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class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Fabliau" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Subject matter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subject_matter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authors_and_tales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authors_and_tales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Authors and tales</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Authors_and_tales-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Authors and tales subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Authors_and_tales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Gombert_et_les_deus_clers"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Gombert_et_les_deus_clers""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>"Gombert et les deus clers"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Gombert_et_les_deus_clers"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"L'enfant_de_neige"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"L'enfant_de_neige""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>"L'enfant de neige"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"L'enfant_de_neige"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Bérangier_au_lonc_cul"_(Bérangier_of_the_long_arse)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Bérangier_au_lonc_cul"_(Bérangier_of_the_long_arse)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>"Bérangier au lonc cul" (Bérangier of the long arse)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Bérangier_au_lonc_cul"_(Bérangier_of_the_long_arse)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Other examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Фаблио – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фаблио" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabliau" title="Fabliau – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fabliau" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabliaux" title="Fabliaux – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fabliaux" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabliau" title="Fabliau – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fabliau" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabliau" title="Fabliau – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fabliau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fablioo" title="Fablioo – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fablioo" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabliaux" title="Fabliaux – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fabliaux" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabliau" title="Fabliau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fabliau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EB%B8%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A4" title="파블리오 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파블리오" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favolello_(genere)" title="Favolello (genere) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Favolello (genere)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabliau" title="Fabliau – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fabliau" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabliau" title="Fabliau – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fabliau" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC" title="ファブリオー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ファブリオー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabliaux" title="Fabliaux – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fabliaux" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE" title="Фабльо – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Фабльо" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Фаблио – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фаблио" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%88" title="قصو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="قصو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Фаблио – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фаблио" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabliau" title="Fabliau – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fabliau" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabliau" title="Fabliau – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fabliau" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Comic, typically anonymous, ribald French tale (1150-1400)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="padding:0.3em; clear:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; background:#f8f8f8; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 0.3em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1em; background-color: #cccccc"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>French</b></span><br /> <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">Language</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">Literature</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.3em; line-height: 1.5em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_French-language_authors" title="List of French-language authors">Authors</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:French_literature" title="Category:French literature">Lit categories</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.3em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1em; background-color: #cccccc"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.3em; line-height: 1.5em"> <p>French literary history </p> <hr /> <p><a href="/wiki/Medieval_French_literature" title="Medieval French literature">Medieval</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance_literature" title="French Renaissance literature">16th century</a> • <a href="/wiki/17th-century_French_literature" title="17th-century French literature">17th century</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/18th-century_French_literature" title="18th-century French literature">18th century</a> • <a href="/wiki/19th-century_French_literature" title="19th-century French literature">19th century</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/20th-century_French_literature" title="20th-century French literature">20th century</a> • <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_French_literature" title="Contemporary French literature">Contemporary</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.3em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1em; background-color: #cccccc"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.3em; line-height: 1.5em"> <p>Literature by country </p> <hr /> <p><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of France">France</a> • <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Quebec">Quebec</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_literature" title="Postcolonial literature">Postcolonial</a> • <a href="/wiki/Haitian_literature" title="Haitian literature">Haiti</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Franco_American_literature" title="Franco American 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dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_literature" title="Template:French literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_literature" title="Template talk:French literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p> A <i><b>fabliau</b></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[fabljo]</a></span>; plural <i><b>fabliaux</b></i>) is a comic, often anonymous tale written by <a href="/wiki/Jongleur" class="mw-redirect" title="Jongleur">jongleurs</a> in northeast <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> between c. 1150 and 1400. They are generally characterized by sexual and <a href="/wiki/Scatological" class="mw-redirect" title="Scatological">scatological</a> <a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">obscenity</a>, and by a set of contrary attitudes—contrary to the church and to the nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of them were reworked by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a> for the <i><a href="/wiki/Decameron" class="mw-redirect" title="Decameron">Decameron</a></i> and by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a> for