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id="toc-Common_plot_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Superheroes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superheroes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Superheroes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superheroes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discrimination_against_superheroes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discrimination_against_superheroes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Discrimination against superheroes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discrimination_against_superheroes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supervillains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supervillains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Supervillains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supervillains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secret_identities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secret_identities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Secret identities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secret_identities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Continuity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crossovers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crossovers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Crossovers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crossovers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genre_flexibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genre_flexibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Genre flexibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genre_flexibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prototypes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prototypes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prototypes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prototypes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golden_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golden_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Golden Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golden_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silver_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silver_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Silver Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silver_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_non-comics_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_non-comics_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In non-comics media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_non-comics_media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In non-comics media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_non-comics_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Live-action_television_series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Live-action_television_series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Live-action television series</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Live-action_television_series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Animation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Adaptations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Original" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Original</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Video games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Internet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Outside the United States</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Outside_the_United_States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Outside the United States subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Outside_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Superhero fiction</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%86" title="أدب الأبطال الخارقين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أدب الأبطال الخارقين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ادبیات داستانی ابرقهرمانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادبیات داستانی ابرقهرمانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%88%ED%8D%BC%ED%9E%88%EC%96%B4%EB%A1%9C%EB%AC%BC" title="슈퍼히어로물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="슈퍼히어로물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Սուպերհերոսային գեղարվեստական գրականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սուպերհերոսային գեղարվեստական գրականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="सुपरहीरो काल्पनिक साहित्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सुपरहीरो काल्पनिक साहित्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofurhetjusaga" title="Ofurhetjusaga – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ofurhetjusaga" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiction_supereroistica" title="Fiction supereroistica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fiction supereroistica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Супергеройская фантастика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Супергеройская фантастика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8E%DA%98%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%86" title="وێژەی سووپەرھیرۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وێژەی سووپەرھیرۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88" title="மீநாயகன் புனைகதை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மீநாயகன் புனைகதை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCper_kahraman_romanlar%C4%B1" title="Süper kahraman romanları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Süper kahraman romanları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Супергеройська фантастика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Супергеройська фантастика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7643432#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="View the content page 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #DEDEE2">Superhero fiction</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:CaptainMarvel17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/CaptainMarvel17.jpg/220px-CaptainMarvel17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/CaptainMarvel17.jpg/330px-CaptainMarvel17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/CaptainMarvel17.jpg/440px-CaptainMarvel17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="1392" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Captain_Marvel_(DC_Comics)" title="Captain Marvel (DC Comics)">Captain Marvel</a>, an iconic and influential example of the genre</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data">Early 20th century,<br /><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United 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title="Science fiction on television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_themes" title="List of science fiction themes">Themes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_authors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction authors">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror fiction</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horror_anime_and_manga" title="Category:Horror anime and manga">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horror_fiction_awards" title="Category:Horror fiction awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_convention" title="Horror convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction_magazine" title="Horror fiction magazine">Fiction magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_horror_films" title="History of horror films">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horror_genres" title="Category:Horror genres">Genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_podcast" title="Horror podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_television_programs" title="List of horror television programs">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_fiction_writers" title="List of horror fiction writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Miscellaneous</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_universe" title="Fictional universe">Fictional universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_species" title="Lists of fictional species">Fictional species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_speculative_fiction_writers" title="List of Japanese speculative fiction writers">List of Japanese SF writers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Fantasy" title="The Encyclopedia of Fantasy">The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dragon-149393.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/15px-Dragon-149393.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/23px-Dragon-149393.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/31px-Dragon-149393.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="529" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction" title="Portal:Speculative fiction">Portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Speculative_fiction_sidebar" title="Template:Speculative fiction sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Speculative_fiction_sidebar" title="Template talk:Speculative fiction sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Speculative_fiction_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Speculative fiction sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Superhero fiction</b> is a subgenre of <a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">speculative fiction</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> examining the <a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">adventures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalities">personalities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a> of costumed crime fighters known as <a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">superheroes</a>, who often possess <a href="/wiki/Superpower_(ability)" title="Superpower (ability)">superhuman powers</a> and battle similarly powered <a href="/wiki/Criminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal">criminals</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Supervillain" title="Supervillain">supervillains</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a> primarily falls between <a href="/wiki/Hard_fantasy" title="Hard fantasy">hard fantasy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soft_science_fiction" title="Soft science fiction">soft science fiction</a> in the spectrum of scientific realism. It is most commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/American_comic_book" title="American comic book">American comic books</a>, though it has expanded into <a href="/wiki/Category:Superhero_fiction_by_medium" title="Category:Superhero fiction by medium">other media</a> through adaptations and original works. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_plot_elements">Common plot elements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superhero_fiction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Common plot elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Superhero_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Superhero fiction">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superheroes">Superheroes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superhero_fiction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Superheroes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">Superhero</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">superhero</a> is most often the <a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">protagonist</a> of superhero fiction. However, some titles, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Marvels" title="Marvels">Marvels</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Busiek" title="Kurt Busiek">Kurt Busiek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross" title="Alex Ross">Alex Ross</a>, use superheroes as <a href="/wiki/Secondary_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary character">secondary characters</a>. A superhero (sometimes rendered super-hero or super hero) is a type of stock character possessing "extraordinary or superhuman powers" and dedicated to protecting the public. Since the debut of the prototypical superhero <a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a> in 1938, stories of superheroes—ranging from brief episodic adventures to continuing years-long sagas—have dominated American comic books and crossed over into other media. The word itself dates to at least 1917. A female superhero is sometimes called a <a href="/wiki/Superheroine" class="mw-redirect" title="Superheroine">superheroine</a> (also rendered super-heroine or super heroine). In the United States, the term "SUPER HEROES" is a registered trademark co-owned by <a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a>. </p><p>By most definitions, characters do not strictly require actual superhuman powers to be deemed superheroes, although terms such as costumed crime fighters or masked vigilantes are sometimes used to refer to those such as <a href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Batman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_Arrow" title="Green Arrow">Green Arrow</a> without such powers who share other common superhero traits. Such characters were generally referred to as "mystery men" in the so-called Golden Age of Comic Books to distinguish them from characters with super-powers. Normally, superheroes use their powers to counter day-to-day crime while also combating threats against humanity by their criminal counterparts, supervillains. </p><p>Long-running superheroes such as <a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC's</a> <a href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Batman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wonder_Woman" title="Wonder Woman">Wonder Woman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel's</a> <a href="/wiki/Spider-Man" title="Spider-Man">Spider-Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captain_America" title="Captain America">Captain America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Man" title="Iron Man">Iron Man</a> have a "<a href="/wiki/Rogues_gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogues gallery">rogues gallery</a>" of such enemies. One of these supervillains might be the superhero's archenemy. Superheroes will sometimes combat other threats such as aliens, magical/fantasy entities, natural disasters, political ideologies such as Nazism or communism (and their proponents), and godlike or demonic creatures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Discrimination_against_superheroes">Discrimination against superheroes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superhero_fiction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Discrimination against superheroes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some superhero fiction portrays discrimination against superheroes, <span class="failed-verification-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">such as by the way of "Registration Acts"</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Synthesis_of_published_material" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The source does not describe registration acts as a form of discrimination. (August 2024)">improper synthesis?</span></a></i>]</sup> that mandate <a href="/wiki/Licensure" class="mw-redirect" title="Licensure">registration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Superhuman" title="Superhuman">superpowered</a> individuals with the <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>, or laws that regulate extra-legal vigilante activity.<sup id="cite_ref-Law_of_Superheroes_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Law_of_Superheroes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in the alternate universe of the <i><a href="/wiki/Watchmen" title="Watchmen">Watchmen</a></i>, first published in 1986, a backlash against superheroes leads to the passage of the "Keene Act", a federal law that prohibits "costumed adventuring" except by superheroes working for the government.<sup id="cite_ref-Law_of_Superheroes_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Law_of_Superheroes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar device was used in the <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a> universe in the mid-2000s, where a "Superhero Registration Act" is passed, that requires superpowered individuals to not only register with the government, but to make themselves available to be drafted to respond to emergencies.<sup id="cite_ref-Law_of_Superheroes_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Law_of_Superheroes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The backlash against <a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">superheroes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metahuman" title="Metahuman">metahumans</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/JLA:_The_Nail_series" title="JLA: The Nail series">JLA: The Nail series</a></i> has been compared to the real-life moral campaign against comic book superheroes in the mid-1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. Backlash is not the same thing as discrimination, and the source does not describe this as discrimination. (August 2024)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In an essay Ethan Faust argued that the depiction of superheroes in the 2004 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Incredibles" title="The Incredibles">The Incredibles</a></i> is used to examine societal attitudes towards those with disabilities, first by showing them through the prism of ableism in providing unwanted help to people they view as unable to help themselves and later as those forced to hide their differences that are now an object of discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for a new article about how the new system will be implemented and what the new technology is to help people with chronic fatigue………………..⬆️⬆️🇨🇩👍🏻➡️🇨🇺🇵🇷🇺🇸🇺🇸🇺🇸🇦🇸🇦🇸🇦🇸🇦🇸🇺🇸 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supervillains">Supervillains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superhero_fiction&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Supervillains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Supervillain" title="Supervillain">Supervillain</a></div> <p>A supervillain or supervillainess is a variant of the villain character type, commonly found in comic books, action movies, and science fiction in various media. They are sometimes used as foils to superheroes and other heroes. Whereas superheroes often wield fantastic powers, the supervillain possesses commensurate powers and abilities so that he can present a daunting challenge to the hero. Even without actual physical, mystical, superhuman or superalien powers, the supervillain often possesses a genius intellect that allows him to draft complex schemes or create fantastic devices. </p><p>Another common trait is possession of considerable resources to help further his aims. Many supervillains share some typical characteristics of real-world dictators, mobsters, and terrorists and often have aspirations of world domination or universal leadership. Superheroes and supervillains often mirror each other in their powers, abilities, or origins. In some cases, the only difference between the two is that the hero uses his extraordinary powers to help others, while the villain uses his powers for selfish, destructive or ruthless purposes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secret_identities">Secret identities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superhero_fiction&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Secret identities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Secret_identity" title="Secret identity">Secret identity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alter_ego" title="Alter ego">Alter ego</a></div> <p>Both superheroes and supervillains often use <a href="/wiki/Alter_egos" class="mw-redirect" title="Alter egos">alter egos</a> while in action. While sometimes the character's real name is publicly known, alter egos are most often used to hide the character's <a href="/wiki/Secret_identity" title="Secret identity">secret identity</a> from their enemies and the public. </p><p>With superheroes, the duality of their identities is kept a secret and closely guarded to protect those close to them from being harmed and to prevent them from being called upon constantly, even for problems not serious enough to require their attention. This can be a source of drama with the superhero being forced to devise means of getting out of sight to change without revealing their identity, or bearing the price of keeping such a secret. In addition, this narrative trope can allow fantasy characters to be in occasional realistic stories without the fantasy element of the sub-genre appearing. </p><p>With supervillains, by contrast, the duality of their identities is kept a secret and closely guarded to conceal their crimes from the general public, so that they may inflict greater harm <i><b>on</b></i> the general public, and to enable them to act freely, and hence illegally, without risk of arrest by law-enforcement authorities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superhero_fiction&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comic_book_death" title="Comic book death">Comic book death</a></div> <p>Death in superhero fiction is rarely permanent, as characters who die are often brought back to life through supernatural means or via <a href="/wiki/Retcon" class="mw-redirect" title="Retcon">retcons</a> (retroactive changes to the continuity), the alteration of previously established facts in the continuity of a fictional work. Fans have termed the practice of bringing back dead characters "<a href="/wiki/Comic_book_death" title="Comic book death">comic book death</a>". </p><p>Another common trait of superhero fiction is the killing off of a superhero's significant other by a supervillain to advance the plot. Comic book writer <a href="/wiki/Gail_Simone" title="Gail Simone">Gail Simone</a> has coined the term "<a href="/wiki/Women_in_Refrigerators" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Refrigerators">Women in Refrigerators</a>" (named after an incident in <i><a href="/wiki/Green_Lantern" title="Green Lantern">Green Lantern</a></i> #54 where <a href="/wiki/Kyle_Rayner" title="Kyle Rayner">Kyle Rayner</a>'s girlfriend <a href="/wiki/Alex_DeWitt" class="mw-redirect" title="Alex DeWitt">Alex DeWitt</a> is murdered by the supervillain <a href="/wiki/Major_Force" title="Major Force">Major Force</a> and stuffed into Rayner's <a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">refrigerator</a>) to refer to this practice.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yahoo_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yahoo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continuity">Continuity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superhero_fiction&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Continuity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Continuity_(fiction)" title="Continuity (fiction)">Continuity (fiction)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canon_(fiction)" title="Canon (fiction)">Canon (fiction)</a></div> <p>Many works of superhero fiction occur in a <a href="/wiki/Shared_universe" title="Shared universe">shared</a> <a href="/wiki/Fictional_universe" title="Fictional universe">fictional universe</a>, sometimes (as in the cases of the <a href="/wiki/DC_Universe" title="DC Universe">DC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Universe" title="Marvel Universe">Marvel Universes</a>) establishing a <a href="/wiki/Continuity_(fiction)" title="Continuity (fiction)">fictional continuity</a> of thousands of works spread over many decades. </p><p>Changes to continuity are also common, ranging from small changes to established continuity, commonly called <a href="/wiki/Retroactive_continuity" title="Retroactive continuity">retcons</a>, to full <a href="/wiki/Reboot_(fiction)" title="Reboot (fiction)">reboots</a>, erasing all previous continuity. </p><p>It is also common for works of superhero fiction to contain established characters and setting while occurring outside of the main <a href="/wiki/Canon_(fiction)" title="Canon (fiction)">canon</a> for those characters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crossovers">Crossovers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superhero_fiction&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Crossovers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fictional_crossover" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional crossover">Fictional crossover</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MasterComicsNo21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/MasterComicsNo21.jpg/220px-MasterComicsNo21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/MasterComicsNo21.jpg/330px-MasterComicsNo21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/MasterComicsNo21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>An early example of a superhero crossover: <a href="/wiki/Captain_Marvel_(DC_Comics)" title="Captain Marvel (DC Comics)">Captain Marvel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulletman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulletman">Bulletman</a> join forces to battle <a href="/wiki/Captain_Nazi" title="Captain Nazi">Captain Nazi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Fictional_crossover" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional crossover">Crossovers</a> often occur between characters of different works of superhero fiction. In comic books, highly publicized "events" are published featuring crossovers between many characters. In previous eras, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Bronze Age of Comic Books">Bronze Age of Comic Books</a>, Marvel and DC had dedicated series in which their marquee characters such as <a href="/wiki/Spider-Man" title="Spider-Man">Spider-Man</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a> would meet various characters in single stories such as <i><a href="/wiki/Marvel_Team-Up" title="Marvel Team-Up">Marvel Team-Up</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/DC_Comics_Presents" title="DC Comics Presents">DC Comics Presents</a></i>. However, that publishing fashion has fallen away in favor of occasional <a href="/wiki/Limited_series_(comics)" title="Limited series (comics)">limited series</a> and guest appearances in regular series when the writers felt the character's presence was justified. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Intercompany_crossover" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercompany crossover">Intercompany crossovers</a>, between characters of different continuity, are also common. