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id="toc-Creator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mercy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mercy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Mercy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mercy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Omniscience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Omniscience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Omniscience </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Omniscience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Relationship with creation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_with_creation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Relationship with creation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Creation_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Creation theories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eternity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eternity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Eternity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eternity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concepts_in_Islamic_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concepts_in_Islamic_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Concepts in Islamic theology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Concepts_in_Islamic_theology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Concepts in Islamic theology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Concepts_in_Islamic_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sunnis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunnis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Sunnis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunnis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Atharis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atharis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Atharis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atharis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ash'aris_and_Maturidis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ash'aris_and_Maturidis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Ash'aris and Maturidis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ash'aris_and_Maturidis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mu'tazilis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mu'tazilis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Mu'tazilis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mu'tazilis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shi'is" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shi'is"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Shi'is </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shi'is-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Isma'ilis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isma'ilis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Isma'ilis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isma'ilis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twelvers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twelvers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Twelvers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twelvers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sufism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sufism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Sufism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sufism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">God in Islam</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" > 34 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_(%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85)" title="الله (إسلام) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الله (إسلام)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slamda_tanr%C4%B1" title="İslamda tanrı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İslamda tanrı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87" title="ایسلامدا الله – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایسلامدا الله" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0" title="ইসলাম ধর্মে ঈশ্বর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইসলাম ধর্মে ঈশ্বর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AEn_t%C4%AB_Islam" title="Sîn tī Islam – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sîn tī Islam" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9u_en_l%27islam" title="Déu en l'islam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Déu en l'islam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dios_en_el_islam" title="Dios en el islam – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dios en el islam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="خدا در اسلام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خدا در اسلام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieu_(islam)" title="Dieu (islam) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dieu (islam)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah_(Islam)" title="Allah (Islam) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Allah (Islam)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dio_(islam)" title="Dio (islam) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dio (islam)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D9%86%D9%9B%D8%B2_%D8%AE%DB%84%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="اسلام منٛز خۄدا – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اسلام منٛز خۄدا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus_(Islamus)" title="Deus (Islamus) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Deus (Islamus)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dievs_isl%C4%81m%C4%81" title="Dievs islāmā – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dievs islāmā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andriamanitra_ao_amin%27_ny_silamo" title="Andriamanitra ao amin' ny silamo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Andriamanitra ao amin' ny silamo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%82" title="ഇസ്‌ലാം മതത്തിലെ ദൈവസങ്കൽപ്പം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇസ്‌ലാം മതത്തിലെ ദൈവസങ്കൽപ്പം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_(%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85)" title="الله (اسلام) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الله (اسلام)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuhan_dalam_Islam" title="Tuhan dalam Islam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tuhan dalam Islam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD_%E1%80%98%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%81%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="အစ္စလာမ်ဘာသာရှိ ဘုရားသခင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အစ္စလာမ်ဘာသာရှိ ဘုရားသခင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_(islam)" title="God (islam) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="God (islam)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%A9%DB%90_%D8%AF_%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1" title="په اسلام کې د خدای تصور – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="په اسلام کې د خدای تصور" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3g_w_islamie" title="Bóg w islamie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bóg w islamie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus_no_islamismo" title="Deus no islamismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Deus no islamismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Бог в исламе – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бог в исламе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7_%D9%84%DB%95_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="خوا لە ئیسلامدا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خوا لە ئیسلامدا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D1%83_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Бог у исламу – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бог у исламу" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumala_(islam)" title="Jumala (islam) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jumala (islam)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="இசுலாத்தில் கடவுள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இசுலாத்தில் கடவுள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="พระเป็นเจ้าในศาสนาอิสลาม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเป็นเจ้าในศาสนาอิสลาม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slam%27da_Tanr%C4%B1" title="İslam'da Tanrı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İslam'da Tanrı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style=";">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Allah" title="Category:Allah">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">God in Islam</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul,_Hagia_Sophia,_Allah.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Allah" in Arabic calligraphy"><img alt=""Allah" in Arabic calligraphy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg/185px-Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg/278px-Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg/370px-Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2118" data-file-height="2077" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> <a href="/wiki/Jalla_Jalaluhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalla Jalaluhu"> Jalla Jalālah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Arabic calligraphy</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style=";;background: ;padding:0.1em 0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Islam" title="Attributes of God in Islam">Attributes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allah#Phrases_and_expressions" title="Allah">Phrases and expressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam (religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throne_of_God_in_Islam" title="Throne of God in Islam">Throne of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Sufi metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Schools of Islamic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism_and_corporealism_in_Islam" title="Anthropomorphism and corporealism in Islam">Anthropomorphism and corporealism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style=";;background: ;padding:0.1em 0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Expressions and phrases</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tasbih" title="Tasbih">Tasbih (Subhan Allah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">Takbir (Allahu Akbar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamd" title="Hamd">Hamd (Praise)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmala" title="Basmala">Basmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawqala" title="Hawqala">Hawqala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27awwudh" title="Ta'awwudh">Ta'awwudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inna_Lillahi_wa_inna_ilayhi_raji%27un" title="Inna Lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un">Inna Lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allahumma" title="Allahumma">Allahumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be,_and_it_is" title="Be, and it is">Be, and it is</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style=";;background: ;padding:0.1em 0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Terms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">Shirk (polytheism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Iman (belief)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihsan" title="Ihsan">Ihsan (development)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nifaq">Nifaq (hypocrisy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kufr (disobidience/denial)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27til" title="Ta'til">Ta'til (denial of divine attributes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzih" title="Tanzih">Tanzih (transcendance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bila_Kayf" title="Bila Kayf">Bila Kayf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafwid" title="Tafwid">Tafwid</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style=";;background: ;padding:0.1em 0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scripture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ikhlas" title="Al-Ikhlas">Al-Ikhlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throne_Verse" title="Throne Verse">Throne Verse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_of_Light" title="Verse of Light">Verse of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27awwidhatayn" title="Al-Mu'awwidhatayn">Al-Mu'awwidhatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_Qudsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith Qudsi">Hadith Qudsi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style=";;background: ;padding:0.1em 0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Others</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inshallah" title="Inshallah">Inshallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashallah" title="Mashallah">Mashallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhamdulillah" title="Alhamdulillah">Alhamdulillah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazakallah" title="Jazakallah">Jazakallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istighfar" title="Istighfar">Istighfar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fi_sabilillah" title="Fi sabilillah">Fi sabilillah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ism_al-A%27zam" title="Al-Ism al-A'zam">Al-Ism al-A'zam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaib">Ghaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilah" title="Ilah">Ilah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid ;border-bottom:1px solid ;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Allah" title="Category:Allah">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output 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talk:Allah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Allah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Allah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/110px-Allah3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/165px-Allah3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/220px-Allah3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="313" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Beliefs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">God</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revealed Books</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Day of Resurrection</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Profession of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Almsgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_texts" title="List of Islamic texts">Texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Foundations</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Sirah</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir (exegesis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah (creed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas_al-Anbiya" title="Qisas al-Anbiya">Qisas al-Anbiya ("Stories of the Prophets")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathnawi" title="Mathnawi">Mathnawi</a> (Poems)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh (jurisprudence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia (law)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Islamic history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Spread of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">society</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Academics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_(circumcision)" title="Khitan (circumcision)">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_diaspora" title="Muslim diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Islam" title="Education in Islam">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession_and_exorcism_in_Islam" title="Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Proselytizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam" title="Sexuality in Islam">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_and_Islam" title="LGBTQ people and Islam">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubinage in Islam">Concubinage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Hadith</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam" title="Glossary of Islam">Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam" title="Template:Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam" title="Template talk:Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> In <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: ٱللَّٰه, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allāh</a>, contraction of ٱلْإِلَٰه <a href="/wiki/Arabic_definite_article" title="Arabic definite article">al</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ilah" title="Ilah">’Ilāh</a>, lit. 'the god')<a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaofIslam-1">[1]</a> is seen as the <a href="/wiki/Creator_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Creator god">creator</a> and <a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">sustainer</a> of the universe,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaofIslam-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-EoQ-Böwering-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schmidtke_2016-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Esposito_2016-5">[5]</a> who <a href="/wiki/God_and_eternity" title="God and eternity">lives eternally</a> and will eventually <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">resurrect all humans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> God is conceived as a perfect, <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">singular</a>, immortal, <a href="/wiki/Omnipotent" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnipotent">omnipotent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Omniscient" class="mw-redirect" title="Omniscient">omniscient</a> god, completely <a href="/wiki/Infinity" title="Infinity">infinite</a> in all of <a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Islam" title="Attributes of God in Islam">his attributes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaofIslam-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-EoQ-Böwering-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Esposito_2016-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Islam further emphasizes that God is most merciful.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The Islamic concept of God is variously described as <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panentheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Panentheistic">panentheistic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-EoI-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monistic">monistic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Islamic theology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism_and_corporealism_in_Islam" title="Anthropomorphism and corporealism in Islam">anthropomorphism (tashbīh) and corporealism (tajsīm)</a> refer to beliefs in the human-like (<a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">anthropomorphic</a>) and materially embedded (corporeal) form of God, an idea that has been classically described assimilating or comparing God to the creatures created by God.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> By contrast, belief in the <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendence</a> of God is called <a href="/wiki/Tanzih" title="Tanzih">tanzih</a>, which also rejects notions of <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">incarnation</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">personal god</a>. Tanzih is widely accepted in Islam today, although it stridently competed for orthodox status until the tenth century, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Mihna" title="Mihna">Mihna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2002-17">[17]</a> In premodern times, corporealist views were said to have been more socially prominent among the common people, with more abstract and transcendental views more common for the elite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2024140–141-18">[18]</a> The Islamic concept of <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">tawhid</a> (oneness) emphasises that God is absolutely pure and free from <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">association with other beings</a>, which means attributing the powers and qualities of God to his creation, and vice versa. In Islam, <a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Islam" title="Aniconism in Islam">God is never portrayed in any image</a>. The Quran specifically forbids ascribing partners to share his singular sovereignty, as he is considered to be the absolute one without a second, indivisible, and incomparable being, who is similar to nothing, and nothing is comparable to him. Thus, God is absolutely <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendent</a>, unique and utterly other than anything in or of the world as to be beyond all forms of human thought and expression.<a href="#cite_note-Abu_Amina_Elias-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The briefest and the most comprehensive description of God in the Quran is found in <a href="/wiki/Surat_al-Ikhlas" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat al-Ikhlas">Surat al-Ikhlas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cenap_Çakmak-21">[21]</a> According to mainstream <a href="/wiki/Islamic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theology">Muslim theologians</a>, God is described as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadim_(theology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qadim (theology) (page does not exist)">Qadim</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85_(%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A)" class="extiw" title="ar:قديم (مصطلح إسلامي)">ar</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Abu_Amina_Elias-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> ('ancient'), having no first, without beginning or end; absolute, not limited by time or place or circumstance, nor is subject to any decree so as to be determined by any precise limits or set times, but is the First and the Last. He is not a formed body, nor a <a href="/wiki/Ousia" title="Ousia">substance</a> circumscribed with limits or determined by measure; neither does he resemble bodies as they are capable of being measured or divided. Neither do substances exist in him; neither is he an accident, nor do accidents exist in him. Neither is he like to anything that exists, nor is anything like to him; nor is he determinate in quantity, nor comprehended by bounds, nor circumscribed by differences of situation, nor contained in the heavens, and transcends spatial and temporal bounds, and remains beyond the bounds of human comprehension and perceptions.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cenap_Çakmak-21">[21]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Islam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></div> Allāh is the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> word referring to <a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">God in Abrahamic religions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-gardet-allah-27">[27]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>, the word generally refers to God in Islam. The Arabic word Allāh is thought to be derived by <a href="/wiki/Contraction_(grammar)" title="Contraction (grammar)">contraction</a> from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_definite_article" title="Arabic definite article">al</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ilah" title="Ilah">ʾilāh</a>, which means "the god",<a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaofIslam-1">[1]</a> (i.e., the only god) and is related to <a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a> and <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism#Elah" title="Names of God in Judaism">Elah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> words for God.