his <i><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Canterbury Tales">Canterbury Tales</a></i>. Some 150 French <i>fabliaux</i> are extant, the number depending on how narrowly <i>fabliau</i> is defined. According to R. Howard Bloch, <i>fabliaux</i> are the first expression of <a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">literary realism</a> in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some nineteenth-century scholars, most notably <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Paris" title="Gaston Paris">Gaston Paris</a>, argue that <i>fabliaux</i> originally came from the <a href="/wiki/Orient" title="Orient">Orient</a> and were brought to the West by returning <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">crusaders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_definition_of_the_genre">History and definition of the genre</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabliau&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and definition of the genre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>fabliau</i> is defined as a short narrative in (usually octosyllabic) verse, between 300 and 400 lines long,<sup id="cite_ref-Cuddon_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuddon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its content often comic or satiric.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrams_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrams-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In France, it flourished in the 12th and 13th centuries; in England, it was popular in the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrams_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrams-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Fabliau</i> is often compared to the later <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short story</a>; <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Bush" title="Douglas Bush">Douglas Bush</a>, longtime professor at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, called it "a short story broader than it is long."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>fabliau</i> is remarkable in that it seems to have no direct literary predecessor in the West, but was brought from the East by returning crusaders in the 12th century. The closest literary genre is the <a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">fable</a> as found in <a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a> "and its eastern origins or parallels," but it is less moral and less <i>didactic</i> than the fable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritannica1910116_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritannica1910116-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word is a northern French diminutive from <i>fable</i>.."<sup id="cite_ref-lewis241_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis241-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of morality it is suggested to be closer to the <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</a> than to the <a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">parable</a>: "the story is the first thing, the moral the second, and the latter is never suffered to interfere with the former."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritannica1910116_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritannica1910116-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, according to Robert Lewis, "some two-thirds of the French <i>fabliaux</i> have an explicit moral attached to them."<sup id="cite_ref-lewis241_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis241-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest known <i>fabliau</i> is the anonymous <i><a href="/wiki/Richeut" title="Richeut">Richeut</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (c. 1159–1175<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); one of the earliest known writers of <i>fabliaux</i> is <a href="/wiki/Rutebeuf" title="Rutebeuf">Rutebeuf</a>, "the prototype of the jongleur of medieval literature."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The genre has been quite influential: passages in longer medieval poems such as <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Roman_de_Renart" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Roman de Renart">Le Roman de Renart</a></i> as well as tales found in collections like <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Decameron" class="mw-redirect" title="Decameron">Decameron</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Canterbury Tales">Canterbury Tales</a></i> have their origin in one or several <i>fabliaux</i>. Additionally, the medieval church also found use for the <i>fabliau</i> form. Noting its popularity, the church turned to their own form of minstrelsy similar to the <i>fabliau</i> that espoused "worthy thoughts" rather than the "ribaldry" a more typical <i>fabliau</i> would couch its moral in.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the <i>fabliau</i> gradually disappeared, at the beginning of the 16th century, it was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a> short story, which was greatly influenced by its predecessor.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Famous French writers such as <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_La_Fontaine" title="Jean de La Fontaine">Jean de La Fontaine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> owe much to the tradition of the <i>fabliau</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabliau&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cast_of_characters,_audience"><span id="Cast_of_characters.2C_audience"></span>Cast of characters, audience</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabliau&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cast of characters, audience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Typical <i>fabliaux</i> contain a vast array of characters, including <a href="/wiki/Cuckold" title="Cuckold">cuckolded</a> husbands, rapacious <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a>, and foolish <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasants</a>, as well as beggars, connivers, thieves, and whores. Two groups are often singled out for criticism: the clergy and women.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The status of peasants appears to vary, based on the audience for which the <i>fabliau</i> was being written. Poems that were presumably written for the <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> portray peasants (<i>vilains</i> in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>) as stupid and vile, whereas those written for the lower classes often tell of peasants getting the better of the clergy. </p><p>The audience for <i>fabliaux</i> is estimated differently by different critics. Joseph Bédier suggests a bourgeois audience, which sees itself reflected in the urban settings and lower-class types portrayed in <i>fabliaux</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, Per Nykrog argues that <i>fabliaux</i> were directed towards a noble audience, and concludes that <i>fabliaux</i> were the impetus for literary refreshment.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subject_matter">Subject matter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabliau&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Subject matter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bacon_in_fabliaux" title="Bacon in fabliaux">Bacon in fabliaux</a></div> <p>The subject matter is often sexual: <i>fabliaux</i> are concerned with the elements of love left out by poets who wrote in the more elevated genres such as <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, who suggests in the <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_Amatoria" title="Ars Amatoria">Ars Amatoria</a></i> (II.704–5) that the Muse should not enter the room where the lovers are in bed; and <a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a>, who maintains silence on the exact nature of the joy discovered by Lancelot and Guinevere in <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Chevalier_de_la_Charrette" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Chevalier de la Charrette">Le Chevalier de la Charrette</a></i> (4676–4684).