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href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D9%81%D9%86%D9%8A" title="استرجاع فني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استرجاع فني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3_(%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80)" title="অতীতচারণ (কাহিনী) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অতীতচারণ (কাহিনী)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%88%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%BA" title="Флэшбэк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Флэшбэк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%88%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%BA" title="Флэшбэк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Флэшбэк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_enrere" title="Salt enrere – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Salt enrere" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrospektiva" title="Retrospektiva – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Retrospektiva" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analepse" title="Analepse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Analepse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analepsis" title="Analepsis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Analepsis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retromemoro" title="Retromemoro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Retromemoro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashback" title="Flashback – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Flashback" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7" title="گذشته‌نما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گذشته‌نما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashback" title="Flashback – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Flashback" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashback" title="Flashback – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Flashback" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analepse" title="Analepse – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Analepse" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%9E%98%EC%8B%9C%EB%B0%B1_(%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%BC%EA%B8%B0)" title="플래시백 (이야기) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플래시백 (이야기)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B7%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%84" title="Ֆլեշբեք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆլեշբեք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%BA" title="Флешбэк – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Флешбэк" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurlit" title="Endurlit – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Endurlit" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analessi" title="Analessi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Analessi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A7" title="פלשבק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלשבק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashback_(techniek)" title="Flashback (techniek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Flashback (techniek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF_(%E7%89%A9%E8%AA%9E)" title="フラッシュバック (物語) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フラッシュバック (物語)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashback_(fortellerteknikk)" title="Flashback (fortellerteknikk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Flashback (fortellerteknikk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9D%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4_(%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A4)" title="ਪਿੱਛਲਝਾਤ (ਬਿਰਤਾਂਤ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਿੱਛਲਝਾਤ (ਬਿਰਤਾਂਤ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrospekcja" title="Retrospekcja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Retrospekcja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analepse" title="Analepse – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Analepse" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashback" title="Flashback – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Flashback" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%BA" title="Флешбэк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Флешбэк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashback" title="Flashback – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Flashback" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashback" title="Flashback – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Flashback" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takauma_(narratologia)" title="Takauma (narratologia) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Takauma (narratologia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashback_(ber%C3%A4ttarteknik)" title="Flashback (berättarteknik) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Flashback (berättarteknik)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geriye_d%C3%B6n%C3%BC%C5%9F_(anlat%C4%B1)" title="Geriye dönüş (anlatı) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Geriye dönüş (anlatı)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Флешбек – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Флешбек" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashback" title="Flashback – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Flashback" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%83%E5%9B%9E%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="閃回事件 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="閃回事件" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q473432#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Interjected scene that takes a narrative back in time</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>A <b>flashback</b>, more formally known as <b>analepsis</b>, is an interjected <a href="/wiki/Scene_(fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scene (fiction)">scene</a> that takes the narrative back in time from the current point in the <a href="/wiki/Plot_(narrative)" title="Plot (narrative)">story</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flashbacks are often used to recount events that happened before the story's primary sequence of events to fill in crucial <a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">backstory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the opposite direction, a <a href="/wiki/Flashforward" title="Flashforward">flashforward</a> (or prolepsis) reveals events that will occur in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both flashback and flashforward are used to cohere a story, develop a character, or add structure to the narrative. In literature, <b>internal analepsis</b> is a flashback to an earlier point in the narrative; <b>external analepsis</b> is a flashback to a time before the narrative started.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In film, flashbacks depict the subjective experience of a character by showing a memory of a previous event and they are often used to "resolve an enigma".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flashbacks are important in <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodrama</a> films.