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genre_flexibility">Genre flexibility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superhero_fiction&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Genre flexibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Super_heroine" class="mw-redirect" title="Super heroine">Super heroine</a></div> <p>Over the history of the comic book genre, writers for major characters' series were required to produce material to strict regular publishing schedules that often ran for years. As such to fulfill this strenuous creative requirement, superhero stories have used a wide variety of story genres such as <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">Mystery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">Crime fiction</a> etc. that put superhero characters in a vast variety and combinations of story settings and fiction tropes with their presence the major common element. As such, it has become an expected element to superhero fiction for the heroic characters to be placed in nearly any story situation, including relatively down-to-Earth drama with their personal lives out of costume.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For instance, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Teen_Titans" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Teen Titans">The New Teen Titans</a></i> was a mainstream superhero series which had characters that were a mix of fantasy (<a href="/wiki/Raven_(DC_Comics)" title="Raven (DC Comics)">Raven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donna_Troy" title="Donna Troy">Wonder Girl</a>), science fiction (<a href="/wiki/Victor_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Stone">Cyborg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Starfire_(Teen_Titans)" title="Starfire (Teen Titans)">Starfire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beast_Boy" title="Beast Boy">Changeling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kid_Flash" title="Kid Flash">Kid Flash</a>) and crime fiction (<a href="/wiki/Robin_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robin (comics)">Robin</a>). Furthermore, their series had such a variety of stories, such as in a year-long period of 1982-3 where in rapid succession, the team would face <a href="/wiki/Brother_Blood" title="Brother Blood">Brother Blood</a>, a costumed supervillain cult leader, then promptly have a <a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">space opera</a> story where the team goes to another planet to oppose the imperial forces of <a href="/wiki/Blackfire_(DC_Comics)" title="Blackfire (DC Comics)">Blackfire</a> and then return to Earth only to get involved in a relatively realistic urban crime story about <a href="/wiki/Runaway_(dependent)" title="Runaway (dependent)">runaways</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superhero_fiction&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prototypes">Prototypes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superhero_fiction&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Prototypes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Phantom_Sunday_strip.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e9/First_Phantom_Sunday_strip.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="231" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="231" /></a><figcaption>The first Phantom <a href="/wiki/Sunday_strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday strip">Sunday strip</a> (May 28, 1939). Art by Ray Moore.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mythologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythologies">mythologies</a> of many ancient civilizations feature pantheons of gods and goddesses with superhuman powers, as well as <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">heroes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a> and <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demigods" class="mw-redirect" title="Demigods">demigods</a> like <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Real life inspirations behind costumed superheroes can be traced back to the "<a href="/wiki/Vigilantism" title="Vigilantism">masked vigilantes</a>" of the American <a href="/wiki/Old_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Old West">Old West</a> such as the San Diego Vigilantes<sup id="cite_ref-LA_Times_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LA_Times-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Bald_Knobbers" title="Bald Knobbers">Bald Knobbers</a><sup id="cite_ref-DenGeek_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DenGeek-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who fought and killed outlaws while wearing masks.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The character of <a href="/wiki/Spring_Heeled_Jack" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring Heeled Jack">Spring Heeled Jack</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-packer52_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-packer52-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who first emerged as an <a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">urban legend</a> of the early 19th century, was re-conceived as a masked and costumed adventurer during the 1890s. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hero%27s_journey" title="Hero's journey">hero's journey</a> is a well-known archetypal story type in which the protagonist undertakes a <a href="/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">quest</a> to achieve both material advantage and psychological and ethical maturity, and is generally considered to function as a metaphor and guide for children transitioning to adulthood or from <a href="/wiki/Id,_ego_and_super-ego#Ego" class="mw-redirect" title="Id, ego and super-ego">egoism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">altruism</a> as the core concept of the <a href="/wiki/Self" title="Self">self</a>. Antecedents of the superhero archetype include such <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folkloric</a> heroes as <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a>, who adventured in distinctive clothing, and <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>, who possessed a supernatural weapon,<sup id="cite_ref-packer52_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-packer52-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Penny_dreadful" title="Penny dreadful">Penny dreadfuls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shilling_shocker" class="mw-redirect" title="Shilling shocker">shilling shockers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dime_novel" title="Dime novel">dime novels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_program" title="Radio program">radio programs</a>, and other popular fiction of the late 19th and early 20th centuries featured mysterious, swashbuckling heroes with distinct costumes, unusual abilities and altruistic missions. The 1903 play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Scarlet_Pimpernel" title="The Scarlet Pimpernel">The Scarlet Pimpernel</a></i> and its spinoffs further popularized the idea of a masked avenger and the superhero trope of a secret identity;<sup id="cite_ref-packer52_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-packer52-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such characters as the <a href="/wiki/Green_Hornet" title="Green Hornet">Green Hornet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_of_Romney_Marsh" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow of Romney Marsh">Scarecrow of Romney Marsh</a>, would follow. Likewise, the science-fiction heroes <a href="/wiki/John_Carter_of_Mars" title="John Carter of Mars">John Carter of Mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buck_Rogers" title="Buck Rogers">Buck Rogers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flash_Gordon" title="Flash Gordon">Flash Gordon</a>, with their futuristic weapons and gadgets; <a href="/wiki/Tarzan" title="Tarzan">Tarzan</a>, with his high degree of athleticism and strength, and his ability to communicate with animals; <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Howard" title="Robert E. Howard">Robert E. Howard</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Conan_the_Barbarian" title="Conan the Barbarian">Conan the Barbarian</a> and the biologically modified <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Danner" title="Hugo Danner">Hugo Danner</a> of the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Gladiator_(novel)" title="Gladiator (novel)">Gladiator</a>,</i> were heroes with unusual abilities who fought sometimes larger-than-life foes. The word "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/superhero" class="extiw" title="wikt:superhero">superhero</a>" itself dates to at least 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-mw_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most direct antecedents are <a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">pulp magazine</a> crime fighters such as the masked and caped <a href="/wiki/Zorro" title="Zorro">Zorro</a> (introduced by <a href="/wiki/Johnston_McCulley" title="Johnston McCulley">Johnston M. McCulley</a> in 1919 with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Curse_of_Capistrano" title="The Curse of Capistrano">The Curse of Capistrano</a></i>) with his trademark "Z", the technologically advanced "Black Sapper" (1929),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the preternaturally mesmeric <a href="/wiki/The_Shadow" title="The Shadow">The Shadow</a> (1930), the "peak human" <a href="/wiki/Doc_Savage" title="Doc Savage">Doc Savage</a> (1933), and <a href="/wiki/The_Spider" class="mw-redirect" title="The Spider">The Spider</a> (1933), and <a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">comic strip</a> characters such as <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Hercules" title="Hugo Hercules">Hugo Hercules</a> (1902), <a href="/wiki/Popeye" title="Popeye">Popeye</a> (1929), the <a href="/wiki/Phantom_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phantom (comics)">Phantom</a> (1936)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Olga_Mesmer" title="Olga Mesmer">Olga Mesmer</a> (1937).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first masked crime-fighter created for comic books was writer-artist <a href="/wiki/George_Brenner" title="George Brenner">George Brenner</a>'s non-superpowered detective the <a href="/wiki/Clock_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clock (comics)">Clock</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who debuted in <a href="/wiki/Centaur_Publications" title="Centaur Publications">Centaur Publications</a>' <i>Funny Pages</i> #6 (Nov. 1936). In August 1937, in a letter column of the pulp magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Thrilling_Wonder_Stories" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrilling Wonder Stories">Thrilling Wonder Stories</a></i>, the word superhero was used to define the title character of the comic strip Zarnak by Max Plaisted.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians point to the first appearance of <a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a>, created by <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Siegel" title="Jerry Siegel">Jerome "Jerry" Siegel</a> and designed by <a href="/wiki/Joe_Shuster" title="Joe Shuster">Joseph "Joe" Shuster</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Action_Comics" title="Action Comics">Action Comics</a></i> #1 (June 1938) as the debut of the comic-book archetype of the superhero.<sup id="cite_ref-pbs.org_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs.org-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside the American comics industry, superpowered, costumed superheroes, such as <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cgon_Bat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ōgon Bat">Ōgon Bat</a> (1931) and the Prince of Gamma<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ガンマ王子</span></span>)</span> (early 1930s), were visualized in painted panels used by <a href="/wiki/Kamishibai" title="Kamishibai">kamishibai</a> oral storytellers in Japan. They both anticipated elements of Superman and Batman. Prince of Gamma, for example, had an extraterrestrial <a href="/wiki/Origin_story" title="Origin story">origin story</a> and a secret identity (his alter ego was a <a href="/wiki/Street_urchin" class="mw-redirect" title="Street urchin">street urchin</a>), much like Superman.<sup id="cite_ref-comicsbulletin_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comicsbulletin-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-latimes_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An earlier example from Japan is <a href="/wiki/Sarutobi_Sasuke" title="Sarutobi Sasuke">Sarutobi Sasuke</a>, a superhero <a href="/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja">ninja</a> from <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="Children's novels">children's novels</a> in the 1910s.<sup id="cite_ref-Torrance_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torrance-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vintage_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vintage-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1914, his abilities included superhuman strength, chanting incantations, appearing and disappearing, jumping to the top of the highest trees, riding on clouds, conjuring the <a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">elements</a> (water, fire and wind), and transforming into other people or animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Torrance_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torrance-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golden_Age">Golden Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superhero_fiction&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Golden Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Golden Age of Comic Books">Golden Age of Comic Books</a></div> <p>In 1938, writer <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Siegel" title="Jerry Siegel">Jerry Siegel</a> and artist <a href="/wiki/Joe_Shuster" title="Joe Shuster">Joe Shuster</a>, who had previously worked in <a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">pulp</a> <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> magazines, introduced <a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a>. (Siegel, as the writer, actually <i>created</i> the central and supporting characters; Shuster, as the artist, <i>designed</i> these characters, and gave Superman the first version of his now-iconic uniform.) The character possessed many of the traits that have come to define the superhero: a <a href="/wiki/Secret_identity" title="Secret identity">secret identity</a>, superhuman powers and a colorful costume including a symbol and cape. His name is also the source of the term "superhero", although early comic book heroes were sometimes also called <b>mystery men</b> or <b>masked heroes</b>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a>, which published under the names National and All-American at the time, received an overwhelming response to <a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a> and, in the years that followed, introduced <a href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Batman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wonder_Woman" title="Wonder Woman">Wonder Woman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_Lantern" title="Green Lantern">The Green Lantern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flash_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash (comics)">The Flash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawkman" title="Hawkman">The Hawkman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquaman" title="Aquaman">Aquaman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Green_Arrow" title="Green Arrow">The Green Arrow</a>. The first team of superheroes was DC's <a href="/wiki/Justice_Society_of_America" title="Justice Society of America">Justice Society of America</a>, featuring most of the aforementioned characters. Although DC dominated the superhero market at this time, companies large and small created hundreds of superheroes. <a href="/wiki/Human_Torch_(Golden_Age)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Torch (Golden Age)">The Human Torch of the Golden Age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sub-Mariner" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-Mariner">the Sub-Mariner</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a> (then called <a href="/wiki/Timely_Comics" title="Timely Comics">Timely Comics</a> and later re-branded <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Comics" title="Atlas Comics">Atlas Comics</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Plastic_Man" title="Plastic Man">Plastic Man</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phantom_Lady" title="Phantom Lady">Phantom Lady</a> from <a href="/wiki/Quality_Comics" title="Quality Comics">Quality Comics</a> were also hits. <a href="/wiki/Will_Eisner" title="Will Eisner">Will Eisner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(comics_character)" title="Spirit (comics character)">The Spirit</a>, featured in a <a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">comic strip</a>, would become a considerable artistic inspiration to later comic book creators. The era's most popular superhero, however, was <a href="/wiki/Fawcett_Comics" title="Fawcett Comics">Fawcett Comics</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Captain_Marvel_(DC_Comics)" title="Captain Marvel (DC Comics)">Captain Marvel</a>, whose exploits regularly outsold those of <a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a> during the 1940s. When Fawcett Comics went out of business as such, DC Comics, which had been embroiled in a bitter copyright dispute with Fawcett Comics over Captain Marvel, bought out the copyright to not only the character but also his ancillary "Marvel Family" of heroes and villains. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, superheroes grew in popularity, surviving paper rationing and the loss of many writers and illustrators to service in the armed forces. The need for simple tales of good triumphing over evil may explain the wartime popularity of superheroes. Publishers responded with stories in which superheroes battled the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a> and the patriotically themed superheroes, most notably Marvel's <a href="/wiki/Captain_America" title="Captain America">Captain America</a> as well as DC's <a href="/wiki/Wonder_Woman" title="Wonder Woman">Wonder Woman</a>. </p><p>Like other pop-culture figures of the time, Superheroes were used to promote domestic propaganda during wartime, ranging from the purchasing of <a href="/wiki/War_bonds" class="mw-redirect" title="War bonds">war bonds</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Following superheroes's popularity during this time, those characters' appeal began to dwindle in the post-war era.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Comic-book publishers, casting about for new subjects and genres, found success in, particularly, <a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime fiction</a>, the most prominent comic of which was <a href="/wiki/Lev_Gleason_Publications" title="Lev Gleason Publications">Lev Gleason Publications</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Crime_Does_Not_Pay_(comics)" title="Crime Does Not Pay (comics)">Crime Does Not Pay</a>,</i><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The lurid nature of these genres sparked a moral crusade in which comics were blamed for <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_delinquency" title="Juvenile delinquency">juvenile delinquency</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Subcommittee_on_Juvenile_Delinquency" title="United States Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency">United States Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency</a> began. The movement was spearheaded by psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Fredric_Wertham" title="Fredric Wertham">Fredric Wertham</a>, who argued in <i><a href="/wiki/Seduction_of_the_Innocent" title="Seduction of the Innocent">Seduction of the Innocent</a>,</i> that "deviant" sexual undertones ran rampant in <a href="/wiki/Superhero_comics" title="Superhero comics">superhero comics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, his methodology was reviewed and his results were found to be misleading if not falsified.<sup id="cite_ref-Heer_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heer-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tilley_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilley-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response, the comic book industry adopted the stringent <a href="/wiki/Comics_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Comics Code">Comics Code</a>. By the mid-1950s, only <a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Batman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wonder_Woman" title="Wonder Woman">Wonder Woman</a> retained a sliver of their prior popularity, although effort towards complete inoffensiveness led to stories that many consider silly, especially by modern standards. This ended what historians have called the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_comic_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Age of comic books">Golden Age of comic books</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silver_Age">Silver Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superhero_fiction&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Silver Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Silver_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Silver Age of Comic Books">Silver Age of Comic Books</a></div> <p>In the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a>, under the editorship of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Schwartz" title="Julius Schwartz">Julius Schwartz</a>, recreated many popular 1940s heroes, launching an era later deemed the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Age_of_comic_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Age of comic books">Silver Age of comic books</a>. <a href="/wiki/Flash_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash (comics)">The Flash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_Lantern" title="Green Lantern">Green Lantern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawkman" title="Hawkman">Hawkman</a> and several others were <a href="/wiki/Reboot_(continuity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reboot (continuity)">recreated</a> with new origin stories. While past superheroes resembled <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythological</a> heroes in their origins and abilities, these heroes were inspired by contemporary <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>. In 1960, DC banded its most popular heroes together in the <a href="/wiki/Justice_League" title="Justice League">Justice League of America</a>, which became a sales phenomenon. </p><p>Empowered by the return of the superhero at DC, <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a> editor/writer <a href="/wiki/Stan_Lee" title="Stan Lee">Stan Lee</a> and the artists/co-writers <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kirby" title="Jack Kirby">Jack Kirby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Ditko" title="Steve Ditko">Steve Ditko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Everett" title="Bill Everett">Bill Everett</a> launched a new line of superhero comic books, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Four" title="Fantastic Four">Fantastic Four</a> in 1961 and continuing with <a href="/wiki/Hulk" title="Hulk">the Incredible Hulk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spider-Man" title="Spider-Man">Spider-Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_Man" title="Iron Man">Iron Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thor_(Marvel_Comics)" title="Thor (Marvel Comics)">Thor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/X-Men" title="X-Men">X-Men</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Daredevil_(Marvel_Comics_series)" title="Daredevil (Marvel Comics series)">Daredevil</a>. These comics continued DC's use of science fiction concepts (<a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> was a common source of superpowers) but placed greater emphasis on personal conflict and character development. This led to many superheroes that differed from predecessors with more dramatic potential. For example, the Fantastic Four were a superhero family of sorts, who squabbled and even held some unresolved acrimony towards one another, and Spider-Man was a teenager who struggled to earn money and maintain his social life in addition to his costumed exploits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_non-comics_media">In non-comics media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superhero_fiction&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In non-comics media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superhero_fiction&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero film</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Superhero_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Superhero fiction">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Superhero+fiction%22">"Superhero fiction"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Superhero+fiction%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Superhero+fiction%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Superhero+fiction%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Superhero+fiction%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Superhero+fiction%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CaptainMarvelLobbyCard002A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/CaptainMarvelLobbyCard002A.jpg/220px-CaptainMarvelLobbyCard002A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/CaptainMarvelLobbyCard002A.jpg/330px-CaptainMarvelLobbyCard002A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/CaptainMarvelLobbyCard002A.jpg/440px-CaptainMarvelLobbyCard002A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption>The 1941 film <i><a href="/wiki/Adventures_of_Captain_Marvel" title="Adventures of Captain Marvel">Adventures of Captain Marvel</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_Pictures" title="Republic Pictures">Republic Pictures</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Superhero films began as Saturday <a href="/wiki/Serial_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial (film)">movie serials</a> aimed at children during the 1940s with the first film adaptation of a comic book superhero being <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Captain_Marvel" class="mw-redirect" title="The