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class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Enkele_toepassingen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enkele_toepassingen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Enkele toepassingen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enkele_toepassingen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ontdekking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ontdekking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ontdekking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ontdekking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemische_eigenschappen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemische_eigenschappen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chemische eigenschappen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemische_eigenschappen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fysiologische_eigenschappen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fysiologische_eigenschappen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fysiologische eigenschappen</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fysiologische_eigenschappen-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Fysiologische eigenschappen-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fysiologische_eigenschappen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fotosynthese_en_cellulaire_ademhaling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fotosynthese_en_cellulaire_ademhaling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Fotosynthese en cellulaire ademhaling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fotosynthese_en_cellulaire_ademhaling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fysiologische_eigenschappen_bij_zoogdieren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fysiologische_eigenschappen_bij_zoogdieren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Fysiologische eigenschappen bij zoogdieren</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fysiologische_eigenschappen_bij_zoogdieren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fysische_eigenschappen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fysische_eigenschappen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Fysische eigenschappen</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fysische_eigenschappen-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Fysische eigenschappen-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fysische_eigenschappen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Broeikaseffect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broeikaseffect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Broeikaseffect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broeikaseffect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Faseovergangen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faseovergangen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Faseovergangen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faseovergangen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geologische_eigenschappen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geologische_eigenschappen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Geologische eigenschappen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geologische_eigenschappen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voorkomen_in_de_natuur_en_uitstoot_door_de_mens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voorkomen_in_de_natuur_en_uitstoot_door_de_mens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Voorkomen in de natuur en uitstoot door de mens</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voorkomen_in_de_natuur_en_uitstoot_door_de_mens-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Voorkomen in de natuur en uitstoot door de mens-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voorkomen_in_de_natuur_en_uitstoot_door_de_mens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-CO2-metingen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CO2-metingen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>CO<sub>2</sub>-metingen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CO2-metingen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CO2-emissiehandel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CO2-emissiehandel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>CO<sub>2</sub>-emissiehandel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CO2-emissiehandel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CO2-uitstoot_van_fossiele_brandstoffen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CO2-uitstoot_van_fossiele_brandstoffen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>CO<sub>2</sub>-uitstoot van fossiele brandstoffen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CO2-uitstoot_van_fossiele_brandstoffen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CO2-uitstoot_van_transportmiddelen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CO2-uitstoot_van_transportmiddelen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>CO<sub>2</sub>-uitstoot van transportmiddelen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CO2-uitstoot_van_transportmiddelen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicologie_en_veiligheid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicologie_en_veiligheid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Toxicologie en veiligheid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicologie_en_veiligheid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externe_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externe_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Externe links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externe_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Koolstofdioxide</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 137 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-137" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">137 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolstofdioksied" title="Koolstofdioksied – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koolstofdioksied" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlenstoffdioxid" title="Kohlenstoffdioxid – Zwitserduits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kohlenstoffdioxid" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Zwitserduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%AD%E1%89%A6%E1%8A%95_%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%8D%E1%89%B6%E1%8A%A6%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B3%E1%8B%AD%E1%8B%B5" title="ካርቦን ክልቶኦክሳይድ – Amhaars" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካርቦን ክልቶኦክሳይድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amhaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxido_de_carbonio" title="Dioxido de carbonio – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Dioxido de carbonio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="ثنائي أكسيد الكربون – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثنائي أكسيد الكربون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1" title="কাৰ্বন ডাই অক্সাইড – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কাৰ্বন ডাই অক্সাইড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B3xidu_de_carbonu" title="Dióxidu de carbonu – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dióxidu de carbonu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_qaz%C4%B1" title="Karbon qazı – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karbon qazı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="کربون دی‌اوکسید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کربون دی‌اوکسید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongl%C4%97is_dv%C4%97deg%C4%97nis" title="Onglėis dvėdegėnis – Samogitisch" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Onglėis dvėdegėnis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_dioksido" title="Karbon dioksido – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Karbon dioksido" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Дыяксід вугляроду – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дыяксід вугляроду" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Дыяксыд вугляроду – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дыяксыд вугляроду" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Въглероден диоксид – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Въглероден диоксид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1" title="कार्बन डाइआक्साइड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कार्बन डाइआक्साइड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1" title="কার্বন ডাই অক্সাইড – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কার্বন ডাই অক্সাইড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="དབྱང་གཉིས་སོལ་འགྱུར། – Tibetaans" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དབྱང་གཉིས་སོལ་འགྱུར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljik-dioksid" title="Ugljik-dioksid – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ugljik-dioksid" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B2xid_de_carboni" title="Diòxid de carboni – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Diòxid de carboni" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AA-i%C5%8Dng-hu%C3%A1-t%C3%A1ng" title="Nê-iōng-huá-táng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nê-iōng-huá-táng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%9B%E1%8E%B8%E1%8F%93" title="ᎠᏛᎸᏓ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏛᎸᏓ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%86%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%86%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="کاربۆن دی ئۆکسید – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کاربۆن دی ئۆکسید" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxid_uhli%C4%8Dit%C3%BD" title="Oxid uhličitý – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oxid