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In films and television, several camera techniques, editing approaches and special effects have evolved to alert the viewer that the action shown is a flashback or flashforward; for example, the edges of the picture may be deliberately blurred, photography may be jarring or choppy, or unusual coloration or sepia tone, or <a href="/wiki/Monochrome" title="Monochrome">monochrome</a> when most of the story is in full color, may be used. The scene may fade or dissolve, often with the camera focused on the face of the character and there is typically a voice-over by a narrator (who is often, but not always, the character who is experiencing the memory).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_examples">Notable examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flashback_(narrative)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Notable examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flashback_(narrative)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An early example of analepsis is in the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, where the main story is narrated through a <a href="/wiki/Frame_story" title="Frame story">frame story</a> set at a later time. Another early use of this device in a <a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">murder mystery</a> was in "<a href="/wiki/The_Three_Apples" title="The Three Apples">The Three Apples</a>", an <i><a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">Arabian Nights</a></i> tale. The story begins with the discovery of a young woman's dead body. After the murderer later reveals himself, he narrates his reasons for the murder in a series of flashbacks leading up to the discovery of her dead body at the beginning of the story.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flashbacks are also employed in several other <i>Arabian Nights</i> tales such as "<a href="/wiki/Sinbad_the_Sailor" title="Sinbad the Sailor">Sinbad the Sailor</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/The_City_of_Brass_(One_Thousand_and_One_Nights)" class="mw-redirect" title="The City of Brass (One Thousand and One Nights)">The City of Brass</a>". </p><p>Analepsis was used extensively by author <a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Ford" title="Ford Madox Ford">Ford Madox Ford</a>, and by poet, author, historian and mythologist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Robert Graves</a>. The 1927 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_of_San_Luis_Rey" title="The Bridge of San Luis Rey">The Bridge of San Luis Rey</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Thornton Wilder</a> is the progenitor of the modern disaster epic in literature and film-making, where a single disaster intertwines the victims, whose lives are then explored by means of flashbacks of events leading up to the disaster. Analepsis is also used in <i><a href="/wiki/Night_(memoir)" title="Night (memoir)">Night</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Elie Wiesel</a>. If flashbacks are extensive and in chronological order, one can say that these form the present of the story, while the rest of the story consists of flash forwards. If flashbacks are presented in non-chronological order, the time at which the story takes place can be ambiguous: An example of such an occurrence is in <i><a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse-Five" title="Slaughterhouse-Five">Slaughterhouse-Five</a></i> where the narrative jumps back and forth in time, so there is no actual present time line. <i><a href="/wiki/Os_Lus%C3%ADadas" title="Os Lusíadas">Os Lusíadas</a></i> is a story about a voyage of <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and back. The narration starts when they were arriving in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> but it quickly flashes back to the beginning of the story which is when they were leaving <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a></i> series employs a magical device called a <a href="/wiki/Magical_objects_in_Harry_Potter#Pensieve" title="Magical objects in Harry Potter">Pensieve</a>, which changes the nature of flashbacks from a mere narrative device to an event directly experienced by the characters, who are thus able to provide commentary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flashback_(narrative)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The creator of the flashback technique in cinema was <i><a href="/wiki/Histoire_d%27un_crime_(film)" title="Histoire d'un crime (film)">Histoire d'un crime</a></i> directed by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Zecca" title="Ferdinand Zecca">Ferdinand Zecca</a> in 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early use of the flashback technique in cinema occurs throughout <a href="/wiki/D.W._Griffith" class="mw-redirect" title="D.W. Griffith">D.W. Griffith</a>'s film, <i><a href="/wiki/Hearts_of_the_World" title="Hearts of the World">Hearts of the World</a></i> (1918): for example, during the wall scene with the Boy at 1:33. Flashbacks were first employed during the sound era in <a href="/wiki/Rouben_Mamoulian" title="Rouben Mamoulian">Rouben Mamoulian</a>'s 1931 film <i><a href="/wiki/City_Streets_(1931_film)" title="City Streets (1931 film)">City Streets</a></i>, but were rare until about 1939 when, in <a href="/wiki/William_Wyler" title="William Wyler">William Wyler</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Wuthering_Heights_(1939_film)" title="Wuthering Heights (1939 film)">Wuthering Heights</a></i> as in <a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">Emily Brontë</a>'s original novel, the housekeeper Ellen narrates the main story to overnight visitor Mr. Lockwood, who has witnessed Heathcliff's frantic pursuit of what is apparently a ghost. More famously, also in 1939, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Carn%C3%A9" title="Marcel Carné">Marcel Carné</a>'s film <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Jour_Se_L%C3%A8ve" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Jour Se Lève">Le Jour Se Lève</a></i> is told almost entirely through flashback: the story starts with the murder of a man in a hotel. While the murderer, played by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Gabin" title="Jean Gabin">Jean Gabin</a>, is surrounded by the police, several flashbacks tell the story of why he killed the man at the beginning of the film. </p><p>One of the most famous examples of a flashback is in the <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a>' film <i><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a></i> (1941). The protagonist, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Foster_Kane" title="Charles Foster Kane">Charles Foster Kane</a>, dies at the beginning, uttering the word <i>Rosebud</i>. The remainder of the film is framed by a reporter's interviewing Kane's friends and associates, in a futile effort to discover what the word meant to Kane. As the interviews proceed, pieces of Kane's life unfold in flashback, but Welles' use of such unconventional flashbacks was thought to have been influenced by <a href="/wiki/William_K._Howard" title="William K. Howard">William K. Howard</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Power_and_the_Glory_(1933_film)" title="The Power and the Glory (1933 film)">The Power and the Glory</a></i>. Lubitsch used a flashback in <i><a href="/wiki/Heaven_Can_Wait_(1943_film)" title="Heaven Can Wait (1943 film)">Heaven Can Wait</a></i> (1943) which tells the story of Henry Van Cleve. Though usually