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> It is distinguished from ʾilāh (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: إِلَٰه), the Arabic word meaning <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a>, which could refer to any of the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabian_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Islamic Arabian gods">gods worshipped in pre-Islamic Arabia</a> or to any other deity.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> is God's most unique Name, grandly referred to as Lafẓ al-Jalālah (The Word of Majesty). It occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur’an</a> 2,697 times in 85 of its 114 <a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">suras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_names">Other names</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Islam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Other names">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Names of God in Islam</a></div> God is described and referred to in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> by 99 names that reflect his attributes.<a href="#cite_note-Bentley22-32">[32]</a> The Quran refers to the attributes of God as "most beautiful names".<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_B%C3%B6wering" title="Gerhard Böwering">Gerhard Böwering</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">They are traditionally enumerated as 99 in number to which is added as the highest Name (al-ism al-ʾaʿẓam), the Supreme Name of God. The <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/locus_classicus" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:locus classicus">locus classicus</a> for listing the Divine Names in the literature of Qurʾānic commentary is <a href="/wiki/Al-Isra" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Isra">17:110</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> "Call upon Allah, or call upon The Merciful; whichsoever you call upon, to Allah belong the most beautiful Names," and also <a href="/wiki/Al-Hashr" title="Al-Hashr">59:22-24</a>,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> which includes a cluster of more than a dozen Divine epithets."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Gerhard Böwering, God and God's Attributes<a href="#cite_note-EoQ-37">[37]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Some Muslims may use different names as much as Allah, for instance "God" in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. Whether or not Allah can be considered as the personal name of God became disputed in contemporary scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In earlier times, <a href="/wiki/Jahm_bin_Safwan" title="Jahm bin Safwan">Jahm bin Safwan</a> claimed that Allah is a name God created for himself and that names belong to the things God created.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attributes">Attributes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Islam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Attributes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Islam" title="Attributes of God in Islam">Attributes of God in Islam</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oneness">Oneness</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Islam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Oneness">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanzih" title="Tanzih">Tanzih</a></div> Islam's most fundamental concept is a strict monotheism called <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">tawhid</a>, affirming that God is one and <a href="/wiki/Tanzih" title="Tanzih">Tanzih</a> (wāḥid). The basic creed of Islam, the <a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> (recited under <a href="/wiki/Oath" title="Oath">oath</a> to enter the religion), involves لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ أَشْهَدُ أنَّ (āšhadu ānnā lā ʾilāha ʾilla llāh), or "I testify there is no deity other than God." Though Muslims believe Jesus to be a prophet, the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> and divinity doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> concerning <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus</a> is <a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_the_Trinity" title="Islamic view of the Trinity">rejected</a> and often compared to <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Tawhid constitutes the foremost article of the Muslim profession.<a href="#cite_note-EoI-12">[12]</a> The deification or worship of anyone or anything other than God (<a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a>) is the greatest sin in Islam. The entirety of the Islamic teaching rests on the principle of Tawhid.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Associating partners in divinity of God is known as shirk and is the antithesis of Tawhid. Although the term is usually translated as "polytheism" into English, the sin is thought to be more complex.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mulia,_Siti_Musdah_2015-44">[44]</a> The translation 'associating [with God]' has been suggested instead.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The term includes denial of attributing any form of divinity to any other thing but God. This includes the self by elevating oneself above others<a href="#cite_note-Mulia,_Siti_Musdah_2015-44">[44]</a> and associating attributes of God with a created being.<a href="#cite_note-Faruki,_Kemal_1965-46">[46]</a> According to Vincent J. Cornell,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> the Quran also provides a <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monist</a> image of God by describing the reality as a unified whole, with God being a single concept that would describe or ascribe all existing things: "He is the First and the Last, the Evident and the Immanent: and He has full knowledge of all things."<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uniqueness">Uniqueness</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Islam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Uniqueness">edit</a>]</div> Islam emphasises the absolute uniqueness and singularity of God in his essence, attributes, qualities, and acts.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> As stated in <a href="/wiki/Surat_al-Ikhlas" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat al-Ikhlas">Surat al-Ikhlas</a>: God is <a href="/wiki/Ahad" title="Ahad">Ahad</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> (the unique one of absolute oneness, who is indivisible in nature, and there can be no other like him); God is As-Samad<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a>(the ultimate source of all existence, the uncaused cause who created all things out of nothing, who is eternal, absolute, immutable, perfect, complete, essential, independent, and self-sufficient; who needs nothing while all of creation is in absolute need of him; the one eternally and constantly required and sought, depended upon by all existence and to whom all matters will ultimately return); he begets not, nor is he begotten (He is Unborn and Uncreated, has no parents, wife or offspring); and comparable/equal to him, there is none.<a href="#cite_note-The_Miraculous_Quran-52">[52]</a> God's absolute transcendence over his creation, as well as his unlimited individuality were asserted and emphasized with support from appropriate quotations from the Qur'an as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">(He is) the Lord of the heavens and the earth and all that is between them; so worship Him alone, and be constant and patient in His worship. Do you know of any whose name is worthy to be mentioned along with His (as Deity and Lord to worship)?<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D19%3Averse%3D65">19:65</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Translated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ali_%C3%9Cnal" title="Ali Ünal">Ali Ünal</a>)</cite></div></blockquote> The Qur'anic verse (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/19/65/">19:65</a>), "Do you know of any that can be named with His Name?" emphasizes that as <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> is Unique, His name is shared by none other.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">To those who do not believe in the Hereafter applies the most evil of attributes, and to God applies the most sublime attribute, and He is the All-Glorious with irresistible might, the All-Wise.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D16%3Averse%3D60">16:60</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Translated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ali_%C3%9Cnal" title="Ali Ünal">Ali Ünal</a>)</cite></div></blockquote> Such as that described in the previous three verses (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/16?startingVerse=57">16:57-59</a>). For the disbelievers in the Hereafter, there is an evil description, or in other words, the most evil attribute (i.e., the most vile), which is their ignorance and ingratitude, and their <a href="/wiki/Female_infanticide" title="Female infanticide">burying alive of newborn girls</a>, despite the fact that they are needed for the purposes of marriage and not allowing women to even inherit property, and their ascribing female gender to <a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">angels</a> and claiming that the angels are the daughters of God while so preferring sons for themselves (this is also mentioned in the verses <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/37?startingVerse=149">37:149-155</a>); whereas to God belong the highest attribute, namely, that there is no <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> except him, immensely exalted beyond and above all comparison and likeness.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">So, do not invent similitudes for God (do not liken Him to others to associate partners with Him, for there is nothing similar to Him). Surely God knows and you do not know (the exact truth about Him and the exact nature of things).<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D16%3Averse%3D74">16:74</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Translated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ali_%C3%9Cnal" title="Ali Ünal">Ali Ünal</a>)</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Originator of the heavens and the earth (each with particular features and on ordered principles): He has made for you, from your selves, mates, and from the cattle mates (of their own kind): by this means He multiplies you (and the cattle). There is nothing whatever like Him. He is the All-Hearing, the All-Seeing.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D42%3Averse%3D11">42:11</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Translated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ali_%C3%9Cnal" title="Ali Ünal">Ali Ünal</a>)</cite></div></blockquote> The Qur'anic verse (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/42/11/">42:11</a>) emphasizes that there is no similarity whatsoever between the creator and his creation in essence, in attributes or in actions, and therefore, God is beyond all human concepts of him. So he has no mates and nothing is like him, nor does he beget, nor is he begotten. Nothing – neither matter, nor space, nor time – can restrict or contain him. And this is why his Attributes – his hearing, seeing, knowledge, will, power, creating, and so on – are also beyond anything we can conceive.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The same sentiment is expressed in the Qur'anic verse (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/6/103/">6:103</a>) which states:<a href="#cite_note-The_Miraculous_Quran-52">[52]</a> "Vision perceives/comprehends Him not, and He perceives/comprehends (evaluates) all vision." In some interpretations, this verse also asserts that the senses and intellects cannot fully comprehend God.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Likewise, the Qur'an also says: "whereas they cannot comprehend Him with their knowledge."[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D20%3Averse%3D110">20:110</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Translated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ali_%C3%9Cnal" title="Ali Ünal">Ali Ünal</a>)] The <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> jurist and theologian, <a href="/wiki/Al-Tahawi" title="Al-Tahawi">al-Tahawi</a> (d. 321/933), wrote in his treatise on theology, commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Al-%27Aqida_al-Tahawiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-'Aqida al-Tahawiyya">al-'Aqida al-Tahawiyya</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Mohammad_Ibrahim_Teymori-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abu_Amina_Elias-19">[19]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"Whoever describes Allah even with a single human quality/attribute, has disbelieved/<a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">blasphemed</a>. So whoever understands this, will take heed and refrain from such statements as those of disbelievers, and knows that Allah in His attributes is utterly unlike human beings."</blockquote> Al-Tahawi also stated that:<a href="#cite_note-Mohammad_Ibrahim_Teymori-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abu_Amina_Elias-19">[19]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"He is exalted/transcendent beyond having limits, ends, organs, limbs and parts (literally: tools). The six directions do not encompass/contain Him like the rest of created things."</blockquote> The six directions are: above, below, right, left, front and back. The above statement of al-Tahawi refutes the <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphist">anthropomorphist</a>'s dogmas that imagine Allah has a physical body and human form, and being occupied in a place, direction or trajectory.<a href="#cite_note-Mohammad_Ibrahim_Teymori-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creator">Creator</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Islam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Creator">edit</a>]</div> According to the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, God is the creator of the worlds and all the creatures therein. He has created everything in the worlds in accordance with a definite plan and for a particular purpose. There is no shortcoming or defect of any sort in any of his creations.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The Qur'an confirms this in the following verses: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">God is the Creator of all things, and He is the Guardian (with power of disposition) over all things.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D39%3Averse%3D62">39:62</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Translated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ali_%C3%9Cnal" title="Ali Ünal">Ali Ünal</a>)</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Surely, We have created each and every thing by (precise) measure.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D54%3Averse%3D49">54:49</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Translated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ali_%C3%9Cnal" title="Ali Ünal">Ali Ünal</a>)</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Do those who disbelieve ever consider that the heavens and the earth were at first one piece, and then We parted them as separate entities; and that We have made every living thing from water? Will they still not come to believe?<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D21%3Averse%3D30">21:30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Translated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ali_%C3%9Cnal" title="Ali Ünal">Ali Ünal</a>)</cite></div></blockquote> The Qur'an also says in verse (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/25/2/">25:2</a>): "and He has created everything and designed it in a perfect measure (and ordained its destiny in a precise manner)." And in another verse (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/25/59/">25:59</a>) it is emphasized: "It is He who created the heavens and the earth, and all that is between them." The Qur'an states that God is the <a href="/wiki/Rabb" title="Rabb">Rabb</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-%27Alamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-'Alamin">al-'Alamin</a>. When referring to God, the Arabic term "Rabb" is usually translated as "Lord" and can include all of the following meanings:<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> "owner, master, ruler, controller, creator, upbringer, trainer, sustainer, nourisher, cherisher, provider, protector, guardian and caretaker." The same term, Rabb, is used in a limited sense for humans as in the "head" of the family, "master" of the house, or "owner" of the land or cattle. The Arabic word "al-'Alamin" can be translated as the "Worlds" or "Universes".<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> There are many worlds, astronomical and physical worlds, worlds of thought, spiritual worlds, everything in existence including angels, jinn, devils, humans, animals, plants, and so on.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The "Worlds" may also be taken to refer to different domains or kingdoms within this earthly world, or other worlds beyond this earth. Thus, the Qur'anic expression Rabb al-'Alamin really means the "Creator of the Worlds",<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> the "Ruler of the Universes",<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> the "Creator and Sustainer of all the peoples and Universes".<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mercy">Mercy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Islam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mercy">edit</a>]</div> The most commonly used names in the primary sources are <a href="/wiki/R-%E1%B8%A4-M" title="R-Ḥ-M">Al-Rahman</a>, meaning "Most Compassionate" and Al-Rahim, meaning "Most Merciful".<a href="#cite_note-Bentley2-67">[67]</a> The former compasses the whole creation, therefore applying to God's mercy in that it gives every necessary condition to make life possible. The latter applies to God's mercy in that it gives favor for good deeds. Thus Al-Rahman includes both the believers and the unbelievers, but Al-Rahim only the believers.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> God is said to love forgiving, with a hadith stating God would replace a sinless people with one who sinned but still asked repentance.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> God's mercy, according to Islamic theology, is what gets a person into paradise. According to a hadith in <a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih Al Bukhari</a> "No one's deeds will ever admit him to Paradise." They said, "Not even you, O Messenger of Allah?" He said, "No, not even me unless Allah showers me with His Mercy. So try to be near to perfection. And no one should wish for death; he is either doing good so he will do more of that, or he is doing wrong so he may repent."<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Omniscience">Omniscience</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Islam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Omniscience">edit</a>]</div> God's <a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscience</a> is the knowledge of all things,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> whether they are actual or possible or whether they are past, present, or future. It also includes his knowledge of people, places, events, circumstances, etc. God has full knowledge of everything, everywhere, always and from eternity past, and he is fully aware of whatever one thinks, intends, and does, and the reins of all things and events are in his power. He knows whatever happens in the universe, down to the fall of a leaf, and he knows all the deeds, thoughts, and intentions of humankind. His appointed <a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">angels</a> record these, and people will be called to account for these acts in the other world.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> His knowledge is eternal in the sense of being timeless, i.e., atemporal. So, since God's knowledge is eternal and unchanging, it is likewise self‐existent and infinite. It is self‐existent in that it is not dependent on anything, not even <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>, God (<a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>) is omniscient; he eternally knows whatever comes into being, be it universal or particular in character. He has known all things from before the creation of the world. His knowledge of things before their coming into existence and afterwards is exactly the same. Hence, there is no discovery or surprise with God. <a href="/wiki/Muslim_theologians" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim theologians">Muslim theologians</a> therefore considered that "omniscience" is a necessary and "ignorance" is an impossible property for God. Various Qur'anic verses designate this basic intuition, such as: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/3/5/">3:5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/6/59/">6:59</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/65/12/">65:12</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/24/35/">24:35</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_creation">Relationship with creation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Islam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Relationship with creation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Islamic holy books</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quranic_createdness" title="Quranic createdness">Quranic createdness</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Salat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">Salat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taqwa" title="Taqwa">Taqwa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a></div> Muslims believe that God is the sole source of all creation, and that everything, including its creatures, are just a derivative reality created out of love and mercy by God's command,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Kun_(Islamic_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kun (Islamic term)">..."Be," and it is."</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> and that the <a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">purpose of existence</a> is to <a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">worship</a> or to know God.<a href="#cite_note-patheos1-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The Qur'an states that God is transcendent over his creation.<a href="#cite_note-:1-80">[80]</a> It is believed that God created everything for a divine purpose; the universe governed by fixed laws that ensure the harmonious working of all things. Everything within the universe, including inanimate objects, praises God, and is in this sense understood as a Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-81">[81]</a> Humans and jinn have to live voluntarily in accordance with these laws to find peace and reproduce God's benevolence in their own society to live in accordance with the nature of all things, known as surrender to God in the Islamic sense.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> As in the other <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>, God is believed to be the creator of the universe.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-78">[78]</a> Unique to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, there are no intermediaries between God and people.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-78">[78]</a> God is not part of the universe (i.e. there is no incarnation of God, no "Son of God", etc.) but a power behind all aspects of the universe, only knowable through his creation, signs in nature, metaphorical stories of the prophets, and communicating with his creation via <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelations</a> given to <a href="/wiki/Prophets_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets in Islam">prophets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> in particular is believed by <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> to be the verbatim word of God as revealed to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> are the records of Muhammad's sayings and example, and <a href="/wiki/Hadith#Hadith_Qudsi" title="Hadith">Hadith Qudsi</a> is a sub-category of hadith, which Muslims regard as the words of God repeated by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Al-Sharif_al-Jurjani" title="Al-Sharif al-Jurjani">al-Sharif al-Jurjani</a> (d. 816/1413), the <a href="/wiki/Hadith_Qudsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith Qudsi">Hadith Qudsi</a> differ from the Qur'an in that the former are "expressed in Muhammad's words", whereas the latter are the "direct words of God".