uhličitý" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%BC%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BA_%D0%B9%C3%BF%C3%A7%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%85%C4%95%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Кăмрăк йÿçлĕхĕлле газ – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăмрăк йÿçлĕхĕлле газ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_deuocsid" title="Carbon deuocsid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Carbon deuocsid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuldioxid" title="Kuldioxid – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kuldioxid" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlenstoffdioxid" title="Kohlenstoffdioxid – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kohlenstoffdioxid" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuglikowy_dioksid" title="Wuglikowy dioksid – Nedersorbisch" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Wuglikowy dioksid" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Nedersorbisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Διοξείδιο του άνθρακα – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διοξείδιο του άνθρακα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Carbon dioxide" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbona_dioksido" title="Karbona dioksido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karbona dioksido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B3xido_de_carbono" title="Dióxido de carbono – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dióxido de carbono" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCsihappegaas" title="Süsihappegaas – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Süsihappegaas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbono_dioxido" title="Karbono dioxido – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karbono dioxido" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="کربن دی‌اکسید – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کربن دی‌اکسید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiilidioksidi" title="Hiilidioksidi – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hiilidioksidi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxyde_de_carbone" title="Dioxyde de carbone – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dioxyde de carbone" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%B6ldioksiid" title="Kööldioksiid – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kööldioksiid" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9-ocsa%C3%ADd_charb%C3%B3in" title="Dé-ocsaíd charbóin – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dé-ocsaíd charbóin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳 – Ganyu" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="二氧化碳" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Ganyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyoksid_di_karbonn" title="Dyoksid di karbonn – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Dyoksid di karbonn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_d%C3%A0-ogsaid" title="Carbon dà-ogsaid – Schots-Gaelisch" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Carbon dà-ogsaid" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Schots-Gaelisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B3xido_de_carbono" title="Dióxido de carbono – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dióxido de carbono" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daa-ocseed_charboan" title="Daa-ocseed charboan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Daa-ocseed charboan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Carbon dioxide" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngi-y%C3%B4ng-fa-than" title="Ngi-yông-fa-than – Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngi-yông-fa-than" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%95-%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A0%D7%99" title="פחמן דו-חמצני – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פחמן דו-חמצני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1" title="कार्बन डाईऑक्साइड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कार्बन डाईऑक्साइड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljikov(IV)_oksid" title="Ugljikov(IV) oksid – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ugljikov(IV) oksid" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhlikowy_dioksid" title="Wuhlikowy dioksid – Oppersorbisch" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wuhlikowy dioksid" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Oppersorbisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyoksid_kab%C3%B2n" title="Diyoksid kabòn – Haïtiaans Creools" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Diyoksid kabòn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans Creools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9n-dioxid" title="Szén-dioxid – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szén-dioxid" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AE%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%A6" title="Ածխաթթու գազ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ածխաթթու գազ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxydo" title="Carbon dioxydo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Carbon dioxydo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karbon dioksida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="КӀора миста газ – Ingoesjetisch" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="КӀора миста газ" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingoesjetisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbobioxo" title="Karbobioxo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Karbobioxo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koltv%C3%ADs%C3%BDringur" title="Koltvísýringur – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Koltvísýringur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anidride_carbonica" title="Anidride carbonica – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anidride carbonica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%B8%E5%8C%96%E7%82%AD%E7%B4%A0" title="二酸化炭素 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="二酸化炭素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaban_dayaxaid" title="Kaaban dayaxaid – Jamaicaans Creools" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kaaban dayaxaid" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaicaans Creools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tabrelkijno" title="tabrelkijno – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tabrelkijno" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Karbon dioksida" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ნახშირორჟანგი – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნახშირორჟანგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Көмірқышқыл газ – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көмірқышқыл газ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇಂಗಾಲದ ಡೈಆಕ್ಸೈಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಂಗಾಲದ ಡೈಆಕ್ಸೈಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94_%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" title="이산화 탄소 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이산화 탄소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8E%D9%86_%DA%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88" title="کاربَن ڈایی آکسایڈ – Kasjmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کاربَن ڈایی آکسایڈ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kasjmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbond%C3%AEoks%C3%AEd" title="Karbondîoksîd – Koerdisch" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Karbondîoksîd" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonii_dioxidum" title="Carbonii dioxidum – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carbonii dioxidum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuelendioxid" title="Kuelendioxid – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kuelendioxid" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooldioxide" title="Kooldioxide – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kooldioxide" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%8A" title="ຄາບອນໄດອອກໄຊ – Laotiaans" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄາບອນໄດອອກໄຊ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laotiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglies_dioksidas" title="Anglies dioksidas – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Anglies dioksidas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oglek%C4%BCa_dioks%C4%ABds" title="Oglekļa dioksīds – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Oglekļa dioksīds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etona_karb%C3%B4nika" title="Etona karbônika – Malagassisch" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Etona karbônika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagassisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Karbon dioksida" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Јаглерод диоксид – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јаглерод диоксид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="കാർബൺ ഡയോക്സൈഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാർബൺ ഡയോക്സൈഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1" title="कार्बन डायॉक्साइड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कार्बन डायॉक्साइड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Karbon dioksida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ကာဗွန်ဒိုင်အောက်ဆိုက် – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကာဗွန်ဒိုင်အောက်ဆိုက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlenstoffdioxid" title="Kohlenstoffdioxid – Nedersaksisch" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kohlenstoffdioxid" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1" title="कार्बनडाइअक्साइड – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कार्बनडाइअक्साइड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbondioksid" title="Karbondioksid – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Karbondioksid" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbondioksid" title="Karbondioksid – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karbondioksid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxid_de_carb%C3%B2ni" title="Dioxid de carbòni – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dioxid de carbòni" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarbon_daayi%27oksaayidii" title="Kaarbon daayi'oksaayidii – Afaan Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kaarbon daayi'oksaayidii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Afaan Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A1" title="ਕਾਰਬਨ ਡਾਈਆਕਸਾਈਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਰਬਨ ਡਾਈਆਕਸਾਈਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwutlenek_w%C4%99gla" title="Dwutlenek węgla – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dwutlenek węgla" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anidrid_carb%C3%B2nica" title="Anidrid carbònica – Piëmontees" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Anidrid carbònica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piëmontees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86_%DA%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DA%88" title="کاربن ڈائی آکسائڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کاربن ڈائی آکسائڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%80%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86_%DA%89%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="کـاربن ډای اکسايد – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کـاربن ډای اکسايد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B3xido_de_carbono" title="Dióxido de carbono – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dióxido de carbono" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimlasay" title="Chimlasay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chimlasay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxid_de_carbon" title="Dioxid de carbon – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dioxid de carbon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Диоксид углерода – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Диоксид углерода" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Харыалык диоксида – Jakoets" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Харыалык диоксида" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakoets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B2ssidu_de_carb%C3%B2niu" title="Diòssidu de carbòniu – Sardijns" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Diòssidu de carbòniu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardijns" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anidridi_carb%C3%B2nica" title="Anidridi carbònica – Siciliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Anidridi carbònica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Siciliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caurbon_dioxide" title="Caurbon dioxide – Schots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Caurbon dioxide" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljen-dioksid" title="Ugljen-dioksid – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ugljen-dioksid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A" title="කාබන් ඩයොක්සයිඩ් – Singalees" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කාබන් ඩයොක්සයිඩ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Carbon dioxide" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxid_uhli%C4%8Dit%C3%BD" title="Oxid uhličitý – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Oxid uhličitý" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogljikov_dioksid" title="Ogljikov dioksid – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ogljikov dioksid" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarboon_laba_ogsaydh" title="Kaarboon laba ogsaydh – Somalisch" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kaarboon laba ogsaydh" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioksidi_i_karbonit" title="Dioksidi i karbonit – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dioksidi i karbonit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Угљен-диоксид – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Угљен-диоксид" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolestofdioxid" title="Koolestofdioxid – Saterfries" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Koolestofdioxid" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterfries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida – Soendanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Karbon dioksida" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Soendanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koldioxid" title="Koldioxid – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Koldioxid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioksidi_kabonia" title="Dioksidi kabonia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dioksidi kabonia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwutlynek_w%C5%AFngla" title="Dwutlynek wůngla – Silezisch" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Dwutlynek wůngla" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silezisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="கார்பனீராக்சைடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கார்பனீராக்சைடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="కార్బన్ డయాక్సైడ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కార్బన్ డయాక్సైడ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="คาร์บอนไดออกไซด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาร์บอนไดออกไซด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Carbon dioxide" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbondioksit" title="Karbondioksit – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karbondioksit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%AA_%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%89%D8%AF" title="كاربون تۆت ئوكسىد – Oeigoers" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كاربون تۆت ئوكسىد" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Oeigoers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8E" title="Діоксид вуглецю – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Діоксид вуглецю" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86_%DA%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DA%88" title="کاربن ڈائی آکسائڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کاربن ڈائی آکسائڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonat_angidrid" title="Karbonat angidrid – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Karbonat angidrid" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hil%27muiktuzgaz" title="Hil'muiktuzgaz – Wepsisch" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Hil'muiktuzgaz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Wepsisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Carbon dioxide" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyocside_di_carbone" title="Diyocside di carbone – Waals" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Diyocside di carbone" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Waals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Carbon dioxide" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="二氧化碳" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Carbon dioxide" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%9F_%D7%96%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A1" title="קוילן זייערס – Jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קוילן זייערס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1rb%C3%B3n%C3%AC_%E1%BB%8Dl%E1%BB%8D%CC%81ks%C3%ADj%C3%ADn%C3%ACm%C3%A9j%C3%AC" title="Kárbónì ọlọ́ksíjínìméjì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kárbónì ọlọ́ksíjínìméjì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngeihyangjvaqdanq" title="Ngeihyangjvaqdanq – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ngeihyangjvaqdanq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="二氧化碳" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳 – Klassiek Chinees" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="二氧化碳" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Klassiek Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%AB-sng-h%C3%B2a_th%C3%B2a%E2%81%BF-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Jī-sng-hòa thòaⁿ-sò͘ – Minnanyu" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jī-sng-hòa thòaⁿ-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnanyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="二氧化碳" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmCalahle_ontuhlambili" title="UmCalahle ontuhlambili – Zoeloe" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmCalahle ontuhlambili" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zoeloe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1997#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" 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cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#DDEEFF; color:inherit; text-align:center; font-size:120%;" colspan="3">Koolstofdioxide </th></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#DDEEFF; color:inherit; text-align:center;" colspan="3">Structuurformule en molecuulmodel </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Carbon-dioxide-2D-dimensions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Structuurformule van koolstofdioxide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Carbon-dioxide-2D-dimensions.png/150px-Carbon-dioxide-2D-dimensions.