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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Points of criticism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Points_of_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_expansion_of_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_expansion_of_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 The expansion of Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_expansion_of_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scripture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scripture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Scripture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scripture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-existing_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-existing_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Pre-existing sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-existing_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_the_Hadith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_the_Hadith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Criticism of the Hadith </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_the_Hadith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_Muhammad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_Muhammad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Criticism of Muhammad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_Muhammad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Islamic ethics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Views on slavery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apostasy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apostasy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Apostasy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apostasy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam_and_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam_and_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Islam and violence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam_and_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Temporary_and_Contractual_Marriages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temporary_and_Contractual_Marriages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.1 Temporary and Contractual Marriages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temporary_and_Contractual_Marriages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_of_Muhammad's_wife_Aisha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_of_Muhammad's_wife_Aisha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.2 Age of Muhammad's wife Aisha </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_of_Muhammad's_wife_Aisha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_in_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_in_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Women in Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_in_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam_and_multiculturalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam_and_multiculturalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Islam and multiculturalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam_and_multiculturalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Criticism of Islam</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" > 36 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="نقد الإسلام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نقد الإسلام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="ইসলামের সমালোচনা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইসলামের সমালোচনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Критика на исляма – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Критика на исляма" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritika_isl%C3%A1mu" title="Kritika islámu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kritika islámu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritik_af_islam" title="Kritik af islam – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kritik af islam" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamkritik" title="Islamkritik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Islamkritik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%99%CF%83%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BC" title="Κριτική του Ισλάμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κριτική του Ισλάμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%ADtica_al_islam" title="Crítica al islam – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crítica al islam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritiko_de_Islamo" title="Kritiko de Islamo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kritiko de Islamo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="نقد اسلام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نقد اسلام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critique_de_l%27islam" title="Critique de l'islam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Critique de l'islam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE" title="ઇસ્લામની ટીકા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઇસ્લામની ટીકા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="इस्लाम की आलोचना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इस्लाम की आलोचना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritik_terhadap_Islam" title="Kritik terhadap Islam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kritik terhadap Islam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antislamismo" title="Antislamismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antislamismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9D" title="ביקורת על האסלאם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביקורת על האסלאם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rexneya_li_%C3%AEslam%C3%AA" title="Rexneya li îslamê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rexneya li îslamê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82" title="ഇസ്ലാമും വിമർശനങ്ങളും – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇസ്ലാമും വിമർശനങ്ങളും" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="نقد الاسلام – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نقد الاسلام" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="反イスラーム主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="反イスラーム主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE" title="ଇସଲାମର ସମାଲୋଚନା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇସଲାମର ସମାଲୋଚନା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%87" title="پر اسلام نيوکه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پر اسلام نيوکه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%ADticas_ao_Isl%C3%A3" title="Críticas ao Islã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Críticas ao Islã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critici_aduse_Islamului" title="Critici aduse Islamului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Critici aduse Islamului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Критика ислама – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Критика ислама" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritika_ndaj_fes%C3%AB_islame" title="Kritika ndaj fesë islame – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kritika ndaj fesë islame" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritika_islamu" title="Kritika islamu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kritika islamu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%95%D8%AE%D9%86%DB%95%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86_%D9%84%DB%95_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ڕەخنەگرتن لە ئیسلام – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕەخنەگرتن لە ئیسلام" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamin_kritiikki" title="Islamin kritiikki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Islamin kritiikki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritik_av_islam" title="Kritik av islam – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kritik av islam" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="இசுலாம் குறித்த விமர்சனங்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இசுலாம் குறித்த விமர்சனங்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%88_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ఇస్లాం పై విమర్శలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇస్లాం పై విమర్శలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slam_ele%C5%9Ftirisi" title="İslam eleştirisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İslam eleştirisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Критика ісламу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Критика ісламу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="انتقاد بر اسلام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انتقاد بر اسلام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/110px-Allah3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/165px-Allah3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/220px-Allah3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="313" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Beliefs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revealed Books</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Day of Resurrection</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Profession of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Almsgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_texts" title="List of Islamic texts">Texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Foundations</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Sirah</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir (exegesis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah (creed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas_al-Anbiya" title="Qisas al-Anbiya">Qisas al-Anbiya ("Stories of the Prophets")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathnawi" title="Mathnawi">Mathnawi</a> (Poems)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh (jurisprudence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia (law)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Islamic history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Spread of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">society</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Academics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_(circumcision)" title="Khitan (circumcision)">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_diaspora" title="Muslim diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Islam" title="Education in Islam">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession_and_exorcism_in_Islam" title="Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Proselytizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam" title="Sexuality in Islam">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_and_Islam" title="LGBTQ people and Islam">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubinage in Islam">Concubinage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Criticism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Hadith</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam" title="Glossary of Islam">Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam" title="Template:Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam" title="Template talk:Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam" 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.mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By religion</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of the Bahá'í Faith">Baháˈí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Buddhism" title="Criticism of Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Criticism of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_movement#Controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Unification movement">Unification movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Unification_Church_in_Japan" title="Criticism of Unification Church in Japan">Unification Church in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westboro_Baptist_Church#Criticisms" title="Westboro Baptist Church">Westboro Baptist Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Swaminarayan_sect" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Swaminarayan sect">Swaminarayan sect</a></li></ul></li> <li>Islam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Twelver_Shia_Islam" title="Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam">Twelver Shia Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jainism" title="Criticism of Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Judaism" title="Criticism of Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monotheism" title="Criticism of monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement#Opposition" title="New religious movement">New religious movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_modern_paganism" title="Criticism of modern paganism">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_controversies" title="Scientology controversies">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism#Criticism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Zoroastrianism" title="Criticism of Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By religious figure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Aisha" title="Shia view of Aisha">Aisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell#Controversies" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Ellen_G._White" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Ellen G. White">Ellen White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses#Criticism_of_Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad#Legacy" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul#Biblical_criticism" title="Saul">Saul</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By text</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Mormon_sacred_texts" title="Criticism of Mormon sacred texts">Mormon sacred texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Criticism of the Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud#Criticism" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Religious violence</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_violence" title="Judaism and violence">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_terrorism" title="Hindu terrorism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_extremist_terrorism" title="Jewish extremist terrorism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance" title="History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance">Christian thought on persecution and tolerance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">In Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_warfare" title="Judaism and warfare">In Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a></li> <li>By country <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Christians_in_India" title="Violence against Christians in India">Anti-Christian violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Odisha" title="Religious violence in Odisha">In Odisha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_Pakistan" title="Religious discrimination in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Bibliographies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Christianity" title="Bibliography of books critical of Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Islam" title="Bibliography of books critical of Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Judaism" title="Bibliography of books critical of Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Mormonism" title="Bibliography of books critical of Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Scientology" title="Bibliography of books critical of Scientology">Scientology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_abuse" title="Religious abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">In Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Christianity" title="Apostasy in Christianity">In Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_atheism" title="Criticism of atheism">Criticism of atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monotheism" title="Criticism of monotheism">Criticism of monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitions">Superstitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superstitions_in_Muslim_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitions in Muslim societies">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Judaism" title="Superstition in Judaism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Criticism_of_religion_sidebar" title="Template:Criticism of religion sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Criticism_of_religion_sidebar" title="Template talk:Criticism of religion sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Criticism_of_religion_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Criticism of religion sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Criticism of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> can take many forms, including academic critiques, political criticism, religious criticism, and personal opinions. Subjects of criticism include Islamic beliefs, practices, and doctrines. Criticism of Islam has been present since its formative stages, and early expressions of disapproval were made by <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, and some former Muslims like <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Rawandi" title="Ibn al-Rawandi">Ibn al-Rawandi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-John_of_Damascus2-1">[1]</a> Subsequently, the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> itself faced criticism after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WarraqPoetry-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ibn_Kammuna-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oussani-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-fried1-5">[5]</a> Criticism of Islam has been aimed at the life of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, the prophet of Islam, in both his public and personal lives.<a href="#cite_note-Oussani-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-WarraqQuest-6">[6]</a> Issues relating to the authenticity and morality of the <a href="/wiki/Scriptures_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Scriptures of Islam">scriptures of Islam</a>, both the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadiths</a>, are also discussed by critics.<a href="#cite_note-BibleInQuran-7">[7]</a> Criticisms of Islam have also been directed at historical practices, like the recognition of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">slavery as an institution</a><a href="#cite_note-eois-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arab imperialism</a> impacting indigenous cultures.<a href="#cite_note-Islamic-Imperialism-12">[12]</a> More recently, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic beliefs</a> regarding <a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">human origins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">God's existence</a>, and God's <a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">nature</a> have received criticism for their apparent <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of Religion">philosophical</a> and scientific inconsistencies.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ruthven-14">[14]</a> Other criticisms center on the treatment of individuals within modern <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim-majority countries</a>, including issues which are related to <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Muslim-majority_countries" title="Human rights in Muslim-majority countries">human rights in the Islamic world</a>, particularly in relation to the application of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fried1-5">[5]</a> As of 2014, 26% of the world's countries had <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy_law" title="Blasphemy law">anti-blasphemy laws</a>, and 13% of them also had <a href="/wiki/Apostasy#Islam" title="Apostasy">anti-apostasy laws</a>. By 2017, 13 Muslim countries imposed the death penalty for <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">apostasy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">blasphemy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-IslamInEurope-18">[18]</a> Amid the contemporary embrace of <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a>, there has been criticism regarding how Islam may affect the willingness or ability of Muslim immigrants to <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilate</a> in host nations.<a href="#cite_note-Modood-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical background">edit</a>]</div> The earliest surviving written criticisms of Islam are found in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> such as <a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a>. He viewed Islamic doctrines as a mix of ideas taken from the Bible and claimed that Muhammad was influenced by an Arian monk.<a href="#cite_note-Writings_by_St_John_of_Damascus-21">[21]</a> Other notable early critics included arabs like <a href="/wiki/Abu_Isa_al-Warraq" title="Abu Isa al-Warraq">Abu Isa al-Warraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Rawandi" title="Ibn al-Rawandi">Ibn al-Rawandi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Doubt-22">[22]</a>: 224  <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27arri" title="Al-Ma'arri">al-Ma'arri</a>, an eleventh-century <a href="/wiki/Antinatalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Antinatalist">antinatalist</a> and critic of all religions. His poetry was known for its "pervasive pessimism."<a href="#cite_note-:3-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> He believed that Islam does not have a monopoly on truth.<a href="#cite_note-WarraqPoetry-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Doubt-22">[22]</a>: 224  <a href="/wiki/Apologetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Apologetic">Apologetic</a> writings, attributed to the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ibn_al-Muqaffa" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa">Abd-Allah ibn al-Muqaffa</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 756), include defenses of Manichaeism against Islam and critiques of the Islamic concept of God, characterizing the Quranic deity in highly critical terms.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The Jewish philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kammuna" title="Ibn Kammuna">Ibn Kammuna</a>, criticized Islam,<a href="#cite_note-Ibn_Warraq_p._3-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> reasoning that Sharia was incompatible with the principles of justice.<a href="#cite_note-Ibn_Warraq_p._3-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Christian church officials commonly represented Islam as a Christian <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> or a form of idolatry.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-34">[34]</a> They viewed Islam to be a material, rather than spiritual, religion and often explained it in apocalyptic terms.<a href="#cite_note-:1-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, European academics often portrayed Islam as an exotic Eastern religion distinct from Western religions like Judaism and Christianity, sometimes classifying it as a "Semitic" religion.<a href="#cite_note-Campo_xxi_–_xxxii-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The term "Mohammedanism" was used by many to criticize Islam by focusing on Muhammad's actions, reducing Islam to merely a derivative of Christianity rather than acknowledging it as a successor of Abrahamic monotheisms.<a href="#cite_note-Campo_xxi_–_xxxii-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Campo_477-38">[38]</a> By contrast, many academics nowadays study Islam as an Abrahamic religion in relation to Judaism and Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-Campo_xxi_–_xxxii-36">[36]</a> The Christian apologist <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a> criticized Islam as a heresy or parody of Christianity,<a href="#cite_note-Chesterton_1925-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1776), both a <a href="/wiki/Naturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalist">naturalist</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Sceptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sceptic">sceptic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> considered <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a> religions to be more "comfortable to sound reason" than <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a> but also found Islam to be more "ruthless" than Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a> bishop <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Antioch" title="Paul of Antioch">Paul of Antioch</a> accepted Muhammed as a prophet, but did not consider his mission to be universal and regarded Christian law superior to Islamic law.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, a twelfth-century <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a>, did not question the strict monotheism of Islam, and considered Islam to be a instrument of divine providence for bringing all of humankind to the worship of the one true God, but was critical of the practical <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a> of Muslim regimes and considered <a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Islamic ethics</a> and politics to be inferior to their Jewish counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-Maimonides-44">[44]</a> In his essay Islam Through Western Eyes, the cultural critic <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a> suggests that the Western view of Islam is particularly hostile for a range of religious, psychological and political reasons, all deriving from a sense "that so far as the West is concerned, Islam represents not only a formidable competitor but also a late-coming challenge to Christianity." In his view, the general basis of <a href="/wiki/Oriental_studies" title="Oriental studies">Orientalist</a> thought forms a study structure in which Islam is placed in an inferior position as an object of study, thus forming a considerable bias in Orientalist writings as a consequence of the scholars' cultural make-up.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Points_of_criticism">Points of criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Points of criticism">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_expansion_of_Islam">The expansion of Islam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The expansion of Islam">edit</a>]</div> In an alleged dialogue between the Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1391–1425) and a Persian scholar, the emperor criticized Islam as a faith spread by the sword.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> This matches the common view in Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment period</a> about Islam, then synonymous with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, as a bloody, ruthless, and intolerant religion.<a href="#cite_note-Hume_2007-47">[47]</a> More recently, in 2006, a similar statement of Manuel II,<a href="#cite_note-48">[a]</a> quoted publicly by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>, prompted a negative response from Muslim figures who viewed the remarks as an insulting mischaracterization of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC1-50">[49]</a> In this vein, the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> social reformer <a href="/wiki/Pandit_Lekh_Ram" title="Pandit Lekh Ram">Pandit Lekh Ram</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1897) thought that Islam was grown through violence and desire for wealth,<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigerian</a> author <a href="/wiki/Wole_Soyinka" title="Wole Soyinka">Wole Soyinka</a> considers Islam as a "superstition" that it is mainly spread with violence and force.