<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Thus, Muslims address/contact God directly in their prayers, <a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">supplications</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">dhikr</a>, and also seek <a href="/wiki/Istighfar" title="Istighfar">forgiveness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Islam" title="Repentance in Islam">repentance</a> from sins directly from God, as the Qur'an states: "And when (O Messenger) My servants ask you about Me, then surely I am near: I answer the prayer of the suppliant when he prays to Me."[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D2%3Averse%3D186">2:186</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Translated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ali_%C3%9Cnal" title="Ali Ünal">Ali Ünal</a>)] Therefore, according to this verse, God answers all the prayers done sincerely. However, he answers sometimes by giving whatever is asked for, sometimes by giving what is better, sometimes by postponing giving to the afterlife, and sometimes by not giving at all, since it will not turn out in favor of the one who prays. The way that God answers a prayer depends on his wisdom.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Bukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Bukhari">Al-Bukhari</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Ṣaḥīḥ Bukhārī</a>, narrates a <a href="/wiki/Hadith_qudsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith qudsi">hadith qudsi</a> that God says, "I am as My servant thinks (expects) I am."<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufis</a> claim union with God, it is not that they become one in essence, rather the will of the Sufi is fully congruent to God.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The Sufis are in fact careful to say, no matter what degree of union is realized, "the slave remains the slave, and the Lord remains the Lord".<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The Qur'an affirms that God does not stand in need of anything outside him, and nothing external to him can affect or influence him in any way. All his creatures are responsible to him and dependent on him. There is no other being to whom he can be responsible or on whom he can be dependent.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> He has the right to do whatever he wants with his possessions/creatures – it is under God's own total sovereignty. Accordingly, he is not answerable for his actions, due to his wisdom and justice, greatness and uniqueness of <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">Divinity</a>, while all others (jinn, humans, or false deities)<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> are accountable for what they do (and don't do), as God says in the Qur'an:<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> "He shall not be questioned about what He does, but they shall be questioned."[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D21%3Averse%3D23">21:23</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Translated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aal_al-Bayt_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute">Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute</a>)] While the existence of the creation is dependent, contingent, temporal, and received from beyond itself, the existence or reality of God is eternal, independent, self-sufficient, and self-existent being who needs no other being for his existence, and consequently exists by and through himself alone. The divine name <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Samad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Samad (page does not exist)">al-Samad</a> (the supremely independent, self-sufficient being endowed with all the attributes of perfection to which all else turns in need for existence, life, guidance, help, forgiveness, etc.) implies that there is a blessed linkage between the creator and his creation where the one creator will sustain the creation by looking after it. This relationship also signifies that since God is the sustainer, he is in need of nothing, and even as he gives, nothing is diminished from his treasury.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Many Muslim communities emphasize the "transcendence of God" over local traditions and "allow...little room for <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">mythological</a> stories", although tales about <a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">jinn</a> exist in all of them.<a href="#cite_note-:1-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_theories">Creation theories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Islam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Creation theories">edit</a>]</div> Muslim theologians and philosophers, with only a few exceptions, agree that God is the origin of the cosmos' existence. However, there is disagreement about how God creates the cosmos and what types of causalities exist. There are three competing models. Most philosophers adhered to a <a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">theory of emanation</a> (fayaḍān).<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Most Theologians preferred <a href="/wiki/Occasionalism" title="Occasionalism">occasionalism</a> (iḥdāth). The third theory, often represented in Islamic mysticism, understands the world as the manifestation of a <a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">single reality</a> (maẓhir).<a href="#cite_note-plato.stanford.edu-96">[96]</a> The emanation theory states that 1) the universe has emanated from God since eternity 2) there is a causal mediation between the lower and the higher things (i.e. the lower things do not come directly from God, but from the higher things). God is considered the only necessary existence, the rest of creation as <a href="/wiki/Contingency_(philosophy)" title="Contingency (philosophy)">contingent</a>. Since God is described as "knowing" and "perfect," God must know Himself perfectly and know that He is the cause of all existence. But in order to have perfect knowledge of a cause, one must also know the effect of the cause. Therefore, God knows every form of existence in past, future, and present. Based on the model of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Sina">ibn Sina</a>, God knows about the existence of x because of x, whereas humans know about a thing x from another thing x'. Therefore, God would create the universe in eternity. To further support this argument, emanationists point out against Creation ex Nihilo, that, if God were to decide to create the universe at a certain point in time, God would have a change of mind, affected by something external. Since God is the source of everything, something external could not have affected God.<a href="#cite_note-plato.stanford.edu-96">[96]</a> Theologians found the emanation theory to be unconvincing, because the theory equates God to much with nature, by that, restricting God's freedom. Instead, they propose, God created the world from nothing at a certain point t in time. In response to the emanationists' objection, that for Creation ex Nihilo, a change in the will of God would be required, <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a> explains that God has willed from all eternity, to create the world at a certain time t. Additionally, God would not only have created the universe at a time t, but also continues to create the universe in any following moment. A variant of the theory of the manifestation of a single reality can be found particularly in <a href="/wiki/Mulla_Sadra" title="Mulla Sadra">Mulla Sadra</a>, who was inspired by Muhyī d-Dīn Ibn ʿArabī. According to Mulla Ṣadra, only God is eternal and perfect, the universe, including its inhabitants, is constantly changing. Because of that, everything is in a constant process of growth and decay. The prophets and the angels were also integrated into this universalistic understanding of God. According to Heydar Amuli, who also builds on Ibn Arabi's metaphysics, the angels are the representatives of God's beautiful names (and devils of the imperious names of God).<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eternity">Eternity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Islam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Eternity">edit</a>]</div> Islam asserts that God is eternal (qadim) and thus timeless. Islamic theology defines time as the subsequent change of things, making a contradiction between an originated "world" (dunya) which is subject to change, and God, who is without change.<a href="#cite_note-auto-98">[98]</a> Ghazali explains in his response to the question "what was God doing before creation?" that time does not coexist with God or the world. A contemporary of ibn Hanbal asserts an even more strict position, claiming that God transcends time, thus it cannot be said that God is "before things" or "the first cause".<a href="#cite_note-auto-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concepts_in_Islamic_theology">Concepts in Islamic theology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Islam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Concepts in Islamic theology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunnis">Sunnis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Islam&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sunnis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sunnis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnis">Sunnis</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Atharis">Atharis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Islam&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Atharis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_theology_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist theology (Islam)">Traditionalist theology (Islam)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a></div> For <a href="/wiki/Atharis" class="mw-redirect" title="Atharis">Atharis</a> the names and attributes of God are to be understood with the formula of <a href="/wiki/Bila_kayfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bila kayfa">bila kayfa</a> (lit. "without how", i.e., "without modality",<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> "without further enquiry"<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> or "without further specifying their manner or modality"),<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> which is to unquestioningly accept the Divine attributes of God without <a href="/wiki/Ta%27wil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'wil">ta'wil</a> (allegorical interpretation), or <a href="/wiki/Ta%27til" title="Ta'til">ta'til</a> (lit. "suspension", i.e., "divesting God of His attributes"), or <a href="/wiki/Tashbih" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashbih">tashbih</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immanence" title="Immanence">immanence</a> or comparison, which is to believe that God resembles his creations, or attributing the attributes of human beings to God).<a href="#cite_note-Zulfiqar_Ali_Shah-104">[104]</a> Any anthropomorphic expressions of these names and attributes is negated using the admission that their meanings can never be known. The meaning is left to the knowledge of God himself, and they simply say that the meaning is as befits his majesty and perfection. This method of <a href="/wiki/Tafwid" title="Tafwid">tafwid</a> is that of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a> (eponymous founder of Atharism), <a href="/wiki/Al-Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ash'ari">al-Ash'ari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qudama" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Qudama">Ibn Qudama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aaron_Spevack-105">[105]</a> Usually Atharis are vehemently opposed to engaging in ta'wil (allegorical interpretations) and reject <a href="/wiki/Batin_(Islam)" title="Batin (Islam)">batin</a> (inner meaning) or hidden/esoteric (<a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a>) interpretations of the Qur'an and God's divine attributes.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In maintaining that one is not permitted to interpret the meaning of the Qur'anic verses or the Prophetic traditions that mention various attributes of God, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qudama" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Qudama">Ibn Qudama</a> (d. 620/1223) in his work <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lum%27at_al-I%27tiqad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lum'at al-I'tiqad (page does not exist)">Lum'at al-I'tiqad</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF" class="extiw" title="ar:لمعة الاعتقاد">ar</a>] ("The Luminance of Creed") is endorsing the principle of bila kayfa ('without [asking or knowing] how') in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theology">Islamic theology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> According to this principle, one has to accept the sacred text as it is, indissolubly linked with <a href="/wiki/Tanzih" title="Tanzih">tanzih</a> (God's incomparability and transcendence), without trying to interpret its meaning. In other words, one must accept the sacred texts that refer to God without positively ascribing corporeal features to him.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jawzi" title="Ibn al-Jawzi">Ibn al-Jawzi</a> (d. 597/1201) took the question of people associating anthropomorphism with <a href="/wiki/Hanbalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbalism">Hanbalism</a> so seriously that he wrote a book, <a href="/wiki/Daf%27_Shubah_al-Tashbih_bi-Akaff_al-Tanzih" class="mw-redirect" title="Daf' Shubah al-Tashbih bi-Akaff al-Tanzih">Daf' Shubah al-Tashbih bi-Akaff al-Tanzih</a> ("Rebuttal of the Insinuations of Anthropomorphism at the Hands of Divine Transcendence"), with the aim of refuting anthropomorphic views and arguing that Ahmad ibn Hanbal was not an anthropomorphist.<a href="#cite_note-110">[Note 1]</a> According to him, such words whose meanings could give the impression that God resembles his creations should not be understood literally, such as God's face, hands, eyes, and the like.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> Another book was written by the Shafi'i scholar, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taqi_al-Din_al-Hisni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taqi al-Din al-Hisni (page does not exist)">Taqi al-Din al-Hisni</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:تقي الدين الحصني">ar</a>] (d. 829/1426), titled <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daf%27_Shubah_man_Shabbaha_wa_Tamarrad_wa_Nasaba_dhalik_ila_al-Sayyid_al-Jalil_al-Imam_Ahmad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daf' Shubah man Shabbaha wa Tamarrad wa Nasaba dhalik ila al-Sayyid al-Jalil al-Imam Ahmad (page does not exist)">Daf' Shubah man Shabbaha wa Tamarrad wa Nasaba dhalik ila al-Sayyid al-Jalil al-Imam Ahmad</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%B9_%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87_%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8_%D8%B0%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_(%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8)" class="extiw" title="ar:دفع شبه من شبه وتمرد ونسب ذلك إلى السيد الجليل الإمام أحمد (كتاب)">ar</a>] ("Rebuttal of the Insinuations of him who makes Anthropomorphisms and Rebels, and Ascribes that to the Noble Master Imam Ahmad"), defending Ahmad ibn Hanbal against the innovated beliefs later ascribed to him by Ibn Taymiyya and those who claimed to follow his school.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a> (d. 774/1373) appears to offer a definition similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Al-Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ash'ari">al-Ash'ari</a> (d. 324/936) when he discusses <a href="/wiki/Tafwid" title="Tafwid">tafwid</a> in his exegesis of the Qur'anic verse (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/7/54/">7:54</a>) pertaining to God's istiwa'. He states:<a href="#cite_note-Aaron_Spevack-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">People have said a great deal on this topic, and this is not the place to expound on what they have said. On this matter, we follow the good ancestors (i.e., the way of the earliest Muslims, dubbed the pious ancestors, in Arabic, <a href="/wiki/Al-salaf_al-salih" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-salaf al-salih">al-salaf al-salih</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[Note 2]</a>): <a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas" title="Malik ibn Anas">Malik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Awza%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Awza'i">al-Awza'i</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Thawri" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Thawri">al-Thawri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Layth_ibn_Sa%27d" title="Al-Layth ibn Sa'd">al-Layth ibn Sa'd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i" title="Al-Shafi'i">al-Shafi'i</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishaq_ibn_Rahwayh" title="Ishaq ibn Rahwayh">Ishaq ibn Rahwayh</a>, and others among the imams of the Muslims, both ancient and modern—that is: to let it (the verse in question) pass as it has come, without saying how it is meant (<a href="/wiki/Bila_Kayf" title="Bila Kayf">min ghayr takyif</a>), without likening it to created things (wa la <a href="/wiki/Tashbih" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashbih">tashbih</a>), and without nullifying it (wa la <a href="/wiki/Ta%27til" title="Ta'til">ta'til</a>). The external, literal meaning (<a href="/wiki/Zahir_(Islam)" title="Zahir (Islam)">zahir</a>)<a href="#cite_note-118">[Note 3]</a> that occurs to the minds of <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphists">anthropomorphists</a> (al-mushabbihīn) is negated of Allah, for nothing from his creation resembles him: "There is nothing whatsoever like unto Him, and He is the All-Hearing, the All-Seeing" [Qur'an 42:11].</blockquote> Here Ibn Kathir is diverting the meaning of the text from its apparent meaning, and implicitly affirming that one valid definition of the term zahir is its literal linguistic meaning, which is anthropomorphic. Nevertheless, some modern followers of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a> claim that bi lā takyīf would only mean tafwid of modality but not of meaning (ma'na), but <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'aris</a>/<a href="/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">Maturidis</a> assert that modality (kayfiyya) is a part of meaning, and without detailing which aspect of meaning remains after de-anthropomorphizing a term, one ends up with tafwid. In addition to that the imams of the salaf (the righteous early generations of Muslims) used to say bila kayf (without how or modality at all). On the other hand, both Ibn Taymiyya (d. 728/1328) and his student <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Qayyim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Qayyim">Ibn al-Qayyim</a> (d. 751/1350) argued that the anthropomorphic references to God, such as God's hands or face, are to be understood literally and affirmatively according to their apparent meanings.<a href="#cite_note-Aaron_Spevack-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carl_Sharif-120">[117]</a> In their footsteps and following them come the <a href="/wiki/Salafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi">Salafi</a> groups of modern times such as the followers of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_%27Abd_al-Wahhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab</a> (d. 1201/1787) who closely follow Ibn Taymiyya's approach regarding the Divine names and attributes.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> The doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[Note 4]</a> that Ibn Taymiyya derives from his traditionalist sources consists in describing God as he describes himself and as his messenger describes him, neither stripping the attributes away (ta'til) in the fashion of <a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">kalam</a> (rational or speculative theology), nor likening (tamthil) them to the attributes of creatures because there is nothing like God [Q. 42:11]. For Ibn Taymiyya, this means that the Salaf knew the meanings of the Divine attributes, and they do not merely delegate them to God. However, certain formulaic statements attributed to them do not appear to support his position unequivocally. Ibn Taymiyya notes that al-Awza'i (d. 157/774), <a href="/wiki/Sufyan_al-Thawri" title="Sufyan al-Thawri">Sufyan al-Thawri</a> (d. 161/778), and others said concerning the attributes, "Let them pass by as they came", and "Let them pass by as they came, without how". He explains that letting the attributes pass by (imrār) means leaving them intact and not stripping away their meanings, while affirming the attributes "without how" or "without modality" (bi-lā kayf) means not assimilating them to the attributes of creatures. With this, Ibn Taymiyya holds affirmation of the meanings of God's attributes together with denial of their likeness to creatures in a double perspective by drawing a distinction between the known meanings of the attributes and their inscrutable modalities.<a href="#cite_note-Ayman_Shihadeh-125">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carl_Sharif-120">[117]</a> Ibn Taymiyya does not clarify how modality (kayfiyya) and meaning (ma'na) relate to each other semantically. Rather, he deploys the two terms in tandem to maintain the seemingly paradoxical conviction that God is completely different and beyond human experience on the one hand while God's attributes do signify something real and meaningful in human language on the other. In denying knowledge of the modality and affirming knowledge of the meaning, Ibn Taymiyya does not resolve the paradox, nor even acknowledge it, but simply holds its two sides together in the conviction that this is the most faithful and rational set of beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-Ayman_Shihadeh-125">[121]</a> It is often assumed that the question of God's nature has occupied the minds of early Muslims, and as such Muhammad forbade them from thinking about it, as he said: "Think about God's bounties, but do not think about God's essence (dhat). Otherwise, you will vanish/perish." Accordingly, Muslims should not think about what God is, but about his attributes and his blessings granted to humanity, because God's essence (dhat) cannot be understood by the limited human capacity.<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> In this regard it has been mentioned in some narrations that are ascribed to Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d. 241/855),<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> it has been reported that he said:<a href="#cite_note-129">[Note 5]</a> "Whatever comes to your mind (i.e., regarding God and His nature), God is different than that."<a href="#cite_note-130">[125]</a> Or in the words: "God is completely different from whatever comes to your mind concerning Him." According to <a href="/wiki/Al-Shahrastani" title="Al-Shahrastani">al-Shahrastani</a> (d. 548/1154) in his <a href="/wiki/Al-Milal_wa_al-Nihal" title="Al-Milal wa al-Nihal">al-Milal wa al-Nihal</a> ("Religious Sects and Divisions"), Ahmad ibn Hanbal and <a href="/wiki/Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Dawud al-Zahiri">Dawud al-Zahiri</a> (d. 270/884) and a group of imams of the Salaf, they followed the way of the early traditionalists (<a href="/wiki/Ashab_al-hadith" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashab al-hadith">ashab al-hadith</a>), such as <a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas" title="Malik ibn Anas">Malik ibn Anas</a> (d. 179/795). They took a safe path, saying "We believe in whatever is reported from the Book and the Sunna, and we do not try to interpret it, knowing for certain that God does not resemble any created things, and that all the images we form of Him are created by Him and formed by Him". They avoided <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphism</a> (tashbih) to such an extent that they said that if a man moved his hand while reading the Qur'anic verse that speaks of God's creating <a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Adam</a> using his own "hands" [Q. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/38/75/">38:75</a>]; or if he pointed with his two fingers while reporting the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>: "The heart of the believer is between the two fingers of <a href="/wiki/Al-Rahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Rahman">al-Rahman</a> (the Most Compassionate)", his hand must be cut off and the two fingers torn out.<a href="#cite_note-131">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a> These early scholars were often called the People of Tradition (<a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a>), or Salaf such as <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa" title="Abu Hanifa">Abu Hanifa</a>, Malik, <a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i" title="Al-Shafi'i">al-Shafi'i</a> and Ahmad ibn Hanbal. They left the verses of the Qur'an in question as well as the related hadiths simply as they were, accepting the poetical statements just as they occurred, without applying much reason either to criticize or expand upon them. Their position was that these ambiguous verses must be understood in light of the Qur'anic dictum that, "There is nothing whatever like Him" [Q. 42:11] hence negating all possibilities of anthropomorphism. At the same time, they used and maintained the same phrases or terminology implied by the Qur'an with regards to God such as God's face without looking further into their meaning or exegesis. And this is what is being referred to by use of their phrase bila kayfa wa la tashbih, meaning without inquiring how and without anthropomorphism or comparison.<a href="#cite_note-Zulfiqar_Ali_Shah-104">[104]</a> However, according to some scholars, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, like the other early Muslims, also gave some figurative interpretations (ta'wil) to scriptural expressions that might otherwise have been misinterpreted anthropomorphically, which is what neo-Salafis condemn the Ash'ari and Maturidi schools for doing. For example, Ibn Kathir reports that <a href="/wiki/Al-Bayhaqi" title="Al-Bayhaqi">al-Bayhaqi</a> (d. 458/1066) related from <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_al-Nishapuri" title="Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri">al-Hakim</a> (d. 405/1014), from Abu 'Amr ibn al-Sammak (d. 344/955), from Hanbal [ibn Ishaq al-Shaybani] (d. 273/886), the son of the brother of Ahmad ibn Hanbal's father, that "Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d. 241/855) figuratively interpreted the word of Allah Most High, ‘And your Lord comes...’ [Q. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/89/22/">89:22</a>], as meaning ‘His recompense (<a href="/wiki/Thawab" title="Thawab">thawab</a>) shall come’." Al-Bayhaqi then said, "This chain of narrators has absolutely nothing wrong in it".<a href="#cite_note-133">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a> (d. 456/1064) in his book <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Fasl_fi_al-Milal_wa_al-Ahwa%27_wa_al-Nihal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Fasl fi al-Milal wa al-Ahwa' wa al-Nihal (page does not exist)">al-Fasl fi al-Milal wa al-Ahwa' wa al-Nihal</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B5%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%84" class="extiw" title="ar:الفصل في الملل والأهواء والنحل">ar</a>] ("The Distinction Concerning Religions, Heresies, and Sects") said also that Ahmad ibn Hanbal figuratively interpreted ‘And your Lord comes...’ [Q. 89:22], but as meaning "And your Lord's command/decree has come."<a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a> Among the most significant Athari theological works are: <ul><li>Lawami' al-Anwar al-Bahiyya wa Sawati' al-Asrar al-Athariyya by <a href="/wiki/Al-Saffarini" title="Al-Saffarini">Al-Saffarini</a> (d. 1188/1774).</li> <li>Bahjat al-Nazirin wa Ayat al-Mustadillin (The Delight of Onlookers and the Signs for Investigators) by <a href="/wiki/Mar%27i_al-Karmi" title="Mar'i al-Karmi">Mar'i al-Karmi</a> (d. 1033/1624), on <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a> and the affairs of the Last Judgment and the Afterlife.<a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ash'aris_and_Maturidis">Ash'aris and Maturidis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Islam&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ash'aris and Maturidis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Ra%27y" title="Ahl al-Ra'y">Ahl al-Ra'y</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Guiding_Creed_by_Ibn_Tumart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_Guiding_Creed_by_Ibn_Tumart.jpg/250px-The_Guiding_Creed_by_Ibn_Tumart.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_Guiding_Creed_by_Ibn_Tumart.jpg/375px-The_Guiding_Creed_by_Ibn_Tumart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_Guiding_Creed_by_Ibn_Tumart.jpg/500px-The_Guiding_Creed_by_Ibn_Tumart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>A rock carved with the text of "<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AF%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:العقيدة المرشدة">al-'Aqida al-Murshida</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.a7bash.com/kutub/GuidingCreedArabEng.pdf">the Guiding Creed</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tumart" title="Ibn Tumart">Ibn Tumart</a> (d. 524/1130) — the student of <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a> (d. 505/ 1111) and the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohad dynasty">Almohad dynasty</a> — praised and approved by <a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AE%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="ar:فخر الدين بن عساكر">Fakhr al-Din Ibn 'Asakir</a> (d. 620/1223), located at al-Salah Islamic secondary school in <a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a>, Lebanon.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ash%27aris" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'aris">Ash'aris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maturidis" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidis">Maturidis</a> are in agreement that God's attributes are <a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">eternal</a> and are to be held to be metaphorically.<a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a> References to <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">anthropomorphic</a> attributes can probably not be understood correctly by humans.<a href="#cite_note-reference-137">[132]</a> Although God's existence is considered to be possibly known by reason, human mind can not fully understand God's attributes. Ash'ari and Maturidi scholars have two positions regarding the <a href="/wiki/Mutashabihat" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutashabihat">Mutashabihat</a> texts (ambiguous passages in the Qur'an and Hadith) related to God's attributes:<a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tafwid" title="Tafwid">Tafwid</a> (affirming the attributes of God, but consigning/entrusting both their meaning and modality to God, or in other words, leaving the interpretation of anthropomorphic expressions to God) and <a href="/wiki/Ta%27wil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'wil">Ta'wil</a> (metaphorical interpretation). The two positions disregard the literal meaning of the texts due to the definitive evidences denoting the transcendence of God above the attributes of his created beings as per his words: "There is nothing whatever like Him."[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D42%3Averse%3D11">42:11</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Translated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ali_%C3%9Cnal" title="Ali Ünal">Ali Ünal</a>)] and "And comparable to Him there is none."[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D112%3Averse%3D4">112:4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Translated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ali_%C3%9Cnal" title="Ali Ünal">Ali Ünal</a>)] For example, when believers in <a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">paradise</a> see God, they do not see God in the way humans are able to see on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-reference-137">[132]</a> Ash'aris and Maturidis asserts, since God is the creator of everything that exists and creation neither affects nor alters God, the <a href="/wiki/Throne_of_God" title="Throne of God">Throne of God</a> is not a dwelling place for God.<a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi">Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi</a> (d. 429/1037) in his <a href="/wiki/Al-Farq_bayn_al-Firaq" title="Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq">al-Farq bayn al-Firaq</a> (The Difference between the Sects) reports that <a href="/wiki/%27Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="'Ali ibn Abi Talib">'Ali ibn Abi Talib</a>, the fourth Caliph, said: "<a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> created the Throne as an indication of His power, not for taking it as a place for Himself."<a href="#cite_note-140">[135]</a> Accordingly, expressions such as God's istiwa' on the Throne means by ta'wil or figurative interpretation, exercise of his power upon the universe, this denotes his assumption of authority of his created world, the throne being a symbol of authority and dominion, while in tafwid, they just say: Allahu A'lam (God knows best), together with their understanding of <a href="/wiki/Tanzih" title="Tanzih">Tanzih</a> (God's incomparability and transcendence), which means that his istiwa' upon the throne, in the manner which he himself has described, and in that same sense which he himself means, which is far removed from any notion of contact, or resting upon, or local situation. It is impermissible to say that he established himself with a contact or a meeting with it. Because God is not subject to change, substitution, nor limits, whether before or after the creation of the throne.<a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a> Ash'aris and Maturidis are in general agreement that God is free from all imperfections and flaws. He has Divine attributes. Divine attributes are characteristics or qualities that God alone possesses. The Divine attributes are classified into: negative and positive. By the "Negative Attribute" they mean the negation of the negative, i.e. negation of imperfection. Among the most important are the following:<a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a> <ul><li>The negative divine attributes are of two kinds; firstly those which are meant to deny all imperfections in God's Being, e.g., that he has no equal and no rival, no parents and no children; secondly those which indicate his beyondness, e.g., that he is not body or physical, is neither substance nor attribute, is not space or spatial, is not limited or finite, has neither dimensions nor relations, i.e., he is above the application of our categories of thought.</li> <li>The positive divine attributes are such as life, knowledge, power, will, hearing, seeing, and speaking.<a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a></li></ul> The Ash'ari and Maturidi scholars emphasise that the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> expresses that God does not need any of his creation as he is perfect.<a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a> He is immutable (does not change), self-subsisting and self-sufficient, without figure, form, colour or parts. His existence has neither beginning nor end. He is not a body composed of substances or elements. He is not an accident inherent in a body or dwelling in a place.<a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a> He is unique, unlike anything in his creation. He is <a href="/wiki/Ineffable" class="mw-redirect" title="Ineffable">ineffable</a>, beyond human understanding, comprehension and therefore human description,<a href="#cite_note-146">[141]</a> as per his words: "There is nothing whatever like Him."[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D42%3Averse%3D11">42:11</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Translated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ali_%C3%9Cnal" title="Ali Ünal">Ali Ünal</a>)] He is <a href="/wiki/Omnitemporal" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnitemporal">omnitemporal</a> in the way that he is <a href="/wiki/Omnipresent" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnipresent">omnipresent</a>, as per his words: "And He is with you, wherever you may be."[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D57%3Averse%3D4">57:4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Translated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ali_%C3%9Cnal" title="Ali Ünal">Ali Ünal</a>)] He is everywhere by his knowledge and power, and nowhere, without being in a place, direction or location, because He existed eternally before all the creations (including time and space) and is clear from change. He is always in the present, yet transcends time. God is not within time; time is one of his creations and does not affect him, so for him there is no past, present and future. The Hanafi-<a href="/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">Maturidi</a> scholar, <a href="/wiki/%27Ali_al-Qari" class="mw-redirect" title="'Ali al-Qari">'Ali al-Qari</a> (d. 1014/1606) in his Sharh <a href="/wiki/Al-Fiqh_al-Akbar" title="Al-Fiqh al-Akbar">al-Fiqh al-Akbar</a> states: "<a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> the Exalted is not in any place or space, nor is He subject to time, because both time and space are amongst His creations. He the Exalted was present in pre-existence and there was nothing of the creation with Him".<a href="#cite_note-Mohammad_Ibrahim_Teymori-58">[58]</a> Thus, according to Maturidis and Ash'aris, God is beyond time and space, and is <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infinity" title="Infinity">infinite</a> (not limited) and <a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">eternal</a>, without beginning or end, as per his words: "He is the First, the Last, the All-Outward, and the All-Inward."[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D57%3Averse%3D3">57:3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Translated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ali_%C3%9Cnal" title="Ali Ünal">Ali Ünal</a>)] A hadith mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Sahih_Muslim" title="Sahih Muslim">Sahih Muslim</a> explains this part of the verse as follows:<a href="#cite_note-147">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">O <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>, You are the First, there is none that precedes You. You are the Last, there is none that will outlive You. You are al-Zahir (the Manifest or the Most High), and there is nothing above You. You are al-Batin (the Hidden or the Most Near), and there is nothing below You (or nearer than You).</blockquote> At the same time, he is near to everything that has being; nay, he is nearer to men than their jugular veins (this is alluded to in the verse <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/50/16/">50:16</a>), and is witness to everything —though his nearness is not like the nearness of bodies, as neither is his essence like the essence of bodies. Neither does he exist in anything or does anything exist in him; but he is beyond space and time; for he is the creator of space and time, and was before space and time were created, and is now after the same manner as He always was (i.e., without place nor time). He is also distinct from the creatures in his attributes, neither is there anything besides himself in his essence, nor is his essence in any other besides him. He is too holy to be subject to change or any local motion; neither do any accidents dwell in him, nor any contingencies before him; but he abides with his glorious attributes, free from all danger of dissolution. As to the attribute of perfection, he wants no addition. As to being, he is known to exist by the apprehension of the understanding; and he is seen as he is by immediate intuition, which will be vouchsafed out of his mercy and grace to the believers in the paradise, completing their joy by the vision of his glorious presence.<a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a> The possibility of seeing God in the afterlife became a pillar of the Ash'ari and the Maturidi schools. <a href="/wiki/Al-Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ash'ari">Al-Ash'ari</a> holds that God will be seen in the next world by sight. <a href="/wiki/Al-Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maturidi">Al-Maturidi</a> also accepts the visibility of God, however his explanation is qualified: people will see God in way that it is incomprehensible to humans in this life and is not like the normal sight that we use to sense light and distance. <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a> promised that people would enjoy the pleasure of looking on God's noble face.<a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a> Ash'aris and Maturidis insisted on the reality of that vision even if they admitted their inability to fully explain how it will happen. According to them, God can be seen even if he cannot be perceived through vision. Al-Ghazali in his <a href="/wiki/Al-Iqtisad_fi_al-I%27tiqad" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Iqtisad fi al-I'tiqad">al-Iqtisad fi al-I'tiqad</a> (Moderation in Belief) explains the Ash'ari position that God will be seen in the afterlife despite the fact that he has no physical body, nor any location or direction.<a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazilis">Mu'tazilis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shi%27is" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'is">Shi'is</a> deny that God can be seen for the simple reason that visibility, as man understands it requires the object of vision to be in place and this is inconceivable in reference to God. Ash'aris and Maturidis agree with this proposition, but only if they are talking of vision here on Earth and within the physical laws applicable here. However, if it is going to happen somewhere else and under a different set of laws, visibility is possible, for whatever exists can be seen under proper conditions.<a href="#cite_note-152">[147]</a> Ash'aris and Maturidis <a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">unanimously agree</a> that it is only in the <a href="/wiki/Akhirah" title="Akhirah">Hereafter</a> that God will be seen. Among the evidences that have been used by them in establishing the permissibility of seeing God are the following: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">22. Some faces on that Day will be radiant (with contentment), 23. Looking up toward their Lord.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>translated by <a href="/wiki/Ali_%C3%9Cnal" title="Ali Ünal">Ali Ünal</a>, Quran, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qiyama" title="Al-Qiyama">Al-Qiyama</a> 75:22-23<a href="#cite_note-153">[148]</a></cite></div></blockquote><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">For those who do good is the greatest good, and even more.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>translated by <a href="/wiki/Nureddin_Uzuno%C4%9Flu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nureddin Uzunoğlu">Nureddin Uzunoğlu</a>, Quran, <a href="/wiki/Yunus_(surah)" title="Yunus (surah)">Yunus</a> 10:26</cite></div></blockquote> Goodness (or <a href="/wiki/Ihsan" title="Ihsan">ihsan</a>, husna) is to act in accordance with the wise commandments of God. Muhammad defined it as being a servant to God as though one saw him. The greatest good shall be for them (i.e., Paradise), and also "even more"; the delight of gazing upon the ineffable and blessed Countenance of God.<a href="#cite_note-154">[149]</a> It was narrated that <a href="/wiki/Suhayb_the_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Suhayb the Roman">Suhayb</a> said:<a href="#cite_note-155">[150]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"The Messenger of Allah recited this verse: 'For those who have done good is the best (reward) and even more.' Then he said: 'When the people of Paradise enter Paradise, and the people of the Fire enter the Fire, a caller will cry out: "O people of Paradise! You have a covenant with Allah and He wants to fulfill it." They will say: "What is it?" Has Allah not made the Balance (of our good deeds) heavy, and made our faces bright, and admitted us to Paradise and saved us from Hell?" Then the Veil will be lifted and they will look upon Him, and by Allah, Allah will not give them anything that is more beloved to them or delightful, than looking upon Him.'"<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Narrated by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Majah" title="Ibn Majah">Ibn Majah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Tirmidhi" title="Al-Tirmidhi">al-Tirmidhi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_ibn_al-Hajjaj" title="Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj">Muslim</a>.</cite></div></blockquote> During the lifetime of Muhammad some people asked:<a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"O Allah's Messenger! Shall we see our Lord on the Day of Resurrection?" The Prophet said: "Do you have any difficulty in seeing the moon on a full moon night?" They said: "No, O Allah's Messenger." He said: "Do you have any difficulty in seeing the sun when there are no clouds?" They said: "No, O Allah's Messenger." He said: "So verily, you would see Him like this (i.e., as easy as you see the sun and the moon in the world when it is clear)."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Narrated by <a href="/wiki/Al-Bukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Bukhari">Al-Bukhari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim_ibn_al-Hajjaj" title="Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj">Muslim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dawud_al-Sijistani" title="Abu Dawud al-Sijistani">Abu Dawud</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Majah" title="Ibn Majah">Ibn Majah</a>.</cite></div></blockquote> Muhammad said also in an <a href="/wiki/Authentic_hadith" class="mw-redirect" title="Authentic hadith">authentic hadith</a> mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sahih_Muslim" title="Sahih Muslim">Sahih Muslim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jami%27_al-Tirmidhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jami' al-Tirmidhi">Jami' al-Tirmidhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunan_Abi_Dawud" title="Sunan Abi Dawud">Sunan Abi Dawud</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sunan_ibn_Majah" title="Sunan ibn Majah">Sunan ibn Majah</a>: "Certainly, you will see your Rubb (on the Day of Resurrection) as you see this (full) moon, and you will have no difficulty (or trouble) in seeing Him."<a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[153]</a> In addition, the Qur'an also confirms in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/83/15/default.htm">83:15</a> that: "No! Indeed, from (the sight and mercy of) their Lord, that Day, they will be veiled/blocked (i.e., on the Day of Judgment, the disbelievers will not be able to see Him)."[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D83%3Averse%3D15">83:15</a>] Among the most significant Ash'ari-Maturidi theological works are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Tawhid_(Al-Maturidi)" title="Kitab al-Tawhid (Al-Maturidi)">Kitab al-Tawhid</a> by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Maturidi" title="Abu Mansur al-Maturidi">Abu Mansur al-Maturidi</a> (d. 333/944).