Adventures of Captain Marvel">The Adventures of Captain Marvel</a></i> in 1941. The decline of these serials meant the death of superhero films until the release of 1978's <i><a href="/wiki/Superman_(1978_film)" title="Superman (1978 film)">Superman</a></i>, a critical and commercial success. Several <a href="/wiki/Sequel" title="Sequel">sequels</a> followed in the 1980s. 1989's <i><a href="/wiki/Batman_(1989_film)" title="Batman (1989 film)">Batman</a></i> was also highly successful and followed by several sequels in the 1990s. Yet while both franchises were initially successful, later <a href="/wiki/Sequels" class="mw-redirect" title="Sequels">sequels</a> in both series fared poorly both artistically and financially, stunting the growth of superhero films for a time. </p><p>Hit films such as 1998's <i><a href="/wiki/Blade_(1998_film)" title="Blade (1998 film)">Blade</a></i>, 2000's <i><a href="/wiki/X-Men_(film)" title="X-Men (film)">X-Men</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Unbreakable_(film)" title="Unbreakable (film)">Unbreakable</a></i>, and 2002's <i><a href="/wiki/Spider-Man_(2002_film)" title="Spider-Man (2002 film)">Spider-Man</a></i> have led to sequel installments as well as encouraging the development of numerous superhero film franchises in the 21st century, both successful (such as 2005's <i><a href="/wiki/Batman_Begins" title="Batman Begins">Batman Begins</a></i>, a reboot of the <a href="/wiki/Batman_in_film" title="Batman in film">Batman film series</a>) and unsuccessful (such as 2004's <i><a href="/wiki/Catwoman_(film)" title="Catwoman (film)">Catwoman</a></i>). With that resurgence, the subgenre has become a major element of mainstream film production with outstanding successes like 2008's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight" title="The Dark Knight">The Dark Knight</a></i>, 2012's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Avengers_(2012_film)" title="The Avengers (2012 film)">The Avengers</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_Rises" title="The Dark Knight Rises">The Dark Knight Rises</a></i>, 2013's <i> <a href="/wiki/Iron_Man_3" title="Iron Man 3">Iron Man 3</a></i>, and 2015's <i><a href="/wiki/Avengers:_Age_of_Ultron" title="Avengers: Age of Ultron">Avengers: Age of Ultron</a></i> attracting major revenue and critical plaudits. This trend was reinforced in 2016 with the outstanding success of the critically lauded <i><a href="/wiki/Deadpool_(film)" title="Deadpool (film)">Deadpool</a></i>, a film adaptation of a relatively minor <a href="/wiki/Deadpool" title="Deadpool">Marvel Comics character</a> that premiered at over $100 million in February, <a href="/wiki/Dump_months" title="Dump months">a time of year generally considered poor for movie audience interest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was an observation further confirmed in 2018 when <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_(film)" title="Black Panther (film)">Black Panther</a></i> was an even grander success with a $235 million debut in the same time of year,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later became the first superhero film to be nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture" title="Academy Award for Best Picture">Academy Award for Best Picture</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Avengers:_Endgame" title="Avengers: Endgame">Avengers: Endgame</a></i> became the <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films#Highest-grossing_films" title="List of highest-grossing films">highest-grossing film of all time</a>. In 2017, the film <i><a href="/wiki/Sign_Gene" title="Sign Gene">Sign Gene</a></i> featured about <a href="/wiki/Deaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaf">deaf</a> superheroes who use <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ASVOFF_I_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASVOFF_I-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Live-action_television_series">Live-action television series</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superhero_fiction&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Live-action television series"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_superhero_television_series" title="List of superhero television series">List of superhero television series</a></div> <p>Several live-action superhero programs aired from the early 1950s until the late 1970s. These included <i><a href="/wiki/Adventures_of_Superman_(TV_series)" title="Adventures of Superman (TV series)">Adventures of Superman</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-best_worst_superheroes_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-best_worst_superheroes-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> starring <a href="/wiki/George_Reeves" title="George Reeves">George Reeves</a>, the action-comedy <i><a href="/wiki/Batman_(TV_series)" title="Batman (TV series)">Batman</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-best_worst_superheroes_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-best_worst_superheroes-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> series of the 1960s (often interpreted as being <a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">campy</a>) starring <a href="/wiki/Adam_West" title="Adam West">Adam West</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burt_Ward" title="Burt Ward">Burt Ward</a>. In the 1970s however, the genre would find a newfound credibility in the medium with the original series, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Six_Million_Dollar_Man" title="The Six Million Dollar Man">The Six Million Dollar Man</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-complete_guide_names_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-complete_guide_names-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its spinoff, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bionic_Woman" title="The Bionic Woman">The Bionic Woman</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-complete_guide_names_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-complete_guide_names-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being sustained successes. This led to direct adaptations of comic-book superheroes such as <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>/<a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> drama series <i><a href="/wiki/Wonder_Woman_(TV_series)" title="Wonder Woman (TV series)">Wonder Woman</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-best_worst_superheroes_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-best_worst_superheroes-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the 1970s starring <a href="/wiki/Lynda_Carter" title="Lynda Carter">Lynda Carter</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Incredible_Hulk_(1978_TV_series)" title="The Incredible Hulk (1978 TV series)"><i>The Incredible Hulk</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-best_worst_superheroes_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-best_worst_superheroes-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the late 1970s and early 1980s, however, had a more somber tone. <i><a href="/wiki/Superboy_(TV_Series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superboy (TV Series)">Superboy</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-best_worst_superheroes_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-best_worst_superheroes-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ran from 1988 to 1992 in syndication. In the 1990s, the <i><a href="/wiki/Power_Rangers" title="Power Rangers">Power Rangers</a>,</i><sup id="cite_ref-best_worst_superheroes_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-best_worst_superheroes-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adapted from the Japanese <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Sentai" title="Super Sentai">Super Sentai</a>,</i> became popular.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other shows targeting teenage and young adult audiences that decade included <i><a href="/wiki/Lois_and_Clark:_The_New_Adventures_of_Superman" class="mw-redirect" title="Lois and Clark: The New Adventures of Superman">Lois and Clark: The New Adventures of Superman</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-best_worst_superheroes_36-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-best_worst_superheroes-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, <i><a href="/wiki/Smallville_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smallville (TV series)">Smallville</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-best_worst_superheroes_36-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-best_worst_superheroes-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> retooled <a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a>'s origin as a teen drama. The 2006 <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/Heroes_(American_TV_series)" title="Heroes (American TV series)">Heroes</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-best_worst_superheroes_36-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-best_worst_superheroes-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tells the story of several ordinary people who each suddenly find themselves with a superpower. The British series <i><a href="/wiki/Misfits_(TV_series)" title="Misfits (TV series)">Misfits</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> incorporates super-human abilities to undesirables in society. In this case, young offenders put on community service all have super powers and each use them to battle villains of sorts. In the 1980s, an unsuccessful attempt was made to realize this last concept in the United States with the short-lived action comedy, <i><a href="/wiki/Misfits_of_Science" title="Misfits of Science">Misfits of Science</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-rotten_tomatoes_superheroes_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rotten_tomatoes_superheroes-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2010s, <a href="/wiki/Warner_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Brothers">Warner Brothers</a> created a successful adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/Green_Arrow" title="Green Arrow">Green Arrow</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Arrow_(TV_series)" title="Arrow (TV series)">Arrow</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-best_worst_superheroes_36-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-best_worst_superheroes-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that began the successful <i><a href="/wiki/Arrowverse" title="Arrowverse">Arrowverse</a></i> television franchise. Marvel meanwhile had a successful television spin-off of their <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe" title="Marvel Cinematic Universe">Marvel Cinematic Universe</a> franchise <i><a href="/wiki/Agents_of_S.H.I.E.L.D." title="Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.">Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-best_worst_superheroes_36-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-best_worst_superheroes-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while creating a number of series on the streaming service <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>, before moving the bulk of their properties to the copyright owner's, <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a>, to its own streaming service, <a href="/wiki/Disney%2B" title="Disney+">Disney+</a>. DC series include <i><a href="/wiki/Shazam!_(TV_series)" title="Shazam! (TV series)">Shazam!</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-best_worst_superheroes_36-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-best_worst_superheroes-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Secrets_of_Isis" title="The Secrets of Isis">The Secrets of Isis</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-rotten_tomatoes_superheroes_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rotten_tomatoes_superheroes-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Flash_(1990_TV_series)" title="The Flash (1990 TV series)">The Flash (1990 TV series)</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-best_worst_superheroes_36-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-best_worst_superheroes-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_Prey_(TV_series)" title="Birds of Prey (TV series)">Birds of Prey</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-rotten_tomatoes_superheroes_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rotten_tomatoes_superheroes-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Gotham_(TV_series)" title="Gotham (TV series)">Gotham</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-best_worst_superheroes_36-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-best_worst_superheroes-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arrowverse" title="Arrowverse">Arrowverse</a> series include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Flash_(2014_TV_series)" title="The Flash (2014 TV series)">The Flash (2014 TV series)</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-best_worst_superheroes_36-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-best_worst_superheroes-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Supergirl_(TV_series)" title="Supergirl (TV series)">Supergirl</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-best_worst_superheroes_36-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-best_worst_superheroes-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Legends_of_Tomorrow" title="Legends of Tomorrow">Legends of Tomorrow</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-best_worst_superheroes_36-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-best_worst_superheroes-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(TV_series)" title="Constantine (TV series)">Constantine</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-best_worst_superheroes_36-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-best_worst_superheroes-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marvel series include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Amazing_Spider-Man_(TV_series)" title="The Amazing Spider-Man (TV series)">The Amazing Spider-Man</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-best_worst_superheroes_36-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-best_worst_superheroes-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Spidey_Super_Stories" title="Spidey Super Stories">Spidey Super Stories</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-geeks_spider-man_ultimate_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geeks_spider-man_ultimate-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mutant_X_(TV_series)" title="Mutant X (TV series)">Mutant X</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-rotten_tomatoes_superheroes_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rotten_tomatoes_superheroes-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> series include <i><a href="/wiki/Daredevil_(TV_series)" title="Daredevil (TV series)">Daredevil</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-best_worst_superheroes_36-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-best_worst_superheroes-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Jones_(TV_series)" title="Jessica Jones (TV series)">Jessica Jones</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-best_worst_superheroes_36-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-best_worst_superheroes-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Luke_Cage_(TV_series)" title="Luke Cage (TV series)">Luke Cage</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-best_worst_superheroes_36-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-best_worst_superheroes-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Iron_Fist_(TV_series)" title="Iron Fist (TV series)">Iron Fist</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-best_worst_superheroes_36-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-best_worst_superheroes-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Defenders_(miniseries)" title="The Defenders (miniseries)">The Defenders</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-best_worst_superheroes_36-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-best_worst_superheroes-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese <a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">tokusatsu</a> series include <i><a href="/wiki/Ultraman" title="Ultraman">Ultraman</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-ultraman_japan_times_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ultraman_japan_times-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Spectreman" title="Spectreman">Spectreman</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kamen_Rider" title="Kamen Rider">Kamen Rider</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other series include- <i><a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer">Buffy the Vampire Slayer</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-ups_downs_superhero_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ups_downs_superhero-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Angel_(1999_TV_series)" title="Angel (1999 TV series)">Angel</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-ups_and_downs_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ups_and_downs-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phantom_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Phantom (TV series)">The Phantom</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Nice" title="Captain Nice">Captain Nice</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-rotten_tomatoes_superheroes_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rotten_tomatoes_superheroes-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Terrific_(TV_series)" title="Mr. Terrific (TV series)">Mr. Terrific</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Hornet_(TV_series)" title="The Green Hornet (TV series)">The Green Hornet</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-best_worst_superheroes_36-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-best_worst_superheroes-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Electra_Woman_and_Dyna_Girl" title="Electra Woman and Dyna Girl">Electra Woman and Dyna Girl</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-rotten_tomatoes_superheroes_40-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rotten_tomatoes_superheroes-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_American_Hero" title="The Greatest American Hero">The Greatest American Hero</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-best_worst_superheroes_36-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-best_worst_superheroes-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Angel_(2000_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark Angel (2000 TV series)">Dark Angel</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/No_Ordinary_Family" title="No Ordinary Family">No Ordinary Family</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-rotten_tomatoes_superheroes_40-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rotten_tomatoes_superheroes-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and<i> <a href="/wiki/Alias_(TV_series)" title="Alias (TV series)">Alias</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animation">Animation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superhero_fiction&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Animation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1940s, <a href="/wiki/Fleischer_Studios" title="Fleischer Studios">Fleischer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Famous_Studios" title="Famous Studios">Famous Studios</a> produced a number of groundbreaking <i><a href="/wiki/Superman_(1940s_cartoons)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superman (1940s cartoons)">Superman</a></i> cartoons, which became the first examples of superheroes in <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a>. Since the 1960s, superhero cartoons have been a staple of children's television, particularly in the U.S.. However, by the early 1970s, US broadcasting restrictions on violence in children's entertainment led to series that were extremely tame, a trend exemplified by the series <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Friends" title="Super Friends">Super Friends</a>.</i> Meanwhile, Japan's anime industry successfully contributed its own style of superhero series, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Science_Ninja_Team_Gatchaman" title="Science Ninja Team Gatchaman">Science Ninja Team Gatchaman</a></i>. </p><p>In the 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/Saturday_morning_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturday morning cartoon">Saturday morning cartoon</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Spider-Man_and_His_Amazing_Friends" title="Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends">Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends</a></i> brought together <a href="/wiki/Spider-Man" title="Spider-Man">Spider-Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceman_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iceman (comics)">Iceman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Firestar_(Marvel_Comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Firestar (Marvel Comics)">Firestar</a>. The following decade, <i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_The_Animated_Series" title="Batman: The Animated Series">Batman: The Animated Series</a></i>, which was aimed at somewhat older audiences, found critical success in mainstream publications.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This series led to the successful <a href="/wiki/DC_Animated_Universe" title="DC Animated Universe">DC Animated Universe</a> franchise and other adaptations such as <i><a href="/wiki/Teen_Titans_(TV_series)" title="Teen Titans (TV series)">Teen Titans</a></i>, which Marvel emulated with <i><a href="/wiki/X-Men:_The_Animated_Series" title="X-Men: The Animated Series">X-Men</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Spider-Man:_The_Animated_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Spider-Man: The Animated Series">Spider-Man: The Animated Series</a></i>. </p><p>Comics' superhero mythos itself received a nostalgic treatment in the 2004 <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures" title="Walt Disney Pictures">Disney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar</a> release <i><a href="/wiki/The_Incredibles" title="The Incredibles">The Incredibles</a></i>, which utilized <a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">computer animation</a>. Original superheroes with basis in older trends have also been made for television, such as Disney's <i><a href="/wiki/Gargoyles_(TV_series)" title="Gargoyles (TV series)">Gargoyles</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Greg_Weisman" title="Greg Weisman">Greg Weisman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network" title="Cartoon Network">Cartoon Network</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ben_10" title="Ben 10">Ben 10</a></i> franchise and <a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon" title="Nickelodeon">Nickelodeon</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Danny_Phantom" title="Danny Phantom">Danny Phantom</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superhero_fiction&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning 1940s, the <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> serial <i><a href="/wiki/Superman_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superman (radio)">Superman</a></i> starred <a href="/wiki/Bud_Collyer" title="Bud Collyer">Bud Collyer</a> as the titular hero. Fellow DC Comics stars <a href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Batman</a> and Robin made occasional guest appearances. Other superhero radio programs starred characters including the costumed but not superpowered <a href="/wiki/Blue_Beetle" title="Blue Beetle">Blue Beetle</a>, and the non-costumed, superpowered <a href="/wiki/Popeye" title="Popeye">Popeye</a>. Also appearing on radio were such characters as the <a href="/wiki/Green_Hornet" title="Green Hornet">Green Hornet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Green_Lama" title="Green Lama">Green Lama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doc_Savage" title="Doc Savage">Doc Savage</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Lone_Ranger" title="Lone Ranger">Lone Ranger</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Western_fiction" title="Western fiction">Western</a> hero who relied on many conventions of the superhero archetype. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superhero_fiction&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adaptations">Adaptations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superhero_fiction&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Superheroes occasionally have been adapted into <a href="/wiki/Prose_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Prose fiction">prose fiction</a>, starting with <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>'s 1942 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Superman_(novel)" title="The Adventures of Superman (novel)">The Adventures of Superman</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/George_Lowther_(writer)" title="George Lowther (writer)">George Lowther</a>. In the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Elliot_S!_Maggin" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliot S! Maggin">Elliot S! Maggin</a> wrote the <a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a> novels, <i><a href="/wiki/Superman:_Last_Son_of_Krypton" title="Superman: Last Son of Krypton">Last Son of Krypton</a></i> (1978) and <i><a href="/wiki/Miracle_Monday" title="Miracle Monday">Miracle Monday</a></i>, coinciding with but not adapting the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Superman_(1978_film)" title="Superman (1978 film)">Superman</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-sn_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sn-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other early adaptations include novels starring the <a href="/wiki/Comic-strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic-strip">comic-strip</a> hero <a href="/wiki/The_Phantom" title="The Phantom">The Phantom</a>, starting with 1943's <i>Son of the Phantom</i>. The character likewise returned in 1970s books, with a 15-installment series from <a href="/wiki/Avon_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Avon Books">Avon Books</a> beginning in 1972, written by Phantom creator <a href="/wiki/Lee_Falk" title="Lee Falk">Lee Falk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ron_Goulart" title="Ron Goulart">Ron Goulart</a>, and others. </p><p>Also during the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Pocket_Books" title="Pocket Books">Pocket Books</a> published 11 novels based on <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a> characters.