used to clarify plot or backstory, flashbacks can also act as an <a href="/wiki/Unreliable_narrator" title="Unreliable narrator">unreliable narrator</a>. The multiple and contradictory staged reconstructions of a crime in <a href="/wiki/Errol_Morris" title="Errol Morris">Errol Morris</a>'s 1988 documentary <i><a href="/wiki/The_Thin_Blue_Line_(1988_film)" title="The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)">The Thin Blue Line</a></i> are presented as flashbacks based on divergent testimony. <a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Akira Kurosawa</a>'s 1950 <i><a href="/wiki/Rashomon" title="Rashomon">Rashomon</a></i> does this in the most celebrated fictional use of contested multiple testimonies. </p><p>Sometimes a flashback is inserted into a film even though there was none in the original source from which the film was adapted. The 1956 film version of <a href="/wiki/Rodgers_and_Hammerstein" title="Rodgers and Hammerstein">Rodgers and Hammerstein</a>'s stage musical <i><a href="/wiki/Carousel_(musical)" title="Carousel (musical)">Carousel</a></i> used a flashback device which somewhat takes the impact away from a very dramatic plot development later in the film. This was done because the plot of <i>Carousel</i> was then considered unusually strong for a film musical. In the film version of <i><a href="/wiki/Camelot_(film)" title="Camelot (film)">Camelot</a></i> (1967), according to <a href="/wiki/Alan_Jay_Lerner" title="Alan Jay Lerner">Alan Jay Lerner</a>, a flashback was added not to soften the blow of a later plot development but because the stage show had been criticized for shifting too abruptly in tone from near-comedy to tragedy. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Double_Indemnity" title="Double Indemnity">Double Indemnity</a></i> (1944), a flashback from the main character is used to provide a confession to his fraudulent and criminal activities.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fish_%26_Cat" title="Fish & Cat">Fish & Cat</a> is the first <a href="/wiki/Shot_(filmmaking)#Duration" title="Shot (filmmaking)">single-shot</a> movie with several flashbacks. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/John_Brahm" title="John Brahm">John Brahm</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a> <i>"<a href="/wiki/The_Locket_(1946_film)" title="The Locket (1946 film)">The Locket</a>"</i> (1946) a unique <a href="/wiki/Hat_trick" class="mw-redirect" title="Hat trick">hat trick</a> is used (a flashback within a flashback within a flashback) to give psychological depth to the story of a woman who was allegedly a kleptomaniac, inveterate liar, and murderess but had never been punished for any of her crimes. </p><p>A good example of both flashback and <a href="/wiki/Flashforward" title="Flashforward">flashforward</a> is the first scene of <i><a href="/wiki/La_Jet%C3%A9e" title="La Jetée">La Jetée</a></i> (1962). As we learn a few minutes later, what we are seeing in that scene is a flashback to the past, since the present of the film's <a href="/wiki/Diegesis" title="Diegesis">diegesis</a> is a time directly following <a href="/wiki/World_War_III" title="World War III">World War III</a>. However, as we learn at the very end of the film, that scene also doubles as a prolepsis, since the dying man the boy is seeing is, in fact, himself. In other words, he is proleptically seeing his own death. We thus have an analepsis and prolepsis in the very same scene. </p><p>Occasionally, a story may contain a flashback within a flashback, with the earliest known example appearing in <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Feyder" title="Jacques Feyder">Jacques Feyder</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Atlantide_(1921_film)" title="L'Atlantide (1921 film)">L'Atlantide</a></i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Little_Annie_Rooney_(1925_film)" title="Little Annie Rooney (1925 film)">Little Annie Rooney</a></i> (1925) contains a flashback scene in a Chinese laundry, with a flashback within that flashback in the corner of the screen. In <a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Shot_Liberty_Valance" title="The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance">The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance</a></i> (1962), the main action of the film is told in flashback, with the scene of Liberty Valance's murder occurring as a flashback within that flashback. Other examples that contains flashbacks within flashbacks are the 1968 <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Japanese film</a> <i>Lone Wolf Isazo</i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2004's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_(2004_film)" title="The Phantom of the Opera (2004 film)">The Phantom of the Opera</a></i>, where almost the entire film (set in 1870) is told as a flashback from 1919 (in <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a>) and contains other flashbacks; for example, Madame Giry rescuing the Phantom from a freak show. An extremely convoluted story may contain flashbacks within flashbacks within flashbacks, as in <i><a href="/wiki/Six_Degrees_of_Separation_(film)" title="Six Degrees of Separation (film)">Six Degrees of Separation</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Passage_to_Marseille" title="Passage to Marseille">Passage to Marseille</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Locket_(1946_film)" title="The Locket (1946 film)">The Locket</a></i>. </p><p>This technique is a hallmark of <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> movie director <a href="/wiki/Upendra_(actor)" title="Upendra (actor)">Upendra</a>. He has employed this technique in his movies – <i><a href="/wiki/Om_(1995_film)" title="Om (1995 film)">Om</a></i> (1995), <i><a href="/wiki/A_(1998_Kannada_film)" title="A (1998 Kannada film)">A</a></i> (1998) and the futuristic flick <i><a href="/wiki/Super_(2010_Indian_film)" title="Super (2010 Indian film)">Super</a></i> (2010) – set in 2030 containing multiple flashbacks ranging from 2010 to 2015 depicting a <a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian</a> India. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a> experimented with flashbacks in <i><a href="/wiki/Pratidwandi" title="Pratidwandi">The Adversary</a></i> (Pratidwandi, 1972), pioneering the technique of <a href="/wiki/Negative_(photography)" title="Negative (photography)">photo-negative</a> flashbacks.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also uses flashbacks in other films such as Nayak (1966), Kapurush- O – Mahapurush ( 1965), Aranyer Din Ratri (1970), Jalsaghar(1959). In fact, in Nayak, the entire film proceeds in a non linear narrative which explores the Hero (Arindam's) past through seven flashbacks and two dreams. He also uses extensive flashbacks in the Kanchenjunga (1962).