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Insaf_fima_Yajib_I%27tiqaduh" title="Al-Insaf fima Yajib I'tiqaduh">Al-Insaf fima Yajib I'tiqaduh</a> by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baqillani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Bakr al-Baqillani">Abu Bakr al-Baqillani</a> (d. 403/1013).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_to_Conclusive_Proofs_for_the_Principles_of_Belief" title="A Guide to Conclusive Proofs for the Principles of Belief">A Guide to Conclusive Proofs for the Principles of Belief</a> by <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Ma%27ali_al-Juwayni" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Ma'ali al-Juwayni">Abu al-Ma'ali al-Juwayni</a> (d. 478/1085).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Moderation_in_Belief" title="The Moderation in Belief">The Moderation in Belief</a> by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamid_al-Ghazali" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hamid al-Ghazali">Abu Hamid al-Ghazali</a> (d. 505/1111).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabsirat_al-Adilla" title="Tabsirat al-Adilla">Tabsirat al-Adilla</a> by <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Mu%27in_al-Nasafi" title="Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi">Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi</a> (d. 508/1114).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asas_al-Taqdis" title="Asas al-Taqdis">Asas al-Taqdis</a> by <a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a> (d. 606/1209).</li> <li>The Commentaries on <a href="/wiki/Al-%27Aqida_al-Tahawiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-'Aqida al-Tahawiyya">Al-'Aqida al-Tahawiyya</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mu'tazilis">Mu'tazilis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Islam&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mu'tazilis">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muʿtazila">Mu'tazilis</a> reject the <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">anthropomorphic</a> attributes of God because an eternal being "must be unique" and attributes would make God comparable. The descriptions of God in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> are considered to be <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[154]</a> Nevertheless, the Muʿtazilites thought God contains oneness (tawhid) and justice. Other characteristics like knowledge are not attributed to God; rather they describe his essence. Otherwise eternal attributes of God would give rise to a multiplicity entities existing eternal besides God.<a href="#cite_note-160">[155]</a> Among the most significant Mu'tazili theological works are: <ul><li>Sharh al-Usul al-Khamsa (Explaining the Five Principles) by <a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_%27Abd_al-Jabbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar">al-Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar</a> (d. 415/1025).</li> <li>Al-Minhaj fi Usul al-Din (The Curriculum/Method in the Fundamentals of Religion) by <a href="/wiki/Al-Zamakhshari" title="Al-Zamakhshari">al-Zamakhshari</a> (d. 538/1144).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shi'is">Shi'is</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Islam&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Shi'is">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Shi%27is" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'is">Shi'is</a> agreed with the <a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazilis">Mu'tazilis</a> and deny that God will be seen with the physical eyes either in this world or in the next.<a href="#cite_note-161">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Isma'ilis">Isma'ilis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Islam&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Isma'ilis">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a>, God is absolutely transcendent and unknowable;<a href="#cite_note-164">[159]</a> beyond matter, energy, space, time, change, imaginings, intellect, positive as well as negative qualities. All attributes of God named in rituals, scriptures or prayers refers not to qualities God possesses, but to qualities emanated from God, thus these are the attributes God gave as the source of all qualities, but God does not consist on one of these qualities.<a href="#cite_note-165">[160]</a> One philosophical definition of the world Allah is " The Being Who concentrates in Himself all the attributes of perfection "<a href="#cite_note-:0-166">[161]</a> or "the Person Who is the Essential Being, and Who encompasses all the attributes of perfection".<a href="#cite_note-:0-166">[161]</a> Since God is beyond all wordings, Isma'ilism also denies the concept of God as the <a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">first cause</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismailism</a>, assigning attributes to God as well as negating any attributes from God (<a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">via negativa</a>) both qualify as <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphism</a> and are rejected, as God cannot be understood by either assigning attributes to him or taking attributes away from him. The 10th-century Ismaili philosopher <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_al-Sijistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani">Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani</a> suggested the method of double negation; for example: "God is not existent" followed by "God is not non-existent". This glorifies God from any understanding or human comprehension.<a href="#cite_note-168">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Twelvers">Twelvers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Islam&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Twelvers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Twelvers">Theology of Twelvers</a></div> The Twelver Shi'is believe that God has no shape, no physical hand, no physical leg, no physical body, no physical face. They believe God has no visible appearance. God does not change in time, nor does he occupy a physical place. Under no circumstances, the Shi'is argues, does God change. There is also no time frame regarding God. As support for their view, Shi'i scholars often point to the Qur'anic verse <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/6/103/default.htm">6:103</a> which states: "Eyes comprehend Him not, but He comprehends all eyes. He is the All-Subtle (penetrating everything no matter how small), the All-Aware." Thus one fundamental difference between <a href="/wiki/Sunnis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnis">Sunnis</a> and Shi'is that the former believes that followers will "see" their Lord on the Day of Resurrection, while the latter holds that God cannot be seen because he is beyond space and time.<a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_%27Abbas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn 'Abbas">Ibn 'Abbas</a> says that a <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">bedouin</a> once came to the Messenger of Allah and said, "O Messenger of Allah! Teach me of the most unusual of knowledge!" He asked him, "What have you done with the peak of knowledge so that you now ask about its most unusual things?!" The man asked him, "O Messenger of Allah! What is this peak of knowledge?!" He said, "It is knowing Allah as He deserves to be known." The bedouin then said, "And how can He be known as He ought to be?" The Messenger of Allah answered, "It is that you know Him as having no model, no peer, no antithesis, and that He is <a href="/wiki/Wahid" title="Wahid">Wahid</a> (One, Single) and <a href="/wiki/Ahad" title="Ahad">Ahad</a> (Unique, Absolutely One): Apparent yet Hidden, the First and the Last, having no peer nor a similitude; this is the true knowledge about Him."<a href="#cite_note-170">[165]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Baqir_al-Majlisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi">Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi</a>, "Knowing Allah", <a href="/wiki/Bihar_al-Anwar" title="Bihar al-Anwar">Bihar al-Anwar</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[166]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Among the most significant Shi'i theological works are: <ul><li>Kitab al-Tawhid (Book of Monotheism) by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Babawayh" title="Ibn Babawayh">Ibn Babawayh</a> – also known as al-Shaykh al-Saduq – (d. 381 H/991).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajrid_al-I%27tiqad" title="Tajrid al-I'tiqad">Tajrid al-I'tiqad</a> (Sublimation of Belief) by <a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a> (d. 672/1274).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sufism">Sufism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Islam&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sufism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Sufi metaphysics</a></div> The majority of <a href="/wiki/Sufis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufis">Sufis</a> adhere to the same beliefs and practices of orthodox theology of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a> both the <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">Maturidi</a> schools, the essential difference in theology being that Sufis believe Ma'iyyat Allah (God's presence, togetherness, companionship) – derived from the Qur'anic verse 4 in <a href="/wiki/Surat_al-Hadid" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat al-Hadid">Surat al-Hadid</a> which states: "and He is with you wheresoever you may be."[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D57%3Averse%3D4">57:4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Translated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nureddin_Uzuno%C4%9Flu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nureddin Uzunoğlu">Nureddin Uzunoğlu</a>)] – is not only by knowledge, comprehension and power, but also by nature and essence, which is God himself, being everywhere by presence. According to <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_%27Ajiba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba">Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba</a> (d. 1224/1809) in his <a href="/wiki/Al-Bahr_al-Madid" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Bahr al-Madid">al-Bahr al-Madid</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Al-Bahr_al-Madid_[Qur'an_57:4]-173">[168]</a> Ahl al-Batin (people of the inner knowledge who follow the <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Quran">esoteric interpretation</a>, i.e., the Sufis) have a <a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">consensus</a> on that God is everywhere by presence and essence (in all places at once with his entire being despite his spacelessness), but without Hulul (God's indwelling, fusion/infusion, incarnation in creation) and without Ittihad (God's identification, unification, union with creation),<a href="#cite_note-Al-Bahr_al-Madid_[Qur'an_67:16]-174">[169]</a> unlike Ahl al-Zahir (people of the outward observance; the uninitiated), who are unanimously agreed that God is <a href="/wiki/Omnipresent" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnipresent">omnipresent</a> only by knowledge and power.<a href="#cite_note-Al-Bahr_al-Madid_[Qur'an_57:4]-173">[168]</a> Among the verses that Sufis rely on to prove God's <a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">omnipresence</a> are:<a href="#cite_note-Al-Bahr_al-Madid_[Qur'an_67:16]-174">[169]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/2/215/default.htm">2:115</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/2/255/default.htm">2:255</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ayat_al-Kursi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayat al-Kursi">Ayat al-Kursi</a>); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/6/3/default.htm">6:3</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/43/84/default.htm">43:84</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/57/4/default.htm">57:4</a>; and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/58/7/default.htm">58:7</a>. Based on these Qur'anic verses, God's omnipresence is not limited to certain areas, but is present everywhere, all-pervasive, and all-knowing.<a href="#cite_note-175">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Metwalli_al-Sha%27rawi" title="Muhammad Metwalli al-Sha'rawi">Muhammad Metwalli al-Sha'rawi</a> (d. 1419/1998) in his interpretation (better known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir_al-Sha%27rawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tafsir al-Sha'rawi (page does not exist)">Tafsir al-Sha'rawi</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:تفسير الشعراوي">ar</a>]) of the Qur'anic verses <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/56?startingVerse=83">56:83-85</a>, which are mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Surat_al-Waqi%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat al-Waqi'ah">Surat al-Waqi'ah</a>: "83. Why then (are you helpless) when it (i.e., the soul of a dying person at the moment of death) reaches the throat, 84. While you are looking on, 85. And We (i.e., God <a href="/wiki/And/or" title="And/or">and/or</a> His angels) are nearer/closer to him (the dying human) than you are, but you do not see." Al-Sha'rawi stated that God's statement in verse <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/56/85/">56:85</a> "but you do not see" proves clearly and unequivocally that Ma'iyyatullah (meaning 'companionship of God', literally: 'togetherness with God') is true/real with his essence (dhat), which is not like the essence of created beings, and his companionship is not only with knowledge, if so, then God wouldn't say "but you do not see".<a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a> Since God in Islam is transcendental and sovereign but also immanent and omnipresent, the <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> view holds that in reality, only God exists. Thus everything in creation is reflecting an attribute of God's names. Yet these forms are not God themselves.<a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufi_saints" title="List of Sufi saints">Sufi Saint</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a> stated: There is nothing but God. This statement was mistakenly equalized to <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a> by critics; however, Ibn Arabi always made a clear distinction between the creation and the creator.<a href="#cite_note-179">[174]</a> Since God is the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute Reality</a>,<a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a> the created worlds and their inhabitants are merely illusions. They just exist because of God's command <a href="/wiki/Kun_(Islamic_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kun (Islamic term)">Kun</a>, but everything that would be, was already known by God.<a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a> Both beliefs Hulul (incarnation) and Ittihad (unification) had been severely denounced by moderate Sunni Sufis, such as <a href="/wiki/%27Abd_al-Ghani_al-Nabulsi" class="mw-redirect" title="'Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi">'Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi</a> (d. 1143/1731), which he described as <a href="/wiki/Heresies" class="mw-redirect" title="Heresies">heresies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a> Among the most significant Sufi theological works are: <ul><li>Al-Ta'aruf li-Madhhab Ahl al-Tasawwuf (Inquiry into the Tenets of the Sufis) by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Kalabadhi" title="Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi">Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi</a> (d. 385/995), recognised as an authoritative treatise on the mystical doctrines.<a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Risala_al-Qushayriyya" title="Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya">Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya</a> by <a href="/wiki/Al-Qushayri" title="Al-Qushayri">al-Qushayri</a> (d. 465/1072).</li> <li>Futuh al-Ghayb (Revelations of the Unseen) by <a href="/wiki/%27Abd_al-Qadir_al-Jilani" class="mw-redirect" title="'Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani">'Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani</a> (d. 561/1166).</li> <li>Al-Burhan al-Mu'ayyad (The Advocated Proof) by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Rifa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Rifa'i">Ahmad al-Rifa'i</a> (d. 578/1182).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Islam&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Al-Ghaf%C5%ABr" title="Al-Ghafūr">Al-Ghafūr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Islam" title="Attributes of God in Islam">Attributes of God in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_monotheism" title="Ethical monotheism">Ethical monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">God in Abrahamic religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">God in the Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">God in Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_beliefs#God" title="Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs">Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs § God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Islam&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Ibn al-Jawzi's <a href="/wiki/Daf%27_Shubah_al-Tashbih" title="Daf' Shubah al-Tashbih">Daf' Shubah al-Tashbih</a> is a refutation of the historical anthropomorphic leanings of some of the Hanbali scholars. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> In religious usage, it refers to the earliest Muslim generations, the righteous ancestors, in Arabic <a href="/wiki/Al-salaf_al-salih" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-salaf al-salih">al-salaf al-salih</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> The Arabic word <a href="/wiki/Zahir_(Islam)" title="Zahir (Islam)">zahir</a>, meaning obvious, apparent, external or literal. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> "<a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf</a>" is a contested term, but generally and quite literally means ancestor, and is usually used as part of the expression al-salaf al-salih, i.e., "the virtuous forefathers."<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> The Salaf included the companions of Muhammad and the early first three generations of Islam, conventionally ending with Ahmad ibn Hanbal in the ninth century, although a number of later Islamic scholars are included, such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Tahawi" title="Al-Tahawi">al-Tahawi</a> (d. 321/933), <a href="/wiki/Al-Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ash'ari">al-Ash'ari</a> (d. 324/935) and <a href="/wiki/Al-Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maturidi">al-Maturidi</a> (d. 333/944). However, this is not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> This statement also attributed to <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Nun_al-Misri" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhu al-Nun al-Misri">Dhu al-Nun al-Misri</a> (d. 246/861). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Islam&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EncyclopediaofIslam-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopediaofIslam_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopediaofIslam_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopediaofIslam_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopediaofIslam_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGardet1960" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gardet, Louis (1960). "Allāh". In <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a>; Lewis, B.; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Schacht, J.</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0047">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0047</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4"><bdi>978-90-04-16121-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=All%C4%81h&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.place=Leiden&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0047&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16121-4&rft.aulast=Gardet&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Anbiya" title="Al-Anbiya">Surah Al-Anbiya</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/21?startingVerse=30">21:30</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoQ-Böwering-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EoQ-Böwering_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoQ-Böwering_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBöwering2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_B%C3%B6wering" title="Gerhard Böwering">Böwering, Gerhard</a> (2006). "God and his Attributes". In <a href="/wiki/Jane_Dammen_McAuliffe" title="Jane Dammen McAuliffe">McAuliffe, Jane Dammen</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_the_Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n" title="Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān">Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān</a>. Vol. II. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00075">10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00075</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-14743-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-14743-8"><bdi>90-04-14743-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=God+and+his+Attributes&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00075&rft.isbn=90-04-14743-8&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6wering&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidtke_2016-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Schmidtke_2016_4-0">^</a>  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreiger2016" class="citation book cs1">Treiger, Alexander (2016) [2014]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=70wnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27">"Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Origins of Kalām"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sabine_Schmidtke" title="Sabine Schmidtke">Schmidtke, Sabine</a> (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 27–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199696703.013.001">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199696703" title="Special:BookSources/9780199696703"><bdi>9780199696703</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+I%3A+Islamic+Theologies+during+the+Formative+and+the+Early+Middle+period+%E2%80%93+Origins+of+Kal%C4%81m&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Islamic+Theology&rft.pages=27-43&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199696703.013.001&rft.isbn=9780199696703&rft.aulast=Treiger&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D70wnDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988">  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamov2016" class="citation book cs1">Abrahamov, Binyamin (2016) [2014]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=70wnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA264">"Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Scripturalist and Traditionalist Theology"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sabine_Schmidtke" title="Sabine Schmidtke">Schmidtke, Sabine</a> (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 264–279. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199696703.013.025">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.025</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199696703" title="Special:BookSources/9780199696703"><bdi>9780199696703</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+I%3A+Islamic+Theologies+during+the+Formative+and+the+Early+Middle+period+%E2%80%93+Scripturalist+and+Traditionalist+Theology&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Islamic+Theology&rft.pages=264-279&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199696703.013.025&rft.isbn=9780199696703&rft.aulast=Abrahamov&rft.aufirst=Binyamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D70wnDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Esposito_2016-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Esposito_2016_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esposito_2016_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Esposito" title="John Esposito">Esposito, John L.