<sup id="cite_ref-sn_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sn-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Juvenile novels featuring <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a> and <a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a> characters including <a href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Batman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spider-Man" title="Spider-Man">Spider-Man</a>, the <a href="/wiki/X-Men" title="X-Men">X-Men</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Justice_League" title="Justice League">Justice League</a>, have been published, often marketed in association with <a href="/wiki/TV_series" class="mw-redirect" title="TV series">TV series</a>, as have <a href="/wiki/Big_Little_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Little Books">Big Little Books</a> starring the <a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Four" title="Fantastic Four">Fantastic Four</a> and others. </p><p>In the 1990s and 2000s, Marvel and DC released novels adapting such story arcs as "<a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Superman" title="The Death of Superman">The Death of Superman</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Planet_Hulk" title="Planet Hulk">Planet Hulk</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Wonder_Woman:_Earth_One" title="Wonder Woman: Earth One">Wonder Woman: Earth One</a>", "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider-Man:_Birth_of_Venom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spider-Man: Birth of Venom (page does not exist)">Spider-Man: Birth of Venom</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Batman</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/No_Man%27s_Land_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="No Man's Land (comics)">No Man's Land</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Original">Original</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superhero_fiction&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Original"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Original superhero or superhuman fiction has appeared in both novel and <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short story</a> print forms unrelated to adaptations from the major comic-book companies. It has also appeared in poetry. </p><p>Print magazines devoted to such stories include <i>A Thousand Faces: A Quarterly Journal of Superhuman Fiction</i>, published since 2007 in print and electronic form, and online only as of 2011<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>This Mutant Life: Superhero Fiction</i>, a bimonthly print publication from <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, published since 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter magazine was one of the few to also publish superhero poetry, ceasing to do so as of 2011. Superhero poems there included Philip L. Tite's "Brittle Lives", Mark Floyd's "Nemeses", and Jay Macleod's "All Our Children". </p><p>Novels with original superhuman stories include Robert Mayer's <i><a href="/wiki/Superfolks" title="Superfolks">Superfolks</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Griffin" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Martin's Griffin">St. Martin's Griffin</a>, March 9, 2005); James Maxey's <i>Nobody Gets the Girl</i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phobos_Books&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phobos Books (page does not exist)">Phobos Books</a>, 2003); Rob Rogers's <i>Devil's Cape</i> (<a href="/wiki/Wizards_of_the_Coast" title="Wizards of the Coast">Wizards of the Coast</a> Discoveries imprint, 2008); Austin Grossman's <i><a href="/wiki/Soon_I_Will_Be_Invincible" title="Soon I Will Be Invincible">Soon I Will Be Invincible</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Pantheon_Books" title="Pantheon Books">Pantheon Books</a>, 2007); <a href="/wiki/Lavie_Tidhar" title="Lavie Tidhar">Lavie Tidhar</a>'s <i>The Violent Century</i> (Hodder & Stoughton, 2013), David J. Schwartz's <i>Superpowers: A Novel</i> (<a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_Press" title="Three Rivers Press">Three Rivers Press</a>, 2008); Matthew Cody's <i>Powerless</i> (<a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Knopf</a>, 2009); <a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_Plexico" title="Van Allen Plexico">Van Allen Plexico</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sentinels_novels" title="Sentinels novels"><i>Sentinels</i></a> series of superhero novels (Swarm/Permuted Press, beginning in 2008); and <a href="/wiki/Marissa_Meyer" title="Marissa Meyer">Marissa Meyer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Renegades_(novel)" title="Renegades (novel)">Renegades</a> trilogy. Collections of superhuman short stories include <i>Who Can Save Us Now?: Brand-New Superheroes and Their Amazing (Short) Stories</i>, edited by Owen King and John McNally (Free Press, 2008), and <i>Masked</i>, edited by Lou Anders (Gallery, 2010). With the rise of e-book readers like Kindle and Nook, a host of superhero stories have been self-published, including R. R. Haywood's <i>Extracted</i> (2017), R. T. Leone's <i>Invinciman</i> (2017), and Mike Vago's <i>Selfdestructible</i> (2018). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superhero_fiction&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Video games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Superhero_video_games" title="Category:Superhero video games">Category:Superhero video games</a></div> <p>While many popular superheroes have been featured in licensed video games, up until recently there have been few that have revolved around heroes created specifically for the game. This has changed due to popular franchises: The <a href="/wiki/Silver_age_of_comic_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver age of comic books">Silver Age</a>-inspired <i><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Force_(computer_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom Force (computer game)">Freedom Force</a></i> (2002), <i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Heroes" title="City of Heroes">City of Heroes</a></i> (2004), <i><a href="/wiki/Infamous_(series)" title="Infamous (series)">Infamous</a></i> series and <i><a href="/wiki/Champions_Online" title="Champions Online">Champions Online</a></i> (2009), a <a href="/wiki/MMORPG" class="mw-redirect" title="MMORPG">massively multiplayer online role-playing game</a> (or MMORPG), all of which allow players to create their own superheroes and/or villains. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet">Internet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superhero_fiction&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Internet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1980s and 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> allowed a worldwide community of <a href="/wiki/Fan_(aficionado)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fan (aficionado)">fans</a> and amateur writers to bring their own superhero creations to a global audience. The first<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> original major <a href="/wiki/Shared_universe" title="Shared universe">shared</a> superhero universe to develop on the Internet was <a href="/wiki/Superguy" title="Superguy">Superguy</a>, which first appeared on a UMNEWS mailing list in 1989.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1992, a cascade on the <a href="/wiki/USENET" class="mw-redirect" title="USENET">USENET</a> <a href="/wiki/Newsgroup" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsgroup">newsgroup</a> rec.arts.comics would give birth to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Legion_of_Net._Heroes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legion of Net. Heroes (page does not exist)">Legion of Net. Heroes</a> shared universe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1994, LNH writers contributed to the creation of the newsgroup <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/rec.arts.comics.creative">rec.arts.comics.creative</a>, which spawned a number of original superhero shared universes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Magazine-style websites that publish superhero fiction include <i>Metahuman Press</i>, active since 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Freedom Fiction Journal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Superhuman fiction has also appeared in general <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>/<a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">speculative fiction</a> web publications, such as the weekly <i>Strange Horizons</i>, a publication that pays its contributors.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two examples there are Paul Melko's "Doctor Mighty and the Case of Ennui" and Saladin Ahmed's "Doctor Diablo Goes Through the Motions". </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Web_serial" class="mw-redirect" title="Web serial">web serial</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Worm_(web_serial)" title="Worm (web serial)">Worm</a></i> began publication in 2011 and completed in 2013 while its sequel, <i>Ward</i>, began in November 2017 and completed in May 2020. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outside_the_United_States">Outside the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superhero_fiction&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Outside the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been successful superhero works in other countries most of whom share the conventions of the American model. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Cybersix" title="Cybersix">Cybersix</a> from <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captain_Canuck" title="Captain Canuck">Captain Canuck</a> from <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, and the heroes of <a href="/wiki/AK_Comics" title="AK Comics">AK Comics</a> from <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. Japan is the only country that nears the United States in output of superheroes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The earlier of these wore <a href="/wiki/Scarf" title="Scarf">scarves</a> either in addition to or as a substitute for capes and many wear <a href="/wiki/Helmet" title="Helmet">helmets</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Mask" title="Mask">masks</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superhero_fiction&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kamishibai" title="Kamishibai">Kamishibai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen manga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Super_robot" class="mw-redirect" title="Super robot">Super robot</a></div> <p>Japanese superheroes date back to the 1930s, when some of the earliest superpowered costumed heroes appeared in Japan's <a href="/wiki/Kamishibai" title="Kamishibai">kamishibai</a>, a form of street theater where scenes are visualized in painted panels used by oral storytellers. Popular examples of kamishibai superheroes include <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cgon_Bat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ōgon Bat">Ōgon Bat</a>, who debuted in 1931, and Prince of Gamma, who debuted in the early 1930s. They anticipated several superhero fiction elements and superpowers that later appeared among American comic superheroes such as Superman (1938 debut) and Batman (1939 debut).<sup id="cite_ref-comicsbulletin_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comicsbulletin-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-latimes_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The iconic <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/Astro_Boy" title="Astro Boy">Astro Boy</a></i> (1952–1968) by <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Tezuka" title="Osamu Tezuka">Osamu Tezuka</a> is considered to be the first<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> superhero<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Japanese manga and <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a>, and considered to be one of the most influential works in the medium to date.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The character of <a href="/wiki/Astro_Boy_(character)" title="Astro Boy (character)">Astro Boy (Atom)</a> himself is sometimes considered the manga equivalent to Superman,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to the influence and popularity<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the character and the series. </p><p>Additionally, <i><a href="/wiki/Moonlight_Mask" title="Moonlight Mask">Moonlight Mask</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra Series">Ultraman</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamen Rider Series">Kamen Rider</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Sentai" title="Super Sentai">Super Sentai</a></i> (the basis for <i><a href="/wiki/Power_Rangers" title="Power Rangers">Power Rangers</a></i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Metal_Hero_Series" title="Metal Hero Series">Metal Hero Series</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kikaider" title="Kikaider">Kikaider</a></i> have become popular in Japanese <a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">tokusatsu</a> live-action shows, and <i><a href="/wiki/Science_Ninja_Team_Gatchaman" title="Science Ninja Team Gatchaman">Science Ninja Team Gatchaman</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Casshern" class="mw-redirect" title="Casshern">Casshern</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Devilman" title="Devilman">Devilman</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Ball" title="Dragon Ball">Dragon Ball</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Bio_Booster_Armor_Guyver" title="Bio Booster Armor Guyver">The Guyver</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/One-Punch_Man" title="One-Punch Man">One-Punch Man</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/My_Hero_Academia" title="My Hero Academia">My Hero Academia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sailor_Moon" title="Sailor Moon">Sailor Moon</a></i> are popular series of Japanese anime and manga. Japanese manga that target female readers include varieties such as "<a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">magical girl</a>" (e.g. <i>Sailor Moon</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cardcaptor_Sakura" title="Cardcaptor Sakura">Cardcaptor Sakura</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superhero_fiction&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1947, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Filipino</a> writer/cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Mars_Ravelo" title="Mars Ravelo">Mars Ravelo</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a> superheroine <a href="/wiki/Darna" title="Darna">Darna</a>, a young Filipina country girl who found a mystic talisman-pebble from another planet that allows her to transform into an adult warrior-woman. She appeared in her own feature-length motion picture in 1951 and has become a cultural institution in the Philippines. </p><p>British superheroes began appearing in the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Golden Age of Comic Books">Golden Age</a> shortly after the first American heroes became popular in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most original British heroes were confined to <a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">anthology</a> comics magazines such as <i><a href="/wiki/Lion_(comic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion (comic)">Lion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valiant_(comic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valiant (comic)">Valiant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warrior_(comics)" title="Warrior (comics)">Warrior</a>,</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/2000_AD_(comics)" title="2000 AD (comics)">2000 AD</a>.</i> <a href="/wiki/Marvelman" title="Marvelman">Marvelman</a>, known as Miracleman in North America, is an original British superhero (although he was based heavily on <a href="/wiki/Captain_Marvel_(DC_Comics)" title="Captain Marvel (DC Comics)">Captain Marvel</a>). Popular in the 1960s, British readers grew fond of him and contemporary UK comics writers <a href="/wiki/Alan_Moore" title="Alan Moore">Alan Moore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gaiman" title="Neil Gaiman">Neil Gaiman</a> revived Marvelman in series that reinvented the characters in a more serious vein, an attitude prevalent in newer British heroes, such as <a href="/wiki/Zenith_(comic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenith (comic)">Zenith</a>. <a href="/wiki/Judge_Dredd" title="Judge Dredd">Judge Dredd</a> is also a well known British comics character. </p><p>In France, where comics are known as <i><a href="/wiki/Bande_dessin%C3%A9e" title="Bande dessinée">bande dessinée</a></i> (literally "drawn strip") and regarded as a proper art form, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Lug" title="Éditions Lug">Éditions Lug</a> began translating and publishing Marvel comic books in anthology magazines in 1969. Soon, Lug started presenting its own heroes alongside Marvel stories. Some closely modeled their U.S. counterparts (such as the trio of Harvard entomologists-Olympic athletes—Mikros, Saltarella and Crabb—of the <a href="/wiki/S.H.I.E.L.D." title="S.H.I.E.L.D.">S.H.I.E.L.D.</a>-esque saga of C.L.A.S.H.), while others included the <a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">shape-changing</a> <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial life in popular culture">alien</a> Wampus. Many were short-lived, while others rivaled their inspirations in longevity and have been the subject of reprints and revivals. </p><p>In the late 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Raj_Comics" title="Raj Comics">Raj Comics</a> introduced the superhero genre in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and in the process became one of the biggest comics publishing house in India. The Raj comics universe is home to many Indian superheroes, most notable among them being <a href="/wiki/Nagraj" title="Nagraj">Nagraj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_Commando_Dhruva" title="Super Commando Dhruva">Super Commando Dhruva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doga_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doga (comics)">Doga</a>. Indian superheroes have also made their presence felt in other media including television and movies over the years. Notable among these are <a href="/wiki/Shaktimaan" title="Shaktimaan">Shaktimaan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mr._India_(1987_film)" title="Mr. India (1987 film)">Mr. India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krrish" title="Krrish">Krrish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chitti_(character)" title="Chitti (character)">Chitti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ra.One" title="Ra.One">G.One</a>. </p><p>In 1954, Brazilian filmmaker Rubem Biáfora introduced Capitão 7 (<i>Captain 7</i>), the first Brazilian superhero (described as a mix of <a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captain_Marvel_(DC_Comics)" title="Captain Marvel (DC Comics)">Captain Marvel</a> and a "dash" of <a href="/wiki/Flash_Gordon" title="Flash Gordon">Flash Gordon</a>), in a television series for <a href="/wiki/TV_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="TV Record">TV Record</a>, later the superhero was adapted into <a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">comics</a> as well.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>-based company <a href="/wiki/Teshkeel_Comics" title="Teshkeel Comics">Teshkeel Comics</a> after translating <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> comics also published an original <a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">superhero</a> comic book series, <i><a href="/wiki/The_99" title="The 99">The 99</a></i>. <i>The 99</i> debuted in May 2006, and continued to be published until September 2013. Teshkeel published <i>The 99</i> in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, Arabic, and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, among other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The 99</i> was distributed in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> via <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Comic_Distributors" title="Diamond Comic Distributors">Diamond Comic Distributors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cat_Claw" title="Cat Claw">Cat Claw</a> is a superheroine co-created by a pair of Serbian comic artists and writers. </p><p>Biały Orzeł (White Eagle) is a Polish mainstream superhero created by brothers Adam and Maciej Kmiołek (and <a href="/wiki/Colorist" title="Colorist">colored</a> by Rex Lokus who also working for DC and Marvel). Earlier attempts of introduction superhero convention in Poland includes <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Tyrmand" title="Leopold Tyrmand">Leopold Tyrmand</a>'s novel <i>Zły</i> - also known as <i>The Man With White Eyes</i>, <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Kondratiuk" title="Andrzej Kondratiuk">Andrzej Kondratiuk</a>'s parodistic movie <i><a href="/wiki/Hydrozagadka" title="Hydrozagadka">Hydrozagadka</a></i> about <a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a>'s-spoof <i>As</i> (<i>Ace</i>), <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">Bond</a>-esque cosmic super<a href="/wiki/Spy" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy">spy</a> <i>Tajfun</i> (<i>Typhoon</i>) created by Tadeusz Raczkiewicz,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cult_following" title="Cult following">cult following</a> <a href="/wiki/Underground_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground comics">underground</a> <a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punk</a> <i>Likwidator</i> (<i>Liquidator</i>) by Ryszard Dąbrowski, about <a href="/wiki/Anti-hero" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-hero">anti-hero</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecoterrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecoterrorist">ecoterrorist</a> <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a> <a href="/wiki/Vigilante" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigilante">vigilante</a> comparable to <a href="/wiki/Lobo_(DC_Comics)" title="Lobo (DC Comics)">Lobo</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Punisher" class="mw-redirect" title="The Punisher">The Punisher</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malaysia also created a few notable superheroes, such as <a href="/wiki/Keluang_Man" title="Keluang Man">Keluang Man</a> (who is very similar to <a href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Batman</a> and appeared in his own animation series), and <a href="/wiki/Cicak-Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicak-Man">Cicak-Man</a> (who has appeared in two successful comedic superhero films). </p><p>In Australia, the print magazine <i>This Mutant Life: Superhero Fiction</i> was launched by editor Ben Langdon as a bi-monthly to publish prose and some poetry (it discontinued accepting poetry in 2011) of original superhuman fiction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superhero_fiction&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.masterclass.com/articles/plot-elements-and-examples-of-superhero-fiction">"Plot Elements and Examples of Superhero Fiction"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MasterClass" title="MasterClass">MasterClass</a></i>. September 28, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MasterClass&rft.atitle=Plot+Elements+and+Examples+of+Superhero+Fiction&rft.date=2021-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.masterclass.com%2Farticles%2Fplot-elements-and-examples-of-superhero-fiction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Law_of_Superheroes-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Law_of_Superheroes_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Law_of_Superheroes_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Law_of_Superheroes_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDailyDavidson2012" class="citation book cs1">Daily, James; Davidson, Ryan (2012). <i>The Law of Superheroes</i>. Avery. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B007T99LK0">B007T99LK0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Law+of+Superheroes&rft.pub=Avery&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB007T99LK0%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Daily&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Davidson%2C+Ryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrokenshire2013" class="citation book cs1">Brokenshire, Mark (May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lkh&AN=88158721&lang=en-gb&site=eds-live&scope=site">"Justice League of America: The Nail"</a>. <i>Critical Survey of Graphic Novels: Heroes & Superheroes</i>. p. 388 – via <a href="/wiki/EBSCOHost" class="mw-redirect" title="EBSCOHost">EBSCOHost</a>. <q>The fearmongering and resulting public backlash against superheroes and meta-humans in the story can be compared to the moral panic that erupted over comic book superheroes in the mid-1950's.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Justice+League+of+America%3A+The+Nail&rft.btitle=Critical+Survey+of+Graphic+Novels%3A+Heroes+%26+Superheroes&rft.pages=388&rft.date=2013-05&rft.aulast=Brokenshire&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ebscohost.com%2Flogin.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26db%3Dlkh%26AN%3D88158721%26lang%3Den-gb%26site%3Deds-live%26scope%3Dsite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeysParrillo2021" class="citation book cs1">Deys, Kellie; Parrillo, Denise F. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eLpHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA144"><i>Social Order and Authority in Disney and Pixar Films</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7936-2211-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7936-2211-2"><bdi>978-1-7936-2211-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Order+and+Authority+in+Disney+and+Pixar+Films&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-7936-2211-2&rft.aulast=Deys&rft.aufirst=Kellie&rft.au=Parrillo%2C+Denise+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeLpHEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Condon, Michael (October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fanzing.com/mag/fanzing49/condonquiz.shtml">"The Fanzig Challenge"</a>. Fanzing. Retrieved January 11, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yahoo-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yahoo_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prowse-Gany, Brian (August 12, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/katiecouric/rise-of-the-female-superhero-ever-since-superman-126459307033.html">"Rise of the Female Superhero"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! News">Yahoo! News</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCubbin1989" class="citation journal cs1">McCubbin, Chris (1 June 1989). "Editorial". <i>Amazing Heroes</i>. <b>1</b> (166): 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amazing+Heroes&rft.atitle=Editorial&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=166&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1989-06-01&rft.aulast=McCubbin&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2006" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Peter (25 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monkeybrainbooks.com/Superhero.html"><i>Superhero: The Secret Origin of a Genre</i></a>. Austin, Texas: <a href="/wiki/MonkeyBrain_Books" title="MonkeyBrain Books">MonkeyBrain Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932265-18-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-932265-18-X"><bdi>1-932265-18-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Superhero%3A+The+Secret+Origin+of+a+Genre&rft.place=Austin%2C+Texas&rft.pub=MonkeyBrain+Books&rft.date=2006-07-25&rft.isbn=1-932265-18-X&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monkeybrainbooks.com%2FSuperhero.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbert2009" class="citation web cs1">Ebert, Roger (March 4, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/watchmen-2009">"Watchmen movie review & film summary (2009)"</a>. <i>Roger Ebert</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Roger+Ebert&rft.atitle=Watchmen+movie+review+%26+film+summary+%282009%29&rft.date=2009-03-04&rft.aulast=Ebert&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerebert.com%2Freviews%2Fwatchmen-2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LA_Times-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LA_Times_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford,_Richard1992" class="citation web cs1">Crawford, Richard (30 April 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-04-30-nc-1718-story.html">"The Wild West : Executions Staged by Vigilantes Marred Justice in the 1880s"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+Wild+West+%3A+Executions+Staged+by+Vigilantes+Marred+Justice+in+the+1880s&rft.date=1992-04-30&rft.au=Crawford%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1992-04-30-nc-1718-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span> April 30, 1992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DenGeek-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DenGeek_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSokol,_Tony2019" class="citation web cs1">Sokol, Tony (20 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.denofgeek.com/culture/the-punisher-and-the-dark-myth-of-the-real-life-vigilante/">"The Punisher and The Dark Myth of the Real Life Vigilante"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Den_of_Geek" title="Den of Geek">Den of Geek</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Den+of+Geek&rft.atitle=The+Punisher+and+The+Dark+Myth+of+the+Real+Life+Vigilante&rft.date=2019-01-20&rft.au=Sokol%2C+Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.denofgeek.com%2Fculture%2Fthe-punisher-and-the-dark-myth-of-the-real-life-vigilante%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gavaler, Chris. <i>On the Origin of Superheroes: From the Big Bang to Action Comics No. 1</i>. University Of Iowa Press; 1 edition (November 1, 2015). p. 132. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1609383817" title="Special:BookSources/978-1609383817">978-1609383817</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-packer52-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-packer52_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-packer52_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-packer52_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPacker2009" class="citation book cs1">Packer, Sharon (2009). <i>Superheroes and Superegos: Analyzing the Minds Behind the Masks</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1UopTvWYaYgC&dq=%22scarlet+pimpernel%22+superhero&pg=PA52">52</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313355363" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313355363"><bdi>978-0313355363</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Superheroes+and+Superegos%3A+Analyzing+the+Minds+Behind+the+Masks&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0313355363&rft.aulast=Packer&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mw-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mw_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/superhero">"Definition of SUPERHERO"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Definition+of+SUPERHERO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fsuperhero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJess_Nevins" class="citation book cs1">Jess Nevins. <i>The Encyclopedia of Pulp Heroes</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Pulp+Heroes&rft.au=Jess+Nevins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovece2013" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lovece" title="Frank Lovece">Lovece, Frank</a> (November 11, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/tv/superheroes-go-the-american-way-on-pbs-1.6239837">"Superheroes Go the American Way on PBS"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Newsday" title="Newsday">Newsday</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> / <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222233700/http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/tv/superheroes-go-the-american-way-on-pbs-1.6239837">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsday&rft.atitle=Superheroes+Go+the+American+Way+on+PBS&rft.date=2013-11-11&rft.aulast=Lovece&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsday.com%2Fentertainment%2Ftv%2Fsuperheroes-go-the-american-way-on-pbs-1.6239837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlen_WeldonMichael_Kantor" class="citation book cs1">Glen Weldon; Michael Kantor. <i>Superheroes!:Capes cowls and the creation of comic book culture</i>. p. 87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Superheroes%21%3ACapes+cowls+and+the+creation+of+comic+book+culture&rft.pages=87&rft.au=Glen+Weldon&rft.au=Michael+Kantor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkstein" class="citation web cs1">Markstein, Donald D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toonopedia.com/clock.htm">"Don Markstein's Toonopedia: The Clock"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Don+Markstein%27s+Toonopedia%3A+The+Clock&rft.aulast=Markstein&rft.aufirst=Donald+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toonopedia.com%2Fclock.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationalhero.co.uk/c/clock.htm">"The Clock"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Clock&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalhero.co.uk%2Fc%2Fclock.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavin2006" class="citation book cs1">Davin, Eric Leif (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZoNDebTvUnsC&q=zarnak+max&pg=PA173"><i>Partners in Wonder: Women and the Birth of Science Fiction, 1926-1965</i></a>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1267-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1267-0"><bdi>978-0-7391-1267-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partners+in+Wonder%3A+Women+and+the+Birth+of+Science+Fiction%2C+1926-1965&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-1267-0&rft.aulast=Davin&rft.aufirst=Eric+Leif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZoNDebTvUnsC%26q%3Dzarnak%2Bmax%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jessesword.com/sf/view/172">"Citations for superhero n."</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Citations+for+superhero+n.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jessesword.com%2Fsf%2Fview%2F172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbs.org-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pbs.org_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/feature/the-golden-age-of-comics/">"The Golden Age Of Comics"</a>. www.pbs.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Age+Of+Comics&rft.pub=www.pbs.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fopb%2Fhistorydetectives%2Ffeature%2Fthe-golden-age-of-comics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-comicsbulletin-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-comicsbulletin_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-comicsbulletin_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisson2010" class="citation web cs1">Davisson, Zack (December 19, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://comicsbulletin.com/first-superhero-golden-bat/">"The First Superhero – The Golden Bat?"</a>. ComicsBulletin.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141109164440/http://comicsbulletin.com/first-superhero-golden-bat/">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+First+Superhero+%E2%80%93+The+Golden+Bat%3F&rft.pub=ComicsBulletin.com&rft.date=2010-12-19&rft.aulast=Davisson&rft.aufirst=Zack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcomicsbulletin.com%2Ffirst-superhero-golden-bat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-latimes-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-latimes_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-latimes_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradner2009" class="citation news cs1">Bradner, Liesl (November 29, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://herocomplex.latimes.com/uncategorized/the-early-origins-of-anime-and-manga-traced-to-street-theater-of-japan/">"The superheroes of Japan who predated Superman and Batman"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140105055754/http://herocomplex.latimes.com/uncategorized/the-early-origins-of-anime-and-manga-traced-to-street-theater-of-japan/">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+superheroes+of+Japan+who+predated+Superman+and+Batman&rft.date=2009-11-29&rft.aulast=Bradner&rft.aufirst=Liesl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fherocomplex.latimes.com%2Funcategorized%2Fthe-early-origins-of-anime-and-manga-traced-to-street-theater-of-japan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Torrance-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Torrance_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torrance_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorrance2005" class="citation journal cs1">Torrance, Richard (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kLswAQAAIAAJ">"Literacy and Literature in Osaka, 1890-1940"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Japanese_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journal of Japanese Studies">The Journal of Japanese Studies</a></i> (31). Society for Japanese Studies: 56. <q>Sarutobi Sasuke precipitated a "ninja boom" among the young throughout the country. Sarutobi is an adolescent superhero who, in addition to his ability to chant incantations, appear and disappear at will, and leap to the top of the highest tree, can hear whispered conversations hundreds of yards away, is superhumanly strong, can ride on clouds, is able to conjure water, fire and wind as well as transform himself into other people and animals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Japanese+Studies&rft.atitle=Literacy+and+Literature+in+Osaka%2C+1890-1940&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=56&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Torrance&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkLswAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vintage-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vintage_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vintageninja.net/?p=141">"A primer on the history of "NINJA"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Vintage Ninja</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vintage+Ninja&rft.atitle=A+primer+on+the+history+of+%22NINJA%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvintageninja.net%2F%3Fp%3D141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoshimoto2000" class="citation book cs1">Yoshimoto, Mitsuhiro (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QizaCOjKs-IC&pg=PA417"><i>Kurosawa: Film Studies and Japanese Cinema</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. 417. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2519-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2519-2"><bdi>978-0-8223-2519-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kurosawa%3A+Film+Studies+and+Japanese+Cinema&rft.pages=417&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-2519-2&rft.aulast=Yoshimoto&rft.aufirst=Mitsuhiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQizaCOjKs-IC%26pg%3DPA417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright, Bradford W. <i>Comic Book Nation: The Transformation of Youth Culture in America</i> (The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-6514-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-6514-X">0-8018-6514-X</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6514-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6514-5">978-0-8018-6514-5</a>, p. 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright, pp. 77–85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://art-bin.com/art/awertham.html"><i>Amazing Heroes</i> (issue # unknown; 1987): "Fredric Wertham: Anti-Comics Crusader Who Turned Advocate", by Dwight Decker.</a> Revised version reprinted at website The Art Bin: Articles and Essays</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heer-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heer_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeer2008" class="citation web cs1">Heer, Jeet (4 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2008/04/the_caped_crusader.html">"The caped crusader: Frederic Wertham and the campaign against comic books"</a>. <i>Slate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2013</span>. <q>Still, Hajdu is right to point out that Wertham's ideas of proof were extremely primitive, more forensic than scientific. (Wertham had often testified in court cases, which skewed his sense of evidence.) Wertham thought he could prove his point by stringing together many anecdotes collected from his clinical research, making his claims virtually unverifiable.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=The+caped+crusader%3A+Frederic+Wertham+and+the+campaign+against+comic+books&rft.date=2008-04-04&rft.aulast=Heer&rft.aufirst=Jeet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Farts%2Fculturebox%2F2008%2F04%2Fthe_caped_crusader.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tilley-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tilley_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carol L. Tilley. (2012). Seducing the Innocent: Fredric Wertham and the Falsifications that Helped Condemn Comics. Information & Culture: A Journal of History. 47 (4), 383–413.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendelson2016" class="citation news cs1">Mendelson, Scott (14 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2016/02/14/box-office-deadpool-is-so-hot-right-now-with-record-150m-4-day-debut-weekend/">"Box Office: 'Deadpool' Is So Hot Right Now With Record $150M 4-Day Weekend Debut"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Idiot%27s+Guide+to+40%2C000+Baby+Names%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.pub=Penguin+Publishing&rft.date=2009-03-03&rft.isbn=9781101012338&rft.aulast=Layton+Turner&rft.aufirst=Marcia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVR4tDR6qj8wC%26q%3Dgirl%2Bfrom%2Bu.n.c.l.e%2Bsuperhero%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuderman2017" class="citation web cs1">Suderman, Peter (29 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/3/29/15039986/power-rangers-tv-series-movie">"Why Power Rangers is a one-of-a-kind TV Franchise"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Vox_Media" title="Vox Media">Vox Media</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Japan Times LTD<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Ultraman%3A+50+years+of+battlng+monsters&rft.date=2018-07-31&rft.aulast=Satake&rft.aufirst=Shinichi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fculture%2F2016%2F01%2F01%2Fgeneral%2Fultraman-50-years-battling-monsters%2F%23.V_Airb0YMxw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2018" class="citation book cs1">Craig, Timothy J. (31 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWXxBwAAQBAJ&dq=Spectreman+superhero&pg=PT306"><i>Japan Pop: Inside the World of Japanese Popular Culture</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317467205" title="Special:BookSources/9781317467205"><bdi>9781317467205</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+Pop%3A+Inside+the+World+of+Japanese+Popular+Culture&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-07-31&rft.isbn=9781317467205&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZWXxBwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DSpectreman%2Bsuperhero%26pg%3DPT306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web-japan.org/trends01/article/021105fas_index.html">"A Hero For All Ages: Kamen Rider Star Popular with Women"</a>. <i>Trends in Japan</i>. Japan Information Network. 5 November 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Japan&rft.atitle=A+Hero+For+All+Ages%3A+Kamen+Rider+Star+Popular+with+Women&rft.date=2002-11-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb-japan.org%2Ftrends01%2Farticle%2F021105fas_index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ups_downs_superhero-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ups_downs_superhero_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2015" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Katie (4 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://the-artifice.com/buffy-the-vampire-slayer-charmed-feminization/">"Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Charmed: The Re-Feminzation of Female 'Superhereos'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Artifice</i>. The Artifice Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Artifice&rft.atitle=Buffy+the+Vampire+Slayer+and+Charmed%3A+The+Re-Feminzation+of+Female+%27Superhereos%27&rft.date=2015-02-04&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthe-artifice.com%2Fbuffy-the-vampire-slayer-charmed-feminization%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ups_and_downs-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ups_and_downs_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://michronicleonline.com/2012/08/27/the-ups-and-downs-of-superhero-tv/">"The Ups and Downs of Superhero TV"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Chronicle" title="Michigan Chronicle">Michigan Chronicle</a></i>. 27 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Chronicle&rft.atitle=The+Ups+and+Downs+of+Superhero+TV&rft.date=2012-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmichronicleonline.com%2F2012%2F08%2F27%2Fthe-ups-and-downs-of-superhero-tv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick2017" class="citation book cs1">Patrick, Kevin (15 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BxY1DwAAQBAJ&dq=The+Phantom+tv+series+2009+superhero&pg=PA209"><i>The Phantom Unmasked: America's First Superhero</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa_Press" title="University of Iowa Press">University of Iowa Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781609385019" title="Special:BookSources/9781609385019"><bdi>9781609385019</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phantom+Unmasked%3A+America%27s+First+Superhero&rft.pub=University+of+Iowa+Press&rft.date=2017-11-15&rft.isbn=9781609385019&rft.aulast=Patrick&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBxY1DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DThe%2BPhantom%2Btv%2Bseries%2B2009%2Bsuperhero%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_Muir2004" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth Muir, John (13 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dx6hBAAAQBAJ&dq=Mr.+Terrific+tv+show+superhero&pg=PA387"><i>The Encyclopedia of Superheroes on Film and Television, 2nd ed</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786437559" title="Special:BookSources/9780786437559"><bdi>9780786437559</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Superheroes+on+Film+and+Television%2C+2nd+ed.&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2004-02-13&rft.isbn=9780786437559&rft.aulast=Kenneth+Muir&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddx6hBAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DMr.%2BTerrific%2Btv%2Bshow%2Bsuperhero%26pg%3DPA387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuis_Aldama2017" class="citation book cs1">Luis Aldama, Frederick (10 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SXwzDwAAQBAJ&dq=Dark+Angel+Max+Guevara+superhero&pg=PA145"><i>Latinx Superheroes in Mainstream Comics</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona_Press" title="University of Arizona Press">University of Arizona Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816537389" title="Special:BookSources/9780816537389"><bdi>9780816537389</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latinx+Superheroes+in+Mainstream+Comics&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2017-10-10&rft.isbn=9780816537389&rft.aulast=Luis+Aldama&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSXwzDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DDark%2BAngel%2BMax%2BGuevara%2Bsuperhero%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman2016" class="citation web cs1">Bowman, Sabienna (20 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bustle.com/articles/84798-7-reasons-an-alias-reboot-would-be-amazing-needs-to-happen-right-now">"7 Reasons An 'Alias' Reboot Would Be Amazing & Needs To Happen Right Now"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bustle_(magazine)" title="Bustle (magazine)">Bustle</a></i>. Bryan Goldberg<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bustle&rft.atitle=7+Reasons+An+%27Alias%27+Reboot+Would+Be+Amazing+%26+Needs+To+Happen+Right+Now&rft.date=2016-05-20&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Sabienna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bustle.com%2Farticles%2F84798-7-reasons-an-alias-reboot-would-be-amazing-needs-to-happen-right-now&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ken Tucker said of the former, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ew.com/article/1992/09/04/batman/">"TV Review: Holy Bat-Toon!"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a></i>, September 4, 1992: "The animation is first-rate, moving <a href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Batman</a> across gray cotton clouds and against a backdrop of teetering <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a>-style skyscrapers. ... In contrast to both the '60s show or [director] <a href="/wiki/Tim_Burton" title="Tim Burton">[Tim] Burton</a>'s movies, the new <a href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Batman</a> features plots that actually make sense and an occasional bit of clever dialogue that never curdles into camp".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sn-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sn_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sn_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comicbookreligion.com/cr/comics_novels.html">"Superhero Novels"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Superhero+Novels&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comicbookreligion.com%2Fcr%2Fcomics_novels.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thousand-faces.com/">"Famous Superhero Books and Science Fiction"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Famous+Superhero+Books+and+Science+Fiction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thousand-faces.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140125105816/http://www.thismutantlife.com/">"This Mutant Life"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thismutantlife.com">the original</a> on 2014-01-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+Mutant+Life&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thismutantlife.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metahumanpress.com/">"Metahuman Press"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metahuman+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metahumanpress.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freedomfiction.com/"><i>Freedom Fiction Journal</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strangehorizons.com/WhoWeAre.shtml">"Strange Horizons Jobs"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strange+Horizons+Jobs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.strangehorizons.com%2FWhoWeAre.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2009" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, John (2009-10-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191017063017/https://www.newsday.com/entertainment/movies/astro-boy-creator-tezuka-the-walt-disney-of-japan-1.1527360">"Astro Boy creator Tezuka the 'Walt Disney of Japan'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Newsday</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsday&rft.atitle=Astro+Boy+creator+Tezuka+the+%27Walt+Disney+of+Japan%27&rft.date=2009-10-16&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsday.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmovies%2Fastro-boy-creator-tezuka-the-walt-disney-of-japan-1.1527360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeith2009" class="citation news cs1">Leith, Sam (2009-11-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/nov/15/sam-leith-astro-boy">"Astro Boy is a Japanese superhero whose backside fires bullets. How cool is that?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fold+by+Moleskine%3A+The+New+Magazine+for+Art%2C+Trends+and+Talents&rft.atitle=Astro+Boy+and+the+legacy+of+Osamu+Tezuka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foldmagazine.com%2Fastro-boy-legacy-osamu-tezuka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nerdist.com/article/anime-101-meet-the-god-of-manga/">"Anime 101: The Cultural Influence Of Astro Boy Creator Osamu Tezuka"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nerdist" title="Nerdist">Nerdist</a></i>. 