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Carbon-dioxide-2D-dimensions.png/225px-Carbon-dioxide-2D-dimensions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Carbon-dioxide-2D-dimensions.png/300px-Carbon-dioxide-2D-dimensions.png 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="548" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Structuurformule" title="Structuurformule">Structuurformule</a> van koolstofdioxide</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Carbon-dioxide-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Molecuulmodel van koolstofdioxide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Carbon-dioxide-3D-balls.png/150px-Carbon-dioxide-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Carbon-dioxide-3D-balls.png/225px-Carbon-dioxide-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Carbon-dioxide-3D-balls.png/300px-Carbon-dioxide-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="373" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Molecuulmodel" title="Molecuulmodel">Molecuulmodel</a> van koolstofdioxide</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" style="padding:0;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Dry_Ice_Pellets_Subliming.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="{Pellets vast koolstofdioxide (droogijs) sublimeren bij kamertemperatuur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Dry_Ice_Pellets_Subliming.jpg/266px-Dry_Ice_Pellets_Subliming.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Dry_Ice_Pellets_Subliming.jpg/399px-Dry_Ice_Pellets_Subliming.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Dry_Ice_Pellets_Subliming.jpg/532px-Dry_Ice_Pellets_Subliming.jpg 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="523" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"><div style="font-size:90%">Pellets vast koolstofdioxide (<a href="/wiki/Droogijs" title="Droogijs">droogijs</a>) sublimeren bij kamertemperatuur</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#DDEEFF; color:inherit; text-align:center;" colspan="3">Algemeen </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Molecuulformule" title="Molecuulformule">Molecuulformule</a> </th> <td colspan="2">CO<sub>2</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/IUPAC-nomenclatuur" title="IUPAC-nomenclatuur">IUPAC-naam</a> </th> <td colspan="2">koolstofdioxide </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nomenclatuur" title="Nomenclatuur">Andere namen</a> </th> <td colspan="2">kooldioxide, koolzuurgas </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Molaire_massa" title="Molaire massa">Molmassa</a> </th> <td colspan="2">44,0095 <a href="/wiki/Gram_(eenheid)" title="Gram (eenheid)">g</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mol_(eenheid)" title="Mol (eenheid)">mol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/SMILES" title="SMILES">SMILES</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; width:127px;">C(=O)=O</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; width:127px;">1S/CO2/c2-1-3</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/CAS-nummer" title="CAS-nummer">CAS-nummer</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=124-38-9">124-38-9</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/EG-nummer" title="EG-nummer">EG-nummer</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/information-on-chemicals/cl-inventory-database/-/cl-inventory/search-clinventory-by-other-identifier/204-696-9">204-696-9</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=280">280</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1997" class="extiw" title="d:Q1997">Q1997</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Beschrijving </th> <td colspan="2">Prikkelend kleurloos gas </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vergelijkbaar met </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Koolstofdisulfide" title="Koolstofdisulfide">koolstofdisulfide</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#DDEEFF; color:inherit;" colspan="3">Waarschuwingen en veiligheidsmaatregelen </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"><table align="center" style="border-style:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-style:none;cell-padding:2px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:GHS-pictogram-bottle.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drukhouder"><img alt="Drukhouder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/GHS-pictogram-bottle.svg/60px-GHS-pictogram-bottle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/GHS-pictogram-bottle.svg/90px-GHS-pictogram-bottle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/GHS-pictogram-bottle.svg/120px-GHS-pictogram-bottle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table><b>Waarschuwing</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/H-_en_P-zinnen" title="H- en P-zinnen">H-zinnen</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><abbr title="Bevat gas onder druk; kan ontploffen bij verwarming.">H280</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H-_en_P-zinnen" title="H- en P-zinnen">EUH-zinnen</a></span> </th> <td colspan="2"><i>geen</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/H-_en_P-zinnen" title="H- en P-zinnen">P-zinnen</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><abbr title="Tegen zonlicht beschermen. Op een goed geventileerde plaats bewaren.">P410+P403</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Opslag </th> <td colspan="2">Bij bewaring in een gasfles mag de temperatuur van de gasfles niet boven 50°C uitkomen. </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#DDEEFF; color:inherit;" colspan="3">Fysische eigenschappen </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Aggregatietoestand" title="Aggregatietoestand">Aggregatietoestand</a> </th> <td colspan="2">gasvormig </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kleur_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kleur (hoofdbetekenis)">Kleur</a> </th> <td colspan="2">kleurloos </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Massadichtheid" title="Massadichtheid">Dichtheid</a> </th> <td colspan="2">1,98 × 10<sup>−3</sup> g/cm³ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sublimatiepunt" title="Sublimatiepunt">Sublimatiepunt</a> </th> <td colspan="2">−78,5<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> °C </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dampdruk" title="Dampdruk">Dampdruk</a> </th> <td colspan="2">(bij 20°C) 5,7258 × 10<sup>6</sup> Pa </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Oplosbaarheid" title="Oplosbaarheid">Oplosbaarheid</a> in <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> </th> <td colspan="2">1,45 g/L </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Octanol-water-partitieco%C3%ABffici%C3%ABnt" title="Octanol-water-partitiecoëfficiënt">log(<i>P</i><sub>ow</sub>)</a> </th> <td colspan="2">0,83 </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#DDEEFF; color:inherit;" colspan="3">Thermodynamische eigenschappen </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Enthalpie#Vormingsenthalpie" title="Enthalpie">Δ<sub>f</sub>H<sup><s>o</s></sup><sub>g</sub></a> </th> <td colspan="2">−393,5 <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">kJ</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mol_(eenheid)" title="Mol (eenheid)">mol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Entropie#Standaardentropie" title="Entropie">S<sup><s>o</s></sup><sub>g, 1 bar</sub></a> </th> <td colspan="2">213,8 <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">J</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mol_(eenheid)" title="Mol (eenheid)">mol</a>·<a href="/wiki/Kelvin_(eenheid)" title="Kelvin (eenheid)">K</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#DDEEFF; color:inherit;" colspan="3">Nutritionele eigenschappen </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/E-nummer" title="E-nummer">E-nummer</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.food-info.net/nl/e/e290.htm">E290</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#DDEEFF; color:inherit;" colspan="3"><small>Tenzij anders vermeld zijn <a href="/wiki/Standaardomstandigheden" title="Standaardomstandigheden">standaardomstandigheden</a> gebruikt (298,15 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin_(eenheid)" title="Kelvin (eenheid)">K</a> of 25 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a>, 1 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(druk)" title="Bar (druk)">bar</a>).</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop notheme center" style="background-color:#DDEEFF; color:inherit;" colspan="3"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Scheikunde" title="Portaal:Scheikunde">Scheikunde</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Koolstofdioxide</b>, <b>kooldioxide</b>, ook <b>koolzuurgas</b>, in de 19e eeuw ook <b>koolstofzuurgas</b> genoemd, is een <a href="/wiki/Anorganische_verbinding" title="Anorganische verbinding">anorganische verbinding</a> van <a href="/wiki/Koolstof" title="Koolstof">koolstof</a> en <a href="/wiki/Zuurstof_(element)" title="Zuurstof (element)">zuurstof</a>, met als <a href="/wiki/Brutoformule" title="Brutoformule">brutoformule</a> CO<sub>2</sub>. In zuivere toestand is het een kleurloos en geurloos <a href="/wiki/Gas_(natuurkunde)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas (natuurkunde)">gas</a> dat van nature in de <a href="/wiki/Aardatmosfeer" title="Aardatmosfeer">aardatmosfeer</a> voorkomt. De molecule bezit een <a href="/wiki/Lineaire_moleculaire_geometrie" title="Lineaire moleculaire geometrie">lineaire geometrie</a> en behoort tot de <a href="/wiki/Puntgroep" title="Puntgroep">puntgroep</a> D<sub>∞h</sub>. </p><p>Hoewel het gas zelf geurloos is, vormt het samen met waterdamp <a href="/wiki/Diwaterstofcarbonaat" title="Diwaterstofcarbonaat">koolzuur</a>, waardoor bij hogere concentraties een scherpe zure geur waargenomen kan worden. De eigenschappen van kooldioxide werden in de jaren 1750 bestudeerd door de Schotse wetenschapper <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Joseph Black</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De atmosfeer van de Aarde bevatte in 2020 ongeveer 417 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" title="Parts per million">ppm</a> koolstofdioxide.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deze concentratie neemt verder toe.