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Lai_(poetic_form)" title="Lai (poetic form)">Lais</a></i> and <i>fabliaux</i> have much in common; an example of a poem straddling the fence between the two genres is "<a href="/wiki/Lecheor" title="Lecheor">Lecheor</a>". </p><p><i>Fabliaux</i> derive a lot of their force from puns and other verbal figures; "fabliaux . . . are obsessed with wordplay." Especially important are <a href="/wiki/Paranomasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paranomasia">paranomasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catachresis" title="Catachresis">catachresis</a>, tropes which disrupt ordinary signification and displace ordinary meanings<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—by similarity of sound, for instance, one can have both "con" and "conte" ("cunt" and "tale") in the same word, a common pun in <i>fabliaux</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bacon is one of the commonest foodstuffs in, and a common subject in, the <i>fabliau</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Form">Form</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabliau&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The standard form of the <i>fabliau</i> is that of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_French_literature" title="Medieval French literature">Medieval French literature</a> in general, the <a href="/wiki/Octosyllable" title="Octosyllable">octosyllable</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhyme" title="Rhyme">rhymed</a> <a href="/wiki/Couplet" title="Couplet">couplet</a>, the most common verse form used in verse <a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">chronicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romance_(heroic_literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance (heroic literature)">romances</a> (the <i>romans</i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Lai_(poetic_form)" title="Lai (poetic form)">lais</a></i>, and <i>dits</i>. They are generally short, a few hundred lines; Douin de L'Avesne's <i>Trubert</i>, at 2984 lines, is exceptionally long. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authors_and_tales">Authors and tales</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabliau&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Authors and tales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Famous writers of <i>fabliaux</i> include <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodel" title="Jean Bodel">Jean Bodel</a>, Guèrin, <a href="/wiki/Gautier_le_Leu" title="Gautier le Leu">Gautier le Leu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutebeuf" title="Rutebeuf">Rutebeuf</a>, Enguerrant le Clerc d'Oisi and Douin de L'Avesne. </p><p>Some representative tales: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Gombert_et_les_deus_clers""><span id=".22Gombert_et_les_deus_clers.22"></span>"Gombert et les deus clers"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabliau&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: "Gombert et les deus clers""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A well-known storyline is found in "Gombert et les deus clers" ("Gombert and the two clerks"). Two traveling clerks (students) take up lodging with a <i>villain</i>, and share the bedroom with Gombert, his beautiful wife, and their two children—one teenage girl, and one baby. One of the clerks climbs into bed with the teenage daughter and, promising her his ring, has his way with her; the other, while Gombert is "ala pissier" ("gone pissing", 85), moves the crib with the baby so that Gombert, on his return, lies down in the bed occupied by the clerks—one of whom is in bed with his daughter, while the other is now having sex with Gombert's wife, who thinks it is Gombert come to pleasure her. When the first clerk returns to his bed where he thinks his friend still is, he tells Gombert all about his adventure: "je vien de fotre / mes que ce fu la fille a l'oste" ("I've just been fucking, and if it wasn't the host's daughter", 152–53). Gombert attacks the first clerk, but ends up being beaten up by both.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tale is found practically unchanged in <a href="/wiki/Boccaccio" class="mw-redirect" title="Boccaccio">Boccaccio</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Summary_of_Decameron_tales#Sixth_tale_.28IX.2C_6.29" title="Summary of Decameron tales">Decameron</a></i> and in <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Chaucer</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Reeve%27s_Tale" title="The Reeve's Tale">The Reeve's Tale</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""L'enfant_de_neige""><span id=".22L.27enfant_de_neige.22"></span>"L'enfant de neige"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabliau&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: "L'enfant de neige""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In "L'enfant de neige" ("<a href="/wiki/The_Snow-child" title="The Snow-child">The snow baby</a>"), a <a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">black comedy</a>, a merchant returns home after an absence of two years to find his wife with a newborn son. She explains one snowy day she swallowed a snowflake while thinking about her husband, which caused her to conceive. Pretending to believe the "miracle", they raise the boy until the age of 15 when the merchant takes him on a business trip to <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>. There, he sells the boy into <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>. On his return, he explains to his wife that the sun burns bright and hot in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>; since the boy was begotten by a snowflake, he melted in the heat.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Bérangier_au_lonc_cul"_(Bérangier_of_the_long_arse)"><span id=".22B.C3.A9rangier_au_lonc_cul.22_.28B.C3.A9rangier_of_the_long_arse.29"></span>"Bérangier au lonc cul" (Bérangier of the long arse)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabliau&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: "Bérangier au lonc cul" (Bérangier of the long arse)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/De_B%C3%A9rangier_au_lonc_cul" title="De Bérangier au lonc cul">De Bérangier au lonc cul</a></div> <p>"<a href="/wiki/De_B%C3%A9rangier_au_lonc_cul" title="De Bérangier au lonc cul">De Bérangier au lonc cul</a>" is a medieval French <i>fabliau</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two versions of the <i>fabliau</i>: one by Guèrin and one anonymous. In summary, the story begins when a rich earl marries his daughter off to a "young peasant" and deems him a knight. The knight abandons the code of chivalry and lazes around for the first ten years of the marriage. When his wife, tired of his demeaning attitude and lazy nature, speaks of the greatness of the knights in her family, the husband decides to prove himself a worthy knight. He dresses in armor and goes into the forest on horseback. Once in the forest, he hangs his shield on the lowest branch of a tree and beats it until it looks as if it endured a great battle. The knight returns to his wife, shows her his bruised armor, and gloats about his victories. After a few trips into the forest, the wife begins to wonder why the knight himself is unscathed while his armor is in shambles. The next day, she suggests he take servants with him. When he refuses, the lady dresses in a full body suit of armor and follows him into the forest. When she sees him beating his own shield, she steps into sight and threatens to kill him for his dishonor to chivalry. The knight does not recognize his wife's voice. He begs for "pity" and offers to do anything to avoid conflict. His wife, disguised as a mighty knight, gives him the option of jousting her, in which he will surely die, or kissing her arse. Out of cowardice, the knight chooses to kiss her arse. She hops off her horse and pulls down her pants. While the knight should have recognized her female genitalia, he remarks that she has a long arse. Before she leaves, she tells him, "I'm Bérangier of the Long Ass, Who puts shame to the chickenhearted." The wife returns home and sleeps with a valiant knight. When her husband arrives from the forest, he rebukes her. However, that was his last demeaning remark to her. She tells him she met Bérangier and learned of her husband's cowardice. To protect his own name, the knight is forced to succumb to his wife's wishes. Her cleverness leads her to do as she pleased for the rest of her life, and her husband lives in shame.