2016-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nerdist&rft.atitle=Anime+101%3A+The+Cultural+Influence+Of+Astro+Boy+Creator+Osamu+Tezuka&rft.date=2016-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnerdist.com%2Farticle%2Fanime-101-meet-the-god-of-manga%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2015/06/10-essential-manga-that-belong-in-every-comic-coll.html">"10 Essential Manga That Should Belong in Every Comic Collection"</a>. <i>Paste Magazine</i>. 2015-06-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Dragon Ball Z The Movie: Dead Zone". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WVAOAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Motion Picture Guide: 1999 Annual (The Films of 1998)</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=CineBooks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CineBooks (page does not exist)">CineBooks</a>. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-933997-43-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-933997-43-1"><bdi>978-0-933997-43-1</bdi></a>. <q>The pastoral bliss enjoyed on earth by alien superhero Goku, his wife Chi-Chi, and son Gohan, is interrupted by the emergence of a band of aliens, led by Garlic Jr.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dragon+Ball+Z+The+Movie%3A+Dead+Zone&rft.btitle=The+Motion+Picture+Guide%3A+1999+Annual+%28The+Films+of+1998%29&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=CineBooks&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-933997-43-1&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Edmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWVAOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2006" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Robert J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNlDGwGfJYsC&pg=PA25">"Superheroes in Therapy: Uncovering Children's Secret Identities"</a>. In Rubin, Lawrence C. 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Gazeta Digital. 2003-07-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Kuwaiti+Entrepreneur+Hopes+to+Create+the+Next+Pok%C3%A9mon&rft.date=2008-11-25&rft.aulast=Coker&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB122757193882554759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ameinfo.com/140783.html">"Teshkeel signs exclusive distribution deal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AME_Info" class="mw-redirect" title="AME Info">AME Info</a>. 2007-12-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Teshkeel+signs+exclusive+distribution+deal&rft.pub=AME+Info&rft.date=2007-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ameinfo.com%2F140783.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alejakomiksu.com/artykul/1838/Tajfun-Wydanie-Kolekcjonerskie/">"Tajfun: Wydanie Kolekcjonerskie"</a>. <i>alejakomiksu.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alejakomiksu.com&rft.atitle=Tajfun%3A+Wydanie+Kolekcjonerskie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falejakomiksu.com%2Fartykul%2F1838%2FTajfun-Wydanie-Kolekcjonerskie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.komiks.gildia.pl/wywiady/gordon-pyta/ryszard-dabrowski">"Wywiad z Ryszardem Dąbrowskim"</a>. <i>komiks.gildia.pl</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=komiks.gildia.pl&rft.atitle=Wywiad+z+Ryszardem+D%C4%85browskim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.komiks.gildia.pl%2Fwywiady%2Fgordon-pyta%2Fryszard-dabrowski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperhero+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superhero_fiction&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Narrative" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrative" title="Template:Narrative"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Narrative" title="Template talk:Narrative"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Narrative" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Narrative"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Narrative" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">Narrative</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Character_(arts)" title="Character (arts)">Character</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antagonist" title="Antagonist">Antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archenemy" title="Archenemy">Archenemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_arc" title="Character arc">Character arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_flaw" title="Character flaw">Character flaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characterization" title="Characterization">Characterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidant" title="Confidant">Confidant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuteragonist" title="Deuteragonist">Deuteragonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_protagonist" title="False protagonist">False protagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_character" title="Focal character">Focal character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foil_(narrative)" title="Foil (narrative)">Foil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_double" title="Gothic double">Gothic double</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamartia" title="Hamartia">Hamartia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">Anti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_hero" title="Tragic hero">Tragic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">Protagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">Stock character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_man" title="Straight man">Straight man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supporting_character" title="Supporting character">Supporting character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_character" title="Title character">Title character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritagonist" title="Tritagonist">Tritagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villain" title="Villain">Villain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plot_(narrative)" title="Plot (narrative)">Plot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ab_ovo" title="Ab ovo">Ab ovo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_(narrative)" title="Action (narrative)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">Backstory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_story" title="Origin story">Origin story</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chekhov%27s_gun" title="Chekhov's gun">Chekhov's gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">Cliché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffhanger" title="Cliffhanger">Cliffhanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_(narrative)" title="Conflict (narrative)">Conflict</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deus_ex_machina" title="Deus ex machina">Deus ex machina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_in_writing" title="Dialogue in writing">Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Dramatic structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucatastrophe" title="Eucatastrophe">Eucatastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreshadowing" title="Foreshadowing">Foreshadowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashback_(narrative)" title="Flashback (narrative)">Flashback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashforward" title="Flashforward">Flashforward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_story" title="Frame story">Frame story</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_medias_res" title="In medias res">In medias res</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kish%C5%8Dtenketsu" title="Kishōtenketsu">Kishōtenketsu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacGuffin" title="MacGuffin">MacGuffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pace_(narrative)" title="Pace (narrative)">Pace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_device" title="Plot device">Plot device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_twist" title="Plot twist">Plot twist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_justice" title="Poetic justice">Poetic justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_herring" title="Red herring">Red herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reveal_(narrative)" title="Reveal (narrative)">Reveal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-insertion" title="Self-insertion">Self-insertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaggy_dog_story" title="Shaggy dog story">Shaggy dog story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_arc" title="Story arc">Story arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_within_a_story" title="Story within a story">Story within a story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subplot" title="Subplot">Subplot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspense" title="Suspense">Suspense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Trope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Setting_(narrative)" title="Setting (narrative)">Setting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">Backstory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(fiction)" title="Crossover (fiction)">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">Dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_location" title="Fictional location">Fictional location</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional city">city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_country" title="Fictional country">country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_universe" title="Fictional universe">universe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">parallel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldbuilding" title="Worldbuilding">Worldbuilding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theme_(narrative)" title="Theme (narrative)">Theme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">Irony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">Leitmotif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">Metaphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_development" title="Moral development">Moral development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motif_(narrative)" title="Motif (narrative)">Motif</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deal_with_the_Devil" title="Deal with the Devil">Deal with the Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Conflict between good and evil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">Self-fulfilling prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Writing_style" title="Writing style">Style</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathos" title="Bathos">Bathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_relief" title="Comic relief">Comic relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diction" title="Diction">Diction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_of_speech" title="Figure of speech">Figure of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagery" title="Imagery">Imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_(literature)" title="Mode (literature)">Mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_(literature)" title="Mood (literature)">Mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_techniques" title="List of narrative techniques">Narrative techniques</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_hook" title="Narrative hook">Hook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show,_don%27t_tell" title="Show, don't tell">Show, don't tell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylistic_device" title="Stylistic device">Stylistic device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_disbelief" title="Suspension of disbelief">Suspension of disbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(literature)" title="Tone (literature)">Tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_(drama)" title="Act (drama)">Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Act structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-act_structure" title="Three-act structure">Three-act structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freytag%27s_Pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Freytag's Pyramid">Freytag's Pyramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_(narrative)" title="Exposition (narrative)">Exposition</a>/<a href="/wiki/Protasis" title="Protasis">Protasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitasis" title="Epitasis">Rising action/Epitasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climax_(narrative)" title="Climax (narrative)">Climax</a>/<a href="/wiki/Peripeteia" title="Peripeteia">Peripeteia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastasis" title="Catastasis">Falling action/Catastasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_(drama)" title="Catastrophe (drama)">Denouement/Catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative structure">Linear narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_narrative" title="Nonlinear narrative">Nonlinear narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonlinear_narrative_films" title="List of nonlinear narrative films">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonlinear_narrative_television_series" title="List of nonlinear narrative television series">television series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premise_(narrative)" title="Premise (narrative)">Premise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_fiction_with_multiple_endings" title="Types of fiction with multiple endings">Types of fiction with multiple endings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_forms" title="List of narrative forms">Form</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fabliau" title="Fabliau">Fabliau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fiction" title="Flash fiction">Flash fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_tale" title="Tall tale">Tall tale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamebook" title="Gamebook">Gamebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_art" title="Narrative art">Narrative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">Novella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignette_(literature)" title="Vignette (literature)">Vignette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">Genre</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_genres" title="List of writing genres">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_fiction" title="Action fiction">Action fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_novel" title="Comic novel">Comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistolary_novel" title="Epistolary novel">Epistolary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergodic_literature" title="Ergodic literature">Ergodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_fiction" title="Western fiction">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">Mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_fiction" title="Nautical fiction">Nautical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoid_fiction" title="Paranoid fiction">Paranoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_fiction" title="Philosophical fiction">Philosophical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picaresque_novel" title="Picaresque novel">Picaresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_fiction" title="Political fiction">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_culture_fiction" title="Pop culture fiction">Pop culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_fiction" title="Psychological fiction">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspirational_fiction" title="Inspirational fiction">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_literature" title="Rogue literature">Rogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">Prose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Superhero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_fiction" title="Theological fiction">Theological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fiction" title="Urban fiction">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonfiction">Nonfiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">Biography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fiction_novel" title="Non-fiction novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_nonfiction" title="Creative nonfiction">Creative</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diegesis" title="Diegesis">Diegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-person_narrative" title="First-person narrative">First-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-person narrative">Second-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person narrative">Third-person</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_omniscient_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person omniscient narrative">Third-person omniscient narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration#Subjective_or_objective" title="Narration">Subjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unreliable_narrator" title="Unreliable narrator">Unreliable narrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiperspectivity" title="Multiperspectivity">Multiple narrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness" title="Stream of consciousness">Stream of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_unconsciousness" title="Stream of unconsciousness">Stream of unconsciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Tense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_narrative" title="Dominant narrative">Dominant narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_writing" title="Fiction writing">Fiction writing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_(fiction)" title="Continuity (fiction)">Continuity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(fiction)" title="Canon (fiction)">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reboot_(fiction)" title="Reboot (fiction)">Reboot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroactive_continuity" title="Retroactive continuity">Retcon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_novel" title="Parallel novel">Parallel novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prequel" title="Prequel">Prequel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sequel" title="Sequel">Sequel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">Genre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_genres" title="List of genres">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Literary theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_identity" title="Narrative identity">Narrative identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_paradigm" title="Narrative paradigm">Narrative paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_therapy" title="Narrative therapy">Narrative therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narratology" title="Narratology">Narratology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metafiction" title="Metafiction">Metafiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_narrative" title="Political narrative">Political narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rhetorical_terms" title="Glossary of rhetorical terms">Glossary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenwriting" title="Screenwriting">Screenwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Works_series" title="Template:Works series">Series of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">Storytelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellability" title="Tellability">Tellability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verisimilitude_(fiction)" title="Verisimilitude (fiction)">Verisimilitude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Superhero_fiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Superhero_fiction" title="Template:Superhero fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Superhero_fiction" title="Template talk:Superhero fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Superhero_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Superhero fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Superhero_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Superhero fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_comics" title="Superhero comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superhero_novels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superhero novels (page does not exist)">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superhero_television&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superhero television (page does not exist)">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_superhero_television_series" title="List of superhero television series">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_superhero_TV_shows" title="List of American superhero TV shows">American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamishibai" title="Kamishibai">Kamishibai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plot elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervillain" title="Supervillain">Supervillain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower_(ability)" title="Superpower (ability)">Superpower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_identity" title="Secret identity">Secret identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alter_ego" title="Alter ego">Alter ego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book_death" title="Comic book death">Comic book death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continuity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_(fiction)" title="Continuity (fiction)">Continuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(fiction)" title="Canon (fiction)">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroactive_continuity" title="Retroactive continuity">Retroactive continuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reboot_(fiction)" title="Reboot (fiction)">Reboot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(fiction)" title="Crossover (fiction)">Crossover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Superhero_fiction" title="Category:Superhero fiction">Superhero fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Science_fiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Science_fiction" title="Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Science_fiction" title="Template talk:Science fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Science_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Science_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_science_fiction" title="Outline of science fiction">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science-fiction_authors" title="List of science-fiction authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_science_fiction" title="Definitions of science fiction">Definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_science_fiction" title="Anthropological science fiction">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_romance" title="Scientific romance">Scientific romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_science_fiction" title="Soft science fiction">Soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Science_Fiction" title="Golden Age of Science Fiction">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_science_fiction" title="Timeline of science fiction">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_sitcoms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction sitcoms">Sitcoms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_space_(science_fiction)" title="Inner space (science fiction)">Inner space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundane_science_fiction" title="Mundane science fiction">Mundane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare_in_science_fiction" title="Space warfare in science fiction">Space warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sword and planet">Sword and planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science_fiction" title="Social science fiction">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spy-Fi_(subgenre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy-Fi (subgenre)">Spy-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno-thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_derivatives" title="Cyberpunk derivatives">Cyberpunk derivatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopunk" title="Biopunk">Biopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieselpunk" title="Dieselpunk">Dieselpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanopunk" title="Nanopunk">Nanopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solarpunk" title="Solarpunk">Solarpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_convention" title="Science fiction convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">Fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science-fiction_fanzine" title="Science-fiction fanzine">Fanzines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">ISFDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_libraries_and_museums" title="Science fiction libraries and museums">Libraries and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMP_Museum#Science_Fiction_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="EMP Museum">Science Fiction Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_studies" title="Science fiction studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Women in SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldcon" title="Worldcon">Worldcon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction" title="Australian science fiction">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_science_fiction" title="Bengali science fiction">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_science_fiction" title="Brazilian science fiction">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction" title="Canadian science fiction">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_science_fiction" title="Chilean science fiction">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_science_fiction" title="Chinese science fiction">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_science_fiction" title="Croatian science fiction">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech science fiction and fantasy">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_science_fiction" title="Estonian science fiction">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_science_fiction" title="French science fiction">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_science_fiction" title="Hungarian science fiction">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_science_fiction" title="Norwegian science fiction">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_and_fantasy_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction and fantasy in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_science_fiction" title="Romanian