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dit wordt veroorzaakt door menselijk handelen – voornamelijk door verbranding van fossiele brandstoffen – met klimaatverandering als gevolg. Het <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> (IPCC) houdt zich intensief bezig met de oorzaken en <a href="/wiki/Gevolgen_van_de_opwarming_van_de_Aarde" title="Gevolgen van de opwarming van de Aarde">gevolgen</a> daarvan voor de <a href="/wiki/Opwarming_van_de_aarde" class="mw-redirect" title="Opwarming van de aarde">opwarming van de aarde</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enkele_toepassingen">Enkele toepassingen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Enkele toepassingen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Enkele toepassingen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Koolstofdioxide opgelost in water vormt koolzuur of <a href="/wiki/Diwaterstofcarbonaat" title="Diwaterstofcarbonaat">diwaterstofcarbonaat</a> (H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>). Soms wordt kooldioxide zelf – foutief – koolzuur genoemd (koolzuurgas zou correct zijn). Kooldioxide wordt veel gebruikt in <a href="/wiki/Frisdrank" title="Frisdrank">frisdranken</a>. Het toevoegen van koolstofdioxide onder druk aan dranken voor de <i>prik</i>, wordt <a href="/wiki/Carboniseren" title="Carboniseren">carboniseren</a> genoemd. In <a href="/wiki/Bier" title="Bier">bier</a> zit koolzuur na vergisting van de <a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">maltose</a> uit <a href="/wiki/Mout" title="Mout">mout</a>. Het komt ook van nature voor in sommige <a href="/wiki/Mineraalwater" title="Mineraalwater">mineraalwaters</a>. </p><p>Koolstofdioxide wordt in sommige typen <a href="/wiki/Brandblusser" title="Brandblusser">brandblussers</a> gebruikt om vuur te bestrijden, met name indien water gevaarlijk zou zijn als blusmiddel, doordat het <a href="/wiki/Chemische_reactie" title="Chemische reactie">chemische reacties</a> veroorzaakt, stroom geleidt of grote schade kan veroorzaken, zoals in papieren archieven. </p><p>Koolstofdioxide wordt gebruikt als een koudemiddel in koel- en vriesinstallaties. Het staat als koudemiddel bekend onder nummer R-744. Het gebruik van koolstofdioxide als koudemiddel is (opnieuw) in opkomst omdat het een veel lagere bijdrage aan de opwarming van het klimaat heeft dan de meeste synthetische koudemiddelen. Ook wordt koolstofdioxide, naast <a href="/wiki/Propaan" title="Propaan">propaan</a> (R-290), als koudemiddel ook gebruikt in warmtepompen voor minder goed te isoleren huizen waar een hogere radiatortemperatuur vereist is en met hun lage <a href="/wiki/Global_Warming_Potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Warming Potential">Global Warming Potential</a> in het geval van lekkage tevens een geringere invloed heeft op opwarming van het klimaat. <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ontdekking">Ontdekking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Ontdekking" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Ontdekking"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Koolstofdioxide werd ontdekt in het begin van de <a href="/wiki/17e_eeuw" title="17e eeuw">17e eeuw</a> door de Brusselaar <a href="/wiki/Jan_Baptista_van_Helmont" title="Jan Baptista van Helmont">Jan Baptista van Helmont</a>, die het <i>sylvestergas</i> noemde. Hij stelde vast dat na verbranding van <a href="/wiki/Houtskool" title="Houtskool">houtskool</a> in een gesloten kom, de restmassa kleiner was dan de oorspronkelijke massa. Zijn conclusie was dat het verschil veranderd was in een <i>wilde geest</i> (toen <i>spiritus sylvestre</i> genoemd) of gas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemische_eigenschappen">Chemische eigenschappen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Chemische eigenschappen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Chemische eigenschappen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Koolstofdioxide bestaat uit een centraal koolstofatoom waaraan met <a href="/wiki/Dubbele_binding_(scheikunde)" title="Dubbele binding (scheikunde)">dubbele bindingen</a> twee zuurstofatomen zijn gebonden. Derhalve komt koolstof hier voor in zijn hoogste <a href="/wiki/Oxidatietoestand" title="Oxidatietoestand">oxidatietoestand</a> (+IV). Koolstofdioxide wordt gevormd bij de volledige <a href="/wiki/Verbranding" title="Verbranding">verbranding</a> van koolstof of koolstofhoudende verbindingen: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {C + O2 -> CO2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>C</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {C + O2 -> CO2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2bdc98c8c974216027185b29eeab09447cbfabc8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:17.017ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {C + O2 -> CO2}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Bij onvolledige verbranding ontstaat <a href="/wiki/Koolstofmonoxide" title="Koolstofmonoxide">koolstofmonoxide</a> (CO), een toxisch en verstikkend gas dat aanleiding kan geven tot <a href="/wiki/Koolstofmonoxidevergiftiging" title="Koolstofmonoxidevergiftiging">koolstofmonoxidevergiftiging</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fysiologische_eigenschappen">Fysiologische eigenschappen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Fysiologische eigenschappen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Fysiologische eigenschappen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fotosynthese_en_cellulaire_ademhaling">Fotosynthese en cellulaire ademhaling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Fotosynthese en cellulaire ademhaling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Fotosynthese en cellulaire ademhaling"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Fotosynthese" title="Fotosynthese">fotosynthese</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Planten" title="Planten">Planten</a> en andere <a href="/wiki/Autotroof" title="Autotroof">autotrofe organismen</a> gebruiken koolstofdioxide bij de <i>fotosynthese</i>. Bij deze <a href="/wiki/Chemische_reactie" title="Chemische reactie">chemische reactie</a> worden water (H<sub>2</sub>O) en koolstofdioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) opgenomen en in <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> omgezet, terwijl <a href="/wiki/Dizuurstof" title="Dizuurstof">zuurstofgas</a> (O<sub>2</sub>) wordt afgegeven. Voor dit proces is <a href="/wiki/Energie" title="Energie">energie</a> nodig, die wordt betrokken uit <a href="/wiki/Zonlicht" title="Zonlicht">zonlicht</a>. De <a href="/wiki/Zonne-energie" title="Zonne-energie">zonne-energie</a> wordt als <a href="/wiki/Chemische_energie" title="Chemische energie">chemische energie</a> vastgelegd in de <a href="/wiki/Chemische_verbinding" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemische verbinding">chemische verbinding</a> glucose. De glucose wordt gebruikt als energiebron of <a href="/wiki/Assimilatie_(biochemie)" title="Assimilatie (biochemie)">omgezet</a> in andere organische stoffen, bouwstoffen als <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> en <a href="/wiki/Prote%C3%AFne" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteïne">eiwitten</a>, ten behoeve van groei en voortplanting. Zo komt de koolstof uit de kooldioxide via fotosynthese terecht in allerlei andere stoffen, deels zichtbaar, zoals cellulose en <a href="/wiki/Lignine" title="Lignine">lignine</a> in het hout van bomen. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Glastuinbouw" title="Glastuinbouw">kassen</a> wordt koolzuurgas als een soort <a href="/wiki/Bemesten" title="Bemesten">bemesting</a> van de planten gebruikt: bij aanwezigheid van meer koolstofdioxide groeien veel planten wat sneller. Ook bij een toename van het koolstofdioxidegehalte op Aarde kan de vegetatie sneller groeien. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dieren_(biologie)" title="Dieren (biologie)">Dieren</a> doen het omgekeerde van wat planten doen: zij <a href="/wiki/Ademhaling_(dier)" title="Ademhaling (dier)">ademen</a> zuurstof in voor de <a href="/wiki/Celademhaling" title="Celademhaling">'verbranding'</a> van, uit <a href="/wiki/Spijsvertering" title="Spijsvertering">verteerd</a> <a href="/wiki/Voedsel" title="Voedsel">voedsel</a> afkomstige, <a href="/wiki/Voedingsstof" title="Voedingsstof">voedingsstoffen</a>. Bij de verbranding van deze <a href="/wiki/Vet" title="Vet">vetten</a> en <a href="/wiki/Koolhydraat" class="mw-redirect" title="Koolhydraat">koolhydraten</a> in het lichaam wordt koolstofdioxide geproduceerd, die ze uitademen. De eerder door het zonlicht aan de planten geleverde energie komt tijdens de verbranding van deze voedingsstoffen weer vrij. Dit geldt ook voor de stofwisseling van schimmels. </p><p>De bovenstaande wisselwerking tussen planten en dieren, of nauwkeuriger gezegd autotrofe en <a href="/wiki/Heterotroof" title="Heterotroof">heterotrofe</a> organismen, vormt de kern van de <a href="/wiki/Koolstofkringloop" title="Koolstofkringloop">koolstofkringloop</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fysiologische_eigenschappen_bij_zoogdieren">Fysiologische eigenschappen bij zoogdieren</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Fysiologische eigenschappen bij zoogdieren" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Fysiologische eigenschappen bij zoogdieren"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Zuur-base-evenwicht_(bloed)" title="Zuur-base-evenwicht (bloed)">zuur-base-evenwicht (bloed)</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>Dierlijke cellen produceren koolstofdioxide als afvalproduct van de <a href="/wiki/Citroenzuurcyclus" title="Citroenzuurcyclus">citroenzuurcyclus</a>. Extra inspanning levert extra koolzuur, dat via het <a href="/wiki/Bloed" title="Bloed">bloed</a> wordt afgevoerd. De toename van koolzuur in het bloed verlaagt de <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> (verhoogt de zuurgraad), die door het lichaam nauwkeurig tussen 7,35 en 7,45 wordt