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_examples">Other examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabliau&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other popular <i>fabliaux</i> include: </p> <ul><li>"La vielle qui graissa la patte de chevalier" ("The old woman who paid the knight for favors.")</li> <li>"Le Pauvre Clerc" ("The poor clerk")</li> <li>"Le Couverture partagée" ("The shared covering")</li> <li>"Le Pretre qui mangea les mûres" ("The priest who ate mulberries")<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"La crotte" ("The turd")<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Le_Chevalier_qui_fit_les_cons_parler" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Chevalier qui fit les cons parler">Le Chevalier qui fit les cons parler</a>" ("The Knight who made cunts speak") by Guèrin<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>(<i>Dit de</i>) <i>La vieille Truande</i> ("The old beggar woman")<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Du prestre ki abevete" ("The priest who peeked") by Guèrin<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabliau&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_literature" title="Anglo-Norman literature">Anglo-Norman literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Medieval literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aarne%E2%80%93Thompson_classification_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarne–Thompson classification system">Aarne–Thompson classification system</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Motif-Index_of_Folk-Literature" title="Motif-Index of Folk-Literature">Motif-Index of Folk-Literature</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabliau&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bloch (1986) <i>Introduction</i>, p.11: "The scandal of the fabliaux--the excessiveness of their sexual and scatological obscenity, their anticlericalism, antifeminism, anticourtliness, the consistency with which they indulge the senses, whet the appetites (erotic, gastronomic, economic) and affirm what Bakhtin identifies as the "celebration of lower body parts."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Howard Bloch, "Postface," in Rossi and Straub, 534.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nykrog, Per, <i>Les Fabliaux</i>, Geneva: Droz, 1973, xx</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cuddon-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cuddon_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cuddon 301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrams-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abrams_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrams_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abrams 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Qtd. in Abrams 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritannica1910116-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritannica1910116_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritannica1910116_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBritannica1910">Britannica 1910</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lewis241-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lewis241_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lewis241_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis 241-42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthews 424.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1159 in Cuddon 301; 1175 in "Fabliau", <i>Merriam-Webster</i> 399.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hellman 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBahnBahn1970" class="citation book cs1">Bahn, Eugene; Bahn, Margaret (1970). <i>A History of Oral Interpretation</i>. Minneapolis, MN: Burgess Publishing Company. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8087-0260-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8087-0260-2"><bdi>0-8087-0260-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Oral+Interpretation&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Burgess+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-8087-0260-2&rft.aulast=Bahn&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft.au=Bahn%2C+Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFabliau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Balachov 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Columbian cyclopedia</i>. Garretson, Cox & Company. 1897.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbian+cyclopedia&rft.pub=Garretson%2C+Cox+%26+Company&rft.date=1897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFabliau" class="Z3988"></span>, vol. 11, 420-421</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See in particular Burrows (2005).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Bédier. <i>Les Fabliaux. Etude de littérature populaire et d'histoire littéraire du moyen âge. Quatrième édition, revue et corrigée.</i> Paris, H. Champion, 1925.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nykrog (1973)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rossi and Straub 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Root 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burgess 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Gombert et les deux clers", in Rossi and Straub 119–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Balachov 30-32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simpson 52; Huot 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eichmann, Raymond. <i>Cuckolds, Clerics, & Countrymen: Medieval French Fabliaux</i>. Fayetteville: The University of Arkansas Press, 1982. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yKfw5UqlhboC">The Fabliaux. United Kingdom: Liveright, 2013. (Translations Nathaniel E. Dubin)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yKfw5UqlhboC">The Fabliaux, p. 181. United Kingdom: Liveright, 2013. (Translation Nathaniel E. Dubin)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yKfw5UqlhboC">The Fabliaux, p. 143. United Kingdom: Liveright, 2013. (Translations Nathaniel E. Dubin)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholson.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yKfw5UqlhboC">The Fabliaux, p. 345. United Kingdom: Liveright, 2013. (Translations Nathaniel E. Dubin)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oaDCyUjJTPUC&pg=PA73">Logic and humour in the fabliaux: an essay in applied narratology By Roy Pearcy</a> p.73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yKfw5UqlhboC">The Fabliaux, p. 491. United Kingdom: Liveright, 2013. (Translations Nathaniel E. Dubin)</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabliau&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._H._Abrams1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">M. H. Abrams</a> (1985). "Fabliau". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/glossaryoflitera00abra_0"><i>A Glossary of Literary Terms</i></a></span> (6 ed.). Harcourt Brace. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/glossaryoflitera00abra_0/page/63">63</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-054982-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-054982-3"><bdi>978-0-03-054982-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fabliau&rft.btitle=A+Glossary+of+Literary+Terms&rft.pages=63&rft.edition=6&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-03-054982-3&rft.au=M.+H.