science fiction">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian science fiction and fantasy">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_science_fiction" title="Serbian science fiction">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_science_fiction" title="Spanish science fiction">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_science_fiction" title="Yugoslav science fiction">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cinematic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne_Awards" title="Jules Verne Awards">Jules Verne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary, art,<br />and audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astounding_Award_for_Best_New_Writer" title="Astounding Award for Best New Writer">Astounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurealis_Award" title="Aurealis Award">Aurealis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSFA_Award" title="BSFA Award">BSFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Campbell_Memorial_Award_for_Best_Science_Fiction_Novel" title="John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel">Campbell Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesley_Awards" title="Chesley Awards">Chesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke_Award" title="Arthur C. Clarke Award">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Crook_Award" title="Compton Crook Award">Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Science_Fiction_Preis" title="Deutscher Science Fiction Preis">Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick_Award" title="Philip K. Dick Award">Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditmar_Award" title="Ditmar Award">Ditmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeavour_Award" title="Endeavour Award">Endeavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FantLab%27s_Book_of_the_Year_Award" title="FantLab's Book of the Year Award">FantLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Award_(China)" title="Galaxy Award (China)">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Gaughan_Award" title="Jack Gaughan Award">Gaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geffen_Award" title="Geffen Award">Geffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Duck_Award" title="Golden Duck Award">Golden Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damon_Knight_Memorial_Grand_Master_Award" title="Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award">Grand Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_prix_de_l%27Imaginaire" title="Grand prix de l'Imaginaire">Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Harland_Prize" title="Paul Harland Prize">Harland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein_Award" title="Robert A. Heinlein Award">Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premio_Ignotus" title="Premio Ignotus">Ignotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitschies" title="Kitschies">Kitschies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lambda_Literary_Awards_winners_and_nominees_for_science_fiction,_fantasy_and_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lambda Literary Awards winners and nominees for science fiction, fantasy and horror">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurd_La%C3%9Fwitz_Award" title="Kurd Laßwitz Award">Laßwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Award" title="Nautilus Award">Nautilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nommo_Awards" title="Nommo Awards">Nommo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Norton_Award" title="Andre Norton Award">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsec_Awards" title="Parsec Awards">Parsec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Award" title="Prometheus Award">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhysling_Award" title="Rhysling Award">Rhysling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFERA_Award" title="SFERA Award">SFERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewise_Award_for_Alternate_History" title="Sidewise Award for Alternate History">Sidewise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_E._Smith_Memorial_Award" title="Edward E. Smith Memorial Award">Skylark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon_Award" title="Theodore Sturgeon Award">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunburst_Award" title="Sunburst Award">Sunburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htivaeltaja_Award" title="Tähtivaeltaja Award">Tähtivaeltaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBD_Science_Fiction_Story_Award" title="TBD Science Fiction Story Award">TBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tiptree_Jr._Award" class="mw-redirect" title="James Tiptree Jr. Award">Tiptree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_Apollo_Award" title="Prix Apollo Award">Tour-Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_%26_Fantasy_Translation_Awards" title="Science Fiction & Fantasy Translation Awards">Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urania_Award" title="Urania Award">Urania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Julius_Vogel_Award" title="Sir Julius Vogel Award">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writers_of_the_Future" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers of the Future">Writers and Illustrators of the Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_A._Zajdel_Award" title="Janusz A. Zajdel Award">Zajdel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multimedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Awards" title="Aurora Awards">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler_Award" title="Chandler Award">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiun_Award" title="Seiun Award">Seiun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylactic_Spectrum_Awards" title="Gaylactic Spectrum Awards">Spectrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction_films" title="History of science fiction films">Film history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_science_fiction_films" title="Lists of science fiction films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_films_in_India" title="Science fiction films in India">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comics" title="Science fiction comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine" title="Science fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_novels" title="List of science fiction novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_short_stories" title="List of science fiction short stories">Short stories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_opera" title="Science fiction opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_theatre" title="Science fiction theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television" title="Science fiction on television">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_television_programs" title="List of science fiction television programs">List of TV shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction_television" title="Australian science fiction television">Australasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_television_science_fiction" title="British television science fiction">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction_television" title="Canadian science fiction television">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television#Continental_European_science_fiction_series" title="Science fiction on television">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Live-action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._television_science_fiction" title="U.S. television science fiction">U.S.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_themes" title="List of science fiction themes">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Architectural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyson_sphere" title="Dyson sphere">Dyson sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrioshka_brain" title="Matrioshka brain">Matrioshka brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_stations_and_habitats_in_fiction" title="Space stations and habitats in fiction">Space stations and habitats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_engine" title="Stellar engine">Stellar engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_in_popular_culture" title="Terraforming in popular culture">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biology_in_fiction" title="Biology in fiction">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare_in_popular_culture" title="Biological warfare in popular culture">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_being" title="Energy being">Energy being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_in_fiction" title="Evolution in fiction">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_extraterrestrials" title="Lists of fictional extraterrestrials">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_speculative_fiction" title="Gender in speculative fiction">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in science fiction">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisibility_in_fiction" title="Invisibility in fiction">Invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology_in_fiction" title="Nanotechnology in fiction">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_fiction" title="Organ transplantation in fiction">Organ transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasites_in_fiction" title="Parasites in fiction">Parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthetics_in_fiction" title="Prosthetics in fiction">Prosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_sexuality_in_speculative_fiction" title="Sex and sexuality in speculative fiction">Sex and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiosis_in_fiction" title="Symbiosis in fiction">Symbiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansible" title="Ansible">Ansible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_holes_in_fiction" title="Black holes in fiction">Black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planets_in_fiction" title="Extrasolar planets in fiction">Extrasolar planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_field_(technology)" title="Force field (technology)">Force field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperspace" title="Hyperspace">Hyperspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertialess_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertialess drive">Inertialess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">Multiverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_hole" title="Portable hole">Portable hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_travel_in_science_fiction" title="Space travel in science fiction">Space travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargate_(device)" title="Stargate (device)">Stargate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stars_in_fiction" title="Stars in fiction">Stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleportation_in_fiction" title="Teleportation in fiction">Teleportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction" title="Time travel in fiction">Time travel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_viewer" title="Time viewer">Viewer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_drive" title="Warp drive">Warp drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormholes_in_fiction" title="Wormholes in fiction">Wormhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_mind_(science_fiction)" title="Group mind (science fiction)">Group mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading_in_fiction" title="Mind uploading in fiction">Mind uploading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psionics" title="Psionics">Psionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_consciousness_in_fiction" title="Simulated consciousness in fiction">Simulated consciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_language" title="Alien language">Alien language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts_in_popular_culture" title="Ancient astronauts in popular culture">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_science_fiction" title="Black science fiction">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_corporation" title="Evil corporation">Evil corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_contact_(science_fiction)" title="First contact (science fiction)">First contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_complex" title="Frankenstein complex">Frankenstein complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_empire" title="Galactic empire">Galactic empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_from_space_(science_fiction)" title="Message from space (science fiction)">Message from space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism_in_fiction" title="Transhumanism in fiction">Transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uplift_(science_fiction)" title="Uplift (science fiction)">Uplift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoarchaeology" title="Xenoarchaeology">Xenoarchaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_fiction" title="Artificial intelligence in fiction">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover_in_popular_culture" title="AI takeover in popular culture">AI takeover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_engineering" title="Astronomical engineering">Astroengineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography_in_fiction" title="Holography in fiction">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids" title="List of fictional robots and androids">Robots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyborgs_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyborgs in fiction">Cyborgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_machines_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-replicating machines in fiction">Self-replicating machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_reality" title="Simulated reality">Simulated reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_spacecraft" title="List of fictional spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachyons_in_fiction" title="Tachyons in fiction">Tachyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_in_science_fiction" title="Weapons in science fiction">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian science fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_astronauts" title="Lists of fictional astronauts">Fictional astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional technology">Fictional technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_history" title="Future history">Future history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_Fiction" title="Museum of Science Fiction">Museum of Science Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_science" title="Rubber science">Rubber science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">Sense of wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_and_society" title="Technology and society">Technology and society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Science_fiction" title="Category:Science fiction">Category</a></li><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction/Science_fiction" title="Portal:Speculative fiction/Science fiction">Portal</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fantasy_fiction" style="text-align:center;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fantasy_fiction" title="Template:Fantasy fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fantasy_fiction" title="Template talk:Fantasy fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fantasy_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fantasy fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fantasy_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fantasy" title="History of fantasy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_fantasy" title="Early history of fantasy">Sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Action-adventure <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_world" title="Lost world">Lost world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia‎</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_fantasy" title="Children's fantasy">Children's fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsian_fantasy" title="Bangsian fantasy">Bangsian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fantasy" title="Dark fantasy">Dark fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale_parody" title="Fairy tale parody">Fairy tale parodies</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairytale_fantasy" title="Fairytale fantasy">Fairytale fantasy</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_of_manners" title="Fantasy of manners">Fantasy of manners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_fantasy" title="Hard fantasy">Hard fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LitRPG" title="LitRPG">LitRPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_fantasy" title="Low fantasy">Low fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythic_fiction" title="Mythic fiction">Mythic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythpunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythpunk">Mythpunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omegaverse" title="Omegaverse">Omegaverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a>‎ <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">Shenmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fantasy" title="Urban fantasy">Urban fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective fiction‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_weird" title="New weird">New weird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">West‎ern fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_television" title="Fantasy television">television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_anime" title="List of fantasy anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fantasy_films" title="Lists of fantasy films">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_fantasy_films" title="List of highest-grossing fantasy films">highest-grossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sword_and_sorcery_films" title="List of sword and sorcery films">S&S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_television_programs" title="List of fantasy television programs">Television programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_authors" title="List of fantasy authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Adult_Fantasy_series" title="Ballantine Adult Fantasy series">Ballantine Adult Fantasy series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comics" title="Fantasy comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_comics" title="List of fantasy comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Fantasy" title="The Encyclopedia of Fantasy">The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Masterworks" title="Fantasy Masterworks">Fantasy Masterworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fantasy novels">List of novels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(A%E2%80%93H)" title="List of fantasy novels (A–H)">A–H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(I%E2%80%93R)" title="List of fantasy novels (I–R)">I–R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(S%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of fantasy novels (S–Z)">S–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_story_collections" title="List of fantasy story collections">List of story collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fiction_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy fiction magazine">Magazines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_(magazine)" title="Fantastic (magazine)">Fantastic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Adventures" title="Fantastic Adventures">Fantastic Adventures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Locus_(magazine)" title="Locus (magazine)">Locus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magazine_of_Fantasy_%26_Science_Fiction" title="The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction">The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Science_Fantasy_(magazine)" title="Science Fantasy (magazine)">Science Fantasy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unknown_(magazine)" title="Unknown (magazine)">Unknown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weird_Tales" title="Weird Tales">Weird Tales</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9erie" title="Féerie">Féeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_podcast" title="Fantasy podcast">Podcasts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balrog_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Balrog Award">Balrog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Fantasy_Award" title="British Fantasy Award">British Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_Award" title="Crawford Award">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf_Award" title="Gandalf Award">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gemmell_Awards_for_Fantasy" title="David Gemmell Awards for Fantasy">Gemmell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fantasy_Award" title="International Fantasy Award">International Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Fantasy_Novel_Award" title="Japan Fantasy Novel Award">Japan Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s_d%27Or" title="Méliès d'Or">Méliès d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Awards" title="Mythopoeic Awards">Mythopoeic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htifantasia_Award" title="Tähtifantasia Award">Tähtifantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Award" title="World Fantasy Award">World Fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fandom" title="Fantasy fandom">Fandom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanspeak" title="Fanspeak">Fanspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filk_music" title="Filk music">Filk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_fandom" title="Harry Potter fandom"><i>Harry Potter</i> fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Inklings" class="mw-redirect" title="The Inklings">The Inklings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_fandom" title="Lovecraft fandom">Lovecraft fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Society" title="Mythopoeic Society">Mythopoeic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Tolkien fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_influence_on_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien's influence on fantasy">Tolkien's influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien">Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Convention" title="World Fantasy Convention">World Fantasy Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_trope" title="Fantasy trope">Tropes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Creatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghouls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental" title="Elemental">Elementals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">Faeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-breathing_monster" title="Fire-breathing monster">Fire-breathing monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_(monster)" title="Gargoyle (monster)">Gargoyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp" title="Imp">Imps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werecat" title="Werecat">Werecats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin-walker" title="Skin-walker">Skin-walkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural#Spirit" title="Supernatural">Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_animals_in_fiction" title="Talking animals in fiction">Talking animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">Undead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lich" title="Lich">Liches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_(undead)" title="Mummy (undead)">Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeletons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">Vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">Unicorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai" title="Yōkai">Yōkai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_characters" title="List of stock characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caveman" title="Caveman">Caveman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damsel_in_distress" title="Damsel in distress">Damsel in distress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_lord" title="Dark lord">Dark lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_(fairy_tale)" title="Donor (fairy tale)">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragonslayer" title="Dragonslayer">Dragonslayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_godmother" title="Fairy godmother">Fairy godmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magician_(fantasy)" title="Magician (fantasy)">Magicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_and_fantasy_detectives" title="List of science fiction and fantasy detectives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Wild man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_magic_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard and soft magic systems">Hard and soft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">Elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">Dark</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gray_magic" title="Gray magic">neutral</a>/<a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_magic" title="Moon magic">Moon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_item" title="Magic item">Magic item</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_ring" title="Magic ring">Magic ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magical_weapons" title="List of magical weapons">Magical weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_sword" title="Magic sword">Magic sword</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li></ul></li> <li>Schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egregore" title="Egregore">Egregore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic" title="Runic magic">Runecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumaturgy" title="Thaumaturgy">Thaumaturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theurgy" title="Theurgy">Theurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_races" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy races">Fantasy