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino" title="Quentin Tarantino">Quentin Tarantino</a> makes extensive use of the flashback and flashforward in many of his films. In <i><a href="/wiki/Reservoir_Dogs" title="Reservoir Dogs">Reservoir Dogs</a></i> (1992), for example, scenes of the story present are intercut with various flashbacks to give each character's backstory and motivation additional context. In <i><a href="/wiki/Pulp_Fiction" title="Pulp Fiction">Pulp Fiction</a></i> (1994), which uses a highly <a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_storytelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlinear storytelling">nonlinear</a> narrative, traditional flashback is also used in the sequence titled "The Gold Watch". Other films, such as his two-part <i><a href="/wiki/Kill_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Kill Bill">Kill Bill</a></i> (Part I 2003, Part II 2004), also feature a narrative that bounces between present time and flashbacks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flashback_(narrative)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The television series <a href="/wiki/Quantico_(TV_series)" title="Quantico (TV series)"><i>Quantico</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Kung_Fu_(1972_TV_series)" title="Kung Fu (1972 TV series)"><i>Kung Fu</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Psych" title="Psych">Psych</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/How_I_Met_Your_Mother" title="How I Met Your Mother">How I Met Your Mother</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Grounded_for_Life" title="Grounded for Life">Grounded for Life</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_(TV_series)" title="Once Upon a Time (TV series)"><i>Once Upon a Time</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/I_Didn%27t_Do_It_(TV_series)" title="I Didn't Do It (TV series)"><i>I Didn't Do It</i></a> use flashbacks in every episode. Flashbacks were also a predominant feature of the television shows <i><a href="/wiki/Lost_(2004_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost (2004 TV series)">Lost</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Arrow_(TV_series)" title="Arrow (TV series)">Arrow</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Phineas_and_Ferb" title="Phineas and Ferb">Phineas and Ferb</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Orange_Is_the_New_Black" title="Orange Is the New Black">Orange Is the New Black</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/13_Reasons_Why" title="13 Reasons Why">13 Reasons Why</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Elite_(TV_series)" title="Elite (TV series)">Elite</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Quicksand_(TV_series)" title="Quicksand (TV series)">Quicksand</a></i>. Many detective shows routinely use flashback in the last act to illustrate the detective's reconstruction of the culprit's plot, e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Murder,_She_Wrote" title="Murder, She Wrote">Murder, She Wrote</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Banacek" title="Banacek">Banacek</a>,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Columbo" title="Columbo">Columbo</a></i>. The television show <i><a href="/wiki/Leverage_(American_TV_series)" title="Leverage (American TV series)">Leverage</a></i> uses a flashback at the end of each episode to show how the protagonists successfully carried out their <a href="/wiki/Confidence_trick" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence trick">confidence trick</a> on the episode's antagonist. </p><p>The anime <i><a href="/wiki/Inuyasha" title="Inuyasha">Inuyasha</a></i> uses flashbacks that take one back half a century ago in the two-part episode "The Tragic Love Song of Destiny" in the <a href="/wiki/Inuyasha_(season_6)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuyasha (season 6)">sixth season</a> narrated by the elderly younger sister of Lady Kikyo, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Inuyasha_characters#Kaede" title="List of Inuyasha characters">Lady Kaede</a>; Episodes 147 and 148. </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Yashahime:_Princess_Half-Demon" class="mw-redirect" title="Yashahime: Princess Half-Demon">Princess Half-Demon</a></i>, the ongoing spinoff to the anime stated above, the premiere takes us back eighteen years ago, five months since the conclusion of the original series' <a href="/wiki/InuYasha:_The_Final_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="InuYasha: The Final Act">seventh season</a>. Episode Fifteen "Farewell Under the Lunar Eclipse" is narrated by Riku that explains what had happened before and right after the Half-Demon Princesses were born; namely where Inuyasha and nineteen-year-old Kagome Higurashi had ended up, trapped within the Black Pearl at the border of the Afterlife for fourteen long years. Some months later, flashbacks that are memories belonging to Jaken ("The Silver-Scale Curse") and Hachimon ("Battle of the Moon, Part 1") eventually come. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Disney_Channel" title="Disney Channel">Disney Channel</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/Phineas_and_Ferb" title="Phineas and Ferb">Phineas and Ferb</a></i>, flashbacks and flash forwards often appear. In several episodes, the main antagonist <a href="/wiki/Dr._Doofenshmirtz" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Doofenshmirtz">Dr. Doofenshmirtz</a> uses flashbacks as a way to explain his past. A gag in the episode "Doof Dynasty" notes that, when a character explains his or her past, their body ripples (referencing the "ripple effect" which starts a flashback in other media). The whole episode "Act Your Age" is a flash-forward of the characters as teenagers. Several other episodes also feature flashbacks of the main characters' ancestors who, as a running gag, always seem to look like the main characters with slight variations in clothing, but the exact same mannerisms and voices. (<i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Northern_Exposure_episodes" title="List of Northern Exposure episodes">Northern Exposure</a></i> episode "Cicely" used a similar device, with the main cast playing unrelated characters of 84 years before, at the founding of the village.) </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Breaking_Bad" title="Breaking Bad">Breaking Bad</a></i> and its spinoff <i><a href="/wiki/Better_Call_Saul" title="Better Call Saul">Better Call Saul</a></i> frequently employ flashbacks, most often in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_open" title="Cold open">cold open</a>. While many of the flashbacks take place years before the events of each series, there are also cases in which new scenes set during previous episodes are shown, such as <i>Breaking Bad'</i>s "<a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1s_(Breaking_Bad)" title="Más (Breaking Bad)">Más</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Ozymandias_(Breaking_Bad)" title="Ozymandias (Breaking Bad)">Ozymandias</a>," whose openings are set during the show's <a href="/wiki/Pilot_(Breaking_Bad)" title="Pilot (Breaking Bad)">pilot</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Breaking_Bad_(Better_Call_Saul)" title="Breaking Bad (Better Call Saul)">final</a> <a href="/wiki/Waterworks_(Better_Call_Saul)" title="Waterworks (Better Call Saul)">three</a> <a href="/wiki/Saul_Gone" title="Saul Gone">episodes</a> of <i>Better Call Saul</i>, set in the post-<i>Breaking Bad</i> timeline, also include flashbacks taking place both between and during the two series' time frames. </p><p>The 2D hand-drawn animated show <i><a href="/wiki/Rapunzel%27s_Tangled_Adventure" title="Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure">Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure</a></i> (known as <i>Tangled: The Series</i> during its first season) began showing flashbacks set a quarter of a century ago in the Dark Kingdom, where the heavenly Moonstone resides within for hundreds of years in the second season's premiere "Beyond the Walls of Corona", "Rapunzel and the Great Tree" and the finale "Destinies Collide." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flashback_(narrative)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPavis,_Shantz1998" class="citation book cs1">Pavis, Shantz (1998). <i>Dictionary of the Theatre: Terms, Concepts, and Analysis</i>. University of Toronto Press. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802081630" title="Special:BookSources/0802081630"><bdi>0802081630</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Theatre%3A+Terms%2C+Concepts%2C+and+Analysis&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0802081630&rft.au=Pavis%2C+Shantz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlashback+%28narrative%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenny2004" class="citation book cs1">Kenny (2004). <i>Teaching Tv Production in a Digital World: Integrating Media Literacy</i>. Libraries Unltd Incorporated. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1591581990" title="Special:BookSources/1591581990"><bdi>1591581990</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teaching+Tv+Production+in+a+Digital+World%3A+Integrating+Media+Literacy&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Libraries+Unltd+Incorporated&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1591581990&rft.au=Kenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlashback+%28narrative%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/flash-forward">"flash-forward"</a>. <i>thefreedictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thefreedictionary.com&rft.atitle=flash-forward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Fflash-forward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlashback+%28narrative%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJung2010" class="citation book cs1">Jung (2010). <i>Narrating Violence in Post-9/11 Action Cinema: Terrorist Narratives, Cinematic Narration, and Referentiality</i>. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3531926025" title="Special:BookSources/978-3531926025"><bdi>978-3531926025</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrating+Violence+in+Post-9%2F11+Action+Cinema%3A+Terrorist+Narratives%2C+Cinematic+Narration%2C+and+Referentiality&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=VS+Verlag+f%C3%BCr+Sozialwissenschaften&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3531926025&rft.au=Jung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlashback+%28narrative%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayward, Susan. "Flashback" in <i>Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts</i> (Third Edition). Routledge, 2006. p. 153-160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayward, Susan. "Flashback" in <i>Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts</i> (Third Edition). Routledge, 2006. p. 153-160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayward, Susan. "Flashback" in <i>Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts</i> (Third Edition). Routledge, 2006. p. 153-160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinault1992" class="citation cs2">Pinault, David (1992), <i>Story-Telling Techniques in the Arabian Nights</i>, <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>, p. 94, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09530-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09530-6"><bdi>90-04-09530-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Story-Telling+Techniques+in+the+Arabian+Nights&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=90-04-09530-6&rft.aulast=Pinault&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlashback+%28narrative%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Os_Lus%C3%ADadas" title="Os Lusíadas">Os Lusíadas</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turim, Maureen. <i>Flashbacks in Film: Memory & History By Maureen Turim</i>. p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayward, Susan. "Flashback" in <i>Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts</i> (Third Edition). Routledge, 2006. p. 153-160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japansociety.org/event_detail?eid=134fbb96">"The Lone Stalker A.K.A. Lone Wolf Isazo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Japan_Society_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Society (New York)">Japan Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110101061943/http://www.japansociety.org/event_detail?eid=134fbb96">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Lone+Stalker+A.K.A.+Lone+Wolf+Isazo&rft.pub=Japan+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japansociety.org%2Fevent_detail%3Feid%3D134fbb96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlashback+%28narrative%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNick_Pinkerton2009" class="citation news cs1">Nick Pinkerton (14 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.villagevoice.com/2009-04-15/film/first-light-satyajit-ray-from-the-apu-trilogy-to-the-calcutta-trilogy">"First Light: Satyajit Ray From the Apu Trilogy to the Calcutta Trilogy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Village_Voice" title="The Village Voice">The Village Voice</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090625154630/http://www.villagevoice.com/2009-04-15/film/first-light-satyajit-ray-from-the-apu-trilogy-to-the-calcutta-trilogy">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Village+Voice&rft.atitle=First+Light%3A+Satyajit+Ray+From+the+Apu+Trilogy+to+the+Calcutta+Trilogy&rft.date=2009-04-14&rft.au=Nick+Pinkerton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.villagevoice.com%2F2009-04-15%2Ffilm%2Ffirst-light-satyajit-ray-from-the-apu-trilogy-to-the-calcutta-trilogy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlashback+%28narrative%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2015" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Satyajit (2015). <i>Prabandha Sangraha</i>. Kolkata: Ananda Publishers. pp. 100–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5040-553-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5040-553-6"><bdi>978-93-5040-553-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prabandha+Sangraha&rft.place=Kolkata&rft.pages=100-110&rft.pub=Ananda+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-93-5040-553-6&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Satyajit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlashback+%28narrative%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Pattison, Darcy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090328214349/http://www.darcypattison.com/revision/writing-flashbacks">Writing Flashbacks</a>. When and why to include a flashback and tips on writing a flashback.