+Abrams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fglossaryoflitera00abra_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFabliau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalachov1984" class="citation book cs1">Balachov, Nicolas (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HeY9wVDpM80C&pg=PA30">"Le developpement des structures narratives du fabliau a la nouvelle"</a>. In Gabriel Bianciotto, Michel Salvat (ed.). <i>Épopée animale, fable, fabliau</i>. Publication Univ Rouen Havre. pp. 30–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-038255-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-13-038255-3"><bdi>978-2-13-038255-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Le+developpement+des+structures+narratives+du+fabliau+a+la+nouvelle&rft.btitle=%C3%89pop%C3%A9e+animale%2C+fable%2C+fabliau&rft.pages=30-38&rft.pub=Publication+Univ+Rouen+Havre&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-2-13-038255-3&rft.aulast=Balachov&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHeY9wVDpM80C%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFabliau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgessLeslie_C._Brook1999" class="citation web cs1">Burgess, Glyn S.; Leslie C. Brook (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liv.ac.uk/soclas/los/narrativelays.pdf">"Three Old French Narrative Lays: Trot, Lecheor, Nabaret"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Liverpool, Department of French<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Three+Old+French+Narrative+Lays%3A+Trot%2C+Lecheor%2C+Nabaret&rft.pub=University+of+Liverpool%2C+Department+of+French&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Glyn+S.&rft.au=Leslie+C.+Brook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liv.ac.uk%2Fsoclas%2Flos%2Fnarrativelays.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFabliau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrows2005" class="citation book cs1">Burrows, Daron (2005). <i>The Stereotype of the Priest in the Old French Fabliaux: Anticlerical Satire and Lay Identity</i>. Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03910-072-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03910-072-9"><bdi>978-3-03910-072-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stereotype+of+the+Priest+in+the+Old+French+Fabliaux%3A+Anticlerical+Satire+and+Lay+Identity&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-03910-072-9&rft.aulast=Burrows&rft.aufirst=Daron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFabliau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cole, William. <i>First and Otherwise Notable Editions of Medieval French Texts Printed from 1742 to 1874: A Bibliographical Catalogue of My Collection</i>. Sitges: Cole & Contreras, 2005.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuddonClaire_Preston1999" class="citation book cs1">Cuddon, John Anthony; Claire Preston (1999). "Fabliau". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/penguindictionar00cudd"><i>The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory</i></a></span> (4 ed.). Penguin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/penguindictionar00cudd/page/301">301</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-051363-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-051363-9"><bdi>978-0-14-051363-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fabliau&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Dictionary+of+Literary+Terms+and+Literary+Theory&rft.pages=301&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-14-051363-9&rft.aulast=Cuddon&rft.aufirst=John+Anthony&rft.au=Claire+Preston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpenguindictionar00cudd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFabliau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1x0YAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT420">"Fabliau"</a>. <i>Columbian cyclopedia</i>. Vol. 11. Garretson, Cox & Company. 1897. pp. 420–21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fabliau&rft.btitle=Columbian+cyclopedia&rft.pages=420-21&rft.pub=Garretson%2C+Cox+%26+Company&rft.date=1897&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1x0YAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPT420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFabliau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eKNK1YwHcQ4C&pg=PA399">"Fabliau"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster's encyclopedia of literature</i>. Merriam-Webster. 1995. p. 399. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-042-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-042-6"><bdi>978-0-87779-042-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fabliau&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+encyclopedia+of+literature&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-042-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeKNK1YwHcQ4C%26pg%3DPA399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFabliau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritannica1910" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_William_Gosse" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund William Gosse">Gosse, Edmund William</a> (1910). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fabliau"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Fabliau">"Fabliau" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 116–117.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fabliau&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=116-117&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Gosse&rft.aufirst=Edmund+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFabliau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellmanRichard_F._O'Gorman1965" class="citation book cs1">Hellman, Robert; Richard F. O'Gorman (1965). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fabliauxribaldta0000hell"><i>Fabliaux: Ribald Tales from the Old French</i></a></span>. Crowell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8371-7414-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8371-7414-7"><bdi>0-8371-7414-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fabliaux%3A+Ribald+Tales+from+the+Old+French&rft.pub=Crowell&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=0-8371-7414-7&rft.aulast=Hellman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Richard+F.+O%27Gorman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffabliauxribaldta0000hell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFabliau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuot2003" class="citation book cs1">Huot, Sylvia (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O50ZvOAw09QC"><i>Madness in Medieval French Literature: Identities Found and Lost</i></a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 47–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925212-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925212-1"><bdi>978-0-19-925212-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madness+in+Medieval+French+Literature%3A+Identities+Found+and+Lost&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=47-48&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925212-1&rft.aulast=Huot&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO50ZvOAw09QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFabliau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews1975" class="citation journal cs1">Matthews, William (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x2Wmgl8c6lgC&pg=PA424">"The Wife of Bath and All Her Sect"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Viator" title="Viator">Viator</a></i>. <b>5</b>: 413–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.VIATOR.2.301632">10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.301632</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02602-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02602-5"><bdi>978-0-520-02602-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Viator&rft.atitle=The+Wife+of+Bath+and+All+Her+Sect&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=413-45&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.VIATOR.2.301632&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02602-5&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx2Wmgl8c6lgC%26pg%3DPA424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFabliau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson1999" class="citation web cs1">Nicholson, Helen (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090805010218/http://freespace.virgin.net/nigel.nicholson/knight.htm">"The Knight who received an unusual gift"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freespace.virgin.net/nigel.nicholson/knight.htm">the original</a> on 5 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Knight+who+received+an+unusual+gift&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreespace.virgin.net%2Fnigel.nicholson%2Fknight.