races</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Treants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant" title="Giant">Giants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">Gnomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">Goblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin" title="Gremlin">Gremlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfling" title="Halfling">Halflings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobgoblin" title="Hobgoblin">Hobgoblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold">Kobolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprechaun" title="Leprechaun">Leprechauns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merfolk" title="Merfolk">Merfolk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">Mermaids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merman" title="Merman">Mermen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">Ogres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oni" title="Oni">Oni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Trolls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">Places and events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">Quests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_worlds" title="List of fantasy worlds">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy map">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_city_(fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost city (fiction)">Lost city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_fiction" title="Subterranean fiction">Hollow Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_plane" title="Astral plane">Astral plane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_forest" title="Enchanted forest">Enchanted forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thieves%27_guild" title="Thieves' guild">Thieves' guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_schools#Magic_schools" title="List of fictional schools">Magic school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">Ghost stories</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT themes in speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural fiction</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_fantasy" title="Outline of fantasy">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fantasy" title="Category:Fantasy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Animation_industry_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animation_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Animation industry in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animation_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Animation industry in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animation_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animation industry in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Animation_industry_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_animation" title="American animation">Animation industry in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Companies_and_studios" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Companies and studios</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Majors" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Majors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="NBCUniversal" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/NBCUniversal" title="NBCUniversal">NBCUniversal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Animation" title="DreamWorks Animation">DreamWorks Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Animation_Television" title="DreamWorks Animation Television">DreamWorks Animation Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Classics" title="DreamWorks Classics">DreamWorks Classics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Idea_Entertainment" title="Big Idea Entertainment">Big Idea Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Films" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvey Films">Harvey Films</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illumination_(company)" title="Illumination (company)">Illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Animation_Studios" title="Universal Animation Studios">Universal Animation Studios</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Global" title="Paramount Global">Paramount Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Eye_Animation_Productions" title="CBS Eye Animation Productions">CBS Eye Animation Productions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Eye_Animation_Productions#Late_Night_Cartoons,_Inc." title="CBS Eye Animation Productions">Late Night Cartoons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Animation" title="MTV Animation">MTV Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Animation_Studio" title="Nickelodeon Animation Studio">Nickelodeon Animation Studio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Digital" title="Nickelodeon Digital">Nickelodeon Digital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Movies" title="Nickelodeon Movies">Nickelodeon Movies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Animation" title="Paramount Animation">Paramount Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miramax_Films#Miramax_Family_&_Animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Miramax Films">Miramax Animation Studios</a> (49%)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Disney_Entertainment" title="Disney Entertainment">Disney Entertainment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Animation" title="20th Century Animation">20th Century Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Television_Animation" title="20th Television Animation">20th Television Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Television_Animation" title="Disney Television Animation">Disney Television Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucasfilm_Animation" title="Lucasfilm Animation">Lucasfilm Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Light_%26_Magic" title="Industrial Light & Magic">Industrial Light & Magic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvel_Animation" title="Marvel Animation">Marvel Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvel_Studios_Animation" title="Marvel Studios Animation">Marvel Studios Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar Animation Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios" title="Walt Disney Animation Studios">Walt Disney Animation Studios</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network_Studios" title="Cartoon Network Studios">Cartoon Network Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Animation" title="Warner Bros. Animation">Warner Bros. Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Pictures_Animation" title="Warner Bros. Pictures Animation">Warner Bros. Pictures Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_Street" title="Williams Street">Williams Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures" title="Sony Pictures">Sony Pictures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aniplex_of_America" title="Aniplex of America">Aniplex of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll_LLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Crunchyroll LLC">Crunchyroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Animation" title="Sony Pictures Animation">Sony Pictures Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Imageworks" title="Sony Pictures Imageworks">Sony Pictures Imageworks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/41_Entertainment" title="41 Entertainment">41 Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augenblick_Studios" title="Augenblick Studios">Augenblick Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awesome_Inc" title="Awesome Inc">Awesome Inc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Corporation" title="Fox Corporation">Fox Corporation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bento_Box_Entertainment" title="Bento Box Entertainment">Bento Box Entertainment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandera_Entertainment" title="Bandera Entertainment">Bandera Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Zoom!" title="Bang Zoom!">Bang Zoom!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billionfold_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Billionfold Inc.">Billionfold Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blur_Studio" title="Blur Studio">Blur Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartuna" title="Cartuna">Cartuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHRLX" title="CHRLX">CHRLX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_McCracken" title="Craig McCracken">CMCC Cartoons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNEG" title="DNEG">DNEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Domain" title="Digital Domain">Digital Domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_Roman" title="Film Roman">Film Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Roman_Entertainment" title="Phil Roman Entertainment">Phil Roman Entertainment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_County_Productions" title="Floyd County Productions">Floyd County Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Wolf_Films" title="Fred Wolf Films">Fred Wolf Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzzy_Door_Productions" title="Fuzzy Door Productions">Fuzzy Door Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasbro_Entertainment" title="Hasbro Entertainment">Hasbro Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Ward_Productions" title="Jay Ward Productions">Jay Ward Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Murray_(animator)" title="Joe Murray (animator)">Joe Murray Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanbar_Animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanbar Animation">Kanbar Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartoon_Studios" title="Kartoon Studios">Kartoon Studios</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wow_Unlimited_Media" title="Wow Unlimited Media">Wow Unlimited Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolder_Media" title="Bolder Media">Bolder Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederator_Studios" title="Frederator Studios">Frederator Studios</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Kinofilm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klasky_Csupo" title="Klasky Csupo">Klasky Csupo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurtz_%26_Friends" title="Kurtz & Friends">Kurtz & Friends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laika,_LLC" title="Laika, LLC">Laika, LLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Mendelson_Film_Productions" title="Lee Mendelson Film Productions">Lee Mendelson Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionsgate" class="mw-redirect" title="Lionsgate">Lionsgate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lionsgate_Canada" title="Lionsgate Canada">Lionsgate Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melendez_Films" title="Melendez Films">Melendez Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_Action_Entertainment" title="Man of Action Entertainment">Man of Action Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattel_Television" title="Mattel Television">Mattel Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Blasters" title="Media Blasters">Media Blasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexopolis" title="Mexopolis">Mexopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_Media" title="Mondo Media">Mondo Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6_Point_Harness" title="6 Point Harness">6 Point Harness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netflix_Animation" title="Netflix Animation">Netflix Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_(company)" title="Noble (company)">Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NYAV_Post" title="NYAV Post">NYAV Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Oedekerk" title="Steve Oedekerk">O Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallax_Studio" title="Parallax Studio">Parallax Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powerhouse_Animation_Studios" title="Powerhouse Animation Studios">Powerhouse Animation Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyop_(company)" title="Psyop (company)">Psyop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reel_FX_Animation" title="Reel FX Animation">Reel FX Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renegade_Animation" title="Renegade Animation">Renegade Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_Hues_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhythm and Hues Studios">Rhythm and Hues Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough_Draft_Studios" title="Rough Draft Studios">Rough Draft Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rovio_Animation" title="Rovio Animation">Rovio Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen_Novelties" title="Screen Novelties">Screen Novelties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholastic_Corporation" title="Scholastic Corporation">Scholastic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weston_Woods_Studios" title="Weston Woods Studios">Weston Woods Studios</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SD_Entertainment" title="SD Entertainment">SD Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentai_Filmworks" title="Sentai Filmworks">Sentai Filmworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ShadowMachine" title="ShadowMachine">ShadowMachine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skydance_Animation" title="Skydance Animation">Skydance Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Bartlett" title="Craig Bartlett">Snee-Oosh, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpindleHorse_Toons" title="SpindleHorse Toons">SpindleHorse Toons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splash_Entertainment" title="Splash Entertainment">Splash Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprite_Animation_Studios" title="Sprite Animation Studios">Sprite Animation Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretch_Films" class="mw-redirect" title="Stretch Films">Stretch Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoopid_Buddy_Stoodios" title="Stoopid Buddy Stoodios">Stoopid Buddy Stoodios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studiopolis" title="Studiopolis">Studiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Films" title="Tau Films">Tau Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threshold_Entertainment" title="Threshold Entertainment">Threshold Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titmouse,_Inc." title="Titmouse, Inc.">Titmouse, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_ULULU_Company" title="The ULULU Company">The ULULU Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toei_Animation_Inc." title="Toei Animation Inc.">Toei Animation Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hillenburg#Other_pursuits" title="Stephen Hillenburg">United Plankton Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Animation" title="Vanguard Animation">Vanguard Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Canary_Animation" title="Wild Canary Animation">Wild Canary Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Events_Productions" title="World Events Productions">World Events Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_Studio" title="Worker Studio">Worker Studio</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/4Kids_Entertainment" title="4Kids Entertainment">4Kids Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/70/30_Productions" title="70/30 Productions">70/30 Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Productions" title="Adelaide Productions">Adelaide Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_Cartoon_Productions" title="Adventure Cartoon Productions">Adventure Cartoon Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allspark" title="Allspark">Allspark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amblimation" title="Amblimation">Amblimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_Collective" title="Animation Collective">Animation Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_Lab" title="Animation Lab">Animation Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_Magic" title="Animation Magic">Animation Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Sky_Studios" title="Blue Sky Studios">Blue Sky Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BVS_Entertainment" title="BVS Entertainment">BVS Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambria_Productions" title="Cambria Productions">Cambria Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Pizza" title="Cartoon Pizza">Cartoon Pizza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorion_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorion (company)">Chorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_Seven_Animation" title="Circle Seven Animation">Circle 7 Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cookie_Jar_Group" title="Cookie Jar Group">Cookie Jar</a></li> <li>Copernicus Studios</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crest_Animation_Productions" title="Crest Animation Productions">Crest Animation Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curious_Pictures" title="Curious Pictures">Curious Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DePatie%E2%80%93Freleng_Enterprises" title="DePatie–Freleng Enterprises">DePatie–Freleng Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIC_Entertainment" title="DIC Entertainment">DIC Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disneytoon_Studios" title="Disneytoon Studios">Disneytoon Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_Productions" title="DNA Productions">DNA Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famous_Studios" title="Famous Studios">Famous Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmation" title="Filmation">Filmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleischer_Studios" title="Fleischer Studios">Fleischer Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Format_Films" title="Format Films">Format Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Animation_Studios" title="Fox Animation Studios">Fox Animation Studios</a></li> <li>Frederator Films</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Films" title="Golden Films">Golden Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna-Barbera" title="Hanna-Barbera">Hanna-Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIT_Entertainment" title="HIT Entertainment">HIT Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetlag_Productions" title="Jetlag Productions">Jetlag Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Roiland%27s_Solo_Vanity_Card_Productions!" title="Justin Roiland's Solo Vanity Card Productions!">Justin Roiland's Solo Vanity Card Productions!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kroyer_Films" title="Kroyer Films">Kroyer Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laugh-O-Gram_Studio" title="Laugh-O-Gram Studio">Laugh-O-Gram Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Airplane_Productions" title="Little Airplane Productions">Little Airplane Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvel_Productions" title="Marvel Productions">Marvel Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer_Animation" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Animation">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM_Animation/Visual_Arts" title="MGM Animation/Visual Arts">MGM Animation/Visual Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer_cartoon_studio" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio">MGM Cartoons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirari_Films" title="Mirari Films">Mirari Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MoonScoop" title="MoonScoop">MoonScoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Oedekerk" title="Steve Oedekerk">Omation Animation Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Data_Images" title="Pacific Data Images">Pacific Data Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PorchLight_Entertainment" title="PorchLight Entertainment">PorchLight Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prana_Studios" title="Prana Studios">Prana Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Axis_(studio)" title="Radical Axis (studio)">Radical Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankin/Bass_Animated_Entertainment" title="Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment">Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooster_Teeth" title="Rooster Teeth">Rooster Teeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby-Spears" title="Ruby-Spears">Ruby-Spears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen_Gems" title="Screen Gems">Screen Gems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skellington_Productions" title="Skellington Productions">Skellington Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soup2Nuts" title="Soup2Nuts">Soup2Nuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%BCmc%C3%B8" title="Spümcø">Spümcø</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hubley" title="John Hubley">Storyboard, Inc./Hubley Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Bluth_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Sullivan Bluth Studios">Sullivan Bluth Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunbow_Entertainment" title="Sunbow Entertainment">Sunbow Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrytoons" title="Terrytoons">Terrytoons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_Television" title="Total Television">Total Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Productions_of_America" title="United Productions of America">United Productions of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Van_Beuren_Corporation" title="The Van Beuren Corporation">Van Beuren Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lantz_Productions" title="Walter Lantz Productions">Walter Lantz Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Cartoons" title="Warner Bros. Cartoons">Warner Bros. Cartoons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%93t%C4%81_FX" title="Wētā FX">Wētā FX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildbrain_Entertainment" title="Wildbrain Entertainment">Wildbrain Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Vinton#Will_Vinton_Studios" title="Will Vinton">Will Vinton Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zodiac_Entertainment" title="Zodiac Entertainment">Zodiac Entertainment</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Industry_associations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Industry associations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Animation_Guild,_IATSE_Local_839" class="mw-redirect" title="The Animation Guild, IATSE Local 839">The Animation Guild, IATSE Local 839</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASIFA-Hollywood" title="ASIFA-Hollywood">ASIFA-Hollywood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Animated_Feature" title="Academy Award for Best Animated Feature">Best Animated Feature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Awards" title="Annie Awards">Annie Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmy_Awards" title="Emmy Awards">Emmy Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_and_Family_Emmy_Awards" title="Children's and Family Emmy Awards">Children's and Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards" title="Primetime Emmy Awards">Primetime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Kids%27_Choice_Awards" title="Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards">Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kids%27_Choice_Award_for_Favorite_Cartoon" title="Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Cartoon">Favorite Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kids%27_Choice_Award_for_Favorite_Animated_Movie" title="Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Animated Movie">Animated Movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Image_Awards" title="NAACP Image Awards">NAACP Image Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award_for_Outstanding_Animated_Motion_Picture" title="NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Animated Motion Picture">Motion Picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award_for_Outstanding_Animated_Series" title="NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Animated Series">Series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLAAD_Media_Award" title="GLAAD Media Award">GLAAD Media Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GLAAD_Media_Award_for_Outstanding_Kids_and_Family_Programming" title="GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Kids and Family Programming">Kids and Family Programming (Animated)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_Awards" title="Writers Guild of America Awards">Writers Guild of America Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_Award_for_Television:_Animation" title="Writers Guild of America Award for Television: Animation">Television Animation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animation_in_the_United_States_during_the_silent_era" title="Animation in the United States during the silent era">Silent era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_American_animation" title="Golden age of American animation">Golden age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_and_American_animation" title="World War II and American animation">World War II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_in_the_United_States_in_the_television_era" title="Animation in the United States in the television era">Television era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_animation_in_the_United_States" title="Modern animation in the United States">Modern era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_sitcom" title="Animated sitcom">Animated sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_comic_book" title="American comic book">American comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_comics" title="History of American comics">History of American comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tijuana_bible" title="Tijuana bible">Tijuana bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Humorous_Phases_of_Funny_Faces" title="Humorous Phases of Funny Faces">Humorous Phases of Funny Faces</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_animation" title="Flash animation">Flash animation</a></li> <li>Labor strikes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1937_Fleischer_Studios_strike" title="1937 Fleischer Studios strike">Fleischer Studios</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_animators%27_strike" title="Disney animators' strike">Disney</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_animators%27_strike" title="1982 animators' strike">Multiple studios</a> (1982)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" 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