gehouden. Dreigt de pH te ver te dalen dan grijpt het <a href="/wiki/Ademhalingscentrum" title="Ademhalingscentrum">ademhalingscentrum</a> in de <a href="/wiki/Hersenen" title="Hersenen">hersenen</a> in door het versnellen en verdiepen van de <a href="/wiki/Ademhaling_(mens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ademhaling (mens)">ademhaling</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fysische_eigenschappen">Fysische eigenschappen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Fysische eigenschappen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Fysische eigenschappen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Twee fysische eigenschappen van koolstofdioxide komen in het dagelijks leven elk op hun eigen wijze naar voren. De meest prominente eigenschap is dat van <a href="/wiki/Broeikasgas" title="Broeikasgas">broeikasgas</a>. Daarnaast wordt koolstofdioxide vanwege de wijze waarop het van fase verandert, voor verschillende doeleinden gebruikt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broeikaseffect">Broeikaseffect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Broeikaseffect" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Broeikaseffect"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Broeikaseffect" title="Broeikaseffect">broeikaseffect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opwarming_van_de_Aarde" title="Opwarming van de Aarde">opwarming van de Aarde</a> en <a href="/wiki/CO2-afvang_en_-opslag" class="mw-redirect" title="CO2-afvang en -opslag">CO<sub>2</sub>-afvang en -opslag</a> voor de hoofdartikelen over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Klimafaktor_CO%E2%82%82_%28ZDF%2C_Terra_X%29_720p_HD_50FPS.webm/260px-seek%3D41-Klimafaktor_CO%E2%82%82_%28ZDF%2C_Terra_X%29_720p_HD_50FPS.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="260" height="146" data-durationhint="219" data-mwtitle="Klimafaktor_CO₂_(ZDF,_Terra_X)_720p_HD_50FPS.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Bestand:Klimafaktor_CO%E2%82%82_(ZDF,_Terra_X)_720p_HD_50FPS.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Klimafaktor_CO%E2%82%82_%28ZDF%2C_Terra_X%29_720p_HD_50FPS.webm/Klimafaktor_CO%E2%82%82_%28ZDF%2C_Terra_X%29_720p_HD_50FPS.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Klimafaktor_CO%E2%82%82_%28ZDF%2C_Terra_X%29_720p_HD_50FPS.webm/Klimafaktor_CO%E2%82%82_%28ZDF%2C_Terra_X%29_720p_HD_50FPS.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Klimafaktor_CO%E2%82%82_%28ZDF%2C_Terra_X%29_720p_HD_50FPS.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Klimafaktor_CO%E2%82%82_%28ZDF%2C_Terra_X%29_720p_HD_50FPS.webm/Klimafaktor_CO%E2%82%82_%28ZDF%2C_Terra_X%29_720p_HD_50FPS.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Klimafaktor_CO%E2%82%82_%28ZDF%2C_Terra_X%29_720p_HD_50FPS.webm/Klimafaktor_CO%E2%82%82_%28ZDF%2C_Terra_X%29_720p_HD_50FPS.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Klimafaktor_CO%E2%82%82_%28ZDF%2C_Terra_X%29_720p_HD_50FPS.webm/Klimafaktor_CO%E2%82%82_%28ZDF%2C_Terra_X%29_720p_HD_50FPS.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Klimafaktor_CO%E2%82%82_%28ZDF%2C_Terra_X%29_720p_HD_50FPS.webm/Klimafaktor_CO%E2%82%82_%28ZDF%2C_Terra_X%29_720p_HD_50FPS.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AKlimafaktor_CO%E2%82%82_%28ZDF%2C_Terra_X%29_720p_HD_50FPS.webm&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AKlimafaktor_CO%E2%82%82_%28ZDF%2C_Terra_X%29_720p_HD_50FPS.webm&lang=en-gb&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en-GB" label="British English ‪(en-gb)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AKlimafaktor_CO%E2%82%82_%28ZDF%2C_Terra_X%29_720p_HD_50FPS.webm&lang=nl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nl" label="Nederlands ‪(nl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Koolstofdioxide als klimaatfactor</figcaption></figure> <p>Doordat koolstofdioxide <a href="/wiki/Infrarood" title="Infrarood">infrarode straling</a> absorbeert, vermindert het de uitstraling naar de ruimte van zonnewarmte die de Aarde bereikt. Dit wordt het <a href="/wiki/Broeikaseffect" title="Broeikaseffect">broeikaseffect</a> genoemd, omdat in een <a href="/wiki/Kas_(gebouw)" title="Kas (gebouw)">kas</a> een vergelijkbaar effect optreedt: kortegolfstraling kan naar binnen waar ze wordt omgezet in langegolfstraling, die niet meer kan ontsnappen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faseovergangen">Faseovergangen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Faseovergangen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&action=edit&section=9" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Faseovergangen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Carbon_dioxide_pressure-temperature_phase_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Carbon_dioxide_pressure-temperature_phase_diagram.svg/260px-Carbon_dioxide_pressure-temperature_phase_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Carbon_dioxide_pressure-temperature_phase_diagram.svg/390px-Carbon_dioxide_pressure-temperature_phase_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Carbon_dioxide_pressure-temperature_phase_diagram.svg/520px-Carbon_dioxide_pressure-temperature_phase_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>De faseovergangen van koolstofdioxide</figcaption></figure> <p>Bij afkoeling tot −78 °C gaat koolstofdioxide direct over (<i><a href="/wiki/Rijpen" title="Rijpen">rijpt</a></i>) in de <a href="/wiki/Vaste_stof" title="Vaste stof">vaste aggregatietoestand</a>: <a href="/wiki/Droogijs" title="Droogijs">droogijs</a> of koolzuursneeuw genoemd. Vaste koolstofdioxide ziet er ongeveer uit zoals <a href="/wiki/IJs_(water)" title="IJs (water)">ijs</a> gevormd uit <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>. Bij een normale luchtdruk smelt droogijs niet als het verwarmd wordt, maar het <a href="/wiki/Sublimatie" title="Sublimatie">sublimeert</a> (verdampt) direct terug naar de gastoestand. Pas boven een druk van 5,2 bar (de druk in het <a href="/wiki/Tripelpunt_(natuurkunde)" title="Tripelpunt (natuurkunde)">tripelpunt</a>, zie ook de grafiek hiernaast) smelt droogijs bij −56 °C en komt het in de <a href="/wiki/Vloeistof" title="Vloeistof">vloeibare fase</a> zonder direct een gas te vormen. Als men bij 15 °C de druk verhoogt tot boven de 50 bar, wordt koolstofdioxide vloeibaar. </p><p>Er kunnen spectaculaire en toch relatief ongevaarlijke experimenten met vast koolstofdioxide gedaan worden. Als een paar korreltjes in een glas water worden gestrooid verdampt het droogijs door de relatieve warmte van het water. Het water gaat borrelen en er komt een flinke <a href="/wiki/Damp" title="Damp">damp</a> uit. Zo lijkt het of het water kookt, terwijl het gewoon op kamertemperatuur blijft of zelfs iets afkoelt. Doordat koolzuurdamp zwaarder is dan lucht loopt de damp vanuit het glas naar beneden. Dit effect wordt vaak op grotere schaal op toneel of televisie gebruikt in <a href="/wiki/Nevelmachine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevelmachine">nevelmachines</a>. </p><p>Droogijs wordt vaak gebruikt in combinatie met een bepaald <a href="/wiki/Oplosmiddel" title="Oplosmiddel">oplosmiddel</a> (zoals <a href="/wiki/Aceton" title="Aceton">aceton</a> of <a href="/wiki/2-propanol" title="2-propanol">2-propanol</a>) om een <a href="/wiki/Koelbad" title="Koelbad">koelbad</a> te vormen voor de uitvoering van bepaalde experimenten in de <a href="/wiki/Organische_synthese" title="Organische synthese">organische synthese</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geologische_eigenschappen">Geologische eigenschappen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Geologische eigenschappen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&action=edit&section=10" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Geologische eigenschappen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Koolzuur opgelost in (regen)water (<a href="/wiki/Diwaterstofcarbonaat" title="Diwaterstofcarbonaat">diwaterstofcarbonaat</a> en <a href="/wiki/Waterstofcarbonaat" title="Waterstofcarbonaat">waterstofcarbonaat</a>) is ook geologisch van belang, doordat het in staat is <a href="/wiki/Kalksteen" title="Kalksteen">kalksteen</a> op te lossen. Dit leidt tot <a href="/wiki/Karst_(geografie)" title="Karst (geografie)">karstverschijnselen</a>. In de gebonden vorm als <a href="/wiki/Calciumcarbonaat" title="Calciumcarbonaat">calciumcarbonaat</a> (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) komt het voor als kalksteen (in Limburg <a href="/wiki/Limburgse_mergel" title="Limburgse mergel">mergel</a> genoemd). Wanneer calciumcarbonaat wordt opgelost in zuur of wordt verhit zoals bij de productie van klinker en cement, komt koolstofdioxide weer vrij. De <a href="/wiki/Cementindustrie" title="Cementindustrie">cementindustrie</a> draagt voor ca. 5% bij aan de wereldwijde jaarlijkse uitstoot van het broeikasgas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voorkomen_in_de_natuur_en_uitstoot_door_de_mens">Voorkomen in de natuur en uitstoot door de mens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Voorkomen in de natuur en uitstoot door de mens" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&action=edit&section=11" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Voorkomen in de natuur en uitstoot door de mens"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Koolstofdioxide ontstaat bij diverse natuurlijke processen, onder andere bij savanne- en <a href="/wiki/Bosbrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosbrand">bosbranden</a>, uitstoot door <a href="/wiki/Vulkaan" title="Vulkaan">vulkanen</a>, verteringsprocessen in natte oerwouden en mangroven, en komt vrij via CO<sub>2</sub>-uitwisseling met de zeeën en oceanen. De eenvoudigste manier om koolstofdioxide te produceren is echter de verbranding van koolstofhoudende stoffen, bijvoorbeeld houtskool en <a href="/wiki/Fossiele_brandstof" title="Fossiele brandstof">fossiele brandstoffen</a> zoals <a href="/wiki/Aardolie" title="Aardolie">aardolie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Aardgas" title="Aardgas">aardgas</a>. Dit proces is voor de mensheid een van de belangrijkste energiebronnen. De menselijke/industriële CO<sub>2</sub>-uitstoot is volgens de huidige wetenschappelijke inzichten bijna 6% van de totale aardse CO<sub>2</sub>-uitwisseling.