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> This "conquest by the sword" thesis is opposed by some historians who consider the transregional development of Islam a multi-faceted and complex phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-Campo_xxi_–_xxxii-36">[36]</a> The first wave of expansion, the migration of the early Muslims to <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> to escape persecution in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and the subsequent conversion of Medina, was indeed peaceful. In the years to come, Muslims defended themselves against frequent Meccan incursions until Mecca's peaceful surrender in 630. By the time of his death in 632, many of the Arabian tribes had formed political alliances with Muhammad and adopted Islam peacefully, which also paved the way for the subsequent conquests of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and (the rest of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>) after the death of Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-Campo_xxi_–_xxxii-36">[36]</a> Islam nevertheless often remained a minority religion in conquered territories for several centuries after the initial waves of conquest, indicating that the conquest of territories beyond the Arabian Peninsula did not instantly result in large conversions to Islam.<a href="#cite_note-53">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-Campo_xxi_–_xxxii-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scripture">Scripture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scripture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AndalusQuran.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/AndalusQuran.JPG/170px-AndalusQuran.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/AndalusQuran.JPG/255px-AndalusQuran.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/AndalusQuran.JPG/340px-AndalusQuran.JPG 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption>12th-century <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusian</a> Quran</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Criticism of the Quran</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Quran" title="History of the Quran">History of the Quran</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Syro-Aramaic_Reading_of_the_Koran" title="The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran">The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Muhammad" title="Historicity of Muhammad">Historicity of Muhammad</a></div> In the lifetime of Muhammad, the Quran was primarily preserved orally and the written compilation of the whole Quran in its current form took place some 150 to 300 years later, according to some sources.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> Alternatively, others believe that the Quran was compiled shortly after the death of Muhammad in 632 and canonized by end of the caliphate of <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 644–656).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEModarressi199316–18-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi200914-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakatchi2015-59">[57]</a> The idea that Quran is perfect and impossible to imitate as asserted in the Quran itself is disputed by critics.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> One such criticism is that sentences about God in the Quran are sometimes followed immediately by those in which God is the speaker.<a href="#cite_note-JE-61">[59]</a> The modern historian <a href="/wiki/John_Wansbrough" title="John Wansbrough">John Wansbrough</a> believes that the Quran is in part a <a href="/wiki/Redaction" title="Redaction">redaction</a> of other sacred scriptures, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judaeo-Christian</a> scriptures.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wansbrough-63">[61]</a> The Christian theologian <a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Philip Schaff</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1893) praises the Quran for its poetic beauty, religious fervor, and wise counsel, but considers this mixed with "absurdities, bombast, unmeaning images, and low sensuality."<a href="#cite_note-Schaff_1910_4.III.44-64">[62]</a> The Iranian journalist <a href="/wiki/Ali_Dashti" title="Ali Dashti">Ali Dashti</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1982) criticized the Quran, saying that "the speaker cannot have been God" in certain passages.<a href="#cite_note-Warraq_-_Why_I_am_Not-65">[63]</a> Similarly, the secular author <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Warraq" title="Ibn Warraq">Ibn Warraq</a> gives Surah <a href="/wiki/Al-Fatiha" title="Al-Fatiha">al-Fatiha</a> as an example of a passage which is "clearly addressed to God, in the form of a prayer."<a href="#cite_note-Warraq_-_Why_I_am_Not-65">[63]</a> The orientalist <a href="/wiki/Gerd_R._Puin" title="Gerd R. Puin">Gerd Puin</a> believes that the Quran contains many verses which are incomprehensible, a view rejected by Muslims and many other orientalists.<a href="#cite_note-Lester-66">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Apology_of_al-Kindy" class="mw-redirect" title="Apology of al-Kindy">Apology of al-Kindy</a>, a medieval polemical work, describes the narratives in the Quran as "all jumbled together and intermingled," and regards this as "evidence that many different hands have been at work therein."<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-existing_sources">Pre-existing sources</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pre-existing sources">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/220px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/330px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/440px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Critics see the reliance of Quran on various pre-existing sources as evidence for a human origin.</figcaption></figure> Critics point to various pre-existing sources to argue against the <a href="/wiki/Wahy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahy">traditional narrative of revelation from God</a>. Some scholars have calculated that one third of the Quran has pre-Islamic Christian origins.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> Aside from the Bible, the Quran relies on several <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">Apocryphal</a> and sources, like the <a href="/wiki/Protoevangelium_of_James" class="mw-redirect" title="Protoevangelium of James">Protoevangelium of James</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Leirvik_2010,_pp._33–34-69">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Pseudo-Matthew" title="Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew">Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Leirvik_2010,_pp._33–34-69">[67]</a> and several <a href="/wiki/Infancy_gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="Infancy gospel">infancy gospels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> Several narratives rely on Jewish <a href="/wiki/Tanhuma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanhuma">Midrash Tanhuma</a> sources, like the narrative of Cain learning to bury the body of Abel in <a href="/wiki/Quran_5:31" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran 5:31">Quran 5:31</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Geisler" title="Norman Geisler">Norman Geisler</a> argues that the dependence of the Quran on preexisting sources is one evidence of a purely human origin.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Carrier" title="Richard Carrier">Richard Carrier</a> regards this reliance on pre-Islamic Christian sources as evidence that Islam derived from a <a href="/wiki/Torah-observant" class="mw-redirect" title="Torah-observant">Torah-observant</a> sect of Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticism_of_the_Hadith">Criticism of the Hadith</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Criticism of the Hadith">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hadith" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Hadith">Criticism of Hadith</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography of early Islam</a></div> It has been suggested that there exists around the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> (Muslim traditions relating to the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> (words and deeds) of Muhammad) three major sources of corruption: political conflicts, sectarian prejudice, and the desire to translate the underlying meaning, rather than the original words verbatim.<a href="#cite_note-fedex-75">[73]</a> Muslim critics of the hadith, known as <a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranists</a>, reject its authority on theological grounds, arguing that the Quran itself is sufficient for guidance, as it claims that nothing essential has been omitted.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> They believe that reliance on the Hadith has caused people to deviate from the original intent of God's revelation to Muhammad, which they see as adherence to the Quran alone.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ahmed_Pervez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulam Ahmed Pervez">Ghulam Ahmed Pervez</a> was one of these critics and was denounced as a non-believer by thousands of orthodox clerics.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> In his work Maqam-e Hadith he considered any hadith that goes against the teachings of Quran to have been falsely attributed to the Prophet.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> Kassim Ahmad argued that some hadith promote ideas that conflict with science and create sectarian issues.<a href="#cite_note-call-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-kiss-82">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Esposito" title="John Esposito">John Esposito</a> argues that modern Western scholarship has raised doubts about the historicity and authenticity of hadith,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito199867-83">[81]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Joseph Schacht</a> argued that there is no evidence of legal traditions prior to 722. Schacht concluded that the Sunna attributed to the Prophet consists of material from later periods rather than the actual words and deeds of the Prophet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito199867-83">[81]</a> However, scholars like <a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Wilferd Madelung</a> have argued that a complete dismissal of hadith as late fiction is "unjustified".<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> Orthodox Muslims do not deny the existence of false hadith, but believe that through the scholars' work, these false hadith have been largely eliminated.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SanaaQuoranDoubleVersions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/SanaaQuoranDoubleVersions.jpg/220px-SanaaQuoranDoubleVersions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/SanaaQuoranDoubleVersions.jpg/330px-SanaaQuoranDoubleVersions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/SanaaQuoranDoubleVersions.jpg/440px-SanaaQuoranDoubleVersions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sana%27a_manuscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Sana'a manuscript">Sana'a manuscripts</a> of the Quran</figcaption></figure> The traditional view of Islam has faced scrutiny due to a lack of consistent supporting evidence, such as limited archaeological finds and some discrepancies with non-Muslim sources.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Donner_1998-88">[86]</a>: 23  In the 1970s, a number of scholars began to re-evaluate established Islamic history, proposing that earlier accounts may have been altered over time.<a href="#cite_note-Donner_1998-88">[86]</a>: 23 <a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> They sought to reconstruct early Islamic history using alternative sources like coins, inscriptions, and non-Islamic texts. Prominent among these scholars was <a href="/wiki/John_Wansbrough" title="John Wansbrough">John Wansbrough</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Donner_1998-88">[86]</a>: 38  Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Gerd_R._Puin" title="Gerd R. Puin">Gerd R. Puin's</a> study of the Sana'a manuscripts revealed some variations in text and verse order, suggesting that the Quranic text may have evolved over time.<a href="#cite_note-Lester-66">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_Muhammad">Criticism of Muhammad</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Criticism of Muhammad">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Criticism of Muhammad</a></div> The Christian missionary <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_Koelle" title="Sigismund Koelle">Sigismund Koelle</a> and the former Muslim <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Warraq" title="Ibn Warraq">Ibn Warraq</a> have criticized Muhammad's actions as immoral.<a href="#cite_note-Oussani-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-WarraqQuest-6">[6]</a> In one instance, the Jewish poet <a href="/wiki/Ka%27b_ibn_al-Ashraf" title="Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf">Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf</a> provoked the Meccan tribe of <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a> to fight Muslims and wrote <a href="/wiki/Erotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Erotic">erotic</a> poetry about their women,<a href="#cite_note-Ashraf-90">[88]</a> and was apparently plotting to assassinate Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-Rubin-91">[89]</a> Muhammad called upon his followers to kill Ka'b,<a href="#cite_note-Ashraf-90">[88]</a> and he was consequently assassinated by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Maslamah" title="Muhammad ibn Maslamah">Muhammad ibn Maslama</a>, an early Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> Such criticisms were countered by the historian <a href="/wiki/William_Montgomery_Watt" class="mw-redirect" title="William Montgomery Watt">William M. Watt</a>, who argues on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Moral_relativism" title="Moral relativism">moral relativism</a> that Muhammad should be judged by the standards and norms of his own time and geography, rather than ours.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> The fourteenth-century poem <a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a> contains defamatory images of Muhammad, picturing him the eighth circle of hell, along with his cousin and son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceH-95">[93]</a> Dante does not blame Islam as a whole but accuses Muhammad of <a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">schism</a> for establishing another religion after Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-auto-94">[92]</a> Some medieval ecclesiastical writers portrayed Muhammad as possessed by <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>, a "precursor of the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a>" or the Antichrist himself.<a href="#cite_note-Oussani-4">[4]</a> '<a href="/wiki/Tultusceptru_de_libro_domni_Metobii" title="Tultusceptru de libro domni Metobii">Tultusceptru de libro domni Metobii</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Andalusian</a> manuscript of unknown origins, describes how Muhammad (called Ozim, from <a href="/wiki/Hashim" title="Hashim">Hashim</a>) was tricked by Satan into adulterating an originally pure divine revelation: God was concerned about the spiritual fate of the Arabs and wanted to correct their deviation from the faith. He then sent an angel to the Christian monk Osius who ordered him to preach to the Arabs. Osius, however, was in ill-health and instead ordered a young monk, Ozim, to carry out the angel's orders. Ozim set out to follow his orders, but was stopped by an evil angel on the way. The ignorant Ozim believed him to be the same angel that had spoken to Osius before. The evil angel modified and corrupted the original message given to Ozim by Osius, and renamed Ozim Muhammad. From this followed the erroneous teachings of Islam, according to Tultusceptru.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_ethics">Islamic ethics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Islamic ethics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Islamic ethics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quran_rzabasi1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Quran_rzabasi1.JPG/220px-Quran_rzabasi1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Quran_rzabasi1.JPG/330px-Quran_rzabasi1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Quran_rzabasi1.JPG/440px-Quran_rzabasi1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2898" data-file-height="2394" /></a><figcaption>9th-century Quran in <a href="/wiki/Reza_Abbasi_Museum" title="Reza Abbasi Museum">Reza Abbasi Museum</a></figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>, while there is much to be admired and affirmed in Islamic ethics, its originality or superiority is rejected.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> Critics stated that the <a href="/wiki/Quran_4:34" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran 4:34">Quran 4:34</a> allows Muslim men to discipline their wives by striking them.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> There is however evidence from Islamic hadiths and scholars such as Ibn Kathir that demonstrates that only a twig or leaf can be used by a man to "strike" their wife and this is not allowed to cause pain or injure their wife but to show their frustration.<a href="#cite_note-Domestic_Violence_and_the_Islamic_T-99">[97]</a> Moreover, confusion amongst translations of Quran with the original Arabic term "wadribuhunna" being translated as "to go away from them",<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> "beat",<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> "strike lightly" and "separate".<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> The film <a href="/wiki/Submission_(2004_film)" title="Submission (2004 film)">Submission</a> critiqued this and similar verses of the Quran by displaying them painted on the bodies of abused Muslim women.<a href="#cite_note-submission_script-103">[101]</a> Some critics argue that the Quran is incompatible with other religious scriptures as it attacks and advocates hate against people of other religions.<a href="#cite_note-BibleInQuran-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Harris (author)">Sam Harris</a> interprets certain verses of the Quran as sanctioning military action against unbelievers as it said "Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day and who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful and who do not adopt the religion of truth from those who were given the Scripture – [fight] until they give the jizyah willingly while they are humbled."(<a href="/wiki/Quran_9:29" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran 9:29">Quran 9:29</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Who_Are_the_Moderate_Muslims?-107">[105]</a> However, the Islamic hadiths and scholars such as Dr Zakir Naik refer to fighting and not to trust "non-believers" and Christians in certain situations or events such as during times of war.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a> is a tax for "protection" paid by non-Muslims to a Muslim ruler, for the exemption from military service for non-Muslims, and for the permission to practice a non-Muslim faith with some communal autonomy in a Muslim state.<a href="#cite_note-anveremon-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-ArnoldPoI3-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito199834-111">[109]</a> Harris argues that <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Muslim extremism</a> is simply a consequence of taking the Quran literally, and is skeptical that moderate Islam is possible.<a href="#cite_note-127">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harris1-128">[125]</a> Max I. Dimont interprets that the <a href="/wiki/Houri" title="Houri">Houris</a> described in the Quran are specifically dedicated to "male pleasure".<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> According to Pakistani Islamic scholar Maulana Umar Ahmed Usmani "Hur" or "hurun" is the plural of both "ahwaro" which is a masculine form and also "haurao" which is a feminine, meaning both pure males and pure females. Basically, the word 'hurun' means white, he says.<a href="#cite_note-dawn-houri-20-130">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_slavery">Views on slavery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Views on slavery">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Islamic views on slavery</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">History of slavery in the Muslim world</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">History of concubinage in the Muslim world</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg/170px-Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg/255px-Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg/340px-Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="910" /></a><figcaption>13th-century <a href="/wiki/Arab_slave_trade" title="Arab slave trade">slave market</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a>, the Islamic injunctions against the enslavement of Muslims led to massive importation of slaves from the outside.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> Also <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Manning_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Manning (professor)">Patrick Manning</a> believes that Islam seems to have done more to protect and expand slavery than the reverse.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> Brockopp, on the other hand believe that the idea of using alms for the manumission of slaves appears to be unique to the Quran ([<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D2%3Averse%3D177">2:177</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D9%3Averse%3D60">9:60</a>]). Similarly, the practice of freeing slaves in atonement for certain sins appears to be introduced by the Quran (but compare Exod 21:26-7).<a href="#cite_note-Brockopp-133">[130]</a> Also the forced prostitution of female slaves, a Near Eastern custom of great antiquity, is condemned in the Quran.<a href="#cite_note-Esposito-134">[131]</a> According to Brockopp "the placement of slaves in the same category as other weak members of society who deserve protection is unknown outside the Qur'an.<a href="#cite_note-Brockopp-133">[130]</a> Some slaves had high social status in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">enslaved</a> <a href="/wiki/Mercenaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercenaries">mercenaries</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Levanoni_2010-135">[132]</a> who were assigned high-ranking military and administrative duties by the ruling Arab and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Ottoman</a> dynasties.<a href="#cite_note-Ayalon_2012-136">[133]</a> Critics argue unlike Western societies there have been no anti-slavery movements in Muslim societies,<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> which according to Gordon was due to the fact that it was deeply anchored in Islamic law, thus there was no ideological challenge ever mounted against slavery.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> According to sociologist Rodney Stark, "the fundamental problem facing Muslim theologians vis-à-vis the morality of slavery" is that Muhammad himself engaged in activities such as purchasing, selling, and owning slaves, and that his followers saw him as the perfect example to emulate. Stark contrasts Islam with <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, writing that Christian theologians wouldn't have been able to "work their way around the biblical acceptance of slavery" if <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> had owned slaves, as Muhammad did.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> Only in the early 20th century did slavery gradually became outlawed and suppressed in Muslim lands, with Muslim-majority <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> being the last country in the world to formally abolish slavery in 1981.<a href="#cite_note-eois-8">[8]</a> Murray Gordon characterizes Muhammad's approach to slavery as reformist rather than revolutionary that abolish slavery, but rather improved the conditions of slaves by urging his followers to treat their slaves humanely and free them as a way of expiating one's sins.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurisprudence</a>, slavery was theoretically an exceptional condition under the dictum The basic principle is liberty.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-9">[9]</a> Reports from Sudan and Somalia showing practice of slavery is in border areas as a result of continuing war<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> and not Islamic belief. In recent years, except for some conservative <a href="/wiki/Salafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi">Salafi</a> Islamic scholars,<a href="#cite_note-147">[d]</a> most Muslim scholars found the practice "inconsistent with Qur'anic morality".<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apostasy">Apostasy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Apostasy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Execution_of_a_Moroccan_Jewess_by_Alfred_Dehodencq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Execution_of_a_Moroccan_Jewess_by_Alfred_Dehodencq.jpg/170px-Execution_of_a_Moroccan_Jewess_by_Alfred_Dehodencq.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Execution_of_a_Moroccan_Jewess_by_Alfred_Dehodencq.jpg/255px-Execution_of_a_Moroccan_Jewess_by_Alfred_Dehodencq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Execution_of_a_Moroccan_Jewess_by_Alfred_Dehodencq.jpg/340px-Execution_of_a_Moroccan_Jewess_by_Alfred_Dehodencq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>"Execution of a Moroccan Jewess (<a href="/wiki/Sol_Hachuel" title="Sol Hachuel">Sol Hachuel</a>)", a painting by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Dehodencq" title="Alfred Dehodencq">Alfred Dehodencq</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy in Islam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion#Islam" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion § Islam</a></div> In Islam, apostasy along with heresy and blasphemy (verbal insult to religion) is considered a form of disbelief. The Qur'an states that apostasy would bring punishment in the Afterlife, but takes a relatively lenient view of apostasy in this life (Q 9:74; 2:109).<a href="#cite_note-Campo48-151">[147]</a> While Shafi'i interprets verse <a href="/wiki/Quran_2:217" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran 2:217">Quran 2:217</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> as adducing the main evidence for the death penalty in Quran, the historian W. Heffening states that <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> threatens apostates with punishment in the next world only.,<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a> the historian Wael Hallaq states the later addition of death penalty "reflects a later reality and does not stand in accord with the deeds of the Prophet."<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a> is identified by a list of actions such as conversion to another religion, denying the existence of <a href="/wiki/God_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="God of Islam">God</a>, rejecting the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Islam">prophets</a>, mocking God or the prophets, idol worship, rejecting the <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a>, or permitting behavior that is forbidden by the sharia, such as <a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">adultery</a> or the eating of forbidden foods or drinking of alcoholic beverages.<a href="#cite_note-relianceA2-155">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-relianceA1-156">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Campo48-151">[147]</a> The majority of Muslim scholars hold to the traditional view that apostasy is <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_capital_punishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and capital punishment">punishable by death</a> or imprisonment until repentance, at least for adults of sound mind.<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-KEY-158">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> Also <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'a</a> scholars, agree on the difference of punishment between male and female.