliotheque+electronique+du+Quebec&rft.aulast=Zola&rft.aufirst=%C3%89mile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeq.ebooksgratuits.com%2Fvents%2Fzola-raquin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaturalism+%28literature%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConder1984" class="citation book cs1">Conder, John (1984). <i>Naturalism in American Fiction: The Classic Phase</i>. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813151762" title="Special:BookSources/9780813151762"><bdi>9780813151762</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naturalism+in+American+Fiction%3A+The+Classic+Phase&rft.place=Lexington&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=The+University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780813151762&rft.aulast=Conder&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaturalism+%28literature%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2015" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Tony (2015). <i>The Cinema of George A. Romero: Knight of the Living Dead</i>. London: Wallflower Press. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231173544" title="Special:BookSources/9780231173544"><bdi>9780231173544</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cinema+of+George+A.+Romero%3A+Knight+of+the+Living+Dead&rft.place=London&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Wallflower+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780231173544&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaturalism+%28literature%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughesPunterSmith2015" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, William; Punter, David; Smith, Andrew (2015). <i>The Encyclopedia of the Gothic, 2 Volume Set</i>. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405182904" title="Special:BookSources/9781405182904"><bdi>9781405182904</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Gothic%2C+2+Volume+Set&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781405182904&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Punter%2C+David&rft.au=Smith%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaturalism+%28literature%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkinner1985" class="citation journal cs1">Skinner, John L. (1985). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"A Rose for Emily": Against Interpretation". <i>The Journal of Narrative Technique</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 42–51. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30225110">30225110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Narrative+Technique&rft.atitle=%22A+Rose+for+Emily%22%3A+Against+Interpretation&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=42-51&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30225110%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Skinner&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaturalism+%28literature%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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<li><i><a href="/wiki/Au_Bonheur_des_Dames" title="Au Bonheur des Dames">Au Bonheur des Dames</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_joie_de_vivre" title="La joie de vivre">La joie de vivre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Germinal_(novel)" title="Germinal (novel)">Germinal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27%C5%92uvre" title="L'Œuvre">L'Œuvre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Terre" title="La Terre">La Terre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_R%C3%AAve_(novel)" title="Le Rêve (novel)">Le Rêve</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_B%C3%AAte_humaine" title="La Bête humaine">La Bête humaine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Argent" title="L'Argent">L'Argent</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9b%C3%A2cle" title="La Débâcle">La Débâcle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Docteur_Pascal" title="Le Docteur Pascal">Le Docteur Pascal</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Myst%C3%A8res_de_Marseille" title="Les Mystères de Marseille">Les Mystères de Marseille</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Raquin" title="Thérèse Raquin">Thérèse Raquin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_F%C3%A9rat" title="Madeleine Férat">Madeleine Férat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Inondation" title="L'Inondation">L'Inondation</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/J%27Accuse...!" title="J'Accuse...!">J'Accuse...!</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Libretti</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Messidor_(opera)" title="Messidor (opera)">Messidor</a></i> (1897)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Ouragan_(opera)" title="L'Ouragan (opera)">L'Ouragan</a></i> (1901)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Enfant_roi" title="L'Enfant roi">L'Enfant roi</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Quatre_journ%C3%A9es" title="Les Quatre journées">Les Quatre journées</a></i> (1916)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Assommoir_(film)" title="L'Assommoir (film)">L'Assommoir</a></i> (1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Germinal_(1913_film)" title="Germinal (1913 film)">Germinal</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maddalena_Ferat" title="Maddalena Ferat">Maddalena Ferat</a></i> (1920)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Earth_(1921_film)" title="The Earth (1921 film)">The Earth</a></i> (1921)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nana_(1926_film)" title="Nana (1926 film)">Nana</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Argent_(1928_film)" title="L'Argent (1928 film)">L'Argent</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Raquin_(1928_film)" title="Thérèse Raquin (1928 film)">Thérèse Raquin</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Struggle_(1931_film)" title="The Struggle (1931 film)">The Struggle</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nana_(1934_film)" title="Nana (1934 film)">Nana</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_B%C3%AAte_Humaine_(film)" title="La Bête Humaine (film)">La Bête Humaine</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shop_Girls_of_Paris" title="Shop Girls of Paris">Shop Girls of Paris</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nana_(1944_film)" title="Nana (1944 film)">Nana</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Raquin_(1953_film)" title="Thérèse Raquin (1953 film)">Thérèse Raquin</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Desire" title="Human Desire">Human Desire</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nana_(1955_film)" title="Nana (1955 film)">Nana</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gervaise_(film)" title="Gervaise (film)">Gervaise</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Bestia_humana" title="La Bestia humana">La Bestia humana</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lovers_of_Paris" title="Lovers of Paris">Lovers of Paris</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Germinal_(1963_film)" title="Germinal (1963 film)">Germinal</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Game_Is_Over" title="The Game Is Over">The Game Is Over</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Demise_of_Father_Mouret" title="The Demise of Father Mouret">The Demise of Father Mouret</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nana,_the_True_Key_of_Pleasure" title="Nana, the True Key of Pleasure">Nana, the True Key of Pleasure</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nana_(1985_film)" title="Nana (1985 film)">Nana</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Germinal_(1993_film)" title="Germinal (1993 film)">Germinal</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thirst_(2009_film)" title="Thirst (2009 film)">Thirst</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Secret_(film)" title="In Secret (film)">In Secret</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_R%C3%AAve_(opera)" title="Le Rêve (opera)">Le Rêve</a></i> (1891 opera)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27attaque_du_moulin" title="L'attaque du moulin">L'attaque du moulin</a></i> (1893 opera)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lazare_(Bruneau)" title="Lazare (Bruneau)">Lazare</a></i> (1903 oratorio)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFs_Micoulin" title="Naïs Micoulin">Naïs Micoulin</a></i> (1907 opera)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thou_Shalt_Not_(musical)" title="Thou Shalt Not (musical)">Thou Shalt Not</a></i> (2001 musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Raquin_(opera)" title="Thérèse Raquin (opera)">Thérèse Raquin</a></i> (2001 opera)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cruel_Train" title="Cruel Train">Cruel Train</a></i> (1995 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Paradise_(TV_series)" title="The Paradise (TV series)">The Paradise</a></i> (2012 series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ladies%27_Paradise_(TV_series)" title="The Ladies' Paradise (TV series)">The Ladies' Paradise</a></i> (2015 series)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Zola" title="François Zola">François Zola</a> (father)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Naturalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Emile_Zola" title="Portrait of Emile Zola">Portrait of Emile Zola</a></i> (1868 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Studio_at_Les_Batignolles" title="A Studio at Les Batignolles">A Studio at Les Batignolles</a></i> (1870 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Emile_Zola" title="The Life of Emile Zola">The Life of Emile Zola</a></i> (1937 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9zanne_and_I" title="Cézanne and I">Cézanne et Moi</a></i> (2016 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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