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Film_Editing" title="Template:Film Editing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Film_Editing" title="Template talk:Film Editing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Film_Editing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Film Editing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Film_editing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Film_editing" title="Film editing">Film editing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concept</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choreography" title="Choreography">Choreography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronization" title="Synchronization">Synchronization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attentional_control" title="Attentional control">Attentional control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_shot" title="Master shot">Master shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_transition#Parallel_editing_cut" title="Film transition">Parallel cut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technique</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/clue" class="extiw" title="wikt:clue">Clues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutaway_(filmmaking)" title="Cutaway (filmmaking)">Cutaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyeline_match" title="Eyeline match">Eyeline match</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point-of-view_shot" title="Point-of-view shot">Points of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_illusion" title="Optical illusion">Optical illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_screen_(video_production)" title="Split screen (video production)">Split screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_transition" title="Film transition">Transition</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insertion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_in_writing" title="Dialogue in writing">Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match_cut" title="Match cut">Match cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Long shot">Long shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insert_(filmmaking)" title="Insert (filmmaking)">Insert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Timelapsing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cut_(transition)" title="Cut (transition)">Cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jump_cut" title="Jump cut">Jump cut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axial_cut" title="Axial cut">Axial cut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wipe_(transition)" title="Wipe (transition)">Wipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolve_(filmmaking)" title="Dissolve (filmmaking)">Dissolve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelap" title="Prelap">Prelap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_cutting" title="Fast cutting">Fast cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_transition#Invisible_cut" title="Film transition">Invisible cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montage_(filmmaking)" title="Montage (filmmaking)">Montage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercut" title="Supercut">Supercut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Storytelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cutting_on_action" title="Cutting on action">Cut on action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_transition#Contrast_cut" title="Film transition">Contrast cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot/reverse_shot" title="Shot/reverse shot">Shot/reverse shot</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flashback</a> / <a href="/wiki/Flashforward" title="Flashforward">Flashforward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Action</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smash_cut" title="Smash cut">Smash cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cutting" title="Cross-cutting">Cross cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cutting" title="Slow cutting">Slow cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_and_talk" title="Walk and talk">Walk and talk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rule</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/180-degree_rule" title="180-degree rule">180-degree rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30-degree_rule" title="30-degree rule">30-degree rule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Term</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reaction_shot" title="Reaction shot">Reaction shot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuleshov_effect" title="Kuleshov effect">Kuleshov effect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Establishing_shot" title="Establishing shot">Establishing shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_take" title="Long take">Long take</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_rhythm" title="Internal rhythm">Internal rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_rhythm" title="External rhythm">External rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footage" title="Footage">Footage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B-roll" title="B-roll">B-roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_footage" title="Stock footage">Stock footage</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Editing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_editing" title="Continuity editing">Continuity editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_montage_theory" title="Soviet montage theory">Soviet montage theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_editing" title="Post-classical editing">Post-classical editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-camera_editing" title="In-camera editing">In-camera editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_editing" title="Video editing">Video editing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_video_editing" title="Linear video editing">Linear video editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-linear_editing" title="Non-linear editing">Non-linear editing</a> (NLE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_editing_software" title="Video editing software">Video editing software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offline_editing" title="Offline editing">Offline editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_editing" class="mw-redirect" title="Online editing">Online editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_video_editing" title="Real-time video editing">Real-time editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_mixer" title="Vision mixer">Vision mixing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Narrative" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrative" title="Template:Narrative"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Narrative" title="Template talk:Narrative"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Narrative" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Narrative"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Narrative" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">Narrative</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Character_(arts)" title="Character (arts)">Character</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antagonist" title="Antagonist">Antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archenemy" title="Archenemy">Archenemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_arc" title="Character arc">Character arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_flaw" title="Character flaw">Character flaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characterization" title="Characterization">Characterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidant" title="Confidant">Confidant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuteragonist" title="Deuteragonist">Deuteragonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_protagonist" title="False protagonist">False protagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_character" title="Focal character">Focal character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foil_(narrative)" title="Foil (narrative)">Foil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_double" title="Gothic double">Gothic double</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamartia" title="Hamartia">Hamartia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">Anti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_hero" title="Tragic hero">Tragic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">Protagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">Stock character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_man" title="Straight man">Straight man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supporting_character" title="Supporting character">Supporting character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_character" title="Title character">Title character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritagonist" title="Tritagonist">Tritagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villain" title="Villain">Villain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plot_(narrative)" title="Plot (narrative)">Plot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ab_ovo" title="Ab ovo">Ab ovo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_(narrative)" title="Action (narrative)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">Backstory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_story" title="Origin story">Origin story</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chekhov%27s_gun" title="Chekhov's gun">Chekhov's gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">Cliché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffhanger" title="Cliffhanger">Cliffhanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_(narrative)" title="Conflict (narrative)">Conflict</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deus_ex_machina" title="Deus ex machina">Deus ex machina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_in_writing" title="Dialogue in writing">Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Dramatic structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucatastrophe" title="Eucatastrophe">Eucatastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreshadowing" title="Foreshadowing">Foreshadowing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flashback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashforward" title="Flashforward">Flashforward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_story" title="Frame story">Frame story</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_medias_res" title="In medias res">In medias res</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kish%C5%8Dtenketsu" title="Kishōtenketsu">Kishōtenketsu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacGuffin" title="MacGuffin">MacGuffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pace_(narrative)" title="Pace (narrative)">Pace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_device" title="Plot device">Plot device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_twist" title="Plot twist">Plot twist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_justice" title="Poetic justice">Poetic justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_herring" title="Red herring">Red herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reveal_(narrative)" title="Reveal (narrative)">Reveal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-insertion" title="Self-insertion">Self-insertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaggy_dog_story" title="Shaggy dog story">Shaggy dog story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_arc" title="Story arc">Story arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_within_a_story" title="Story within a story">Story within a story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subplot" title="Subplot">Subplot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspense" title="Suspense">Suspense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Trope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Setting_(narrative)" title="Setting (narrative)">Setting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">Backstory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(fiction)" title="Crossover (fiction)">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">Dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_location" title="Fictional location">Fictional location</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional city">city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_country" title="Fictional country">country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_universe" title="Fictional universe">universe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">parallel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldbuilding" title="Worldbuilding">Worldbuilding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theme_(narrative)" title="Theme (narrative)">Theme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">Irony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">Leitmotif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">Metaphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_development" title="Moral development">Moral development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motif_(narrative)" title="Motif (narrative)">Motif</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deal_with_the_Devil" title="Deal with the Devil">Deal with the Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Conflict between good and evil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">Self-fulfilling prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Writing_style" title="Writing style">Style</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathos" title="Bathos">Bathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_relief" title="Comic relief">Comic relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diction" title="Diction">Diction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_of_speech" title="Figure of speech">Figure of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagery" title="Imagery">Imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_(literature)" title="Mode (literature)">Mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_(literature)" title="Mood (literature)">Mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_techniques" title="List of narrative techniques">Narrative techniques</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_hook" title="Narrative hook">Hook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show,_don%27t_tell" title="Show, don't tell">Show, don't tell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylistic_device" title="Stylistic device">Stylistic device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_disbelief" title="Suspension of disbelief">Suspension of disbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(literature)" title="Tone (literature)">Tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_(drama)" title="Act (drama)">Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Act structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-act_structure" title="Three-act structure">Three-act structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freytag%27s_Pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Freytag's Pyramid">Freytag's Pyramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_(narrative)" title="Exposition (narrative)">Exposition</a>/<a