<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> Some widely held interpretations of Islam are inconsistent with Human Rights conventions that recognize the right to change religion.<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> In particular article 18 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> Some contemporary Islamic jurists, such as <a href="/wiki/Hussein-Ali_Montazeri" title="Hussein-Ali Montazeri">Hussein-Ali Montazeri</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> have argued or issued <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwas</a> that state that either the changing of religion is not punishable or is only punishable under restricted circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Yohanan_Friedmann" title="Yohanan Friedmann">Yohanan Friedmann</a>, "The real predicament facing modern Muslims with liberal convictions is not the existence of stern laws against apostasy in medieval Muslim books of law, but rather the fact that accusations of apostasy and demands to punish it are heard time and again from radical elements in the contemporary Islamic world."<a href="#cite_note-Yohanan_Friedmann_p.5-165">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sadakat_Kadri" title="Sadakat Kadri">Sadakat Kadri</a> noted that "state officials could not punish an unmanifested belief even if they wanted to".<a href="#cite_note-kadri-249-166">[162]</a> The kind of apostasy which the jurists generally deemed punishable was of the political kind, although there were considerable legal differences of opinion on this matter.<a href="#cite_note-afsaruddin1-167">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wael_Hallaq" title="Wael Hallaq">Wael Hallaq</a> states that "[in] a culture whose lynchpin is religion, religious principles and religious morality, apostasy is in some way equivalent to high treason in the modern nation-state".<a href="#cite_note-waelhallaq-168">[164]</a> Also <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a> consider the apostasy as a treason and "a withdrawal, a denial of allegiance as well as of religious belief and loyalty".<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-169">[165]</a> The English historian <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">C. E. Bosworth</a> suggests the traditional view of apostasy hampered the development of Islamic learning, like philosophy and natural science, "out of fear that these could evolve into potential toe-holds for <a href="/wiki/Kufr" class="mw-redirect" title="Kufr">kufr</a>, those people who reject God."<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> While in 13 Muslim-majority countries atheism is punishable by death,<a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a> according to legal historian <a href="/wiki/Sadakat_Kadri" title="Sadakat Kadri">Sadakat Kadri</a>, executions were rare because "it was widely believed" that any accused apostate "who repented by articulating the <a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">shahada</a>" (LA ILAHA ILLALLAH "There is no God but God") "had to be forgiven" and their punishment delayed until after Judgement Day.<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-kadri-239-173">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Montgomery_Watt" class="mw-redirect" title="William Montgomery Watt">William Montgomery Watt</a> states that "In Islamic teaching, such penalties may have been suitable for the age in which Muhammad lived."<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam_and_violence">Islam and violence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Islam and violence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam and violence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supremacism#Islamic" title="Supremacism">Supremacism § Islamic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_face_south_tower_after_plane_strike_9-11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/North_face_south_tower_after_plane_strike_9-11.jpg/170px-North_face_south_tower_after_plane_strike_9-11.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/North_face_south_tower_after_plane_strike_9-11.jpg/255px-North_face_south_tower_after_plane_strike_9-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/North_face_south_tower_after_plane_strike_9-11.jpg/340px-North_face_south_tower_after_plane_strike_9-11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="824" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> led to debate on whether Islam promotes violence.</figcaption></figure> Quran's teachings on matters of war and peace have become topics of heated discussion in recent years. On the one hand, some critics claim that certain verses of the Quran sanction military action against unbelievers as a whole both during the lifetime of Muhammad and after.<a href="#cite_note-Who_Are_the_Moderate_Muslims?-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-BAR-175">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a>, an <a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_terms_in_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Islamic terms in Arabic">Islamic term</a>, is a religious duty of <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> meaning "striving for the sake of God".<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-177">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-MIC-178">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-jih-179">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-ember-180">[176]</a> It is perceived in a military sense (not spiritual sense) by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> and David Cook.<a href="#cite_note-Cook166-183">[179]</a> Also Fawzy Abdelmalek<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Dennis Prager</a> argue against Islam being a <a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of Peace">religion of peace</a> and not of violence.<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a> John R. Neuman, a scholar on religion, describes Islam as "a perfect anti-religion" and "the antithesis of Buddhism".<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Wright" title="Lawrence Wright">Lawrence Wright</a> argued that role of <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi</a> literature in Saudi schools contributing suspicion and hate violence against non-Muslims as non-believers or infidels and anyone who "disagrees with Wahhabism is either an infidel or a deviant, who should repent or be killed."<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a> Most Muslim scholars, on the other hand, argue that such verses of the Quran are interpreted out of context,<a href="#cite_note-Boundries_Princeton-188">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-www-rohan.sdsu.edu-189">[185]</a> and argue that when the verses are read in context it clearly appears that the Quran prohibits aggression,<a href="#cite_note-aaiil.org-190">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sadr-u-Din,_Maulvi_page_8-191">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> and allows fighting only in self-defense.<a href="#cite_note-The_Qur_p._228-232-193">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ali,_Maulana_Muhammad_Pages_411-413-194">[190]</a> Charles Mathewes characterizes the peace verses as saying that "if others want peace, you can accept them as peaceful even if they are not Muslim." As an example, Mathewes cites the second sura, which commands believers not to transgress limits in warfare: "fight in God's cause against those who fight you, but do not transgress limits [in aggression]; God does not love transgressors" (2:190).<a href="#cite_note-Mathewes-195">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oriental_studies" title="Oriental studies">Orientalist</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Samuel_Margoliouth" title="David Samuel Margoliouth">David Margoliouth</a> described the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a> as the "stage at which Islam became a menace to the whole world".<a href="#cite_note-Margoliouth_1905_p._362-363-196">[192]</a> In the battle reportedly Muslims beheaded Jews.<a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a> Margoliouth argues that the Jews of Khaybar had done nothing to harm Muhammad or his followers, and ascribes the attack to a desire for <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">plunder</a><a href="#cite_note-Margoliouth_1905_p._362-363-196">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Watt" class="mw-redirect" title="Montgomery Watt">Montgomery Watt</a> on the other hand, believes Jews' intriguing and use of their wealth to incite tribes against Muhammad left him no choice but to attack.<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> Vaglieri and <a href="/wiki/Shibli_Numani" class="mw-redirect" title="Shibli Numani">Shibli Numani</a> concur that one reason for attack was that the Jews of Khaybar were responsible for the Confederates that attacked Muslims during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of the Trench</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EI-201">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nomani_1979,_vol._II,_pg._156-202">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sameul-203">[199]</a> Rabbi Samuel Rosenblatt has said that Muhammad's policies were not directed exclusively against Jews (referring to his conflicts with Jewish tribes) and that Muhammad was more severe with his pagan Arab kinsmen.<a href="#cite_note-Sameul-203">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rosenblatt-204">[200]</a> The <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> have resulted in many non-Muslims' indictment of Islam as a violent religion.<a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a> In the European view, Islam lacked divine authority and regarded the sword as the route to heaven.<a href="#cite_note-Hume_2007-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Karen Armstrong</a>, tracing what she believes to be the West's long history of hostility toward Islam, finds in Muhammad's teachings a theology of peace and tolerance. Armstrong holds that the "holy war" urged by the Quran alludes to each Muslim's duty to fight for a just, decent society.<a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, the leader of the 20th-century Indian independence movement, although non-violence is dominant in the Qur'an, thirteen hundred years of imperialist expansion have made Muslims a militant body.<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a> Other self-described Muslim organisations have emerged more recently, and some of them have been associated with jihadist and extreme Islamist groups. Compared to the entire Muslim community, these groups are sparsely populated. They have, however, received more attention from governments, international organisations, and the international media than other Muslim groups. This is as a result of their participation in actions intended to combat alleged enemies of Islam both at home and abroad.<a href="#cite_note-Campo_xxi_–_xxxii-36">[36]</a> Years later however, Al-Qaeda has yet to succeed in gaining the support of the majority of Muslims and continues to differ from other Islamist organizations in terms of both philosophy and strategy.<a href="#cite_note-Campo_xxi_–_xxxii-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Temporary_and_Contractual_Marriages">Temporary and Contractual Marriages</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Temporary and Contractual Marriages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikah_Misyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikah Misyar">Nikah Misyar</a></div> Nikāḥ al-Mutʿah is a fixed-term or short-term contractual <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>. The duration of this type of marriage is fixed at its inception and is then automatically dissolved upon completion of its term. For this reason, nikah mut'ah has been widely criticised as the religious cover and legalization of <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a> Shi'a and Sunnis agree that Mut'ah was legal in early times, but Sunnis consider that it was abrogated.<a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a> Currently, however, mut'ah is one of the distinctive features of <a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari jurisprudence">Ja'fari jurisprudence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mutahhari7-213">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunnis</a> believe that Muhammad later abolished this type of marriage at several different large events,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130703043411/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/059-sbt.php#005.059.527">Bukhari 059.527</a> Most Sunnis believe that Umar later was merely enforcing a prohibition that was established during Muhammad's time.<a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a> Shia contest the criticism that nikah mut'ah is a cover for prostitution, and argue that the unique legal nature of temporary marriage distinguishes Mut'ah ideologically from prostitution.<a href="#cite_note-Iranica-215">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a> Children born of temporary marriages are considered legitimate, and have equal status in law with their siblings born of permanent marriages, and do inherit from both parents. Women must observe a period of celibacy (idda) to allow for the identification of a child's legitimate father, and a woman can only be married to one person at a time, be it temporary or permanent. Some Shia scholars also view Mut'ah as a means of eradicating prostitution from society.<a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a> Nikah Misyar is a type of <a href="/wiki/Nikah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikah">Nikah</a> (marriage) in Sunni Islam only carried out through the normal contractual procedure, with the provision that the husband and wife give up several rights by their own free will, such as living together, equal division of nights between wives in cases of <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a>, the wife's rights to housing, and maintenance money ("<a href="/wiki/Nafaqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nafaqa">nafaqa</a>"), and the husband's right of homekeeping and access.<a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a> Essentially the couple continue to live separately from each other, as before their contract, and see each other to fulfil their needs in a legally permissible (<a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a>) manner when they please. Misyar has been suggested by some western authors to be a comparable marriage with <a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a> and that they find it for the sole purpose of "sexual gratification in a licit manner"<a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a> Islamic scholars like <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Uthaimeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Uthaimeen">Ibn Uthaimeen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a> claim that misyar marriage may be legal, but not moral.<a href="#cite_note-BinMenie-222">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Age_of_Muhammad's_wife_Aisha">Age of Muhammad's wife Aisha</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islam&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Age of Muhammad's wife Aisha">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad#Aisha" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Criticism of Muhammad (Aisha)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></div> According to Sunni <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> sources, Aisha was six or seven years old when she was married to Muhammad and nine when the marriage was consummated.<a href="#cite_note-armstrong157-223">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-spellberg40-224">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a> The Muslim historian <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 923) reports that she was ten,<a href="#cite_note-spellberg40-224">[220]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sa%27d_al-Baghdadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi">Ibn Sa'd</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 845) and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khallikan" title="Ibn Khallikan">Ibn Khallikan</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1282), two other Muslim historians, write that she was nine years old at marriage and twelve at consummation.<a href="#cite_note-Afsaruddin2014-227">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_(writer)" title="Muhammad Ali (writer)">Muhammad Ali</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1951), a modern Muslim author, argues that a new interpretation of the Hadith compiled by <a href="/wiki/Mishkat_al-Masabih" title="Mishkat al-Masabih">Mishkat al-Masabih</a>, Wali-ud-Din Muhammad ibn Abdullah Al-Khatib, could indicate that Aisha would have been nineteen.<a href="#cite_note-228">[224]</a> Similarly, on the basis of a hadith about her age difference with her sister <a href="/wiki/Asma_bint_Abi_Bakr" title="Asma bint Abi Bakr">Asma</a>, some have estimated Aisha's age to have been eighteen or nineteen at the time of her marriage.<a href="#cite_note-229">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAli1997150-230">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[228]</a> At any rate, Muhammad's marriage to Aisha may have not been considered improper by his contemporaries, for such marriages between an older man and a young girl were common among the <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[229]</a> In particular, <a href="/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Karen Armstrong</a>, an author on comparative religion, writes, "There was no impropriety in Muhammad's marriage to Aisha. Marriages conducted in absentia to seal an alliance were often contracted at this time between adults and minors who were even younger than Aisha."<a href="#cite_note-:0-234">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women_in_Islam">Women in Islam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islam&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Women in Islam">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women in Islam</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Islam and domestic violence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_women_in_sport" title="Muslim women in sport">Muslim women in sport</a></div> The meaning of <a href="/wiki/An-Nisa,_34" title="An-Nisa, 34">Quran 4:34</a> has been the subject of intense debate among experts. While many scholars<a href="#cite_note-hajjar2004-235">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[232]</a> claim Shari'a law encourages domestic violence against women,<a href="#cite_note-237">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[235]</a> many Muslim scholars arguing that it acts as a deterrent against domestic violence motivated by rage.<a href="#cite_note-240">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[237]</a> Shari'a is the basis for personal status laws such as rights of women in matters of marriage, divorce and child custody which was described as discriminatory against women from a human rights perspective in a 2011 <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> report.<a href="#cite_note-unicef2011-242">[238]</a> Allowing girls under 18 to marry by religious courts is another criticism of Islam<a href="#cite_note-243">[239]</a> Sharia grants women the right to inherit property<a href="#cite_note-244">[240]</a> but a daughter's inheritance is usually half that of her brother's but that is because the brother needs to care of his family and her sister if a male guardian isn't present and take care of her needs.[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D4%3Averse%3D11">4:11</a>]<a href="#cite_note-davidpowers-245">[241]</a> Furthermore, slave women were not granted the same legal rights.<a href="#cite_note-blbr-246">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-Quran-usc|24|33-248">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[245]</a> On 14 January 2009, the Catholic Portuguese cardinal <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Policarpo" title="José Policarpo">José Policarpo</a> directed a warning to young women to "think twice" before <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage_in_Islam" title="Interfaith marriage in Islam">marrying Muslim men</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-250">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spiegel-251">[247]</a> In contrast to the widespread Western belief that women in Muslim societies are oppressed and denied opportunities to realize their full potential, many Muslims believe their faith to be liberating or fair to women, and some find it offensive that Westerners criticize it without fully understanding the historical and contemporary realities of Muslim women's lives. Conservative Muslims in particular (in common with some Christians and Jews) see women in the West as being economically exploited for their labor, sexually abused, and commodified through the media's fixation on the female body.<a href="#cite_note-lapidus-252">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam_and_multiculturalism">Islam and multiculturalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islam&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Islam and multiculturalism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pascal_Bruckner(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pascal_Bruckner%282%29.jpg/220px-Pascal_Bruckner%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pascal_Bruckner%282%29.jpg/330px-Pascal_Bruckner%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pascal_Bruckner%282%29.jpg/440px-Pascal_Bruckner%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1412" data-file-height="1136" /></a><figcaption>French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Pascal_Bruckner" title="Pascal Bruckner">Pascal Bruckner</a> has criticised the effects of multiculturalism and Islam in the West.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_and_Islam" title="Multiculturalism and Islam">Multiculturalism and Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia#Regional_trends" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia § Regional trends</a></div> Muslim immigration to Western countries has led some critics to label Islam incompatible with secular Western society.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-253">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[250]</a> This criticism has been partly influenced by a stance against <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a> closely linked to the heritage of <a href="/wiki/New_Philosophers" title="New Philosophers">New Philosophers</a>. Recent critics include <a href="/wiki/Pascal_Bruckner" title="Pascal Bruckner">Pascal Bruckner</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-mnali-258">[254]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Cliteur" title="Paul Cliteur">Paul Cliteur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[255]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatar</a> <a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrist</a> criticize Islam as a semitic religion, which forced Turks to submission to an alien culture. Further, since Islam mentions semitic history as if it were the history of all mankind, but disregards components of other cultures and spirituality, the international approach of Islam is seen as a threat.<a href="#cite_note-260">[256]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>, founder of the Turkish Republic, described Islam as the religion of the Arabs that loosened the national nexus of Turkish nation, got national excitement numb.<a href="#cite_note-261">[257]</a> In the early 20th century, the prevailing view among Europeans was that Islam was the root cause of Arab "backwardness". They saw Islam as an obstacle to assimilation, a view that was expressed by one of the spokesmen of colonial <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a> named <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Servier" title="André Servier">André Servier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-262">[258]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> <a href="/wiki/Oriental_studies" title="Oriental studies">orientalist scholar</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Muir" title="William Muir">William Muir</a> criticised Islam for what he perceived to be an inflexible nature, which he held responsible for stifling progress and impeding social advancement in Muslim countries.<a href="#cite_note-muir-263">[259]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jocelyne_Cesari" title="Jocelyne Cesari">Jocelyne Cesari</a>, in her study of discrimination against Muslims in Europe,<a href="#cite_note-CesariStudy-264">[260]</a> finds that anti-Islamic sentiment may be difficult to separate from other drivers of discrimination because Muslims are mainly from immigrant backgrounds and the largest group of immigrants in many Western European countries, <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a> overlaps with Islamophobia, and a person may have one, the other, or both.<a href="#cite_note-265">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islam&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(tafsir)#Questions/criticism" title="Naskh (tafsir)">Abrogation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliolatry" title="Bibliolatry">Bibliolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Criticism of Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Criticism of the Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism of Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">Islam and war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">Political Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_topics_and_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT topics and Islam">LGBT topics and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_and_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran and violence">Quran and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Twelver_Shia_Islam" title="Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam">Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_critics_of_Islam" title="List of critics of Islam">List of critics of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LetUsTalk" title="LetUsTalk">LetUsTalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_media" title="Islamophobia in the media">Islamophobia in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamophobic_tropes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamophobic tropes (page does not exist)">Islamophobic tropes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims_Condemn" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslims Condemn">Muslims Condemn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_inerrancy" title="Quranic inerrancy">Quranic inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi-la_kaifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bi-la kaifa">Qur'anic literalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstitions_in_Muslim_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitions in Muslim societies">Superstitions in Muslim societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_terrorism" title="Hindu terrorism">Hindu terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_independent_India" title="Violence against Muslims in independent India">Violence against Muslims in independent India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_against_Islam_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="War against Islam conspiracy theory">War against Islam conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islam&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islam&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> "Show me just what Muhammad brought that was new, and there you will find things only evil and inhuman, such as his command to spread by the sword the faith he preached," he said. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Scholarly research suggests that there was an inverse relationship between where Muslim political power centres were and where the most conversions occurred, which was on the political periphery.