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFabliau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoomenvan_den_Boogaard1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Noomen, Willem; <a href="/wiki/Nico_H.J._van_den_Boogaard" title="Nico H.J. van den Boogaard">van den Boogaard</a>, Nico, eds. (1988). <i>Nouveau Recueil Complet des Fabliaux (NRCF)</i> (in French). France: Van Gorcum & co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-232-1975-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-232-1975-9"><bdi>90-232-1975-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nouveau+Recueil+Complet+des+Fabliaux+%28NRCF%29&rft.place=France&rft.pub=Van+Gorcum+%26+co.&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=90-232-1975-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFabliau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNykrog1973" class="citation book cs1">Nykrog, Per (1973). <i>Les fabliaux</i>. Geneva: Droz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2600028233" title="Special:BookSources/978-2600028233"><bdi>978-2600028233</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+fabliaux&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=Droz&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-2600028233&rft.aulast=Nykrog&rft.aufirst=Per&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFabliau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoot1997" class="citation journal cs1">Root, Jerry (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3biBSyTkc7IC">"The Old French Fabliau and the Poetics of Disfiguration"</a>. <i>Medievalia et Humanistica</i>. New series. <b>24</b>. Medieval and Renaissance Society: 17–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8674-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8674-2"><bdi>978-0-8476-8674-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medievalia+et+Humanistica&rft.atitle=The+Old+French+Fabliau+and+the+Poetics+of+Disfiguration&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=17-32&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-8674-2&rft.aulast=Root&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3biBSyTkc7IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFabliau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossiRichard_Straub1992" class="citation book cs1">Rossi, Luciano; Richard Straub (1992). <i>Fabliaux Erotiques: Textes de jongleurs des XIIe et XIIIe siècles</i>. Livre de Poche. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-253-06001-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-253-06001-7"><bdi>978-2-253-06001-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fabliaux+Erotiques%3A+Textes+de+jongleurs+des+XIIe+et+XIIIe+si%C3%A8cles&rft.pub=Livre+de+Poche&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-2-253-06001-7&rft.aulast=Rossi&rft.aufirst=Luciano&rft.au=Richard+Straub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFabliau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson1996" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, J.R. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cncpHnIHlioC"><i>Animal Body, Literary Corpus: The Old French "Roman de Renart"</i></a>. Amsterdam: Rodopi. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5183-976-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5183-976-0"><bdi>978-90-5183-976-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+Body%2C+Literary+Corpus%3A+The+Old+French+%22Roman+de+Renart%22&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-5183-976-0&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcncpHnIHlioC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFabliau" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabliau&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A New English translation of 69 fabliaux: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathaniel_Dubin_(trans.)2013" class="citation book cs1">Nathaniel Dubin (trans.) (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8tPgoBSr1EoC"><i>The Fabliaux</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871406927" title="Special:BookSources/9780871406927"><bdi>9780871406927</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fabliaux&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780871406927&rft.au=Nathaniel+Dubin+%28trans.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8tPgoBSr1EoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFabliau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenson2006" class="citation web cs1">Benson, Larry D. (3 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030327004457/http://www.courses.fas.harvard.edu/~chaucer/special/litsubs/fabliaux/">"The Fabliaux"</a>. <i>The Geoffrey Chaucer Website</i>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courses.fas.harvard.edu/~chaucer/special/litsubs/fabliaux/">the original</a> on 27 March 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Geoffrey+Chaucer+Website&rft.atitle=The+Fabliaux&rft.date=2006-10-03&rft.aulast=Benson&rft.aufirst=Larry+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.courses.fas.harvard.edu%2F~chaucer%2Fspecial%2Flitsubs%2Ffabliaux%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFabliau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bloch, R. Howard. (1986). <i>The Scandal of the Fabliaux</i>. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrocker2007" class="citation book cs1">Crocker, Holly A., ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JHp2Zy0gFBYC"><i>Comic provocations: Exposing the corpus of old french fabliaux</i></a>. Palgrave. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-7043-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-7043-5"><bdi>978-1-4039-7043-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comic+provocations%3A+Exposing+the+corpus+of+old+french+fabliaux&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-7043-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJHp2Zy0gFBYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFabliau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hopkins, Amanda (Autumn 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110903212016/http://www.amandahopkins.co.uk/downloads/Fabliaux.pdf">"Chaucer and the Fabliau"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amandahopkins.co.uk/downloads/Fabliaux.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chaucer+and+the+Fabliau&rft.ssn=fall&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amandahopkins.co.uk%2Fdownloads%2FFabliaux.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFabliau" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li>Lacy, Norris J. (1998). <i>Reading Fabliaux</i>. Birmingham: Summa Publications, Inc.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawall_(Gen._ed.)2005" class="citation book cs1">Lawall (Gen. ed.), Sarah (2005). <i>The Norton Anthology of Western Literature. Vol. 1</i>. New York: Norton. pp. 1430–52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Norton+Anthology+of+Western+Literature.+Vol.+1&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1430-52&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Lawall+%28Gen.+ed.