href="/wiki/Protasis" title="Protasis">Protasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitasis" title="Epitasis">Rising action/Epitasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climax_(narrative)" title="Climax (narrative)">Climax</a>/<a href="/wiki/Peripeteia" title="Peripeteia">Peripeteia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastasis" title="Catastasis">Falling action/Catastasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_(drama)" title="Catastrophe (drama)">Denouement/Catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative structure">Linear narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_narrative" title="Nonlinear narrative">Nonlinear narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonlinear_narrative_films" title="List of nonlinear narrative films">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonlinear_narrative_television_series" title="List of nonlinear narrative television series">television series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premise_(narrative)" title="Premise (narrative)">Premise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_fiction_with_multiple_endings" title="Types of fiction with multiple endings">Types of fiction with multiple endings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_forms" title="List of narrative forms">Form</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fabliau" title="Fabliau">Fabliau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fiction" title="Flash fiction">Flash fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_tale" title="Tall tale">Tall tale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamebook" title="Gamebook">Gamebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_art" title="Narrative art">Narrative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">Novella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignette_(literature)" title="Vignette (literature)">Vignette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">Genre</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_genres" title="List of writing genres">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_fiction" title="Action fiction">Action fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_novel" title="Comic novel">Comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistolary_novel" title="Epistolary novel">Epistolary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergodic_literature" title="Ergodic literature">Ergodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_fiction" title="Western fiction">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">Mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_fiction" title="Nautical fiction">Nautical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoid_fiction" title="Paranoid fiction">Paranoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_fiction" title="Philosophical fiction">Philosophical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picaresque_novel" title="Picaresque novel">Picaresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_fiction" title="Political fiction">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_culture_fiction" title="Pop culture fiction">Pop culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_fiction" title="Psychological fiction">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspirational_fiction" title="Inspirational fiction">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_literature" title="Rogue literature">Rogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">Prose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_fiction" title="Theological fiction">Theological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fiction" title="Urban fiction">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonfiction">Nonfiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">Biography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fiction_novel" title="Non-fiction novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_nonfiction" title="Creative nonfiction">Creative</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diegesis" title="Diegesis">Diegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-person_narrative" title="First-person narrative">First-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-person narrative">Second-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person narrative">Third-person</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_omniscient_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person omniscient narrative">Third-person omniscient narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration#Subjective_or_objective" title="Narration">Subjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unreliable_narrator" title="Unreliable narrator">Unreliable narrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiperspectivity" title="Multiperspectivity">Multiple narrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness" title="Stream of consciousness">Stream of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_unconsciousness" title="Stream of unconsciousness">Stream of unconsciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Tense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_narrative" title="Dominant narrative">Dominant narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_writing" title="Fiction writing">Fiction writing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_(fiction)" title="Continuity (fiction)">Continuity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(fiction)" title="Canon (fiction)">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reboot_(fiction)" title="Reboot (fiction)">Reboot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroactive_continuity" title="Retroactive continuity">Retcon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_novel" title="Parallel novel">Parallel novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prequel" title="Prequel">Prequel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sequel" title="Sequel">Sequel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">Genre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_genres" title="List of genres">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Literary theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_identity" title="Narrative identity">Narrative identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_paradigm" title="Narrative paradigm">Narrative paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_therapy" title="Narrative therapy">Narrative therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narratology" title="Narratology">Narratology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metafiction" title="Metafiction">Metafiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_narrative" title="Political narrative">Political narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rhetorical_terms" title="Glossary of rhetorical terms">Glossary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenwriting" title="Screenwriting">Screenwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Works_series" title="Template:Works series">Series of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">Storytelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellability" title="Tellability">Tellability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verisimilitude_(fiction)" title="Verisimilitude (fiction)">Verisimilitude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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