<a href="#cite_note-Campo_xxi_–_xxxii-36">[36]</a> According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, conquest was just one of several elements that helped Islam spread throughout the world. The systematisation of Islamic tradition, trade, interfaith marriage, political patronage, urbanisation, and the pursuit of knowledge must also be acknowledged. Along trade routes and even in the most isolated regions, Sufis contributed to the spread of Islam. The yearly hajj to Mecca, which brought together scholars, mystics, businesspeople, and regular believers from various nations, should be particularly noted as a contributing factor. Despite taking on more contemporary forms, these factors are still in force today. The expansion of Islam into western Europe, the Americas, Australia, and New Zealand has been facilitated by them.<a href="#cite_note-Campo_xxi_–_xxxii-36">[36]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Various calls to arms were identified in the Quran by US citizen <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Reza_Taheri-azar_SUV_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Reza Taheri-azar SUV attack">Mohammed Reza Taheri-azar</a>, all of which were cited as "most relevant to my actions on March 3, 2006" (<a href="/wiki/Q9:44" class="mw-redirect" title="Q9:44">Q9:44</a>,<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Q9:19" class="mw-redirect" title="Q9:19">9:19</a>,<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Q57:10%E2%80%9311" class="mw-redirect" title="Q57:10–11">57:10–11</a>,<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Q8:72%E2%80%9373" class="mw-redirect" title="Q8:72–73">8:72–73</a>,<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Q9:120" class="mw-redirect" title="Q9:120">9:120</a>,<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Q3:167%E2%80%9375" class="mw-redirect" title="Q3:167–75">3:167–75</a>,<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Q4:66" class="mw-redirect" title="Q4:66">4:66</a>,<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Q4:104" class="mw-redirect" title="Q4:104">4:104</a>,<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Q9:81" class="mw-redirect" title="Q9:81">9:81</a>,<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Q9:93%E2%80%9394" class="mw-redirect" title="Q9:93–94">9:93–94</a>,<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Q9:100" class="mw-redirect" title="Q9:100">9:100</a>,<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Q16:110" class="mw-redirect" title="Q16:110">16:110</a>,<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Q61:11%E2%80%9312" class="mw-redirect" title="Q61:11–12">61:11–12</a>,<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Q47:35" class="mw-redirect" title="Q47:35">47:35</a>).<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> In a 2014 issue of their digital magazine <a href="/wiki/Dabiq_(magazine)" title="Dabiq (magazine)">Dabiq</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> explicitly claimed religious justification for enslaving <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidi</a> women.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islam&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-John_of_Damascus2-1"><a href="#cite_ref-John_of_Damascus2_1-0">^</a> De Haeresibus by <a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Migne" class="mw-redirect" title="Migne">Migne</a>. <a href="/wiki/Patrologia_Graeca" title="Patrologia Graeca">Patrologia Graeca</a>, vol. 94, 1864, cols 763–73. An English translation by the Reverend John W Voorhis appeared in The Moslem World for October 1954, pp. 392–98. </li> <li id="cite_note-WarraqPoetry-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WarraqPoetry_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WarraqPoetry_2-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWarraq2003" class="citation book cs1">Warraq, Ibn (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leavingislamapos00warr">Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out</a>. Prometheus Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leavingislamapos00warr/page/n11">67</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59102-068-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-59102-068-9"><bdi>1-59102-068-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leaving+Islam%3A+Apostates+Speak+Out&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-59102-068-9&rft.aulast=Warraq&rft.aufirst=Ibn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleavingislamapos00warr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ibn_Kammuna-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Ibn_Kammuna_3-0">^</a> Ibn Kammuna, Examination of the Three Faiths, trans. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moshe_Perlmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moshe Perlmann (page does not exist)">Moshe Perlmann</a> (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1971), pp. 148–49 </li> <li id="cite_note-Oussani-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oussani_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oussani_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oussani_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oussani_4-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10424a.htm">Mohammed and Mohammedanism</a>, by Gabriel Oussani, Catholic Encyclopedia. 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McDonald, Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22 April 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-eois-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eois_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eois_8-1">b</a> Brunschvig. 'Abd; <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Islam">Encyclopedia of Islam</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-OEIW-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDror_Ze'evi2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dror Ze'evi (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223125519/http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/214">"Slavery"</a>. In John L. Esposito (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 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Retrieved 23 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slavery&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Dror+Ze%27evi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbridgingcultures.neh.gov%2Fmuslimjourneys%2Fitems%2Fshow%2F214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525101036/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1523100.stm">Focus on the slave trade</a>, in <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/international/2015/08/22/the-persistence-of-history">The persistence of history</a>, in <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Islamic-Imperialism-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Islamic-Imperialism_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarsh2007" class="citation book cs1">Karsh, Ephraim (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300198171/islamic-imperialism">Islamic Imperialism: A History</a>. 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Retrieved 30 April 2019. <q>[...] this book consists mainly of a critique of the concept of religion [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ideology+of+Religious+Studies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780195347159&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR7A1f6Evy84C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruthven-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Ruthven_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuthven" class="citation web cs1">Ruthven, Malise. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://litwinbooks.com/mahomet-preface.php">"Voltaire's Fanaticism, or Mahomet the Prophet:A New Translation; Preface: Voltaire and Islam"</a>. 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Retrieved 15 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+countries+where+apostasy+is+punishable+by+death&rft.date=2017-05&rft.aulast=Dor%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indy100.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-countries-where-apostasy-is-punishable-by-death--Z110j2Uwxb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109034847/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2005&country=6825">"Saudi Arabia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2005&country=6825">the original</a> on 9 November 2011. 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Harper San Francisco. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-009795-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-009795-7"><bdi>0-06-009795-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doubt%3A+A+History%3A+The+Great+Doubters+and+Their+Legacy+of+Innovation+from+Socrates+and+Jesus+to+Thomas+Jefferson+and+Emily+Dickinson&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Harper+San+Francisco&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-06-009795-7&rft.aulast=Hecht&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdoubthistory00jenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-23"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biography.yourdictionary.com/abu-l-ala-al-maarri">"Abu-L-Ala al-Maarri Facts"</a>. biography.yourdictionary.com. 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Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abu+Bakr+al-Razi&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2021-11-01&rft.aulast=Adamson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fsum2021%2Fentries%2Fabu-bakr-al-razi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303021204/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/150301-aristotle-archimedes-einstein-darwin-ptolemy-razi-ngbooktalk">"Is Islam Hostile to Science?"</a>. Adventure. 28 February 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/150301-aristotle-archimedes-einstein-darwin-ptolemy-razi-ngbooktalk">the original</a> on 3 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adventure&rft.atitle=Is+Islam+Hostile+to+Science%3F&rft.date=2015-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fadventure%2Farticle%2F150301-aristotle-archimedes-einstein-darwin-ptolemy-razi-ngbooktalk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoosa2005" class="citation book cs1">Moosa, Ebrahim (2005). Ghazālī and the Poetics of Imagination. UNC Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2952-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-2952-8"><bdi>0-8078-2952-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghaz%C4%81l%C4%AB+and+the+Poetics+of+Imagination&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=UNC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8078-2952-8&rft.aulast=Moosa&rft.aufirst=Ebrahim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Tilman Nagel Geschichte der islamischen Theologie: von Mohammed bis zur Gegenwart C.H. Beck 1994 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783406379819" title="Special:BookSources/9783406379819">9783406379819</a> p. 215 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Camilla_Adang" title="Camilla Adang">Camilla Adang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ansari" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Ansari">Hassan Ansari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maribel_Fierro" title="Maribel Fierro">Maribel Fierro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabine_Schmidtke" title="Sabine Schmidtke">Sabine Schmidtke</a> Accusations of Unbelief in Islam: A Diachronic Perspective on Takfīr Brill, 30 October 2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004307834" title="Special:BookSources/9789004307834">9789004307834</a> p. 61 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ibn_Warraq_p._3-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ibn_Warraq_p._3_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibn_Warraq_p._3_29-1">b</a> Ibn Warraq. Why I Am Not a Muslim, p. 3. Prometheus Books, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87975-984-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87975-984-4">0-87975-984-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Norman A. Stillman. The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book p. 261. Jewish Publication Society, 1979<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8276-0198-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8276-0198-0">0-8276-0198-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Norman A. Stillman. The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book p. 261. 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Religions. 10: 63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel10010063">10.3390/rel10010063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=Muhammad%2C+the+Jews%2C+and+the+Composition+of+the+Qur%27an%3A+Sacred+History+and+Counter-History&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=63&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel10010063&rft.aulast=Firestone&rft.aufirst=Reuven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frel10010063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErwin_Fahlbusch1999" class="citation book cs1">Erwin Fahlbusch (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yaecVMhMWaEC&pg=PA759">The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 2</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 759. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004116955" title="Special:BookSources/9789004116955"><bdi>9789004116955</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christianity%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=759&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9789004116955&rft.au=Erwin+Fahlbusch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyaecVMhMWaEC%26pg%3DPA759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_34-1">b</a> Christian Lange Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions Cambridge University Press, 2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521506373" title="Special:BookSources/9780521506373">9780521506373</a> pp. 18–20 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErwin_Fahlbusch1999" class="citation book cs1">Erwin Fahlbusch (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yaecVMhMWaEC&pg=PA759">The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 2</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 759. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004116955" title="Special:BookSources/9789004116955"><bdi>9789004116955</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christianity%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=759&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9789004116955&rft.au=Erwin+Fahlbusch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyaecVMhMWaEC%26pg%3DPA759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campo_xxi_–_xxxii-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campo_xxi_–_xxxii_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campo_xxi_–_xxxii_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campo_xxi_–_xxxii_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campo_xxi_–_xxxii_36-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campo_xxi_–_xxxii_36-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campo_xxi_–_xxxii_36-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campo_xxi_–_xxxii_36-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campo_xxi_–_xxxii_36-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campo_xxi_–_xxxii_36-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campo_xxi_–_xxxii_36-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampo2009" class="citation book cs1">Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC">Encyclopedia of Islam</a>. Infobase Publishing. pp. xxi–xxxii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438126968" title="Special:BookSources/9781438126968"><bdi>9781438126968</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=xxi-xxxii&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781438126968&rft.aulast=Campo&rft.aufirst=Juan+Eduardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOZbyz_Hr-eIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErwin_Fahlbusch1999" class="citation book cs1">Erwin Fahlbusch (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yaecVMhMWaEC&pg=PA759">The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 2</a>. 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Eerdmans Publishing. p. 759. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004116955" title="Special:BookSources/9789004116955"><bdi>9789004116955</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christianity%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=759&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9789004116955&rft.au=Erwin+Fahlbusch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyaecVMhMWaEC%26pg%3DPA759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campo_477-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Campo_477_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampo2009" class="citation book cs1">Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC">Encyclopedia of Islam</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 477. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438126968" title="Special:BookSources/9781438126968"><bdi>9781438126968</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=477&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781438126968&rft.aulast=Campo&rft.aufirst=Juan+Eduardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOZbyz_Hr-eIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chesterton_1925-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Chesterton_1925_39-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Everlasting_Man" title="The Everlasting Man">The Everlasting Man</a>, 1925, Chapter V, The Escape from Paganism, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks01/0100311.txt">Online text</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillis2019" class="citation web cs1">Villis, Tom (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336105840">"G. K. Chesterton and Islam"</a>. Research Gate. Modern Intellectual History. Retrieved 16 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+Gate&rft.atitle=G.+K.+Chesterton+and+Islam&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Villis&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F336105840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussellKraal2017" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Paul; Kraal, Anders (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2017/entries/hume-religion/">"Hume on Religion"</a>. In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2017 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 3 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hume+on+Religion&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Summer+2017&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Kraal%2C+Anders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fsum2017%2Fentries%2Fhume-religion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacEoinAl-Shahi2013" class="citation book cs1">MacEoin, Denis; Al-Shahi, Ahmed (24 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AZQqAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA22">Islam in the Modern World (RLE Politics of Islam)</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-60914-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-60914-7"><bdi>978-1-134-60914-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+Modern+World+%28RLE+Politics+of+Islam%29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-07-24&rft.isbn=978-1-134-60914-7&rft.aulast=MacEoin&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft.au=Al-Shahi%2C+Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAZQqAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Hugh Goddard A History of Christian-Muslim Relations New Amsterdam Books, 5 September 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461636212" title="Special:BookSources/9781461636212">9781461636212</a> p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-Maimonides-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Maimonides_44-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990508062628/http://www.firstthings.com/ftissues/ft9902/novak.html">The Mind of Maimonides</a>, by David Novak. Retrieved 29 April 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_W._Said1998" class="citation web cs1">Edward W. Said (2 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/article/islam-through-western-eyes?page=full">"Islam Through Western Eyes"</a>. The Nation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Islam+Through+Western+Eyes&rft.date=1998-01-02&rft.au=Edward+W.+Said&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Fislam-through-western-eyes%3Fpage%3Dfull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Dialogue 7 of Twenty-six Dialogues with a Persian (1399), for the Greek text see Trapp, E., ed. 1966. Manuel II. Palaiologos: Dialoge mit einem "Perser." Wiener Byzantinische Studien 2. Vienna, for a Greek text with accompanying French translation see Th. Khoury "Manuel II Paléologue, Entretiens avec un Musulman. 7e Controverse", Sources Chrétiennes n. 115, Paris 1966, for an English translation see Manuel Paleologus, Dialogues with a Learned Moslem. Dialogue 7 (2009), chapters 1–18 (of 37), translated by Roger Pearse available at the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Classics_Ethereal_Library" title="Christian Classics Ethereal Library">Christian Classics Ethereal Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/pearse/morefathers/files/manuel_paleologus_dialogue7_trans.htm">here</a>, at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/">The Tertullian Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/manuel_paleologus_dialogue7_trans.htm">here</a>, and also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/40389472/Manuel-Paleologus-Dialogue-with-a-Learned-Muslim-Scholar-Dialogue-7-15th-century">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131211201618/http://www.scribd.com/doc/40389472/Manuel-Paleologus-Dialogue-with-a-Learned-Muslim-Scholar-Dialogue-7-15th-century">Archived</a> 11 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. A somewhat more complete translation into French is found <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cypress.fr/UserFiles/File/manuel-paleologue.html">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210137/http://www.cypress.fr/UserFiles/File/manuel-paleologue.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hume_2007-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hume_2007_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hume_2007_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume2007" class="citation book cs1">Hume, David (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K-VbQ2TPA70C&pg=PA139">A Dissertation on the Passions: The Natural History of Religion : a Critical Edition</a>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925188-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925188-9"><bdi>978-0-19-925188-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dissertation+on+the+Passions%3A+The+Natural+History+of+Religion+%3A+a+Critical+Edition&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925188-9&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK-VbQ2TPA70C%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-49"><a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5348436.stm">"In quotes: Muslim reaction to Pope"</a>. 16 September 2006 – via news.bbc.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=In+quotes%3A+Muslim+reaction+to+Pope&rft.date=2006-09-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F5348436.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC1-50"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC1_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5353208.stm">"Pope sorry for offending Muslims"</a>. 17 September 2006 – via news.bbc.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pope+sorry+for+offending+Muslims&rft.date=2006-09-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F5353208.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> "Américo Castro and the Meaning of Spanish Civilization", by José Rubia Barcia, Selma Margaretten, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> "Debating the African Condition: Race, gender, and culture conflict", by Alamin M. Mazrui, Willy Mutunga, p. 105 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_D._Nevo" title="Yehuda D. Nevo">Yehuda D. Nevo</a> "Towards a Prehistory of Islam," Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, vol.17, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1994 p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Wansbrough" title="John Wansbrough">John Wansbrough</a> The Sectarian Milieu: Content and Composition of Islamic Salvation History, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1978 p. 119 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Crone" title="Patricia Crone">Patricia Crone</a>, Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam, Princeton University Press, 1987 p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEModarressi199316–18-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEModarressi199316–18_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFModarressi1993">Modarressi 1993</a>, pp. 16–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi200914-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi200914_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmir-Moezzi2009">Amir-Moezzi 2009</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakatchi2015-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPakatchi2015_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPakatchi2015">Pakatchi 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> See the verses <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D2%3Averse%3D2">2:2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D17%3Averse%3D88">17:88–89</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D29%3Averse%3D47">29:47</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D28%3Averse%3D49">28:49</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-JE-61"><a href="#cite_ref-JE_61-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=363&letter=K&search=Koran">"Koran"</a>. From the Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21 January 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Wansbrough, John (1977). Quranic Studies: Sources and Methods of Scriptural Interpretation </li> <li id="cite_note-Wansbrough-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Wansbrough_63-0">^</a> Wansbrough, John (1978). The Sectarian Milieu: Content and Composition of Islamic Salvation History. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaff_1910_4.III.44-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Schaff_1910_4.III.44_64-0">^</a> Schaff, P., & Schaff, D. S. (1910). History of the Christian church. Third edition. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Volume 4, Chapter III, section 44 "The Koran, And The Bible" </li> <li id="cite_note-Warraq_-_Why_I_am_Not-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Warraq_-_Why_I_am_Not_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warraq_-_Why_I_am_Not_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarraq1995" class="citation book cs1">Warraq (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150117072713/http://download.iranville.com/books/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%20%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C/Ibn%20Warraq%20-%20Why%20I%20Am%20Not%20a%20Muslim.pdf">Why I am Not a Muslim</a> (PDF). Prometheus Books. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87975-984-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87975-984-4"><bdi>0-87975-984-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://download.iranville.com/books/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%20%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C/Ibn%20Warraq%20-%20Why%20I%20Am%20Not%20a%20Muslim.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 January 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+I+am+Not+a+Muslim&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-87975-984-4&rft.au=Warraq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdownload.iranville.com%2Fbooks%2F%25DA%25A9%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8%25E2%2580%258C%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%2520%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%2FIbn%2520Warraq%2520-%2520Why%2520I%2520Am%2520Not%2520a%2520Muslim.