%29&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFabliau" class="Z3988"></span> (four fabliaux in English translation)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2000" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Brian Joseph (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m-WT61A4sRsC"><i>The Comic Text: Patterns and Images of Old French Fabliaux</i></a>. Amsterdam: Rodopi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0429-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0429-0"><bdi>978-90-420-0429-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Comic+Text%3A+Patterns+and+Images+of+Old+French+Fabliaux&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-420-0429-0&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Brian+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm-WT61A4sRsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFabliau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNykrog1973" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nykrog, Per (1973). <i>Les Fabliaux : Nouvelle Édition</i> (in French). Librarie Droz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-600-02823-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-600-02823-3"><bdi>978-2-600-02823-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Fabliaux+%3A+Nouvelle+%C3%89dition&rft.pub=Librarie+Droz&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-2-600-02823-3&rft.aulast=Nykrog&rft.aufirst=Per&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFabliau" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabliau&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Fabliau" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fabliau">Fabliau</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fabliau" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:fabliau">fabliau</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/pub?key=0AnZb5H7tDMvTdGZPQnJRQ1M4UktUM2cxSEJ2a2tkNUE&output=html">Bibliographic dataset of fabliaux in modern English translations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~chaucer/special/litsubs/fabliaux/">English translations of fabliaux related to Chaucer's tales</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170129104008/http://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~chaucer/special/litsubs/fabliaux/">Archived</a> 29 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><i>Recueil général et complet des fabliaux des 13e et 14e siècles</i>, a collection of fabliaux edited by Anatole de Montaiglon and Gaston Raynaud (1872) at the Internet Archive: volumes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/RecueilGeneralDesFabliaux1">1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/RecueilGeneralDesFabliaux2">2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/RecueilGeneralDesFabliaux3">3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/RecueilGeneralDesFabliaux4">4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/RecueilGeneralDesFabliaux5">5</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/RecueilGeneralDesFabliaux6">6</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Narrative" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrative" title="Template:Narrative"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Narrative" title="Template talk:Narrative"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Narrative" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Narrative"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Narrative" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">Narrative</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Character_(arts)" title="Character (arts)">Character</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antagonist" title="Antagonist">Antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archenemy" title="Archenemy">Archenemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_arc" title="Character arc">Character arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_flaw" title="Character flaw">Character flaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characterization" title="Characterization">Characterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidant" title="Confidant">Confidant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuteragonist" title="Deuteragonist">Deuteragonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_protagonist" title="False protagonist">False protagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_character" title="Focal character">Focal character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foil_(narrative)" title="Foil (narrative)">Foil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_double" title="Gothic double">Gothic double</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamartia" title="Hamartia">Hamartia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">Anti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_hero" title="Tragic hero">Tragic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">Protagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">Stock character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_man" title="Straight man">Straight man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supporting_character" title="Supporting character">Supporting character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_character" title="Title character">Title character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritagonist" title="Tritagonist">Tritagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villain" title="Villain">Villain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plot_(narrative)" title="Plot (narrative)">Plot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ab_ovo" title="Ab ovo">Ab ovo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_(narrative)" title="Action (narrative)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">Backstory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_story" title="Origin story">Origin story</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chekhov%27s_gun" title="Chekhov's gun">Chekhov's gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">Cliché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffhanger" title="Cliffhanger">Cliffhanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_(narrative)" title="Conflict (narrative)">Conflict</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deus_ex_machina" title="Deus ex machina">Deus ex machina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_in_writing" title="Dialogue in writing">Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Dramatic structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucatastrophe" title="Eucatastrophe">Eucatastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreshadowing" title="Foreshadowing">Foreshadowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashback_(narrative)" title="Flashback (narrative)">Flashback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashforward" title="Flashforward">Flashforward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_story" title="Frame story">Frame story</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_medias_res" title="In medias res">In medias res</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kish%C5%8Dtenketsu" title="Kishōtenketsu">Kishōtenketsu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacGuffin" title="MacGuffin">MacGuffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pace_(narrative)" title="Pace (narrative)">Pace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_device" title="Plot device">Plot device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_twist" title="Plot twist">Plot twist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_justice" title="Poetic justice">Poetic justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_herring" title="Red herring">Red herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reveal_(narrative)" title="Reveal (narrative)">Reveal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-insertion" title="Self-insertion">Self-insertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaggy_dog_story" title="Shaggy dog story">Shaggy dog story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_arc" title="Story arc">Story arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_within_a_story" title="Story within a story">Story within a story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subplot" title="Subplot">Subplot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspense" title="Suspense">Suspense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Trope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Setting_(narrative)" title="Setting (narrative)">Setting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">Backstory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(fiction)" title="Crossover (fiction)">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">Dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_location" title="Fictional location">Fictional location</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional city">city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_country" title="Fictional country">country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_universe" title="Fictional universe">universe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">parallel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldbuilding" title="Worldbuilding">Worldbuilding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theme_(narrative)" title="Theme (narrative)">Theme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">Irony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">Leitmotif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">Metaphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_development" title="Moral development">Moral development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motif_(narrative)" title="Motif (narrative)">Motif</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deal_with_the_Devil" title="Deal with the Devil">Deal with the Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Conflict between good and evil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">Self-fulfilling prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Writing_style" title="Writing style">Style</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathos" title="Bathos">Bathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_relief" title="Comic relief">Comic relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diction" title="Diction">Diction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_of_speech" title="Figure of speech">Figure of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagery" title="Imagery">Imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_(literature)" title="Mode (literature)">Mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_(literature)" title="Mood (literature)">Mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_techniques" title="List of narrative techniques">Narrative techniques</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_hook" title="Narrative hook">Hook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show,_don%27t_tell" title="Show, don't tell">Show, don't tell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylistic_device" title="Stylistic device">Stylistic device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_disbelief" title="Suspension of disbelief">Suspension of disbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(literature)" title="Tone (literature)">Tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_(drama)" title="Act (drama)">Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Act structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-act_structure" title="Three-act structure">Three-act structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freytag%27s_Pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Freytag's Pyramid">Freytag's Pyramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_(narrative)" title="Exposition (narrative)">Exposition</a>/<a href="/wiki/Protasis" title="Protasis">Protasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitasis" title="Epitasis">Rising action/Epitasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climax_(narrative)" title="Climax (narrative)">Climax</a>/<a href="/wiki/Peripeteia" title="Peripeteia">Peripeteia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastasis" title="Catastasis">Falling action/Catastasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_(drama)" title="Catastrophe (drama)">Denouement/Catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative structure">Linear narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_narrative" title="Nonlinear narrative">Nonlinear narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonlinear_narrative_films" title="List of nonlinear narrative films">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonlinear_narrative_television_series" title="List of nonlinear narrative television series">television series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premise_(narrative)" title="Premise (narrative)">Premise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_fiction_with_multiple_endings" title="Types of fiction with multiple endings">Types of fiction with multiple endings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_forms" title="List of narrative forms">Form</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fabliau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fiction" title="Flash fiction">Flash fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_tale" title="Tall tale">Tall tale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamebook" title="Gamebook">Gamebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_art" title="Narrative art">Narrative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">Novella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignette_(literature)" title="Vignette (literature)">Vignette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">Genre</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_genres" title="List of writing genres">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_fiction" title="Action fiction">Action fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_novel" title="Comic novel">Comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistolary_novel" title="Epistolary novel">Epistolary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergodic_literature" title="Ergodic literature">Ergodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_fiction" title="Western fiction">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">Mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_fiction" title="Nautical fiction">Nautical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoid_fiction" title="Paranoid fiction">Paranoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_fiction" title="Philosophical fiction">Philosophical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picaresque_novel" title="Picaresque novel">Picaresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_fiction" title="Political fiction">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_culture_fiction" title="Pop culture fiction">Pop culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_fiction" title="Psychological fiction">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspirational_fiction" title="Inspirational fiction">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_literature" title="Rogue literature">Rogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">Prose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_fiction" title="Theological fiction">Theological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fiction" title="Urban fiction">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonfiction">Nonfiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">Biography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fiction_novel" title="Non-fiction novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_nonfiction" title="Creative nonfiction">Creative</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diegesis" title="Diegesis">Diegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-person_narrative" title="First-person narrative">First-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-person narrative">Second-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person narrative">Third-person</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_omniscient_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person omniscient narrative">Third-person omniscient narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration#Subjective_or_objective" title="Narration">Subjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unreliable_narrator" title="Unreliable narrator">Unreliable narrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiperspectivity" title="Multiperspectivity">Multiple narrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness" title="Stream of consciousness">Stream of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_unconsciousness" title="Stream of unconsciousness">Stream of unconsciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Tense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_narrative" title="Dominant narrative">Dominant narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_writing" title="Fiction writing">Fiction writing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_(fiction)" title="Continuity (fiction)">Continuity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(fiction)" title="Canon (fiction)">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reboot_(fiction)" title="Reboot (fiction)">Reboot</a></li> <li><a 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