</a> (2016) [1988]. <a href="/wiki/Islam:_The_Straight_Path" title="Islam: The Straight Path">Islam: The Straight Path</a> (5th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 22, 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190632151" title="Special:BookSources/9780190632151"><bdi>9780190632151</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153364691">153364691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+The+Straight+Path&rft.pages=22%2C+88&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153364691%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=9780190632151&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Ankabut" title="Al-Ankabut">Surah Al-Ankabut</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/29?startingVerse=19">29:19-20</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_Philosophy,_Ogun_State_UniversityDepartment_of_Philosophy,_Olabisi_Onabanjo_University2001" class="citation book cs1">Department of Philosophy, <a href="/wiki/Ogun_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogun State University">Ogun State University</a>; Department of Philosophy, <a href="/wiki/Olabisi_Onabanjo_University" title="Olabisi Onabanjo University">Olabisi Onabanjo University</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aQ7PXYUpXUEC">Journal of Philosophy and Development</a>. Vol. 7. Department of Philosophy, <a href="/wiki/Ogun_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogun State University">Ogun State University</a>. p. 132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Philosophy+and+Development&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Department+of+Philosophy%2C+Ogun+State+University&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Department+of+Philosophy%2C+Ogun+State+University&rft.au=Department+of+Philosophy%2C+Olabisi+Onabanjo+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaQ7PXYUpXUEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_'Arabi2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_%27Arabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn 'Arabi">Ibn 'Arabi</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m2VFDAAAQBAJ">The Secrets of Voyaging</a>. Translated by Jaffray, Angela. Anqa. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781905937431" title="Special:BookSources/9781905937431"><bdi>9781905937431</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secrets+of+Voyaging&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Anqa&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781905937431&rft.au=Ibn+%27Arabi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm2VFDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefonMamunDuignanTesch2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Stefon, Matt; Mamun, Mudasser; Duignan, Brian; Tesch, Noah; <a href="/wiki/Asma_Afsaruddin" title="Asma Afsaruddin">Afsaruddin, Asma</a>; Zeidan, Adam (2022-08-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Allah">"Allah"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724153626/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005770/Allah">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-07-24. Retrieved 2023-05-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Allah&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2022-08-26&rft.aulast=Stefon&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft.au=Mamun%2C+Mudasser&rft.au=Duignan%2C+Brian&rft.au=Tesch%2C+Noah&rft.au=Afsaruddin%2C+Asma&rft.au=Zeidan%2C+Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FAllah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOckley1757" class="citation book cs1">Ockley, Simon (1757). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R6FCAAAAYAAJ">The History of the Saracens</a>. p. xlix (49).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Saracens&rft.pages=xlix+%2849%29&rft.date=1757&rft.aulast=Ockley&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR6FCAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid">"Tawhid"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211107041300/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tawhid&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Ftawhid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoI-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EoI_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoI_12-1">b</a> D. Gimaret, Tawhid, <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Anawati, M. M. "A Commentary on the Creed of Islam, Sa'd al Dīn al-Taftâzānī on the Creed of Najm al Din al Nasafi by Earl Edgar Elder." The Thomist: A Speculative Quarterly Review 14.2 (1951): xxiv </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Ahmadi, Fereshteh, and Nader Ahmadi. Iranian Islam: The concept of the individual. 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Retrieved 2010-12-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Islam%3A+Empire+of+Faith&rft.atitle=God&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fempires%2Fislam%2Ffaithgod.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quranenc.com/en/browse/english_waleed/1/1">"Translation of the meanings Ayah 1 Surah Al-Fātihah – Dr. Waleed Bleyhesh Omary – English Translation"</a>. The Noble Qur'an Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220201093634/https://quranenc.com/en/browse/english_waleed/1/1">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-02-01. Retrieved 2022-02-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Noble+Qur%27an+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Translation+of+the+meanings+Ayah+1+Surah+Al-F%C4%81tihah+%E2%80%93+Dr.+Waleed+Bleyhesh+Omary+%E2%80%93+English+Translation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquranenc.com%2Fen%2Fbrowse%2Fenglish_waleed%2F1%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bentley22-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Bentley22_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentley1999" class="citation book cs1">Bentley, David (September 1999). The 99 Beautiful Names for God for All the People of the Book. William Carey Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87808-299-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87808-299-9"><bdi>0-87808-299-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+99+Beautiful+Names+for+God+for+All+the+People+of+the+Book&rft.pub=William+Carey+Library&rft.date=1999-09&rft.isbn=0-87808-299-9&rft.aulast=Bentley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D7%3Averse%3D180">7:180</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D17%3Averse%3D110">17:110</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D20%3Averse%3D8">20:8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D59%3Averse%3D24">59:24</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180813080535/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1708">"Names of God - Oxford Islamic Studies Online"</a>. oxfordislamicstudies.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1708">the original</a> on August 13, 2018. Retrieved 2018-08-13. <q>Encouraged by the Quran (7:180; 17:110; 20:8), Muslims selected ninety-nine attributes of God, describing his perfection, from the Quran and traditions. Referred to as "the most beautiful names of God," they describe a range of characteristics that balances the power of God (the Creator, the Sovereign, and the All-Knowing) with his love and mercy (the All-Loving, the Most Gracious, and the All-Forgiving). The names are frequently memorized and used in supplications. Preceded by the words Abd or Amat (male or female servant), they are often used in proper names (e.g., Abd al-Rahman, "servant of the Merciful").</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oxfordislamicstudies.com&rft.atitle=Names+of+God+-+Oxford+Islamic+Studies+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft125%2Fe1708&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D17%3Averse%3D110">17:110</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D59%3Averse%3D22">59:22–24</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoQ-37"><a href="#cite_ref-EoQ_37-0">^</a> Böwering, Gerhard. "God and God Attributes". Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Andreas Görke and Johanna Pink Tafsir and Islamic Intellectual History Exploring the Boundaries of a Genre Oxford University Press in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies London <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870206-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870206-1">978-0-19-870206-1</a> p. 478 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Morris S. Seale Muslim Theology A study of Origins with Reference to the Church Fathers Great Russel Street, London 1964 p. 58 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Nasr" class="mw-redirect" title="Hossein Nasr">Hossein Nasr</a> The Heart of Islam, Enduring Values for Humanity (April., 2003), pp 3, 39, 85, 27–272 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Allāh". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001/acref-9780192800947-e-354?rskey=7ss6vw&result=351">The concise Oxford dictionary of world religions</a>. Bowker, John, 1935-, Oxford University Press. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191727221" title="Special:BookSources/9780191727221"><bdi>9780191727221</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49508601">49508601</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180818020906/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001/acref-9780192800947-e-354?rskey=7ss6vw&result=351">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-08-18. 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Tughra Books. p. 989. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781597840002" title="Special:BookSources/9781597840002"><bdi>9781597840002</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an+with+Annotated+Interpretation+in+Modern+English&rft.pages=989&rft.pub=Tughra+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781597840002&rft.au=Ali+%C3%9Cnal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDyuqdDIjaswC%26pg%3DPA1014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Kathir" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210608125526/https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=1&tTafsirNo=7&tSoraNo=6&tAyahNo=103&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=1">"Tafsir Ibn Kathir [Qur'an 6:103]"</a>. Altafsir.com. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aal_al-Bayt_Institute_for_Islamic_Thought" title="Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought">Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=1&tTafsirNo=7&tSoraNo=6&tAyahNo=103&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=1">the original</a> on 8 Jun 2021. <q>وقيل المراد بقوله { لاَّ تُدْرِكُهُ ٱلأَبْصَـٰرُ } أي العقول، ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Altafsir.com&rft.atitle=Tafsir+Ibn+Kathir+%5BQur%27an+6%3A103%5D&rft.au=Ibn+Kathir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.altafsir.com%2FTafasir.asp%3FtMadhNo%3D1%26tTafsirNo%3D7%26tSoraNo%3D6%26tAyahNo%3D103%26tDisplay%3Dyes%26UserProfile%3D0%26LanguageId%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mohammad_Ibrahim_Teymori-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mohammad_Ibrahim_Teymori_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mohammad_Ibrahim_Teymori_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mohammad_Ibrahim_Teymori_58-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mohammad_Ibrahim_Teymori_58-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammad_Ibrahim_Teymori" class="citation web cs1">Mohammad Ibrahim Teymori. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afghanicc.com/books/TheCreedofImamTahawi-4thSpecialEdition.pdf">"The Creed of Imam Tahawi"</a> (PDF). Afghan Islamic Cultural Centre in London, UK. pp. 20–24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220603014440/http://afghanicc.com/books/TheCreedofImamTahawi-4thSpecialEdition.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-06-03. Retrieved 2021-07-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Afghan+Islamic+Cultural+Centre+in+London%2C+UK&rft.atitle=The+Creed+of+Imam+Tahawi&rft.pages=20-24&rft.au=Mohammad+Ibrahim+Teymori&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afghanicc.com%2Fbooks%2FTheCreedofImamTahawi-4thSpecialEdition.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhammad_Shahabuddin_Nadvi1997" class="citation book cs1">Muhammad Shahabuddin Nadvi (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jN3jAAAAMAAJ">Holy Qur'an and the Natural World</a>. Furqania Academy Trust. p. 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Qur%27an+and+the+Natural+World&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Furqania+Academy+Trust&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Muhammad+Shahabuddin+Nadvi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjN3jAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaheeh_International" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Saheeh_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Saheeh International">Saheeh International</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210607195817/https://quranenc.com/en/browse/english_saheeh/1%232">"Saheeh International [Qur'an 1:2]"</a>. quranenc.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quranenc.com/en/browse/english_saheeh/1#2">the original</a> on 7 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=quranenc.com&rft.atitle=Saheeh+International+%5BQur%27an+1%3A2%5D&rft.au=Saheeh+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquranenc.com%2Fen%2Fbrowse%2Fenglish_saheeh%2F1%232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli_Ünal" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ali_%C3%9Cnal" title="Ali Ünal">Ali Ünal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210607195112/http://mquran.org/content/view/2/4/">"The Qur'an with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English [Qur'an 1:2]"</a>. mquran.org. Tughra Books. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mquran.org/content/view/2/4/">the original</a> on 7 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mquran.org&rft.atitle=The+Qur%27an+with+Annotated+Interpretation+in+Modern+English+%5BQur%27an+1%3A2%5D&rft.au=Ali+%C3%9Cnal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmquran.org%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F2%2F4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhwaja_Kamaluddin1939" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Kamaluddin" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwaja Kamaluddin">Khwaja Kamaluddin</a> (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G8vRAAAAMAAJ">The Islamic Review</a>. Vol. 27. <a href="/wiki/Woking_Muslim_Mission_and_Literary_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Woking Muslim Mission and Literary Trust">Woking Muslim Mission and Literary Trust</a>. p. 169. <q>If the other Planets are inhabited the people there are as much the Creatures of Allah as those upon this Earth, and the Holy Qur-án speaks of "Alamien" (Worlds or Universes).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+Review&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Woking+Muslim+Mission+and+Literary+Trust&rft.date=1939&rft.au=Khwaja+Kamaluddin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG8vRAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdullah_Yusuf_Ali2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Ali" title="Abdullah Yusuf Ali">Abdullah Yusuf Ali</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X0wxCgAAQBAJ">The Meaning of the Holy Qur'an: Complete Translation with Selected Notes</a>. Kube Publishing Ltd. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780860376118" title="Special:BookSources/9780860376118"><bdi>9780860376118</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+the+Holy+Qur%27an%3A+Complete+Translation+with+Selected+Notes&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Kube+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780860376118&rft.au=Abdullah+Yusuf+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX0wxCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyed_Mahmud-un-Nasir1981" class="citation book cs1">Syed Mahmud-un-Nasir (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HPvXAAAAMAAJ">Islam, Its Concepts & History</a>. Kitab Bhavan. p. 331. <q>The phrase "The Creator of the Worlds" is preceded by the word al-Hamd, which first means praise, eulogy and approbation; and, secondly, our submission to the ways of the Creator; for by saying "hamd" we express our willingness to submit to His laws and the literal interpretation of Islam is "submission".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+Its+Concepts+%26+History&rft.pages=331&rft.pub=Kitab+Bhavan&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Syed+Mahmud-un-Nasir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHPvXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._R._Bawa_Muhaiyaddeen2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/M._R._Bawa_Muhaiyaddeen" class="mw-redirect" title="M. R. Bawa Muhaiyaddeen">M. R. Bawa Muhaiyaddeen</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8grB4SKJrXsC">Islam & World Peace: Explanations of a Sufi</a>. The Fellowship Press. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780914390657" title="Special:BookSources/9780914390657"><bdi>9780914390657</bdi></a>. <q>Rabb (A) God; the Lord; the Creator and Protector. Rabb al-'alamin (A) The Ruler of the universes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+%26+World+Peace%3A+Explanations+of+a+Sufi&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=The+Fellowship+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780914390657&rft.au=M.+R.+Bawa+Muhaiyaddeen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8grB4SKJrXsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayim_GordonLeonard_Grob1987" class="citation book cs1">Hayim Gordon; Leonard Grob (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VGAcAAAAMAAJ">Education for Peace: Testimonies from World Religions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Orbis_Books" title="Orbis Books">Orbis Books</a>. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780883443590" title="Special:BookSources/9780883443590"><bdi>9780883443590</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+for+Peace%3A+Testimonies+from+World+Religions&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Orbis+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780883443590&rft.au=Hayim+Gordon&rft.au=Leonard+Grob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVGAcAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bentley2-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Bentley2_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentley1999" class="citation book cs1">Bentley, David (September 1999). The 99 Beautiful Names for God for All the People of the Book. William Carey Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87808-299-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87808-299-9"><bdi>0-87808-299-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+99+Beautiful+Names+for+God+for+All+the+People+of+the+Book&rft.pub=William+Carey+Library&rft.date=1999-09&rft.isbn=0-87808-299-9&rft.aulast=Bentley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Prince Sorie Conteh Traditionalists, Muslims, and Christians in Africa: Interreligious Encounters and Dialogue Cambria Press 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-604-97596-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-604-97596-3">978-1-604-97596-3</a> page 80 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Mahmoud Ayoub The Qur'an and Its Interpreters, Volume 1 SUNY Press 1984 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-873-95727-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-873-95727-4">978-0-873-95727-4</a> page 43 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014174102/http://en.islamtoday.net/artshow-426-3787.htm">"Allah would replace you with a people who sin"</a>. islamtoday.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.islamtoday.net/artshow-426-3787.htm">the original</a> on October 14, 2013. Retrieved July 23, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Allah+would+replace+you+with+a+people+who+sin&rft.pub=islamtoday.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.islamtoday.net%2Fartshow-426-3787.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240418093040/https://www.almadina.org/studio/articles/the-spiritual-season-part-3-ramadan">"The Spiritual Season Part 3: Ramadan – Studio"</a>. 2024-04-18. Archived from the original on 2024-04-18. Retrieved 2024-04-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Spiritual+Season+Part+3%3A+Ramadan+%E2%80%93+Studio&rft.date=2024-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.almadina.org%2Fstudio%2Farticles%2Fthe-spiritual-season-part-3-ramadan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/beliefs/beliefs.shtml">"BBC - Religions - Islam: Basic articles of faith"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180813005904/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/beliefs/beliefs.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 2018-08-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+-+Religions+-+Islam%3A+Basic+articles+of+faith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fislam%2Fbeliefs%2Fbeliefs.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli_Ünal2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ali_%C3%9Cnal" title="Ali Ünal">Ali Ünal</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsJK_tPzh7YC&pg=PA284">The Qur'an with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English</a>. Tughra Books. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781597841443" title="Special:BookSources/9781597841443"><bdi>9781597841443</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an+with+Annotated+Interpretation+in+Modern+English&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Tughra+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781597841443&rft.au=Ali+%C3%9Cnal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZsJK_tPzh7YC%26pg%3DPA284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGürbüz_Deniz2009" class="citation web cs1">Gürbüz Deniz (December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acikders.ankara.edu.tr/pluginfile.php/35074/mod_resource/content/1/G%C3%BCrb%C3%BCz%20Deniz%20Al-Farabi%20On%20Divine%20Knowledge.pdf">"Al-Farabi on Divine Knowledge"</a> (PDF). ankara.edu.tr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_University_of_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic University of Europe (page does not exist)">Islamic University of Europe</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210827131901/https://acikders.ankara.edu.tr/pluginfile.php/35074/mod_resource/content/1/G%C3%BCrb%C3%BCz%20Deniz%20Al-Farabi%20On%20Divine%20Knowledge.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2021-08-27. Retrieved 2021-08-27. <q>According to the Qur'an, God (Allah) is omniscient; He eternally knows whatever can be known, be it universal or particular in character. Muslim theologians therefore considered that "omniscience" is a necessary and "ignorance" is an impossible property for God. Nothing can escape his knowledge. Various verses in the Qur'an such as "Allah truly knows everything" (4/179), "Nothing can be hidden from His knowledge" (34/3; 10/62), "He knows whatever in the Heavens and the Earth, even a leaf cannot fall without His awareness" (47/59) designate this basic intuition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ankara.edu.tr&rft.atitle=Al-Farabi+on+Divine+Knowledge&rft.date=2009-12&rft.au=G%C3%BCrb%C3%BCz+Deniz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facikders.ankara.edu.tr%2Fpluginfile.php%2F35074%2Fmod_resource%2Fcontent%2F1%2FG%25C3%25BCrb%25C3%25BCz%2520Deniz%2520Al-Farabi%2520On%2520Divine%2520Knowledge.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Sachiko Murata The Tao of Islam: A Sourcebook on Gender Relationships in Islamic Thought SUNY Press 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-791-40913-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-791-40913-8">978-0-791-40913-8</a> page 77 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D2%3Averse%3D117">2:117</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-patheos1-77"><a href="#cite_ref-patheos1_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patheos.com/Library/Islam/Beliefs/Human-Nature-and-the-Purpose-of-Existence.html">"Human Nature and the Purpose of Existence"</a>. 