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lester-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lester_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lester_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLester1999" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Toby_Lester" title="Toby Lester">Lester, Toby</a> (January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/199901/koran">"What is the Koran?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=What+is+the+Koran%3F&rft.date=1999-01&rft.aulast=Lester&rft.aufirst=Toby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fdoc%2F199901%2Fkoran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Quoted in A. Rippin, Muslims: their religious beliefs and practices: Volume 1, London, 1991, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> G. Luling asserts that a third of the Quran is of pre-Islamic Christian origins, see Über den Urkoran, Erlangen, 1993, 1st ed., 1973, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-Leirvik_2010,_pp._33–34-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leirvik_2010,_pp._33–34_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leirvik_2010,_pp._33–34_69-1">b</a> Leirvik 2010, pp. 33–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Leirvik 2010, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Samuel A. Berman, Midrash Tanhuma-Yelammedenu (KTAV Publishing House, 1996), 31–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Gerald Friedlander, Pirḳe de-R. Eliezer, (The Bloch Publishing Company, 1916) 156 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Geisler, N. L. (1999). "Qur'an, Alleged Divine Origin of". In: Baker Encyclopedia of Christian Apologetics. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.richardcarrier.info/archives/8574">Did Muhammad Exist? (Why That Question Is Hard to Answer)</a>, in richardcarrier.info </li> <li id="cite_note-fedex-75"><a href="#cite_ref-fedex_75-0">^</a> Brown, Daniel W. "Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought", 1999. pp. 113, 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Quran, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Holy_Qur%27an_(Maulana_Muhammad_Ali)/6._The_Cattle" class="extiw" title="s:The Holy Qur'an (Maulana Muhammad Ali)/6. The Cattle">Chapter 6. The Cattle</a>: 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Donmez, Amber C. "The Difference Between Quran-Based Islam and Hadith-Based Islam" </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Quran, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Holy_Qur%27an_(Maulana_Muhammad_Ali)/6._The_Cattle" class="extiw" title="s:The Holy Qur'an (Maulana Muhammad Ali)/6. The Cattle">Chapter 6. The Cattle</a>: 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Ahmad, Aziz. "Islamic Modernism in India and Pakistan, 1857–1964". London: Oxford University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Pervez, Ghulam Ahmed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tolueislam.com/Parwez/mh/mh.htm">Maqam-e Hadith</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111113215748/http://www.tolueislam.com/Parwez/mh/mh.htm">Archived</a> 13 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tolueislam.com/Urdu/mhadith/mh.htm">Urdu version</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111004044003/http://www.tolueislam.com/Urdu/mhadith/mh.htm">Archived</a> 4 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-call-81"><a href="#cite_ref-call_81-0">^</a> Latif, Abu Ruqayyah Farasat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200823050931/http://calltoislam.com/pdf/The%20Quraniyoon%20of%20the%20twentieth%20century%20-%20Abu%20Ruqayyah%20Farasat%20Latif.pdf">The Quraniyun of the Twentieth Century</a>, Masters Assertion, September 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-kiss-82"><a href="#cite_ref-kiss_82-0">^</a> Ahmad, Kassim. "Hadith: A Re-evaluation", 1986. English translation 1997 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito199867-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsposito199867_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsposito199867_83-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEsposito1998">Esposito 1998</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadelung1997" class="citation book cs1">Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. p. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-64696-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-64696-0"><bdi>0-521-64696-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Succession+to+Muhammad%3A+A+Study+of+the+Early+Caliphate&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-521-64696-0&rft.aulast=Madelung&rft.aufirst=Wilferd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> By Nasr, Seyyed Vali Reza, "Shi'ism", 1988. p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadelung1997" class="citation book cs1">Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. p. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-64696-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-64696-0"><bdi>0-521-64696-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Succession+to+Muhammad%3A+A+Study+of+the+Early+Caliphate&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-521-64696-0&rft.aulast=Madelung&rft.aufirst=Wilferd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090421171853/http://www.opendemocracy.net/faith-europe_islam/mohammed_3866.jsp">"What do we actually know about Mohammed?"</a>. openDemocracy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opendemocracy.net/faith-europe_islam/mohammed_3866.jsp">the original</a> on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=openDemocracy&rft.atitle=What+do+we+actually+know+about+Mohammed%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendemocracy.net%2Ffaith-europe_islam%2Fmohammed_3866.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donner_1998-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Donner_1998_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donner_1998_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donner_1998_88-2">c</a> Donner, Fred Narratives of Islamic Origins: The Beginnings of Islamic Historical Writing, Darwin Press, 1998 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090421171853/http://www.opendemocracy.net/faith-europe_islam/mohammed_3866.jsp">"What do we actually know about Mohammed?"</a>. openDemocracy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opendemocracy.net/faith-europe_islam/mohammed_3866.jsp">the original</a> on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=openDemocracy&rft.atitle=What+do+we+actually+know+about+Mohammed%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendemocracy.net%2Ffaith-europe_islam%2Fmohammed_3866.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashraf-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ashraf_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashraf_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Montgomery_Watt" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Montgomery_Watt" class="mw-redirect" title="William Montgomery Watt">William Montgomery Watt</a>. "Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf". In P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">C.E. Bosworth</a>; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a> Online. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-3912">1573-3912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ka%27b+ibn+al-Ashraf&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam+Online&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.issn=1573-3912&rft.au=William+Montgomery+Watt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubin-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Rubin_91-0">^</a> Uri Rubin, The Assassination of Kaʿb b. al-Ashraf, Oriens, Vol. 32. (1990), pp. 65–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Hisham1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hisham" title="Ibn Hisham">Ibn Hisham</a> (1955). Al-Sira al-Nabawiyya. Vol. 2. Cairo. pp. 51–57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Sira+al-Nabawiyya&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pages=51-57&rft.date=1955&rft.au=Ibn+Hisham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) English translation from Stillman (1979), pp. 125–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt1961" class="citation book cs1">Watt, W. Montgomery (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt/page/229">Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt/page/229">229</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-881078-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-881078-4"><bdi>0-19-881078-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad%3A+Prophet+and+Statesman&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=0-19-881078-4&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=W.+Montgomery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuhammadprophets00watt%2Fpage%2F229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_94-1">b</a> G. Stone Dante's Pluralism and the Islamic Philosophy of Religion Springer, 12 May 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781403983091" title="Special:BookSources/9781403983091">9781403983091</a> p. 132 </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceH-95"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceH_95-0">^</a> Minou Reeves, P. J. Stewart Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making NYU Press, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814775646" title="Special:BookSources/9780814775646">9780814775646</a> p. 93–96 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> J. Tolan, Medieval Christian Perceptions of Islam (1996) pp. 100–01 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10424a.htm">"Mohammed and Mohammedanism"</a>. From the Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21 January 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Kathir, Ibn, "Tafsir of Ibn Kathir", Al-Firdous Ltd., London, 2000, 50–53 – Ibn Kathir states "dharbun ghayru nubrah" strike/admonish lightly </li> <li id="cite_note-Domestic_Violence_and_the_Islamic_T-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Domestic_Violence_and_the_Islamic_T_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F24685542-12340009">"Domestic Violence and the Islamic Tradition: Book Review"</a>. Journal of Islamic Ethics. 1 ((1-2)): 203–207. 2017. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F24685542-12340009">10.1163/24685542-12340009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Islamic+Ethics&rft.atitle=Domestic+Violence+and+the+Islamic+Tradition%3A+Book+Review&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=%281-2%29&rft.pages=203-207&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F24685542-12340009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F24685542-12340009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Laleh Bakhtiar, The Sublime Quran, 2007 translation </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> "The Holy Quran: Text, Translation and Commentary", Abdullah Yusuf Ali, Amana Corporation, Brentwood, MD, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915957-03-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-915957-03-5">0-915957-03-5</a>, passage was quoted from commentary on 4:34 – Abdullah Yusuf Ali in his Quranic commentary also states that: "In case of family jars four steps are mentioned, to be taken in that order. (1) Perhaps verbal advice or admonition may be sufficient; (2) if not, sex relations may be suspended; (3) if this is not sufficient, some slight physical correction may be administered; but Imam Shafi'i considers this inadvisable, though permissible, and all authorities are unanimous in deprecating any sort of cruelty, even of the nagging kind, as mentioned in the next clause; (4) if all this fails, a family council is recommended in 4:35 below." Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Holy Quran: Text, Translation and Commentary (commentary on 4:34), Amana Corporation, Brentwood, MD, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915957-03-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-915957-03-5">0-915957-03-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Ammar, Nawal H. (May 2007). "Wife Battery in Islam: A Comprehensive Understanding of Interpretations". Violence Against Women 13 (5): 519–23 </li> <li id="cite_note-submission_script-103"><a href="#cite_ref-submission_script_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225432/http://www.opzij.nl/opzij/show?id=23669&framenoid=19755">"Welkom bij Opzij"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opzij.nl/opzij/show?id=23669&framenoid=19755">the original</a> on 27 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welkom+bij+Opzij&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opzij.nl%2Fopzij%2Fshow%3Fid%3D23669%26framenoid%3D19755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Gerber (1986), pp. 78–79 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> "Anti-Semitism". <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hudson.org/files/pdf_upload/saudi_textbooks_final.pdf">Saudi Arabia's Curriculum of Intolerance</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090318224903/http://www.hudson.org/files/pdf_upload/saudi_textbooks_final.pdf">Archived</a> 18 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (pdf), <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>, May 2006, pp. 24–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-Who_Are_the_Moderate_Muslims?-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Who_Are_the_Moderate_Muslims?_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who_Are_the_Moderate_Muslims?_107-1">b</a> Sam Harris <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/sam-harris/who-are-the-moderate-musl_b_15841.html">Who Are the Moderate Muslims?</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Understanding the Qurán - Page xii, Ahmad Hussein Sakr - 2000 </li> <li id="cite_note-anveremon-109"><a href="#cite_ref-anveremon_109-0">^</a> Anver M. Emon, Religious Pluralism and Islamic Law: Dhimmis and Others in the Empire of Law, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199661633" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199661633">978-0199661633</a>, pp. 99–109. </li> <li id="cite_note-ArnoldPoI3-110"><a href="#cite_ref-ArnoldPoI3_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker_Arnold1913" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Walker_Arnold" title="Thomas Walker Arnold">Walker Arnold, Thomas</a> (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/preachingofislam00arno">Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith</a>. <a href="/wiki/Constable_%26_Robinson" title="Constable & Robinson">Constable & Robinson Ltd</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/preachingofislam00arno/page/60">60</a>–1. <q>This tax was not imposed on the Christians, as some would have us think, as a penalty for their refusal to accept the Muslim faith, but was paid by them in common with the other dhimmīs or non-Muslim subjects of the state whose religion precluded them from serving in the army, in return for the protection secured for them by the arms of the Musalmans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preaching+of+Islam%3A+A+History+of+the+Propagation+of+the+Muslim+Faith&rft.pages=60-1&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Robinson+Ltd&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Walker+Arnold&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpreachingofislam00arno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/preachingofislam00arno#page/60/mode/2up">online</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito199834-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsposito199834_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEsposito1998">Esposito 1998</a>, p. 34. "They replaced the conquered countries, indigenous rulers and armies, but preserved much of their government, bureaucracy, and culture. For many in the conquered territories, it was no more than an exchange of masters, one that brought peace to peoples demoralized and disaffected by the casualties and heavy taxation that resulted from the years of Byzantine-Persian warfare. Local communities were free to continue to follow their own way of life in internal, domestic affairs. In many ways, local populations found Muslim rule more flexible and tolerant than that of Byzantium and Persia. Religious communities were free to practice their faith to worship and be governed by their religious leaders and laws in such areas as marriage, divorce, and inheritance. In exchange, they were required to pay tribute, a poll tax (jizya) that entitled them to Muslim protection from outside aggression and exempted them from military service. Thus, they were called the "protected ones" (dhimmi). In effect, this often meant lower taxes, greater local autonomy, rule by fellow Semites with closer linguistic and cultural ties than the hellenized, Greco-Roman élites of Byzantium, and greater religious freedom for Jews and indigenous Christians." </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604194024/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/009-qmt.php#009.044">"Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement"</a>. 4 June 2016. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/057-qmt.php#057.010">the original</a> on 13 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Center+for+Muslim-Jewish+Engagement&rft.date=2016-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usc.edu%2Forg%2Fcmje%2Freligious-texts%2Fquran%2Fverses%2F057-qmt.php%23057.010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151230210409/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/008-qmt.php#008.072">"Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement"</a>. 30 December 2015. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/009-qmt.php#009.120">the original</a> on 4 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Center+for+Muslim-Jewish+Engagement&rft.date=2016-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usc.edu%2Forg%2Fcmje%2Freligious-texts%2Fquran%2Fverses%2F009-qmt.php%23009.120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604194019/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/003-qmt.php#003.167">"Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement"</a>. 4 June 2016. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/009-qmt.php#009.081">the original</a> on 4 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Center+for+Muslim-Jewish+Engagement&rft.date=2016-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usc.edu%2Forg%2Fcmje%2Freligious-texts%2Fquran%2Fverses%2F009-qmt.php%23009.081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604194024/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/009-qmt.php#009.093">"Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement"</a>. 4 June 2016. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/009-qmt.php#009.100">the original</a> on 4 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Center+for+Muslim-Jewish+Engagement&rft.date=2016-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usc.edu%2Forg%2Fcmje%2Freligious-texts%2Fquran%2Fverses%2F009-qmt.php%23009.100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121026012552/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/016-qmt.php#016.110">"Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement"</a>. 26 October 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/016-qmt.php#016.110">the original</a> on 26 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Center+for+Muslim-Jewish+Engagement&rft.date=2012-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usc.edu%2Forg%2Fcmje%2Freligious-texts%2Fquran%2Fverses%2F016-qmt.php%23016.110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430041717/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/061-qmt.php#061.011">"Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement"</a>. 30 April 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/061-qmt.php#061.011">the original</a> on 30 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Center+for+Muslim-Jewish+Engagement&rft.date=2016-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usc.edu%2Forg%2Fcmje%2Freligious-texts%2Fquran%2Fverses%2F061-qmt.php%23061.011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160502163036/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/047-qmt.php#047.035">"Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement"</a>. 2 May 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/047-qmt.php#047.035">the original</a> on 2 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Center+for+Muslim-Jewish+Engagement&rft.date=2016-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usc.edu%2Forg%2Fcmje%2Freligious-texts%2Fquran%2Fverses%2F047-qmt.php%23047.035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaheri-azar2006" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Reza_Taheri-azar_SUV_attack#Perpetrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Reza Taheri-azar SUV attack">Taheri-azar, Mohammed Reza</a> (2006). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mohammed_Reza_Taheri-azar-_Letter_to_The_daily_Tar_Heel">Letter to The daily Tar Heel </a> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letter+to+The+daily+Tar+Heel&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Taheri-azar&rft.aufirst=Mohammed+Reza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris1-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Harris1_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2005" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Sam (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/endoffaithreligi00harr/page/31">The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason</a>. W. W. Norton; Reprint edition. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/endoffaithreligi00harr/page/31">31, 149</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-32765-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-32765-5"><bdi>0-393-32765-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+Faith%3A+Religion%2C+Terror%2C+and+the+Future+of+Reason&rft.pages=31%2C+149&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton%3B+Reprint+edition&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-393-32765-5&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fendoffaithreligi00harr%2Fpage%2F31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> The Indestructible Jews, by Max I. Dimont, p. 134 </li> <li id="cite_note-dawn-houri-20-130"><a href="#cite_ref-dawn-houri-20_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/635343">"Are all 'houris' female?"</a>. Dawn.com. 9 June 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dawn.com&rft.atitle=Are+all+%27houris%27+female%3F&rft.date=2011-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F635343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Lewis, Bernard (1990). Race and Slavery in the Middle East. New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505326-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-505326-5">0-19-505326-5</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Manning, Patrick (1990). Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-34867-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-34867-6">0-521-34867-6</a>, p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-Brockopp-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brockopp_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brockopp_133-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of the Qur'an">Encyclopedia of the Qur'an</a>, Slaves and Slavery </li> <li id="cite_note-Esposito-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Esposito_134-0">^</a> John L Esposito (1998) p. 79 </li> <li id="cite_note-Levanoni_2010-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Levanoni_2010_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevanoni2010" class="citation book cs1">Levanoni, Amalia (2010). "PART II: EGYPT AND SYRIA (ELEVENTH CENTURY UNTIL THE OTTOMAN CONQUEST) – The Mamlūks in Egypt and Syria: the Turkish Mamlūk sultanate (648–784/1250–1382) and the Circassian Mamlūk sultanate (784–923/1382–1517)". In Fierro, Maribel (ed.). The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 2: The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 237–284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521839570.010">10.1017/CHOL9780521839570.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05615-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05615-1"><bdi>978-1-139-05615-1</bdi></a>. <q>The Arabic term mamlūk literally means 'owned' or 'slave', and was used for the <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">slaves</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Pagan origins</a>, purchased from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_steppes" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian steppes">Eurasian steppes</a> by <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and politics">Muslim rulers</a> to serve as soldiers in their armies. Mamlūk units formed an integral part of Muslim armies from the third/ninth century, and Mamlūk involvement in government became an increasingly familiar occurrence in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. The road to absolute rule lay open before them <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">in Egypt</a> when the Mamlūk establishment gained military and political domination during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyūbid ruler of Egypt</a>, al-Ṣāliḥ Ayyūb (r. 637–47/1240–9).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=PART+II%3A+EGYPT+AND+SYRIA+%28ELEVENTH+CENTURY+UNTIL+THE+OTTOMAN+CONQUEST%29+%E2%80%93+The+Maml%C5%ABks+in+Egypt+and+Syria%3A+the+Turkish+Maml%C5%ABk+sultanate+%28648%E2%80%93784%2F1250%E2%80%931382%29+and+the+Circassian+Maml%C5%ABk+sultanate+%28784%E2%80%93923%2F1382%E2%80%931517%29&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+History+of+Islam%2C+Volume+2%3A+The+Western+Islamic+World%2C+Eleventh+to+Eighteenth+Centuries&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.pages=237-284&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521839570.010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05615-1&rft.aulast=Levanoni&rft.aufirst=Amalia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ayalon_2012-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Ayalon_2012_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyalon2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Ayalon" title="David Ayalon">Ayalon, David</a> (2012) [1991]. "Mamlūk". In <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. Vol. 6. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0657">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0657</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08112-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08112-3"><bdi>978-90-04-08112-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maml%C5%ABk&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0657&rft.isbn=978-90-04-08112-3&rft.aulast=Ayalon&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Murray Gordon, "Slavery in the Arab World." New Amsterdam Press, New York, 1989. Originally published in French by Editions Robert Laffont, S.A. Paris, 1987, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Murray Gordon, "Slavery in the Arab World." New Amsterdam Press, New York, 1989. Originally published in French by Editions Robert Laffont, S.A. Paris, 1987, pp. 44–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Rodney Stark, "For the Glory of God: How Monotheism Led to Reformations, Science, Witch-Hunts, and the End of Slavery", p. 338, 2003, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691114366" title="Special:BookSources/0691114366">0691114366</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray_Gordon1989" class="citation book cs1">Murray Gordon (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5l81hwFPvzYC&pg=PA19">Slavery in the Arab World</a>. 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Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Brill. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CA%BFAbd&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=26&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Brunschvig%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Islam" title="The Oxford Dictionary of Islam">The Oxford Dictionary of Islam</a>, slavery, p. 298 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/islamic-state-seeks-justify-enslaving-yazidi-women-and-girls-iraq-277100">"Islamic State Seeks to Justify Enslaving Yazidi Women and Girls in Iraq"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>. 13 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Islamic+State+Seeks+to+Justify+Enslaving+Yazidi+Women+and+Girls+in+Iraq&rft.date=2014-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fislamic-state-seeks-justify-enslaving-yazidi-women-and-girls-iraq-277100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Allen McDuffee, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/10/isis-confirms-and-justifies-enslaving-yazidis-in-new-magazine-article/381394/">"ISIS Is Now Bragging About Enslaving Women and Children,"</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>, 13 October 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Salma Abdelaziz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/12/world/meast/isis-justification-slavery/">"ISIS states its justification for the enslavement of women,"</a> <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>, 13 October 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Richard Spencer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11158797/Thousands-of-Yazidi-women-sold-as-sex-slaves-for-theological-reasons-says-Isil.html">"Thousands of Yazidi women sold as sex slaves 'for theological reasons', says Isil,"</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>, 13 October 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Abou el Fadl, Great Theft, HarperSanFrancisco, 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013630/http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/economicHistory/GEHN/GEHNPDF/Islam%26SlaveryWGCS.pdf">"Department of Economic History"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/economicHistory/GEHN/GEHNPDF/Islam&SlaveryWGCS.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+Economic+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2FeconomicHistory%2FGEHN%2FGEHNPDF%2FIslam%26SlaveryWGCS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Khaled Abou El Fadl and William Clarence-Smith </li> <li id="cite_note-Campo48-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campo48_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campo48_151-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampo2009" class="citation book cs1">Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC">Encyclopedia of Islam</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438126968" title="Special:BookSources/9781438126968"><bdi>9781438126968</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781438126968&rft.aulast=Campo&rft.aufirst=Juan+Eduardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOZbyz_Hr-eIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D2%3Averse%3D217">2:217</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> W. Heffening, in Encyclopedia of Islam </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Encyclopedia of the Quran, Apostasy </li> <li id="cite_note-relianceA2-155"><a href="#cite_ref-relianceA2_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_ibn_Naqib_al-Misri,_Nuh_Ha_Mim_Keller1368" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Naqib_al-Misri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri">Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuh_Ha_Mim_Keller" title="Nuh Ha Mim Keller">Nuh Ha Mim Keller</a> (1368). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dailyrollcall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/the-reliance-of-the-traveller.pdf">"A Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law"</a> (PDF). Shafiifiqh.com. p. 517, Chapter O8.0: Apostasy from Islam (Ridda). Retrieved 14 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shafiifiqh.com&rft.atitle=A+Classic+Manual+of+Islamic+Sacred+Law&rft.pages=517%2C+Chapter+O8.0%3A+Apostasy+from+Islam+%28Ridda%29&rft.date=1368&rft.au=Ahmad+ibn+Naqib+al-Misri%2C+Nuh+Ha+Mim+Keller&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdailyrollcall.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F04%2Fthe-reliance-of-the-traveller.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-relianceA1-156"><a href="#cite_ref-relianceA1_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_ibn_Naqib_al-Misri,_Nuh_Ha_Mim_Keller1368" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Naqib_al-Misri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri">Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuh_Ha_Mim_Keller" title="Nuh Ha Mim Keller">Nuh Ha Mim Keller</a> (1368). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catheyallison.com/Reliance_of_the_Traveller.pdf">"Reliance of the Traveller"</a> (PDF). 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Syracuse University Press. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815627067" title="Special:BookSources/9780815627067"><bdi>9780815627067</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+an+Islamic+Reformation%3A+Civil+Liberties%2C+Human+Rights%2C+and+International+Law&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780815627067&rft.au=Abdullahi+Ahmed+An-Na%27im&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU4e7Ph4lXzUC%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KEY-158"><a href="#cite_ref-KEY_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeciaLeaman2008" class="citation book cs1">Kecia, Ali; Leaman, Oliver (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H5-CdzqmuXsC&pg=PA10">Islam: the key concepts</a>. Routledge. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415396387" title="Special:BookSources/9780415396387"><bdi>9780415396387</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+the+key+concepts&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780415396387&rft.aulast=Kecia&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft.au=Leaman%2C+Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH5-CdzqmuXsC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2004" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John L. 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Oxford University Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195125597" title="Special:BookSources/9780195125597"><bdi>9780195125597</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+dictionary+of+Islam&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780195125597&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6VeCWQfVNjkC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Murtadd". Encyclopaedia of Islam. 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Murtadd&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/edumat/studyguides/religion.html">STUDY GUIDE:Freedom of Religion or Belief</a>, in Human Rights Library - University of Minnesota </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html">"UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FOverview%2Frights.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/story/2005/02/050202_mj-montzari-renegade.shtml">Ayatollah Montazeri: "Not Every Conversion is Apostasy"</a>, by Mahdi Jami, In Persian, BBC Persian, 2 February 2005. Retrieved 25 April 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/story/2005/02/050202_mj-montzari-renegade.shtml">Grand Ayatollah Hossein-Ali Montazeri: "Not Every Conversion is Apostasy"</a>, by Mahdi Jami, In Persian, BBC Persian, 2 February 2005. Retrieved 25 April 2006. <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4850080.stm">What Islam says on religious freedom</a>, by Magdi Abdelhadi, BBC Arab affairs analyst, 27 March 2006. Retrieved 25 April 2006.</li> <li>S. A. Rahman in "Punishment of Apostasy in Islam", Institute of Islamic Culture, Lahore, 1972, pp. 10–13</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamicperspectives.com/Apostasy1.htm">The punishment of apostasy in Islam</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090926233750/http://www.islamicperspectives.com/Apostasy1.htm">Archived</a> 26 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, View of Dr. Ahmad Shafaat on apostasy.</li> <li>Religious Tolerance.org, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religioustolerance.org/isl_apos.htm">Apostasy (Irtdidad) In Islam</a>, by B.A. Robinson, Religious Tolerance.org, 7 April 2006. Retrieved 16 April 2006.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yohanan_Friedmann_p.5-165"><a href="#cite_ref-Yohanan_Friedmann_p.5_165-0">^</a> Yohanan Friedmann, Tolerance and Coercion in Islam, Cambridge University Press, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-kadri-249-166"><a href="#cite_ref-kadri-249_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadri2012" class="citation book cs1">Kadri, Sadakat (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ztCRZOhJ10wC&q=Heaven+on+Earth%3A+A+Journey+Through+Shari%27a+Law">Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia .</a> Macmillan. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780099523277" title="Special:BookSources/9780099523277"><bdi>9780099523277</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heaven+on+Earth%3A+A+Journey+Through+Shari%27a+Law+from+the+Deserts+of+Ancient+Arabia+..&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780099523277&rft.aulast=Kadri&rft.aufirst=Sadakat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DztCRZOhJ10wC%26q%3DHeaven%2Bon%2BEarth%253A%2BA%2BJourney%2BThrough%2BShari%2527a%2BLaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-afsaruddin1-167"><a href="#cite_ref-afsaruddin1_167-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Asma_Afsaruddin" title="Asma Afsaruddin">Asma Afsaruddin</a> (2013), Striving in the Path of God: Jihad and Martyrdom in Islamic Thought, p. 242. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199730938" title="Special:BookSources/0199730938">0199730938</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-waelhallaq-168"><a href="#cite_ref-waelhallaq_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWael2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wael_Hallaq" title="Wael Hallaq">Wael, B. 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Sharī'a: Theory, Practice and Transformations. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86147-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86147-2"><bdi>978-0-521-86147-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shar%C4%AB%27a%3A+Theory%2C+Practice+and+Transformations&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86147-2&rft.aulast=Wael&rft.aufirst=B.+Hallaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-169"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1998" class="citation magazine cs1">Lewis, Bernard (21 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/4557">"Islamic Revolution"</a>. The New York Review of Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Islamic+Revolution&rft.date=1998-01-21&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F4557&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> C. E. Bosworth: Untitled review of "The Rise of Colleges. Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West by George Makdisi", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 2 (1983), pp. 304–05 </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/10/atheists-death-penalty-_n_4417994.html">"Atheists Face Death Penalty In 13 Countries, Discrimination Around The World According To Freethought Report"</a>. The Huffington Post. 12 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Atheists+Face+Death+Penalty+In+13+Countries%2C+Discrimination+Around+The+World+According+To+Freethought+Report&rft.date=2013-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2013%2F12%2F10%2Fatheists-death-penalty-_n_4417994.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunnah.org/aqida/forty_hadith_merits_tahlil.htm#_ftnref28">Forty Hadiths on the Merit of Saying La Ilaha Illallah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904045814/http://www.sunnah.org/aqida/forty_hadith_merits_tahlil.htm">Archived</a> 4 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>| Compiled by Dr. G.F. Haddad| (Hadith 26, Narrated by Bukhari, Muslim, Ahmad, Tayalisi, Abu Dawud, Nasa'i, al-`Adni, Abu `Awana, al-Tahawi, al-Hakim, and Bayhaqi.) </li> <li id="cite_note-kadri-239-173"><a href="#cite_ref-kadri-239_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadri2012" class="citation book cs1">Kadri, Sadakat (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ztCRZOhJ10wC&q=Heaven+on+Earth%3A+A+Journey+Through+Shari%27a+Law">Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia .</a> Macmillan. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780099523277" title="Special:BookSources/9780099523277"><bdi>9780099523277</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161202174508/https://books.google.com/books?id=ztCRZOhJ10wC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Heaven+on+Earth:+A+Journey+Through+Shari%27a+Law&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAWoVChMIob7syrnZxwIVhg6SCh0fYg3Z#v=onepage&q=Heaven%20on%20Earth%3A%20A%20Journey%20Through%20Shari'a%20Law&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heaven+on+Earth%3A+A+Journey+Through+Shari%27a+Law+from+the+Deserts+of+Ancient+Arabia+..&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780099523277&rft.aulast=Kadri&rft.aufirst=Sadakat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DztCRZOhJ10wC%26q%3DHeaven%2Bon%2BEarth%253A%2BA%2BJourney%2BThrough%2BShari%2527a%2BLaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alastairmcintosh.com/articles/2000_watt.htm">Interview: William Montgomery Watt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807045042/http://www.alastairmcintosh.com/articles/2000_watt.htm">Archived</a> 7 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Bashir Maan & Alastair McIntosh </li> <li id="cite_note-BAR-175"><a href="#cite_ref-BAR_175-0">^</a> Warrant for terror: fatwās of radical Islam and the duty of jihād, p. 68, Shmuel Bar, 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2010" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Diane (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialislamco0000morg">Essential Islam: a comprehensive guide to belief and practice</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialislamco0000morg/page/87">87</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36025-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36025-1"><bdi>978-0-313-36025-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Islam%3A+a+comprehensive+guide+to+belief+and+practice&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-313-36025-1&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessentialislamco0000morg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merriam-177"><a href="#cite_ref-Merriam_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Doniger1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Wendy Doniger</a>, ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440">Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87779-044-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87779-044-2"><bdi>0-87779-044-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-87779-044-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780877790440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988">, Jihad, p. 571 </li> <li id="cite_note-MIC-178"><a href="#cite_ref-MIC_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosef_W._Meri2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josef_W._Meri" title="Josef W. Meri">Josef W. Meri</a>, ed. (2005). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-96690-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-96690-6"><bdi>0-415-96690-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-96690-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988">, Jihad, p. 419 </li> <li id="cite_note-jih-179"><a href="#cite_ref-jih_179-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Esposito" title="John Esposito">John Esposito</a>(2005), Islam: The Straight Path, p. 93 </li> <li id="cite_note-ember-180"><a href="#cite_ref-ember_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmberEmberSkoggard2005" class="citation book cs1">Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R.; Skoggard, Ian (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7QEjPVyd9YMC&pg=PA183">Encyclopedia of diasporas: immigrant and refugee cultures around the world. Diaspora communities</a>. Vol. 2. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-48321-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-48321-1"><bdi>0-306-48321-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+diasporas%3A+immigrant+and+refugee+cultures+around+the+world.+Diaspora+communities&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-306-48321-1&rft.aulast=Ember&rft.aufirst=Melvin&rft.au=Ember%2C+Carol+R.&rft.au=Skoggard%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7QEjPVyd9YMC%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Bernard Lewis, The Political Language of Islam (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Lewis, Bernard, <a href="/wiki/The_Crisis_of_Islam" title="The Crisis of Islam">The Crisis of Islam</a>, 2001 Chapter 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-Cook166-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Cook166_183-0">^</a> Cook, David. Understanding Jihad. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, 2005. Retrieved from <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> on 27 November 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-24203-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-24203-3">0-520-24203-3</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24203-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24203-6">978-0-520-24203-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdelmalek2008" class="citation book cs1">Abdelmalek, Fawzy T. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=REW7sYxFyBYC&q=Quran+violence&pg=PA210">The Turning Point: Islam & Jesus Salvation</a>. AuthorHouse. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781468534290" title="Special:BookSources/9781468534290"><bdi>9781468534290</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Turning+Point%3A+Islam+%26+Jesus+Salvation&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781468534290&rft.aulast=Abdelmalek&rft.aufirst=Fawzy+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DREW7sYxFyBYC%26q%3DQuran%2Bviolence%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalreview.com/article/436571/orlando-shooting-left-gives-islam-free-pass">"What If the Orlando Murderer Had Been a Christian?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a>. 13 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=What+If+the+Orlando+Murderer+Had+Been+a+Christian%3F&rft.date=2016-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Farticle%2F436571%2Forlando-shooting-left-gives-islam-free-pass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> John Newman, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/ojs/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8878/2785">Islam in the Kālacakra Tantra</a>"[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍], Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, Vol. 21, No. 2, 1998 </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7093423.stm">"Jihad and the Saudi petrodollar"</a>. 15 November 2007 – via news.bbc.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jihad+and+the+Saudi+petrodollar&rft.date=2007-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F7093423.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boundries_Princeton-188"><a href="#cite_ref-Boundries_Princeton_188-0">^</a> Sohail H. Hashmi, David Miller, Boundaries and Justice: diverse ethical perspectives, Princeton University Press, p. 197 </li> <li id="cite_note-www-rohan.sdsu.edu-189"><a href="#cite_ref-www-rohan.sdsu.edu_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080708102707/http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~khaleel/">"Khaleel Mohammed"</a>. San Diego State University Religious Studies Department. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~khaleel/">the original</a> on 8 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Khaleel+Mohammed&rft.pub=San+Diego+State+University+Religious+Studies+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-rohan.sdsu.edu%2F~khaleel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aaiil.org-190"><a href="#cite_ref-aaiil.org_190-0">^</a> Ali, Maulana Muhammad; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaiil.org/text/books/mali/religionislam/religionislammuhammadali.shtml">The Religion of Islam</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180421092242/http://aaiil.org/text/books/mali/religionislam/religionislammuhammadali.shtml">Archived</a> 21 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (6th Edition), Ch V "Jihad" p. 414 "When shall war cease". Published by <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">The Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sadr-u-Din,_Maulvi_page_8-191"><a href="#cite_ref-Sadr-u-Din,_Maulvi_page_8_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadr-u-Din" class="citation book cs1">Sadr-u-Din, Maulvi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308202015/http://www.aaiil.org/text/books/others/sadrdin/quranwar/quranwar.shtml">Qur'an and War</a>. The Muslim Book Society, Lahore, Pakistan. p. 8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaiil.org/text/books/others/sadrdin/quranwar/quranwar.shtml">the original</a> on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qur%27an+and+War&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=The+Muslim+Book+Society%2C+Lahore%2C+Pakistan&rft.aulast=Sadr-u-Din&rft.aufirst=Maulvi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaiil.org%2Ftext%2Fbooks%2Fothers%2Fsadrdin%2Fquranwar%2Fquranwar.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaiil.org/uk/newsletters/2002/0302.shtml">Article on Jihad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829203630/http://www.aaiil.org/uk/newsletters/2002/0302.shtml">Archived</a> 29 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Dr. G. W. Leitner (founder of The Oriental Institute, UK) published in Asiatic Quarterly Review, 1886. ("Jihad, even when explained as a righteous effort of waging war in self-defense against the grossest outrage on one's religion, is strictly limited..") </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Qur_p._228-232-193"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Qur_p._228-232_193-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaiil.org/text/articles/bash/quraniccommandmentswarjihad.shtml">The Qur'anic Commandments Regarding War/Jihad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180426223211/http://www.aaiil.org/text/articles/bash/quraniccommandmentswarjihad.shtml">Archived</a> 26 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> An English rendering of an Urdu article appearing in Basharat-e-Ahmadiyya Vol. I, pp. 228–32, by Dr. Basharat Ahmad; published by the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam </li> <li id="cite_note-Ali,_Maulana_Muhammad_Pages_411-413-194"><a href="#cite_ref-Ali,_Maulana_Muhammad_Pages_411-413_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaulana_Muhammad" class="citation book cs1">Maulana Muhammad, Ali. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaiil.org/text/books/mali/religionislam/religionislammuhammadali.html">The Religion of Islam (6th Edition), Ch V "Jihad"</a>. The Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement. pp. 411–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religion+of+Islam+%286th+Edition%29%2C+Ch+V+%22Jihad%22&rft.pages=411-13&rft.pub=The+Lahore+Ahmadiyya+Movement&rft.aulast=Maulana+Muhammad&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaiil.org%2Ftext%2Fbooks%2Fmali%2Freligionislam%2Freligionislammuhammadali.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Mathewes-195"><a href="#cite_ref-Mathewes_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathewes2010" class="citation book cs1">Mathewes, Charles T. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EyCsZE_iHp4C&q=Koran+%22sword+verses%22&pg=PA197">Understanding Religious Ethics</a>. John Wiley and Sons. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405133517" title="Special:BookSources/9781405133517"><bdi>9781405133517</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Religious+Ethics&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781405133517&rft.aulast=Mathewes&rft.aufirst=Charles+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEyCsZE_iHp4C%26q%3DKoran%2B%2522sword%2Bverses%2522%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Margoliouth_1905_p._362-363-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Margoliouth_1905_p._362-363_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margoliouth_1905_p._362-363_196-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Samuel_Margoliouth" title="David Samuel Margoliouth">Margoliouth</a>, D. S. (1905). Mohammed and the Rise of Islam (Third Edition., pp. 362–63). New York; London: G. P. Putnam's Sons; The Knickerbocker Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaizer2013" class="citation book cs1">Faizer, Rizwi (5 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gZknAAAAQBAJ">The Life of Muhammad: Al-Waqidi's Kitab Al-Maghazi</a>. Routledge. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-92114-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-92114-8"><bdi>978-1-136-92114-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Muhammad%3A+Al-Waqidi%27s+Kitab+Al-Maghazi&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-09-05&rft.isbn=978-1-136-92114-8&rft.aulast=Faizer&rft.aufirst=Rizwi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgZknAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshath2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ashath, Hafiz Abu Dawud Sulaiman (12 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/SunanAbuDawudVol.111160EnglishArabic">Sunan Abu Dawud</a> (in English and Arabic). Vol. 5. p. 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sunan+Abu+Dawud&rft.pages=45&rft.date=2014-10-12&rft.aulast=Ashath&rft.aufirst=Hafiz+Abu+Dawud+Sulaiman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FSunanAbuDawudVol.111160EnglishArabic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> He wrote that this became an excuse for unfettered conquest."That plea would cover attacks on the whole world outside Medinah and its neighbourhood: and on leaving Khaibar the Prophet seemed to see the world already in his grasp. This was a great advance from the early days of Medinah, when the Jews were to be tolerated as equals, and even idolators to be left unmolested, so long as they manifested no open hostility. Now the fact that a community was idolatrous, or Jewish, or anything but Mohammedan, warranted a murderous attack upon it: the passion for fresh conquests dominated the Prophet as it dominated an Alexander before him or a Napoleon after him." <a href="/wiki/David_Samuel_Margoliouth" title="David Samuel Margoliouth">Margoliouth, D. S.</a> (1905). Mohammed and the Rise of Islam (Third Edition., p. 363). New York; London: G. P. Putnam's Sons; The Knickerbocker Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Watt 189 </li> <li id="cite_note-EI-201"><a href="#cite_ref-EI_201-0">^</a> Veccia Vaglieri, L. "Khaybar", <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nomani_1979,_vol._II,_pg._156-202"><a href="#cite_ref-Nomani_1979,_vol._II,_pg._156_202-0">^</a> Nomani (1979), vol. II, pg. 156 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sameul-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sameul_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sameul_203-1">b</a> Samuel Rosenblatt, Essays on Antisemitism: The Jews of Islam, p. 112 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenblatt-204"><a href="#cite_ref-Rosenblatt_204-0">^</a> Pinson; Rosenblatt (1946) pp. 112–119 </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuniyani2005" class="citation book cs1">Puniyani, Ram (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fd5Fm79VMk8C&q=Islam+%22violent+religion%22&pg=PA98">Religion, power & violence: expression of politics in contemporary times</a>. SAGE. pp. 97–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761933380" title="Special:BookSources/9780761933380"><bdi>9780761933380</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+power+%26+violence%3A+expression+of+politics+in+contemporary+times&rft.pages=97-98&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780761933380&rft.aulast=Puniyani&rft.aufirst=Ram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFd5Fm79VMk8C%26q%3DIslam%2B%2522violent%2Breligion%2522%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1993" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Karen (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muhammadbiograph00kare">Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet</a>. HarperSanFrancisco. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muhammadbiograph00kare/page/165">165</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-250886-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-250886-5"><bdi>0-06-250886-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad%3A+A+Biography+of+the+Prophet&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=HarperSanFrancisco&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-06-250886-5&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuhammadbiograph00kare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> The Gandhian Moment, p. 117, by Ramin Jahanbegloo. </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Gandhi's responses to Islam, p. 110, by Sheila McDonough </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> Cold War Assemblages: Decolonization to Digital, p. 81, <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_Shringarpure" title="Bhakti Shringarpure">Bhakti Shringarpure</a>, Routledge. </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6714885.stm">Iran talks up temporary marriages</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Frances_Harrison" title="Frances Harrison">Frances Harrison</a>, BBC News, Last Updated: 2 June 2007. <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/19/AR2007011901850.html">Temporary 'Enjoyment Marriages' In Vogue Again With Some Iraqis</a>, by Nancy Trejos, The Washington Post, 20 January 2007.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lawofdesiretempo0000haer/page/6">Law of desire: temporary marriage in Shi'i Iran</a>, by Shahla Haeri, p. 6. <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zPXu561ZpvgC&q=false&pg=PT192">Islam For Dummies</a>, by Malcolm Clark.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lq2fxfbb0i4C&q=false&pg=PT85">Islam: a very short introduction</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Malise_Ruthven" title="Malise Ruthven">Malise Ruthven</a>.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Tafsir_ibn_Kathir" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafsir ibn Kathir">Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Azim</a>, Volume 1 p. 74 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answering-ansar.org/answers/mutah/en/chap4.php">answering-ansar.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120502030724/http://www.answering-ansar.org/answers/mutah/en/chap4.php">Archived</a> 2 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mutahhari7-213"><a href="#cite_ref-Mutahhari7_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotahhari" class="citation web cs1">Motahhari, Morteza. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-islam.org/rightsofwomeninislam/7.htm">"The rights of woman in Islam, Fixed-Term marriage and the problem of the harem"</a>. al-islam.org. Retrieved 10 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+rights+of+woman+in+Islam%2C+Fixed-Term+marriage+and+the+problem+of+the+harem&rft.pub=al-islam.org&rft.aulast=Motahhari&rft.aufirst=Morteza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Frightsofwomeninislam%2F7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zawaj.com/articles/mutah.html">"ZAWAJ.COM: Articles and Essays"</a>. www.zawaj.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.zawaj.com&rft.atitle=ZAWAJ.COM%3A+Articles+and+Essays&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zawaj.com%2Farticles%2Fmutah.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica-215"><a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_215-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mota">Temporary marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-islam.org/muta-temporary-marriage-islamic-law-sachiko-murata">"Muta', Temporary Marriage in Islamic Law"</a>. www.al-islam.org. 27 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.al-islam.org&rft.atitle=Muta%27%2C+Temporary+Marriage+in+Islamic+Law&rft.date=2012-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Fmuta-temporary-marriage-islamic-law-sachiko-murata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Said Amir Arjomand (1984), From nationalism to revolutionary Islam, page 171 </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110104035953/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaE%2FFatwaE&cid=1119503544160">"Misyar Marriage"</a>. Fiqh. 6 July 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fiqh.islamonline.net/en/misyar-marriage/">the original</a> on 4 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fiqh&rft.atitle=Misyar+Marriage&rft.date=2006-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffiqh.islamonline.net%2Fen%2Fmisyar-marriage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLodi2011" class="citation book cs1">Lodi, Mushtaq K. (1 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zEkmJAeJYBkC&q=misyar+muta&pg=PA59">Islam and the West</a>. Strategic Book. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781612046235" title="Special:BookSources/9781612046235"><bdi>9781612046235</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+West&rft.pub=Strategic+Book&rft.date=2011-07-01&rft.isbn=9781612046235&rft.aulast=Lodi&rft.aufirst=Mushtaq+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzEkmJAeJYBkC%26q%3Dmisyar%2Bmuta%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElhadj2006" class="citation book cs1">Elhadj, Elie (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S2kZfdrEBlAC&q=campaigns+Encyclopedia+&pg=PA51">The Islamic Shield</a>. Universal-Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781599424118" title="Special:BookSources/9781599424118"><bdi>9781599424118</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+Shield&rft.pub=Universal-Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781599424118&rft.aulast=Elhadj&rft.aufirst=Elie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS2kZfdrEBlAC%26q%3Dcampaigns%2BEncyclopedia%2B%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohl,_Florian2010" class="citation book cs1">Pohl, Florian (1 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n4Eye4ilLVkC&q=Mutah&pg=PA50">Muslim World: Modern Muslim Societies</a>. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 52–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761479277" title="Special:BookSources/9780761479277"><bdi>9780761479277</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+World%3A+Modern+Muslim+Societies&rft.pages=52-53&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2010-09-01&rft.isbn=9780761479277&rft.au=Pohl%2C+Florian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn4Eye4ilLVkC%26q%3DMutah%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BinMenie-222"><a href="#cite_ref-BinMenie_222-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bab-albahrain.net/forum/showthread.php?p=329473#post329473">Bin Menie, Abdullah bin Sulaïman : fatwa concerning the misyar marriage (and opinions by Ibn Uthaymeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-albany" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-albany">Al-albany</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]) (in Arabic) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metimes.com/articles/normal.php?StoryID=20000407-042210-7478r">Yet another marriage with no strings – fatwa committee of al azhar against misyar</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-armstrong157-223"><a href="#cite_ref-armstrong157_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArmstrong1992">Armstrong 1992</a>, p. 157 </li> <li id="cite_note-spellberg40-224">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spellberg40_224-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spellberg40_224-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpellberg1996">Spellberg 1996</a>, p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatt1960">Watt 1960</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarlas2002">Barlas 2002</a>, pp. 125–26 </li> <li id="cite_note-Afsaruddin2014-227"><a href="#cite_ref-Afsaruddin2014_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAfsaruddin2014">Afsaruddin 2014</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAli1997">Ali 1997</a>, p. 150 </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlas2012" class="citation book cs1">Barlas, Asma (2012). "Believing Women" in Islam: Unreading Patriarchal Interpretations of the Qur'an. University of Texas Press. p. 126. <q>On the other hand, however, Muslims who calculate 'Ayesha's age based on details of her sister Asma's age, about whom more is known, as well as on details of the Hijra (the Prophet's migration from Mecca to Madina), maintain that she was over thirteen and perhaps between seventeen and nineteen when she got married. Such views cohere with those Ahadith that claim that at her marriage Ayesha had "good knowledge of Ancient Arabic poetry and genealogy" and "pronounced the fundamental rules of Arabic Islamic ethics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Believing+Women%22+in+Islam%3A+Unreading+Patriarchal+Interpretations+of+the+Qur%27an&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Barlas&rft.aufirst=Asma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAli1997150-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAli1997150_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAli1997">Ali 1997</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyatollah_Qazvini" class="citation web cs1">Ayatollah Qazvini. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100926234317/http://www.valiasr-aj.com/fa/page.php?bank=question&id=699">"Ayesha married the Prophet when she was young? (In Persian and Arabic)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.valiasr-aj.com/fa/page.php?bank=question&id=699">the original</a> on 26 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ayesha+married+the+Prophet+when+she+was+young%3F+%28In+Persian+and+Arabic%29&rft.au=Ayatollah+Qazvini&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.valiasr-aj.com%2Ffa%2Fpage.php%3Fbank%3Dquestion%26id%3D699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.C._Brown2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_A.C._Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan A.C. Brown">A.C. Brown, Jonathan</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow/page/146">Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oneworld_Publications" title="Oneworld Publications">Oneworld Publications</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow/page/146">146–47</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-420-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-420-9"><bdi>978-1-78074-420-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Misquoting+Muhammad%3A+The+Challenge+and+Choices+of+Interpreting+the+Prophet%27s+Legacy&rft.pages=146-47&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-420-9&rft.aulast=A.C.+Brown&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmisquotingmuhamm0000brow%2Fpage%2F146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> C. (Colin) Turner, Islam: The Basics, Routledge Press, p.34–35 </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-234"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_234-0">^</a> Karen Armstrong, Muhammad: Prophet for Our Time, HarperPress, 2006, p. 167 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-723245-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-723245-4">0-00-723245-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-hajjar2004-235"><a href="#cite_ref-hajjar2004_235-0">^</a> Hajjar, Lisa. "Religion, state power, and domestic violence in Muslim societies: A framework for comparative analysis." Law & Social Inquiry 29.1 (2004); see pp. 1–38 </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> Treacher, Amal. "Reading the Other Women, Feminism, and Islam." Studies in Gender and Sexuality 4.1 (2003); pp. 59–71 </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> John C. Raines & Daniel C. Maguire (Ed), Farid Esack, What Men Owe to Women: Men's Voices from World Religions, State University of New York (2001), see pp. 201–03 </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927231420/http://www.alim.org/library/quran/ayah/compare/4/34/men-are-given-authority-over-women-and-corrective-measures-for-disobedient-women-and-arbitration-in-family-disputes">"Surah 4:34 (An-Nisaa), Alim — Translated by Mohammad Asad, Gibraltar (1980)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alim.org/library/quran/ayah/compare/4/34/men-are-given-authority-over-women-and-corrective-measures-for-disobedient-women-and-arbitration-in-family-disputes">the original</a> on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surah+4%3A34+%28An-Nisaa%29%2C+Alim+%E2%80%94+Translated+by+Mohammad+Asad%2C+Gibraltar+%281980%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alim.org%2Flibrary%2Fquran%2Fayah%2Fcompare%2F4%2F34%2Fmen-are-given-authority-over-women-and-corrective-measures-for-disobedient-women-and-arbitration-in-family-disputes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927154118/http://www.eui.eu/DepartmentsAndCentres/RobertSchumanCentre/Research/InternationalTransnationalRelations/MediterraneanProgramme/MRM/MRM2011/ws04.aspx">"Salhi and Grami (2011), Gender and Violence in the Middle East and North Africa, Florence (Italy), European University Institute"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eui.eu/DepartmentsAndCentres/RobertSchumanCentre/Research/InternationalTransnationalRelations/MediterraneanProgramme/MRM/MRM2011/ws04.aspx">the original</a> on 27 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salhi+and+Grami+%282011%29%2C+Gender+and+Violence+in+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%2C+Florence+%28Italy%29%2C+European+University+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eui.eu%2FDepartmentsAndCentres%2FRobertSchumanCentre%2FResearch%2FInternationalTransnationalRelations%2FMediterraneanProgramme%2FMRM%2FMRM2011%2Fws04.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTesneem_AlkiekDalia_MogahedOmar_SuleimanJonathan_Brown2017" class="citation web cs1">Tesneem Alkiek; Dalia Mogahed; Omar Suleiman; Jonathan Brown (22 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yaqeeninstitute.org/tesneem-alkiek/islam-and-violence-against-women-a-critical-look-at-domestic-violence-and-honor-killings-in-the-muslim-community/#.Xk6BVBdKgb0">"Islam and Violence Against Women: A Critical Look at Domestic Violence and Honor Killings in the Muslim Community"</a>. Yaqeen Institute. Retrieved 23 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Violence+Against+Women%3A+A+Critical+Look+at+Domestic+Violence+and+Honor+Killings+in+the+Muslim+Community&rft.pub=Yaqeen+Institute&rft.date=2017-05-22&rft.au=Tesneem+Alkiek&rft.au=Dalia+Mogahed&rft.au=Omar+Suleiman&rft.au=Jonathan+Brown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyaqeeninstitute.org%2Ftesneem-alkiek%2Fislam-and-violence-against-women-a-critical-look-at-domestic-violence-and-honor-killings-in-the-muslim-community%2F%23.Xk6BVBdKgb0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNomani2006" class="citation news cs1">Nomani, Asra Q. (22 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/20/AR2006102001261.html">"Clothes Aren't the Issue"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Clothes+Aren%27t+the+Issue&rft.date=2006-10-22&rft.aulast=Nomani&rft.aufirst=Asra+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F10%2F20%2FAR2006102001261.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unicef2011-242"><a href="#cite_ref-unicef2011_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009235624/https://www.unicef.org/gender/files/REGIONAL-Gender-Eqaulity-Profile-2011.pdf">"MENA Gender Equality Profile – Status of Girls and Women in the Middle East and North Africa, UNICEF"</a> (PDF). unicef.org. October 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/REGIONAL-Gender-Eqaulity-Profile-2011.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MENA+Gender+Equality+Profile+%E2%80%93+Status+of+Girls+and+Women+in+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%2C+UNICEF&rft.pub=unicef.org&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fgender%2Ffiles%2FREGIONAL-Gender-Eqaulity-Profile-2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206030116/https://www.quandl.com/c/society/age-at-first-marriage-female-by-country">"Age at First Marriage – Female By Country – Data from Quandl"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quandl.com/c/society/age-at-first-marriage-female-by-country">the original</a> on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Age+at+First+Marriage+%E2%80%93+Female+By+Country+%E2%80%93+Data+from+Quandl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quandl.com%2Fc%2Fsociety%2Fage-at-first-marriage-female-by-country&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> Horrie, Chris; Chippindale, Peter (1991). p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-davidpowers-245"><a href="#cite_ref-davidpowers_245-0">^</a> David Powers (1993), Islamic Inheritance System: A Socio-Historical Approach, The Arab Law Quarterly, 8, p 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-blbr-246"><a href="#cite_ref-blbr_246-0">^</a> <ul><li>Bernard Lewis (2002), What Went Wrong?, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514420-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-514420-1">0-19-514420-1</a>, pp. 82–83;</li> <li>Brunschvig. 'Abd; Encyclopedia of Islam, Brill, 2nd Edition, Vol 1, pp. 13–40.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> [<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D16%3Averse%3D71">16:71</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Quran-usc|24|33-248"><a href="#cite_ref-Quran-usc|24|33_248-0">^</a> [<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D24%3Averse%3D33">24:33</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> [<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D30%3Averse%3D28">30:28</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuters-250"><a href="#cite_ref-Reuters_250-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090116031142/http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-37448920090114">"Portugal cardinal warns of marriage with Muslims"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 14 January 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-37448920090114">the original</a> on 16 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Portugal+cardinal+warns+of+marriage+with+Muslims&rft.date=2009-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fin.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FworldNews%2FidINIndia-37448920090114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spiegel-251"><a href="#cite_ref-Spiegel_251-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,601423,00.html">"Portuguese Catholic Leader: 'Think Twice about Marrying a Muslim'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a>. 15 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Portuguese+Catholic+Leader%3A+%27Think+Twice+about+Marrying+a+Muslim%27&rft.date=2009-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Feurope%2F0%2C1518%2C601423%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lapidus-252"><a href="#cite_ref-lapidus_252-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIra_M._LapidusLena_Salaymeh2014" class="citation book cs1">Ira M. Lapidus; Lena Salaymeh (2014). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition). p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51430-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51430-9"><bdi>978-0-521-51430-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Islamic+Societies&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press+%28Kindle+edition%29&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51430-9&rft.au=Ira+M.+Lapidus&rft.au=Lena+Salaymeh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-253"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTariq_Modood2006" class="citation book cs1">Tariq Modood (6 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo">Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach</a> (1st ed.). Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo/page/n17">3</a>, 29, 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35515-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35515-5"><bdi>978-0-415-35515-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multiculturalism%2C+Muslims+and+Citizenship%3A+A+European+Approach&rft.pages=3%2C+29%2C+46&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006-04-06&rft.isbn=978-0-415-35515-5&rft.au=Tariq+Modood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmulticulturalism00modo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilpatrick2016" class="citation book cs1">Kilpatrick, William (2016). The Politically Incorrect Guide to Jihad. Regnery. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1621575771" title="Special:BookSources/978-1621575771"><bdi>978-1621575771</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politically+Incorrect+Guide+to+Jihad&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Regnery&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1621575771&rft.aulast=Kilpatrick&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.signandsight.com/features/1146.html">Pascal Bruckner – Enlightenment fundamentalism or racism of the anti-racists? </a> appeared originally in German in the online magazine Perlentaucher on 24 January 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> Pascal Bruckner – A reply to <a href="/wiki/Ian_Buruma" title="Ian Buruma">Ian Buruma</a> and Timothy Garton Ash: "At the heart of the issue is the fact that in certain countries Islam is becoming Europe's second religion. As such, its adherents are entitled to freedom of religion, to decent locations and to all of our respect. On the condition, that is, that they themselves respect the rules of our republican, secular culture, and that they do not demand a status of extraterritoriality that is denied other religions, or claim special rights and prerogatives" </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> Pascal Bruckner – A reply to Ian Buruma and Timothy Garton Ash "It's so true that many English, Dutch and German politicians, shocked by the excesses that the wearing of the Islamic veil has given way to, now envisage similar legislation curbing religious symbols in public space. The separation of the spiritual and corporeal domains must be strictly maintained, and belief must confine itself to the private realm." </li> <li id="cite_note-mnali-258"><a href="#cite_ref-mnali_258-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNazir-Ali2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Nazir-Ali" title="Michael Nazir-Ali">Nazir-Ali, Michael</a> (6 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080110080819/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/01/06/nislam206.xml">"Extremism flourished as UK lost Christianity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph" title="The Sunday Telegraph">The Sunday Telegraph</a>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/01/06/nislam206.xml">the original</a> on 10 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Extremism+flourished+as+UK+lost+Christianity&rft.date=2008-01-06&rft.aulast=Nazir-Ali&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fxml%3D%2Fnews%2F2008%2F01%2F06%2Fnislam206.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013124744/http://libertarian.nl/NL/archives/000198.php">"Paul Cliteur, Moderne Papoea's, Dilemma's van een multiculturele samenleving, De Uitgeverspers, 2002"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libertarian.nl/NL/archives/000198.php">the original</a> on 13 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paul+Cliteur%2C+Moderne+Papoea%27s%2C+Dilemma%27s+van+een+multiculturele+samenleving%2C+De+Uitgeverspers%2C+2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.libertarian.nl%2FNL%2Farchives%2F000198.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> Dudolgnon Islam In Politics In Russia Routledge, 5 November 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136888786" title="Special:BookSources/9781136888786">9781136888786</a> p. 301–304. </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> Afet İnan, Medenî Bilgiler ve M. Kemal Atatürk'ün El Yazıları, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1998, p. 364. </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorcin2006" class="citation book cs1">Lorcin, Patricia M. E. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rj2LRm6EOUYC&pg=PA71">Algeria & France, 1800-2000: Identity, Memory, Nostalgia</a>. Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3074-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3074-6"><bdi>978-0-8156-3074-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algeria+%26+France%2C+1800-2000%3A+Identity%2C+Memory%2C+Nostalgia&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-3074-6&rft.aulast=Lorcin&rft.aufirst=Patricia+M.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drj2LRm6EOUYC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-muir-263"><a href="#cite_ref-muir_263-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/asiakeane00kean#page/458">Asia. 2d ed., rev. and corrected. Published 1909 by E. Stanford in London.</a> p. 458 </li> <li id="cite_note-CesariStudy-264"><a href="#cite_ref-CesariStudy_264-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euro-islam.info/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/securitization_and_religious_divides_in_europe.pdf">"Muslims In Western Europe After 9/11: Why the term Islamophobia is more a predicament than an explanation"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muslims+In+Western+Europe+After+9%2F11%3A+Why+the+term+Islamophobia+is+more+a+predicament+than+an+explanation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euro-islam.info%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fpdfs%2Fsecuritization_and_religious_divides_in_europe.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason" class="citation web cs1">Mason, Rowena. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150424083806/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/apr/22/nigel-farage-immigrants-india-australia-better-than-eastern-Europeans">"Nigel Farage: Indian and Australian immigrants better than eastern Europeans"</a>. Theguardian. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/apr/22/nigel-farage-immigrants-india-australia-better-than-eastern-Europeans">the original</a> on 24 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theguardian&rft.atitle=Nigel+Farage%3A+Indian+and+Australian+immigrants+better+than+eastern+Europeans&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Rowena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2015%2Fapr%2F22%2Fnigel-farage-immigrants-india-australia-better-than-eastern-Europeans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> Saeed, Abu Hayyan, Orientalism., Murder of History.. Facts behind the Gossips and Realities. (October 20, 2023). Available at SSRN: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=4608350">https://ssrn.com/abstract=4608350</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4608350">http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4608350</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islam&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfsaruddin2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Asma_Afsaruddin" title="Asma Afsaruddin">Afsaruddin, Asma</a> (2014). "ʿĀʾisha bt. Abī Bakr". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/a-isha-bt-abi-bakr-COM_23459">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a> (3 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Brill_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Brill Online">Brill Online</a>. Retrieved 11 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CA%BF%C4%80%CA%BEisha+bt.