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Zulfiqar Ayub. p. 323.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biographies+of+the+Elite+Lives+of+the+Scholars%2C+Imams+and+Hadith+Masters&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=Zulfiqar+Ayub&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Gibril+Fouad+Haddad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRwPnCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZameelur_Rahman" class="citation web cs1">Zameelur Rahman. <a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Desai" title="Ebrahim Desai">Ebrahim Desai</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20211009194829/http://askimam.org/public/question_detail/29652">"What is the beliefs of Imam Ahmed and ibn Taymiyya?"</a>. askimam.org. <a href="/wiki/Askimam" title="Askimam">Askimam</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://askimam.org/public/question_detail/29652">the original</a> on 9 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=askimam.org&rft.atitle=What+is+the+beliefs+of+Imam+Ahmed+and+ibn+Taymiyya%3F&rft.au=Zameelur+Rahman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faskimam.org%2Fpublic%2Fquestion_detail%2F29652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20211007043322/https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=1&tTafsirNo=7&tSoraNo=7&tAyahNo=54&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=1">"Tafsir Ibn Kathir on Qur'an 7:54"</a>. altafsir.com (in Arabic). <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aal_al-Bayt_Institute_for_Islamic_Thought" title="Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought">Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=1&tTafsirNo=7&tSoraNo=7&tAyahNo=54&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=1">the original</a> on 7 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=altafsir.com&rft.atitle=Tafsir+Ibn+Kathir+on+Qur%27an+7%3A54&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.altafsir.com%2FTafasir.asp%3FtMadhNo%3D1%26tTafsirNo%3D7%26tSoraNo%3D7%26tAyahNo%3D54%26tDisplay%3Dyes%26UserProfile%3D0%26LanguageId%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhaled_El-Rouayheb2015" class="citation book cs1">Khaled El-Rouayheb (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bDjjCQAAQBAJ">Islamic Intellectual History in the Seventeenth Century</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107042964" title="Special:BookSources/9781107042964"><bdi>9781107042964</bdi></a>. <q>Ibn Taymiyya thus insisted that the apparent (zāhir) sense of passages that state that God has eyes, hands, and feet, and that He occasionally descends to the lowest heavens, should simply be accepted – in the same way that one should accept passages that state that God knows or wills or speaks.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Intellectual+History+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781107042964&rft.au=Khaled+El-Rouayheb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbDjjCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carl_Sharif-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carl_Sharif_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carl_Sharif_120-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_Sharif_El-Tobgui2020" class="citation book cs1">Carl Sharif El-Tobgui (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20211008235509/https://brill.com/view/book/9789004412866/BP000008.xml">Ibn Taymiyya on Reason and Revelation</a>. Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science. Texts and Studies. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. pp. 179–226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004412866" title="Special:BookSources/9789004412866"><bdi>9789004412866</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/9789004412866/BP000008.xml">the original</a> on 8 October 2021. <q>In diametric opposition to this tendency, Ibn Taymiyya insists that the true meanings of the revealed texts are, in one manner or another, entirely embedded in the language of those texts themselves. This obviates (or at least minimizes) the need to appeal, for a proper understanding of revelation, to any factors or considerations extrinsic to the texts, including—indeed, especially—the deliverances of abstract rational speculation as practiced by the philosophers and theologians.3 We have seen in previous chapters that Ibn Taymiyya's overriding concern in the Darʾ taʿāruḍ is to vindicate a plain-sense understanding and straightforward affirmation of the divine attributes predicated of God in revelation over against the rationalists' negation (nafy) or nullification (taʿṭīl) of any of the said attributes. He insists that this way of affirmation was the consensus approach and understanding of the Salaf, and for that reason it remains uniquely authoritative throughout time. The kinds of rational objections (muʿāriḍ ʿaqlī) raised by various theological schools usually involve the claim that a given revealed attribute (such as the possession of a hand or face, or the act of descending or settling upon the throne), if affirmed of God in accordance with the obvious sense (ẓāhir) of the texts, would entail a "likening" (tamthīl) or "assimilation" (tashbīh) of God to created beings and thus infringe upon the radical uniqueness of God's divinity and His utter dissimilarity to anything tainted by creatureliness, contingency, or limitation of any kind.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+Taymiyya+on+Reason+and+Revelation&rft.series=Islamic+Philosophy%2C+Theology+and+Science.+Texts+and+Studies&rft.pages=179-226&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9789004412866&rft.au=Carl+Sharif+El-Tobgui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2F9789004412866%2FBP000008.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZulfiqar_Ali_Shah2012" class="citation book cs1">Zulfiqar Ali Shah (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0ySUUssvLdEC">Anthropomorphic Depictions of God: The Concept of God in Judaic, Christian, and Islamic Traditions: Representing the Unrepresentable</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Islamic_Thought" title="International Institute of Islamic Thought">International Institute of Islamic Thought</a> (IIIT). p. 578. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781565645752" title="Special:BookSources/9781565645752"><bdi>9781565645752</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropomorphic+Depictions+of+God%3A+The+Concept+of+God+in+Judaic%2C+Christian%2C+and+Islamic+Traditions%3A+Representing+the+Unrepresentable&rft.pages=578&rft.pub=International+Institute+of+Islamic+Thought+%28IIIT%29&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781565645752&rft.au=Zulfiqar+Ali+Shah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0ySUUssvLdEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederic_Volpi2013" class="citation book cs1">Frederic Volpi, ed. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9UHhAQAAQBAJ">Political Islam: A Critical Reader</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134722075" title="Special:BookSources/9781134722075"><bdi>9781134722075</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211010023245/https://books.google.com/books?id=9UHhAQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-10. Retrieved 2021-10-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Islam%3A+A+Critical+Reader&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781134722075&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9UHhAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammed_Gamal_Abdelnour2021" class="citation book cs1">Mohammed Gamal Abdelnour (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OkwwEAAAQBAJ">A Comparative History of Catholic and Ash'ari Theologies of Truth and Salvation: Inclusive Minorities, Exclusive Majorities</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004461765" title="Special:BookSources/9789004461765"><bdi>9789004461765</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211010024011/https://books.google.com/books?id=OkwwEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-10. Retrieved 2021-10-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+History+of+Catholic+and+Ash%27ari+Theologies+of+Truth+and+Salvation%3A+Inclusive+Minorities%2C+Exclusive+Majorities&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9789004461765&rft.au=Mohammed+Gamal+Abdelnour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOkwwEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ayman_Shihadeh-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ayman_Shihadeh_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ayman_Shihadeh_125-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyman_ShihadehJan_Thiele2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ayman_Shihadeh" title="Ayman Shihadeh">Ayman Shihadeh</a>; Jan Thiele (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B3znDwAAQBAJ">Philosophical Theology in Islam: Later Ash'arism East and West</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 200–201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004426610" title="Special:BookSources/9789004426610"><bdi>9789004426610</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophical+Theology+in+Islam%3A+Later+Ash%27arism+East+and+West&rft.pages=200-201&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9789004426610&rft.au=Ayman+Shihadeh&rft.au=Jan+Thiele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB3znDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHüseyin_Hilmi_Işık2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_Hilmi_I%C5%9F%C4%B1k" title="Hüseyin Hilmi Işık">Hüseyin Hilmi Işık</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hk5vAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT362">Islam and Christianity</a>. Hakikat Kitabevi. p. 362. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781530501601" title="Special:BookSources/9781530501601"><bdi>9781530501601</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Christianity&rft.pages=362&rft.pub=Hakikat+Kitabevi&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781530501601&rft.au=H%C3%BCseyin+Hilmi+I%C5%9F%C4%B1k&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHk5vAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Mawardi2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Al-Mawardi" title="Al-Mawardi">Al-Mawardi</a> (2012). al-Sayyid 'Abd al-Maqsud ibn 'Abd al-Rahim (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=61R7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT70">"Tafsir al-Mawardi (al-Nukat wa al-'Uyun)"</a> (in Arabic). <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> - Lebanon: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya. p. 71. <q>وما أحسن ما روي عن الإمام أحمد بن حنبل والإمام الزاهد ذي النون المصري رحمهما الله تعالى أنهما قالا «مهما تصورت ببالك فالله بخلاف ذلك» لأن التصور ينشأ عن الصور والخيالات والله سبحانه وتعالى منزه عن مشابهة كل المخلوقات</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tafsir+al-Mawardi+%28al-Nukat+wa+al-%27Uyun%29&rft.place=Beirut+-+Lebanon&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Dar+al-Kutub+al-%27Ilmiyya&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Al-Mawardi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D61R7DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Mawardi2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Al-Mawardi" title="Al-Mawardi">Al-Mawardi</a> (2012). al-Sayyid 'Abd al-Maqsud ibn 'Abd al-Rahim (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=61R7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT469">"Tafsir al-Mawardi (al-Nukat wa al-'Uyun)"</a> (in Arabic). <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> - Lebanon: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya. p. 470. <q>فلقد ثبت لي بعض الروايات عن الإمام أحمد بن حنبل إمام أهل السنة والجماعة أنه قال: «مهما تصورت ببالك فالله بخلاف ذلك»، وهذه الرواية أيضاً رويت عن الزاهد الصالح الشهير ذي النون المصري</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tafsir+al-Mawardi+%28al-Nukat+wa+al-%27Uyun%29&rft.place=Beirut+-+Lebanon&rft.pages=470&rft.pub=Dar+al-Kutub+al-%27Ilmiyya&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Al-Mawardi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D61R7DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver_Leaman2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Leaman" title="Oliver Leaman">Oliver Leaman</a>, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UarUm4QXGWAC">The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134339754" title="Special:BookSources/9781134339754"><bdi>9781134339754</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781134339754&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUarUm4QXGWAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Shahrastani2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Al-Shahrastani" title="Al-Shahrastani">Al-Shahrastani</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ldu3AAAAQBAJ">Muslim Sects and Divisions</a>. Translated by A. K. Kazi; J. G. Glynn. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136138829" title="Special:BookSources/9781136138829"><bdi>9781136138829</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Sects+and+Divisions&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136138829&rft.au=Al-Shahrastani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dldu3AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNamira_Nahouza2018" class="citation book cs1">Namira Nahouza (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=myaODwAAQBAJ">Wahhabism and the Rise of the New Salafists: Theology, Power and Sunni Islam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781838609825" title="Special:BookSources/9781838609825"><bdi>9781838609825</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wahhabism+and+the+Rise+of+the+New+Salafists%3A+Theology%2C+Power+and+Sunni+Islam&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781838609825&rft.au=Namira+Nahouza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmyaODwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusam_b._Hasan_Sarsour2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Husam b. Hasan Sarsour (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qJ9uDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT349">آيات الصفات ومنهج ابن جرير الطبري في تفسير معانيها</a> (in Arabic). <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> - Lebanon: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya. p. 350. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782745142092" title="Special:BookSources/9782745142092"><bdi>9782745142092</bdi></a>. <q>قال ابن كثير: «روى البيهقي عن الحاكم عن أبي عمر بن السماك عن حنبل أن أحمد ابن حنبل تأول قول الله تعالى: (وجاء ربك) أنه جاء ثوابه. ثم قال البيهقي: وهذا إسناد لا غبار عليه».</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%D8%AC+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87%D8%A7&rft.place=Beirut+-+Lebanon&rft.pages=350&rft.pub=Dar+al-Kutub+al-%27Ilmiyya&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9782745142092&rft.au=Husam+b.+Hasan+Sarsour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqJ9uDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhammad_Zahid_al-Kawthari2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zahid_al-Kawthari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari">Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FeZhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT227">Al-'Aqidah wa 'Ilm al-Kalam</a> (in Arabic). <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> - Lebanon: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782745143648" title="Special:BookSources/9782745143648"><bdi>9782745143648</bdi></a>. <q>وقال ابن حزم الظاهري فى فصله: وقد روينا عن أحمد بن حنبل رحمه الله أنه قال: (وجاء ربك) إنما معناه: جاء أمر ربك اهـ.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-%27Aqidah+wa+%27Ilm+al-Kalam&rft.place=Beirut+-+Lebanon&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Dar+al-Kutub+al-%27Ilmiyya&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9782745143648&rft.au=Muhammad+Zahid+al-Kawthari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFeZhDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHebrew_University_of_Jerusalem1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a> (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DToTAQAAMAAJ">Scripta Hierosolymitana: Publications of The Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a>. 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Unity Publishing Company. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00DDVCR90">B00DDVCR90</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Survey+of+Islamic+Doctrine&rft.pages=153&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Unity+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB00DDVCR90%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.au=Kamil+Y.+Avdich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D78SIAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mquran.org/content/category/2/75/4/">"The Miraculous Quran - Translation by Chapter"</a>. mquran.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221123193410/http://mquran.org/content/category/2/75/4/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-23. Retrieved 2022-07-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mquran.org&rft.atitle=The+Miraculous+Quran+-+Translation+by+Chapter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmquran.org%2Fcontent%2Fcategory%2F2%2F75%2F4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNureddin_Uzunoğlu" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_Uzuno%C4%9Flu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nureddin Uzunoğlu">Nureddin Uzunoğlu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210615202304/http://w1.semazen.net/show_text_main.php?id=1394&menuId=264">"The Holy Qur'an with Translation and Commentaries [Qur'an 10:26]"</a>. Semazen.NET. Islamic Publications for the Holy Qur'an Association. 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Hussein Rassool (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_oobEAAAQBAJ">Islamic Psychology: Human Behaviour and Experience from an Islamic Perspective</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 246–247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000362923" title="Special:BookSources/9781000362923"><bdi>9781000362923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Psychology%3A+Human+Behaviour+and+Experience+from+an+Islamic+Perspective&rft.pages=246-247&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781000362923&rft.au=G.+Hussein+Rassool&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_oobEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGene_Netto2019" class="citation book cs1">Gene Netto (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k7O-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT188">Searching For God And Finding Allah</a>. Yayasan Bambu Biru (Blue Bamboo Foundation). p. 188.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Searching+For+God+And+Finding+Allah&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Yayasan+Bambu+Biru+%28Blue+Bamboo+Foundation%29&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Gene+Netto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk7O-DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Nawawi" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Al-Nawawi" title="Al-Nawawi">Al-Nawawi</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210615210324/https://sunnah.com/riyadussalihin:1895">"Riyad al-Salihin (The Gardens of the Righteous)"</a>. Sunnah.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/riyadussalihin:1895">the original</a> on 15 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sunnah.com&rft.atitle=Riyad+al-Salihin+%28The+Gardens+of+the+Righteous%29&rft.au=Al-Nawawi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsunnah.com%2Friyadussalihin%3A1895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Bukhari" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Al-Bukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Bukhari">Al-Bukhari</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210615210613/https://sunnah.com/bukhari:7436">"Sahih al-Bukhari"</a>. Sunnah.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/bukhari:7436">the original</a> on 15 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sunnah.com&rft.atitle=Sahih+al-Bukhari&rft.au=Al-Bukhari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsunnah.com%2Fbukhari%3A7436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> John Renard Islamic Theological Themes: A Primary Source Reader Univ of California Press 2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95771-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95771-8">978-0-520-95771-8</a> page 138 </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Patrick Hughes, Thomas Patrick Hughes Dictionary of Islam Asian Educational Services, 1995 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-120-60672-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-120-60672-2">978-8-120-60672-2</a> page 425 </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Geijbels1977" class="citation book cs1">M. Geijbels (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jTAKAQAAMAAJ">An Introduction to Islam: Muslim Beliefs and Practices</a>. Vol. 4. Christian Study Centre. p. 367.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Islam%3A+Muslim+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pages=367&rft.pub=Christian+Study+Centre&rft.date=1977&rft.au=M.+Geijbels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjTAKAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYasin_T._al-Jibouri2012" class="citation book cs1">Yasin T. al-Jibouri (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W04-TCFNYQsC">Allah: The Concept of God in Islam</a>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/AuthorHouse" title="AuthorHouse">AuthorHouse</a>. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781468532722" title="Special:BookSources/9781468532722"><bdi>9781468532722</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allah%3A+The+Concept+of+God+in+Islam&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781468532722&rft.au=Yasin+T.+al-Jibouri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW04-TCFNYQsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYasin_Jibouri2014" class="citation book cs1">Yasin Jibouri (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g8NbCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT18">Allah: the Concept of God in Islam (a Selection)</a>. Lulu.com. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781312490574" title="Special:BookSources/9781312490574"><bdi>9781312490574</bdi></a>. <q>Sunnis, however, believe, as the reader will find out in a later part of this book, that the believers will be able on the Day of Judgment to see Allah. Shias disagree with them as you will read later in this book, Insha-Allah.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allah%3A+the+Concept+of+God+in+Islam+%28a+Selection%29&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781312490574&rft.au=Yasin+Jibouri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg8NbCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Farhad Daftary Ismaili History and Intellectual Traditions Routledge 2017 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-97503-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-97503-2">978-1-351-97503-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGnostic2016" class="citation web cs1">Gnostic, Ismaili (2016-01-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ismailignosis.com/2016/01/22/ismaili-teachings-on-the-oneness-of-god-tawhid-beyond-personalist-theism-and-modern-atheism/">"Ismaili Teachings on the Oneness of God (Tawhid): Beyond Personalist Theism and Modern Atheism – Ismaili Gnosis"</a>. Ismailignosis.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160406225103/http://ismailignosis.com/2016/01/22/ismaili-teachings-on-the-oneness-of-god-tawhid-beyond-personalist-theism-and-modern-atheism/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-06. 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Verlag Eslamica. pp. 45, 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783939416401" title="Special:BookSources/9783939416401"><bdi>9783939416401</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191211183448/https://almizan.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-11. Retrieved 2020-04-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tafsir+al-Mizan&rft.pages=45%2C+140&rft.pub=Verlag+Eslamica&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783939416401&rft.aulast=Tabatabai&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Husayn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falmizan.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Arzina R. Lalani Degrees of Excellence: A Fatimid Treatise on Leadership in Islam I.B.Tauris 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-857-71202-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-857-71202-8">978-0-857-71202-8</a> page 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirani2010" class="citation journal cs1">Virani, Shafique N. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210860903541988">"The Right Path: A Post-Mongol Persian Ismaili Treatise"</a>. Iranian Studies. 43 (2): 197–221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210860903541988">10.1080/00210860903541988</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-0862">0021-0862</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170748666">170748666</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813203006/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00210860903541988">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-13. Retrieved 2020-11-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Right+Path%3A+A+Post-Mongol+Persian+Ismaili+Treatise&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=197-221&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170748666%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0021-0862&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00210860903541988&rft.aulast=Virani&rft.aufirst=Shafique+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%2F00210860903541988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_J._Vicchio2008" class="citation book cs1">Stephen J. Vicchio (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GULkDAAAQBAJ">Biblical Figures in the Islamic Faith</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wipf_and_Stock_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Wipf and Stock Publishers">Wipf and Stock Publishers</a>. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781498275583" title="Special:BookSources/9781498275583"><bdi>9781498275583</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Figures+in+the+Islamic+Faith&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781498275583&rft.au=Stephen+J.+Vicchio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGULkDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYasin_T._al-Jibouri2012" class="citation book cs1">Yasin T. al-Jibouri (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W04-TCFNYQsC">Allah: The Concept of God in Islam</a>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/AuthorHouse" title="AuthorHouse">AuthorHouse</a>. pp. 28–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781468532722" title="Special:BookSources/9781468532722"><bdi>9781468532722</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allah%3A+The+Concept+of+God+in+Islam&rft.pages=28-29&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781468532722&rft.au=Yasin+T.+al-Jibouri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW04-TCFNYQsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhammad_Baqir_al-Majlisi" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Baqir_al-Majlisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi">Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210604232042/https://www.islam4u.com/ar/khair-alkalam/%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85-0">"Bihar al-Anwar"</a>. www.islam4u.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islam4u.com/ar/khair-alkalam/-0رأس-العلم">the original</a> on 4 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.islam4u.com&rft.atitle=Bihar+al-Anwar&rft.au=Muhammad+Baqir+al-Majlisi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.islam4u.com%2Far%2Fkhair-alkalam%2F-0%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpecia2017" class="citation news cs1">Specia, Megan (24 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200726202457/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/24/world/middleeast/sufi-muslim-explainer.html">"Who Are Sufi Muslims and Why Do Some Extremists Hate Them?"</a>. The New York Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/24/world/middleeast/sufi-muslim-explainer.html">the original</a> on 26 July 2020. <q>The vast majority of Sufis are Sunni, though some are Shiite.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Who+Are+Sufi+Muslims+and+Why+Do+Some+Extremists+Hate+Them%3F&rft.date=2017-11-24&rft.aulast=Specia&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F11%2F24%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsufi-muslim-explainer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Bahr_al-Madid_[Qur'an_57:4]-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Bahr_al-Madid_[Qur'an_57:4]_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Bahr_al-Madid_[Qur'an_57:4]_173-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_ibn_'Ajiba" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_%27Ajiba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba">Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210530221518/https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=3&tTafsirNo=37&tSoraNo=57&tAyahNo=4&tDisplay=yes&Page=2&Size=1&LanguageId=1">"Al-Bahr al-Madid fi Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Majid [Qur'an 57:4]"</a>. www.altafsir.com (in Arabic). Altafsir.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=3&tTafsirNo=37&tSoraNo=57&tAyahNo=4&tDisplay=yes&Page=2&Size=1&LanguageId=1">the original</a> on 30 May 2021. <q>{ وهو معكم أينما كنتم } بالعلم والقدرة والإحاطة الذاتية، وما ادعاه ابنُ عطية من الإجماع أنه بالعلم، فإن كان مراده من أهل الظاهر فمسلّم، وأمّا أهل الباطن فمجمِعون على خلافه، انظر الإشارة.... وهو معكم أينما كنتم بذاته وصفاته، على ما يليق بجلال قدسه وكمال كبريائه إذ الصفة لا تُفارق الموصوف فإذا كانت المعية بالعلم لَزِمَ أن تكون بالذات، فافهم، وسلِّم إن لم تذق. حدثني شيخي، الفقيه المحرر " الجنوي ": أنَّ علماء مصر اجتمعوا للمناظرة في صفة المعية، فانفصل مجلسهم على أنها بالذات، على ما يليق به. وسمعتُه أيضاً يقول: إنَّ الفقيه العلامة " سيدي أحمد بن مبارك " لقي الرجل الصالح سيدي " أحمد الصقلي " ، فقال له: كيف تعتقد: { وهو معكم أين ما كنتم }؟ فقال: بالذات، فقال له: أشهد أنك من العارفين. هـ. قلت: فبحر الذات متصل، لا يتصور فيه انفصال، ولا يخلو منه مكان ولا زمان، كان ولا زمان ولا مكان، وهو الآن على ما عليه كان.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.altafsir.com&rft.atitle=Al-Bahr+al-Madid+fi+Tafsir+al-Qur%27an+al-Majid+%5BQur%27an+57%3A4%5D&rft.au=Ahmad+ibn+%27Ajiba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.altafsir.com%2FTafasir.asp%3FtMadhNo%3D3%26tTafsirNo%3D37%26tSoraNo%3D57%26tAyahNo%3D4%26tDisplay%3Dyes%26Page%3D2%26Size%3D1%26LanguageId%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Bahr_al-Madid_[Qur'an_67:16]-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Bahr_al-Madid_[Qur'an_67:16]_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Bahr_al-Madid_[Qur'an_67:16]_174-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_ibn_'Ajiba" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_%27Ajiba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba">Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210530225659/https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=3&tTafsirNo=37&tSoraNo=67&tAyahNo=16&tDisplay=yes&Page=2&Size=1&LanguageId=1">"Al-Bahr al-Madid fi Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Majid [Qur'an 67:16]"</a>. www.altafsir.com (in Arabic). Altafsir.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=3&tTafsirNo=37&tSoraNo=57&tAyahNo=4&tDisplay=yes&Page=2&Size=1&LanguageId=1">the original</a> on 30 May 2021. <q>واعلم أن ذات الحق ـ جلّ جلاله ـ عمّت الوجود، فليست محصورة في مكان ولا زمان، { فأينما تُولوا فَثَمّ وجه الله } ، فأسرار ذاته ـ تعالى ـ سارية في كل شيء، قائمة بكل شيء، كما تقدّم، فهو موجود في كل شيء، لا يخلو منه شيء، أسرار المعاني قائمة بالأواني، وإنما خصّ الحق ـ تعالى ـ السماء بالذكر لأنها مرتفعة معظّمة، فناسب ذكر العظيم فيها، وعلى هذا تُحمل الأحاديث والآيات الواردة على هذا المنوال. وليس هنا حلول ولا اتحاد إذ ليس في الوجود إلاّ تجليات الحق ومظاهر ذاته وصفاته، كان الله ولا شيء معه، وهو الآن على ما كان عليه</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.altafsir.com&rft.atitle=Al-Bahr+al-Madid+fi+Tafsir+al-Qur%27an+al-Majid+%5BQur%27an+67%3A16%5D&rft.au=Ahmad+ibn+%27Ajiba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.altafsir.com%2FTafasir.asp%3FtMadhNo%3D3%26tTafsirNo%3D37%26tSoraNo%3D57%26tAyahNo%3D4%26tDisplay%3Dyes%26Page%3D2%26Size%3D1%26LanguageId%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefan_KalmsDorothée_ZerwasHarald_F._O._von_Kortzfleisch2013" class="citation book cs1">Stefan Kalms; Dorothée Zerwas; Harald F. O. von Kortzfleisch (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wWSsAQAAQBAJ">Ubiquitous Entrepreneurship</a>. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783844102864" title="Special:BookSources/9783844102864"><bdi>9783844102864</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ubiquitous+Entrepreneurship&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=BoD+%E2%80%93+Books+on+Demand&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9783844102864&rft.au=Stefan+Kalms&rft.au=Doroth%C3%A9e+Zerwas&rft.au=Harald+F.+O.+von+Kortzfleisch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwWSsAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNureddin_Uzunoğlu" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_Uzuno%C4%9Flu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nureddin Uzunoğlu">Nureddin Uzunoğlu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210530233832/http://w1.semazen.net/show_text_main.php?id=1386&menuId=264">"The Holy Qur'an with Translation and Commentaries [Qur'an 2:115]"</a>. Semazen.NET. Islamic Publications for the Holy Qur'an Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w1.semazen.net/show_text_main.php?id=1386&menuId=264">the original</a> on 30 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Semazen.NET&rft.atitle=The+Holy+Qur%27an+with+Translation+and+Commentaries+%5BQur%27an+2%3A115%5D&rft.au=Nureddin+Uzuno%C4%9Flu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw1.semazen.net%2Fshow_text_main.php%3Fid%3D1386%26menuId%3D264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhammad_Metwalli_al-Sha'rawi" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Metwalli_al-Sha%27rawi" title="Muhammad Metwalli al-Sha'rawi">Muhammad Metwalli al-Sha'rawi</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.noor-book.com/كتاب-خواطري-حول-القرآن-الكريم-تفسير-الشعراوي-pdf">"Tafsir al-Sha'rawi [Qur'an 56:85]"</a>. www.noor-book.com (in Arabic). <a href="/wiki/Akhbar_el-Yom" title="Akhbar el-Yom">Akhbar el-Yom</a>. pp. 14885–14886. <q>هذه الكلمة {ولكن ﻻ تبصرون} [الواقعة: 85] حلت لنا إشكاﻻت متعددة، ﻷن البعض يفهم مسألة معية الله في مثل: {إن الله معنا ..} [التوبة: 40] و {إن الله مع الذين اتقوا ..} [النحل: 128] أنها معية علم، ولو كانت كذلك ما قال سبحانه {ولكن ﻻ تبصرون} [الواقعة: 85] إذن: هي معية حقيقية ولو كان عندكم بصر حديد يُمكّنكم من الرؤية لرأيتم، فلم ﻻ يتسع التصور في المعية بدون تحيّز، ولك في نفسك مثال: فالروح التي تدير حركة حياتك كلها، هل تعلم أين هي من جسمك؟ إذن: أنت ﻻ تدركها وهي فيك، فما بالك بالحق سبحانه وتعالى الذي يدير هذا الكون كله، فمعية الله بذاته التي ليست كالذوات، فإذا كنت ﻻ تدرك مخلوقاً لله فهل تطمع في أن تدرك معية الله لك؛ إذن فمخلوق لله ﻻ يُدرَك، فكيف تريد أن تدرك من خلق ما ﻻ يُدْرَك !!</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.noor-book.com&rft.atitle=Tafsir+al-Sha%27rawi+%5BQur%27an+56%3A85%5D&rft.pages=14885-14886&rft.au=Muhammad+Metwalli+al-Sha%27rawi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.noor-book.com%2F%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A-pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Karin Jironet The Image of Spiritual Liberty in the Western Sufi Movement Following Hazrat Inayat Khan Peeters Publishers 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-042-91205-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-042-91205-2">978-9-042-91205-2</a> page 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> J. I. Laliwala Islamic Philosophy of Religion: Synthesis of Science Religion and Philosophy Sarup & Sons 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-176-25476-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-176-25476-2">978-8-176-25476-2</a> page 39 </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Jean-Louis Michon, Roger Gaetani Sufism: Love & Wisdom World Wisdom, Inc, 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941-53275-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941-53275-4">978-0-941-53275-4</a> page 207 </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> William C. Chittick Ibn 'Arabi: Heir to the Prophets Oneworld Publications 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-780-74193-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-780-74193-2">978-1-780-74193-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_Sirriyeh2004" class="citation book cs1">Elizabeth Sirriyeh (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-r1uH9O-p0UC">Sufi Visionary of Ottoman Damascus: 'Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulusi, 1641-1731</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134294664" title="Special:BookSources/9781134294664"><bdi>9781134294664</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sufi+Visionary+of+Ottoman+Damascus%3A+%27Abd+al-Ghani+al-Nabulusi%2C+1641-1731&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781134294664&rft.au=Elizabeth+Sirriyeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-r1uH9O-p0UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._Hanif2002" class="citation book cs1">N. Hanif (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7JInpQL0x8C">Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis: Central Asia and Middle East</a>. Sarup & Sons. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788176252669" title="Special:BookSources/9788176252669"><bdi>9788176252669</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Encyclopaedia+of+Sufis%3A+Central+Asia+and+Middle+East&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788176252669&rft.au=N.+Hanif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY7JInpQL0x8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Islam&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Al-Bayhaqi (1999), Allah's Names and Attributes, ISCA, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-930409-03-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-930409-03-6">1-930409-03-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2024" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Michael (2024). A History of the Muslim World. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Muslim+World&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hulusi, Ahmed (1999), "Allah" as introduced by Mohammed, Kitsan, 10th ed., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-7557-41-2" title="Special:BookSources/975-7557-41-2">975-7557-41-2</a></li> <li>Muhaiyaddeen, M. R. Bawa (1976), Asmāʼul-Husnā: the 99 beautiful names of Allah, The <a href="/wiki/Bawa_Muhaiyaddeen" title="Bawa Muhaiyaddeen">Bawa Muhaiyaddeen</a> Fellowship, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914390-13-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-914390-13-9">0-914390-13-9</a></li> <li>Netton, Ian Richard (1994), Allah Transcendent: Studies in the Structure and Semiotics of Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Cosmology, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-0287-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-0287-3">0-7007-0287-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2002" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Wesley (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5259388">"Aspects of the Creed of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal: A Study of Anthropomorphism in Early Islamic Discourse"</a>. International Journal of Middle East Studies. 34 (3): 441–463. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743802003021">10.1017/S0020743802003021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Aspects+of+the+Creed+of+Imam+Ahmad+ibn+Hanbal%3A+A+Study+of+Anthropomorphism+in+Early+Islamic+Discourse&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=441-463&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743802003021&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Wesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5259388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Islam" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Islam&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Allah">Allah</a> — by <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.azhar.eg/en/Islam/Creed/Pillars-of-Faith/ArtMID/10409/ArticleID/48714/Belief-in-God-Allah">Belief in God, Allah</a> — by <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Azhar">Al-Azhar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=05b1BwNvqCk">Islamic belief in God</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> — by <a href="/wiki/Musharraf_Hussain" title="Musharraf Hussain">Musharraf Hussain</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Religious texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Seerah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas_Al-Anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Story of Prophets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Bektashi Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a></li> <li>Moderate Kharijites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam#Wahbi_school" title="Ibadi Islam">Wahbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Qurbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="LawJurisprudence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marriage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Sex</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Marriage contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Nikah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">Death penalty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabiĥa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war in Islam">POWs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of sharia">Sources of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Schools of islamic jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Islamic_studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Theological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Creationism (evolution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism and progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Shu'ubiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion to mosques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Relationship_with_Muslims" title="Druze">Druzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Muslims" title="Ex-Muslims">Ex-Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Muslims" title="List of former Muslims">List of former Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ex-Muslim_organisations" title="List of ex-Muslim organisations">List of ex-Muslim organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism of Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Muslim">Cultural Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles" title="Islamic view of miracles">Islamic view of miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Islam" title="Nursing in Islam">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_and_miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran and miracles">Quran and miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Islam" title="Symbols of Islam">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" 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title="Category:Islam">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theology" title="Template:Theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theology" title="Template talk:Theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Conceptions_of_God" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystheism" title="Dystheism">Dystheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urmonotheismus" title="Urmonotheismus">Urmonotheismus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polydeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_finitism" title="Theistic finitism">Theistic finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theopanism" title="Theopanism">Theopanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">Divinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender of God</a> and gods <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numen" title="Numen">Numen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Singular god</a> theologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By faith</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">God as</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">Good</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Father_of_Greatness" title="Father of Greatness">Father of Greatness</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_Comma" title="Johannine Comma">Comma Johanneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoousion" title="Homoousion">Homoousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoiousian" title="Homoiousian">Homoiousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_the_Trinity" title="Shield of the Trinity">Shield of the Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism_in_the_Church_Fathers" title="Trinitarianism in the Church Fathers">Trinity of the Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_universalism" title="Trinitarian universalism">Trinitarian universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">Fate of the unlearned</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fitra" title="Fitra">Fitra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_religion" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Incantations_Scripture" title="Divine Incantations Scripture">Taoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_presence" title="Divine presence">Divine presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egotheism" title="Egotheism">Egotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotheology" title="Exotheology">Exotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead in Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Latter Day Saints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect of the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olelbis" title="Olelbis">Olelbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_theism" title="Open theism">Open theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenological_definition_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomenological definition of God">Phenomenological definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo%27s_view_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo's view of God">Philo's view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a> in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Names of God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_names_of_Krishna" title="List of titles and names of Krishna">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_faith" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By faith</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Christian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">Hamartiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophiology" title="Sophiology">Sophiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Soteriology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Hindu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi_theology" title="Ayyavazhi theology">Ayyavazhi theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Krishnology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Last Judgment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_theology" title="Category:Jewish theology">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Abrahamic prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_pagan_theology" title="Category:Modern pagan theology">Pagan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith%27s_theology_and_cosmology" title="Slavic Native Faith's theology and cosmology">Slavic Native Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wiccan</a></li></ul> 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