+Ab%C4%AB+Bakr&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Afsaruddin&rft.aufirst=Asma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2Fa-isha-bt-abi-bakr-COM_23459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_(writer)" title="Muhammad Ali (writer)">Ali, Muhammad</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=od6dAQKgK-YC&pg=PT150">Muhammad the Prophet</a>. Ahamadiyya Anjuman Ishaat Islam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0913321072" title="Special:BookSources/978-0913321072"><bdi>978-0913321072</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad+the+Prophet&rft.pub=Ahamadiyya+Anjuman+Ishaat+Islam&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0913321072&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dod6dAQKgK-YC%26pg%3DPT150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Armstrong, Karen</a> (1992). <a href="/wiki/Muhammad:_A_Biography_of_the_Prophet" title="Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet">Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062500144" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062500144"><bdi>978-0062500144</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad%3A+A+Biography+of+the+Prophet&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0062500144&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsmaniAbdi2008" class="citation book cs1">Asmani, Ibrahim Lethome; Abdi, Maryam Sheikh (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/De-linking%20FGM%20from%20Islam%20final%20report.pdf">De-linking Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting from Islam</a> (PDF). Washington: Frontiers in Reproductive Health, USAID. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170221230457/http://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/De-linking%20FGM%20from%20Islam%20final%20report.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 February 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De-linking+Female+Genital+Mutilation%2FCutting+from+Islam&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Frontiers+in+Reproductive+Health%2C+USAID&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Asmani&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim+Lethome&rft.au=Abdi%2C+Maryam+Sheikh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unfpa.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpub-pdf%2FDe-linking%2520FGM%2520from%2520Islam%2520final%2520report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlas2002" class="citation book cs1">Barlas, Asma (2002). Believing women in Islam : unreading patriarchal interpretations of the Qur'ān. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781477315927" title="Special:BookSources/9781477315927"><bdi>9781477315927</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Believing+women+in+Islam+%3A+unreading+patriarchal+interpretations+of+the+Qur%27%C4%81n&rft.place=Austin%2C+TX&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781477315927&rft.aulast=Barlas&rft.aufirst=Asma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_R._Cohen" title="Mark R. Cohen">Cohen, Mark R.</a> (1995). Under Crescent and Cross. Princeton University Press; Reissue edition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01082-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01082-3"><bdi>978-0-691-01082-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+Crescent+and+Cross&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press%3B+Reissue+edition&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01082-3&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito1998" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John (1998). Islam: The Straight Path. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511234-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511234-2"><bdi>0-19-511234-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+The+Straight+Path&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-511234-2&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockman2004" class="citation book cs1">Lockman, Zachary (2004). Contending Visions of the Middle East: The History and Politics of Orientalism. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62937-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62937-9"><bdi>978-0-521-62937-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contending+Visions+of+the+Middle+East%3A+The+History+and+Politics+of+Orientalism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62937-9&rft.aulast=Lockman&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPourjavadySchmidtke2006" class="citation book cs1">Pourjavady, Reza; Schmidtke, Sabine (2006). Pourjavady, Reza; Schmidtke, Sabine (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3OppTioUPy4C">A Jewish philosopher of Baghdad: 'Izz al-Dawla Ibn Kammūna (d. 683/1284) and his writings</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15139-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15139-0"><bdi>978-90-04-15139-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Jewish+philosopher+of+Baghdad%3A+%27Izz+al-Dawla+Ibn+Kamm%C5%ABna+%28d.+683%2F1284%29+and+his+writings&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15139-0&rft.aulast=Pourjavady&rft.aufirst=Reza&rft.au=Schmidtke%2C+Sabine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3OppTioUPy4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRippin2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Rippin" title="Andrew Rippin">Rippin, Andrew</a> (2001). Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices (2nd ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21781-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21781-1"><bdi>978-0-415-21781-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-21781-1&rft.aulast=Rippin&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRispler-Chaim1993" class="citation book cs1">Rispler-Chaim, Vardit (1993). Islamic medical ethics in the twentieth century. Leiden: E.J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004096080" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004096080"><bdi>978-9004096080</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+medical+ethics+in+the+twentieth+century&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-9004096080&rft.aulast=Rispler-Chaim&rft.aufirst=Vardit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoald2003" class="citation book cs1">Roald, Ann-Sofie (2003). Women in Islam: The Western Experience. London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Islam%3A+The+Western+Experience&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Roald&rft.aufirst=Ann-Sofie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpellberg1996" class="citation book cs1">Spellberg, Denise A. (1996). Politics, gender, and the Islamic past : the Legacy of ʻAʼisha bint Abi Bakr. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07999-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07999-0"><bdi>978-0-231-07999-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics%2C+gender%2C+and+the+Islamic+past+%3A+the+Legacy+of+%CA%BBA%CA%BCisha+bint+Abi+Bakr&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-231-07999-0&rft.aulast=Spellberg&rft.aufirst=Denise+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Montgomery_Watt" class="mw-redirect" title="William Montgomery Watt">Watt, William Montgomery</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/aisha-bint-abi-bakr-SIM_0440">ʿĀʾis̲h̲a Bint Abī Bakr</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a> Online. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004161214" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004161214"><bdi>978-9004161214</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CA%BF%C4%80%CA%BEis%CC%B2h%CC%B2a+Bint+Ab%C4%AB+Bakr&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam+Online&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-9004161214&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=William+Montgomery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Faisha-bint-abi-bakr-SIM_0440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesterlund2003" class="citation journal cs1">Westerlund, David (2003). "Ahmed Deedat's Theology of Religion: Apologetics through Polemics". Journal of Religion in Africa. 33 (3): 263–278. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157006603322663505">10.1163/157006603322663505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religion+in+Africa&rft.atitle=Ahmed+Deedat%27s+Theology+of+Religion%3A+Apologetics+through+Polemics&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=263-278&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157006603322663505&rft.aulast=Westerlund&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFModarressi1993" class="citation journal cs1">Modarressi, Hossein (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/1595789">"Early Debates on the Integrity of the Qur'ān: A Brief Survey"</a>. Studia Islamica. 77 (77). JSTOR: 5–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1595789">10.2307/1595789</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1595789">1595789</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Islamica&rft.atitle=Early+Debates+on+the+Integrity+of+the+Qur%27%C4%81n%3A+A+Brief+Survey&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=77&rft.pages=5-39&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1595789&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1595789%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Modarressi&rft.aufirst=Hossein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%2F1595789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmir-Moezzi2009" class="citation book cs1">Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2009). "Information, Doubts and Contradictions in Islamic Sources". In Kohlberg, Etan; Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/KohlbergMoezziREVELATIONANDFALSIFICATIONTheKitabAlQiratOfAhmadB.MuhammadAlSayyariLeiden2009./mode/2up">Revelation and Falsification</a>. Brill. pp. 12–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004167827" title="Special:BookSources/9789004167827"><bdi>9789004167827</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Information%2C+Doubts+and+Contradictions+in+Islamic+Sources&rft.btitle=Revelation+and+Falsification&rft.pages=12-23&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789004167827&rft.aulast=Amir-Moezzi&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FKohlbergMoezziREVELATIONANDFALSIFICATIONTheKitabAlQiratOfAhmadB.MuhammadAlSayyariLeiden2009.%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPakatchi2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pakatchi, A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/*-COM_0252">"'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib 4. Qur'ān and Ḥadīth Sciences"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Farhad_Daftary" title="Farhad Daftary">Daftary, F.</a> (ed.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. Translated by Valey, M.I. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1875-9831_isla_COM_0252">10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Al%C4%AB+b.+Ab%C4%AB+%E1%B9%AC%C4%81lib+4.+Qur%27%C4%81n+and+%E1%B8%A4ad%C4%ABth+Sciences&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Islamica&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1875-9831_isla_COM_0252&rft.aulast=Pakatchi&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-islamica%2F%2A-COM_0252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islam&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito1995" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John L. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamicthreatmyt00espo_0">The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality?</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-510298-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-510298-3"><bdi>0-19-510298-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+Threat%3A+Myth+or+Reality%3F&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-19-510298-3&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamicthreatmyt00espo_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalliday2003" class="citation book cs1">Halliday, Fred (2003). Islam and the Myth of Confrontation: Religion and Politics of the Middle East. I.B. Tauris, New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-868-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-868-1"><bdi>1-86064-868-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+Myth+of+Confrontation%3A+Religion+and+Politics+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris%2C+New+York&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-86064-868-1&rft.aulast=Halliday&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2003" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John L. (2003). Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam. Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516886-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516886-0"><bdi>0-19-516886-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unholy+War%3A+Terror+in+the+Name+of+Islam&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-516886-0&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeisler2002" class="citation book cs1">Geisler, Norman L. (2002). Answering Islam: The Crescent in Light of the Cross. Baker Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8010-6430-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8010-6430-9"><bdi>0-8010-6430-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Answering+Islam%3A+The+Crescent+in+Light+of+the+Cross&rft.pub=Baker+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8010-6430-9&rft.aulast=Geisler&rft.aufirst=Norman+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Kepel" title="Gilles Kepel">Kepel, Gilles</a> (2002). <a href="/wiki/Jihad:_The_Trail_of_Political_Islam" title="Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam">Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Belknap_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Belknap Press">Belknap Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00877-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-00877-4">0-674-00877-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Kepel" title="Gilles Kepel">Kepel, Gilles</a> (2004). <a href="/wiki/The_War_for_Muslim_Minds" title="The War for Muslim Minds">The War for Muslim Minds</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01575-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01575-4">0-674-01575-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Warraq" title="Ibn Warraq">Ibn Warraq</a> (1995). <a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Muslim" title="Why I Am Not a Muslim">Why I Am Not a Muslim</a>. Prometheus Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87975-984-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87975-984-4">0-87975-984-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Warraq" title="Ibn Warraq">Ibn Warraq</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/Leaving_Islam:_Apostates_Speak_Out" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out">Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out</a>. Prometheus Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59102-068-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-59102-068-9">1-59102-068-9</a>.</li> <li>Cox, Caroline & Marks, John (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civitas.org.uk/pdf/cs29.pdf">The 'West', Islam and Islamism: Is ideological Islam compatible with liberal democracy?</a>. Civitas. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903%2B386-29%2B2" title="Special:BookSources/1-903+386-29+2">1-903 386-29 2</a>.</li> <li>[Saeed, Abu Hayyan, Orientalism., Murder of History.. Facts behind the Gossips and Realities. (October 20, 2023). Available at SSRN: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=4608350">https://ssrn.com/abstract=4608350</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4608350">http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4608350</a>]</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYılmazİzgiErbayŞenel2024" class="citation journal cs1">Yılmaz, Halil İbrahim; İzgi, Mahmut Cihat; Erbay, Enes Ensar; Şenel, Samet (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-024-04058-2">"Studying early Islam in the third millennium: a bibliometric analysis"</a>. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications. 11 (1): Article 1521. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41599-024-04058-2">10.1057/s41599-024-04058-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Humanities+and+Social+Sciences+Communications&rft.atitle=Studying+early+Islam+in+the+third+millennium%3A+a+bibliometric+analysis&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=Article+1521&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fs41599-024-04058-2&rft.aulast=Y%C4%B1lmaz&rft.aufirst=Halil+%C4%B0brahim&rft.au=%C4%B0zgi%2C+Mahmut+Cihat&rft.au=Erbay%2C+Enes+Ensar&rft.au=%C5%9Eenel%2C+Samet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41599-024-04058-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islam" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">In Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Qadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Judgement Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holiest sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Sawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_leaders" title="Islamic religious leaders">Leaders</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Islam" title="Timeline of the history of Islam">Timeline of the history of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shi'a Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Religious texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Seerah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas_Al-Anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Story of Prophets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Bektashi Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a></li> <li>Moderate Kharijites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam#Wahbi_school" title="Ibadi Islam">Wahbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Qurbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="LawJurisprudence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marriage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Sex</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Marriage contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Nikah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">Death penalty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabiĥa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war in Islam">POWs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of sharia">Sources of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Schools of islamic jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Islamic_studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Theological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Creationism (evolution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism and progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Shu'ubiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion to mosques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Relationship_with_Muslims" title="Druze">Druzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Muslims" title="Ex-Muslims">Ex-Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Muslims" title="List of former Muslims">List of former Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ex-Muslim_organisations" title="List of ex-Muslim organisations">List of ex-Muslim organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Criticism of Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Muslim">Cultural Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles" title="Islamic view of miracles">Islamic view of miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Islam" title="Nursing in Islam">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_and_miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran and miracles">Quran and miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Islam" title="Symbols of Islam">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Criticism_of_religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Criticism_of_religion" title="Template:Criticism of religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Criticism_of_religion" title="Template talk:Criticism of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Criticism_of_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Criticism of religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Criticism_of_religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of the Bahá'í Faith">Baháˈí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Buddhism" title="Criticism of Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Criticism of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_movement#Controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Unification movement">Unification movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Unification_Church_in_Japan" title="Criticism of Unification Church in Japan">Unification Church in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westboro_Baptist_Church#Criticisms" title="Westboro Baptist Church">Westboro Baptist Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Swaminarayan_sect" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Swaminarayan sect">Swaminarayan sect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Twelver_Shia_Islam" title="Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam">Twelver Shia Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jainism" title="Criticism of Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Judaism" title="Criticism of Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monotheism" title="Criticism of monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement#Opposition" title="New religious movement">New religious movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_modern_paganism" title="Criticism of modern paganism">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_controversies" title="Scientology controversies">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism#Criticism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Zoroastrianism" title="Criticism of Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Mormon_sacred_texts" title="Criticism of Mormon sacred texts">Mormon sacred texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Criticism of the Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud#Criticism" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Aisha" title="Shia view of Aisha">Aisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell#Controversies" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Ellen_G._White" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Ellen G. White">Ellen White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses#Criticism_of_Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad#Legacy" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul#Biblical_criticism" title="Saul">Saul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious discrimination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%ADs" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Bahá'ís">Bahá'i Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_Neopagans" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious discrimination against Neopagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Copts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sikhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Sikhs">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunni Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shia Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zorostianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_violence" title="Judaism and violence">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_terrorism" title="Hindu terrorism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_extremist_terrorism" title="Jewish extremist terrorism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance" title="History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance">Christian thought on persecution and tolerance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">In Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_warfare" title="Judaism and warfare">In Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a></li> <li>By country <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Christians_in_India" title="Violence against Christians in India">Anti-Christian violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Odisha" title="Religious violence in Odisha">In Odisha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_Pakistan" title="Religious discrimination in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_critical_of_religion" title="Category:Books critical of religion">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_Manifesto:_The_Case_Against_Christianity,_Judaism,_and_Islam" title="Atheist Manifesto: The Case Against Christianity, Judaism, and Islam">Atheist Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_the_Spell:_Religion_as_a_Natural_Phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon">Breaking the Spell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Unveiled" title="Christianity Unveiled">Christianity Unveiled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Age_of_Science%3F" title="God in the Age of Science?">God in the Age of Science?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Is_Not_Great" title="God Is Not Great">God Is Not Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God:_The_Failed_Hypothesis" title="God: The Failed Hypothesis">God: The Failed Hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_to_a_Christian_Nation" title="Letter to a Christian Nation">Letter to a Christian Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Reason" title="The Age of Reason">The Age of Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Watchmaker" title="The Blind Watchmaker">The Blind Watchmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Caged_Virgin" title="The Caged Virgin">The Caged Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Faith" title="The End of Faith">The End of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_God_Delusion" title="The God Delusion">The God Delusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_the_Flying_Spaghetti_Monster" title="The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster">The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Christian" title="Why I Am Not a Christian">Why I Am Not a Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Muslim" title="Why I Am Not a Muslim">Why I Am Not a Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Demon-Haunted_World" title="The Demon-Haunted World">The Demon-Haunted World</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Christianity" title="Bibliography of books critical of Christianity">Books critical of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Islam" title="Bibliography of books critical of Islam">Books critical of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Judaism" title="Bibliography of books critical of Judaism">Books critical of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Mormonism" title="Bibliography of books critical of Mormonism">Books critical of Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Scientology" title="Bibliography of books critical of Scientology">Books critical of Scientology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antitheism" title="Antitheism">Antitheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_atheism" title="Criticism of atheism">Criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Cārvāka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Atheism" title="New Atheism">New Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheistic_religion" title="Nontheistic religion">Nontheistic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_religion" title="Parody religion">Parody religion</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_abuse" title="Religious abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">In Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Christianity" title="Apostasy in Christianity">In Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_atheism" title="Criticism of atheism">Criticism of atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monotheism" title="Criticism of monotheism">Criticism of monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitions">Superstitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superstitions_in_Muslim_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitions in Muslim societies">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Judaism" title="Superstition in Judaism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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