<sup id="cite_ref-IPPC_report_fig_3b_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPPC_report_fig_3b-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deze 6 procent moet door het systeem worden opgenomen om de concentratie CO<sub>2</sub> constant te houden. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration_NL.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration_NL.svg/260px-Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration_NL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration_NL.svg/390px-Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration_NL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration_NL.svg/520px-Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration_NL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>Atmosferische koolstofdioxide, gemeten op <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa_Observatorium" title="Mauna Loa Observatorium">Mauna Loa</a>, Hawai</figcaption></figure> <p>De belangrijkste processen om vrijgekomen koolstofdioxide weer uit de atmosfeer te verwijderen zijn CO<sub>2</sub>-opname door groene planten en opname door de oceanen. Omdat er geen netto toename van bossen op Aarde is draagt fotosynthese door groene planten alleen tijdelijk bij aan de verwijdering van koolstofdioxide uit de atmosfeer. De opnamesnelheid van koolstofdioxide in de oceanen is daarom bepalend voor de concentratieverandering. De opname gaat langzaam, omdat koolstofdioxide wel snel oplost in de bovenste lagen van de oceaan, maar er ook weer snel uit wordt afgegeven. Het transport naar diepere waterlagen waardoor koolstofdioxide uiteindelijk echt uit de kringloop zou verdwijnen duurt vele honderden jaren.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Van de 6% koolstofdioxide (3,2 gigaton) die de mens toevoegt aan de natuurlijke kringloop door het verbranden van <a href="/wiki/Fossiele_brandstof" title="Fossiele brandstof">fossiele brandstoffen</a>, wordt twee procentpunt gecompenseerd door permanente opname in de diepere waterlagen van de oceaan.<sup id="cite_ref-IPPC_report_fig_3b_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPPC_report_fig_3b-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De overige vier procentpunt hebben sinds het begin van de <a href="/wiki/Industri%C3%ABle_revolutie" title="Industriële revolutie">industriële revolutie</a> geleid tot een stijging van de CO<sub>2</sub>-concentratie van circa 280 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" title="Parts per million">ppm</a> tot pieken boven 410 ppm in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015 doorbrak de <i>gemiddelde</i> concentratie wereldwijd voor het eerst de grens van 400 ppm.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CO2-metingen">CO<sub>2</sub>-metingen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Bewerk dit kopje: CO2-metingen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&action=edit&section=12" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: CO2-metingen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De bekendste metingen van het CO<sub>2</sub>-gehalte in de lucht zijn de data, afkomstig van het <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa_Observatorium" title="Mauna Loa Observatorium">Mauna Loa Observatorium</a> op <a href="/wiki/Hawa%C3%AF_(eiland)" title="Hawaï (eiland)">Hawaï</a>, gepubliceerd door de <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>, een instelling van de Amerikaanse overheid. Uiteraard kunnen deze cijfers verschillen van de metingen, uitgevoerd elders op aarde. De cijfers van het allerlaatste jaar van meting zijn steeds voorlopig, in afwachting van kleine correcties. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Jaar<br />(historisch) </th> <th>ppm </th> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;" rowspan="16" class="unsortable">  </td> <th>Jaar<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(21e eeuw) </th> <th>ppm </th> <td style="background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;" rowspan="16" class="unsortable">  </td> <th>Jaar<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(21e eeuw) </th> <th>ppm </th></tr> <tr> <td>1750 </td> <td>277 </td> <td>2001 </td> <td>371 </td> <td>2016 </td> <td>404 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1800 </td> <td>281 </td> <td>2002 </td> <td>373 </td> <td>2017 </td> <td>407 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1850 </td> <td>284 </td> <td>2003 </td> <td>375 </td> <td>2018 </td> <td>409 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1900 </td> <td>296 </td> <td>2004 </td> <td>377 </td> <td>2019 </td> <td>412 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1950 </td> <td>313 </td> <td>2005 </td> <td>379 </td> <td>2020 </td> <td>414 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955 </td> <td>314 </td> <td>2006 </td> <td>381 </td> <td>2021 </td> <td>416 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960 </td> <td>317 </td> <td>2007 </td> <td>383 </td> <td>2022 </td> <td>419 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td>320 </td> <td>2008 </td> <td>385 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td>421<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970 </td> <td>325 </td> <td>2009 </td> <td>386 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td>331 </td> <td>2010 </td> <td>389 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td>339 </td> <td>2011 </td> <td>391 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td>345 </td> <td>2012 </td> <td>393 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td>354 </td> <td>2013 </td> <td>396 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td>360 </td> <td>2014 </td> <td>398 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>369 </td> <td>2015 </td> <td>401 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CO2-emissiehandel">CO<sub>2</sub>-emissiehandel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Bewerk dit kopje: CO2-emissiehandel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&action=edit&section=13" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: CO2-emissiehandel"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie voor emissiehandel in het algemeen <a href="/wiki/Emissiehandel" title="Emissiehandel">Emissiehandel</a>.</i></div> <p>Om de uitstoot van het broeikasgas te reguleren is de CO<sub>2</sub>-emissiehandel<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> opgezet. Deelnemers aan de CO<sub>2</sub>-emissiehandel krijgen aan het begin van het jaar een bepaalde hoeveelheid rechten. Deze hoeveelheid is door de Nederlandse overheid (de ministeries van Economische Zaken en VROM) vastgesteld op basis van het nationale toewijzingsplan, ook wel het nationale allocatieplan of NAP genoemd. Een bedrijfslocatie waar emissie plaatsvindt beschikt over deze rechten als zij een geldige emissievergunning heeft. De registratie en de controle wordt in Nederland uitgevoerd door de <a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Emissieautoriteit" title="Nederlandse Emissieautoriteit">Nederlandse Emissieautoriteit</a> (NEA). Particulieren kunnen sinds 2010 via de CO<sub>2</sub>-markt<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> van <a href="/wiki/Stichting_Natuur_en_Milieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Stichting Natuur en Milieu">Stichting Natuur en Milieu</a> ook deze emissiehandel beïnvloeden door rechten op te kopen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CO2-uitstoot_van_fossiele_brandstoffen">CO<sub>2</sub>-uitstoot van fossiele brandstoffen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Bewerk dit kopje: CO2-uitstoot van fossiele brandstoffen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&action=edit&section=14" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: CO2-uitstoot van fossiele brandstoffen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vergelijking van de CO<sub>2</sub>-uitstoot bij 100% effectiviteit van de verbranding. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>materiaal</th> <th>CO<sub>2</sub> in <a href="/wiki/Kg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kg">kg</a>/<a href="/wiki/KWh" class="mw-redirect" title="KWh">kWh</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Steenkool</td> <td>0,322 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Olie</td> <td>0,254 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aardgas</td> <td>0,181 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Bij verbranding van aardgas komt weliswaar veel minder CO<sub>2</sub> vrij, maar het gebruik van aardgas is anderzijds erg vervuilend vanwege de <a href="/wiki/Methaan" title="Methaan">methaanlekken</a> bij de ontginning en het <a href="/wiki/Pijptransport#Olie-_en_gaspijpleidingen" title="Pijptransport">transport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CO2-uitstoot_van_transportmiddelen">CO<sub>2</sub>-uitstoot van transportmiddelen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Bewerk dit kopje: CO2-uitstoot van transportmiddelen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&action=edit&section=15" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: CO2-uitstoot van transportmiddelen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vergelijking van de CO<sub>2</sub>-uitstoot van transportmiddelen per passagier per kilometer gemeten voor 2014. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Middel</th> <th>CO<sub>2</sub> in <a href="/wiki/Gram_(eenheid)" title="Gram (eenheid)">g</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kilometer" title="Kilometer">km</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Trein</td> <td>28 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bus</td> <td>56 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tweewielers</td> <td>81 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Auto</td> <td>107 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vliegtuig</td> <td>244 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicologie_en_veiligheid">Toxicologie en veiligheid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Toxicologie en veiligheid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&action=edit&section=16" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Toxicologie en veiligheid"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hoewel koolstofdioxide in de atmosfeer voorkomt, is het in hogere concentraties giftig. In de omgeving van het <a href="/wiki/Nyosmeer" title="Nyosmeer">Nyosmeer</a> kwamen op 26 augustus 1986 meer dan 1700 mensen om toen uit het meer een grote hoeveelheid koolstofdioxide vrij kwam. Op 16 augustus 2008 moesten in Mönchengladbach 107 mensen worden opgenomen omdat uit een brandblusinstallatie 25 000 m<sup>3</sup> koolstofdioxide<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was vrijgekomen en een woonwijk was binnengestroomd.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Koolstofdioxide is zwaarder dan lucht en kan zich ophopen in grotten en (wijn)kelders. Een voorbeeld is de zogenaamde <a href="/wiki/Grotta_del_Cane" title="Grotta del Cane">Hondsgrot</a> bij <a href="/wiki/Napels_(stad)" title="Napels (stad)">Napels</a>, waar de bodem bedekt is met een deken van kooldioxide. Mensen overleven een bezoek aan de grot, maar honden stikken direct, doordat ze zich met hun kop dichter bij de grond bevinden. De mogelijkheid van ontsnapping van grote hoeveelheden koolstofdioxide is een van de belangrijkste redenen van bezorgdheid bij ondergrondse <a href="/wiki/CO2-afvang_en_-opslag" class="mw-redirect" title="CO2-afvang en -opslag">opslag</a>. </p><p>Koolstofdioxide heeft de volgende effecten op mensen, gemeten naar volumepercentage in lucht: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>0,039%</td> <td>koolstofdioxidegehalte in de atmosfeer op zeeniveau (rond 2011) </td></tr> <tr> <td>0,15%</td> <td>maximum toelaatbare koolstofdioxidegehalte binnenlucht klaslokaal (1500 ppm)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0,3%</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIC-waarde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MIC-waarde (de pagina bestaat niet)">MIC-waarde</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0,5%</td> <td><a href="/wiki/MAC-waarde" title="MAC-waarde">MAC-waarde</a> (langdurige maximaal aanvaardbare blootstelling zonder blijvende schade) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1%</td> <td>slecht geventileerde drukke (werk)ruimte. Sufheid bij langere blootstelling. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,5%</td> <td>versnellen en verdiepen van de ademhaling. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2%</td> <td>licht narcotisch effect, toename van bloeddruk en polssnelheid, afname van het gehoor. </td></tr> <tr> <td>4-5%</td> <td>koolstofdioxidegehalte in uitgeademde lucht.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veroorzaakt naast bovengenoemde effecten ook duizeligheid, verwarring en een gevoel van ademnood bij langere blootstelling. Uiteindelijk raakt men bewusteloos. Vanaf een concentratie van 5% kunnen ook <a href="/wiki/Paniekaanval" title="Paniekaanval">paniekaanvallen</a> voorkomen,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> door de invloed van kooldioxide op de <a href="/wiki/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">amygdala</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>8%</td> <td>hoofdpijn, zweten, verlies van gezichtsvermogen en krampen. Bewusteloosheid na 5 tot 10 minuten, gevolgd door de dood na 30 minuten tot een uur. </td></tr> <tr> <td>20% en hoger</td> <td>bewusteloosheid na enkele ademteugen, snel gevolgd door ademstilstand. Dood na enkele minuten. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&action=edit&section=17" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CO2-toeslag_BPM" title="CO2-toeslag BPM">CO<sub>2</sub>-toeslag BPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CO2-afvang_en_-opslag" class="mw-redirect" title="CO2-afvang en -opslag">CO<sub>2</sub>-afvang en -opslag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandstofverbruik#CO2_uitstoot" title="Brandstofverbruik">CO<sub>2</sub>-uitstoot en brandstofverbruik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koolstofkringloop" title="Koolstofkringloop">Koolstofkringloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milieugevolgen_van_voedselproductie" title="Milieugevolgen van voedselproductie">Milieugevolgen van voedselproductie</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_links">Externe links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Externe links" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&action=edit&section=18" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Externe links"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Nuvola_apps_important_yellow.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Nuvola_apps_important_yellow.svg/14px-Nuvola_apps_important_yellow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Nuvola_apps_important_yellow.svg/21px-Nuvola_apps_important_yellow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Nuvola_apps_important_yellow.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_important_yellow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_lang=en&p_card_id=0021">koolstofdioxide</a></i> - <small><small><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Safety_Card" title="International Chemical Safety Card">International Chemical Safety Card</a></small></small></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gestis.dguv.de/data?name=001120&lang=en">Gegevens van <i>koolstofdioxide</i></a> in de GESTIS-stoffendatabank van het IFA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/global.html">Recent Global CO<sub>2</sub></a> (Earth System Research Laboratory)</li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <ul><li><i>CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i>, 2006, CRC Press LLC Headquarters te Boca Raton</li></ul> <hr /> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Omdat de atmosferische druk lager is dan de druk in het <a href="/wiki/Tripelpunt_(natuurkunde)" title="Tripelpunt (natuurkunde)">tripelpunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sublimatie" title="Sublimatie">sublimeert</a> koolstofdioxide in plaats van dat het smelt. Zie ook het kopje <a href="#Faseovergangen">Faseovergangen</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2021"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nl.alegsaonline.com/art/16876">Kooldioxide</a>. <i>nl.Alegsaonline.com</i> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2021-02-28">28 februari 2021</span>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210521214530/https://nl.alegsaonline.com/art/16876">Gearchiveerd</a> op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2021-05-21">21 mei 2021</span>. Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2021-05-21">21 mei 2021</span>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://co2now.org/Current-CO2/CO2-Now/Current-Data-for-Atmospheric-CO2.html">Earth's CO2 Home Page</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/">Trends in Carbon Dioxide</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210510213538/https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/">Gearchiveerd</a> op 10 mei 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.change.inc/energie/effectieve-co2-warmtepomp-maakt-oudere-woningen-klaar-voor-de-toekomst-40390">https://www.change.inc/energie/effectieve-co2-warmtepomp-maakt-oudere-woningen-klaar-voor-de-toekomst-40390</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPPC_report_fig_3b-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-IPPC_report_fig_3b_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPPC_report_fig_3b_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170922025106/http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg1/pdf/TAR-03.PDF">The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide</a>. Gearchiveerd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2017-09-22">22 september 2017</span>. Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2023-08-19">19 augustus 2023</span>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2008/2008GB003184.shtml">Analytical relationships between atmospheric carbon dioxide, carbon emissions, and ocean processes</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Onbereikbare_externe_links" title="Wikipedia:Onbereikbare externe links">[dode link]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.co2.earth/daily-co2?">www.co2.earth/daily-co2?</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230807045246/https://www.co2.earth/daily-co2">Gearchiveerd</a> op 7 augustus 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFFout:_ongeldige_tijd."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171002165955/https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/globally-averaged-co2-levels-reach-400-parts-million-2015">Globally Averaged CO<sub>2</sub> Levels Reach 400 parts per million in 2015</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wereld_Meteorologische_Organisatie" title="Wereld Meteorologische Organisatie">WMO</a> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2016-10-24">24 oktober 2016</span>). Gearchiveerd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2017-10-02">2 oktober 2017</span>. Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2016-10-26">26 oktober 2016</span>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gml.noaa.gov/webdata/ccgg/trends/co2/co2_annmean_mlo.txt">ESRL DATA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230818153802/https://gml.noaa.gov/webdata/ccgg/trends/co2/co2_annmean_mlo.txt">Gearchiveerd</a> op 18 augustus 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Voorlopig cijfer</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080915121142/http://www.emissieautoriteit.nl/emissiehandel/zo-werkt-emissiehandel/co2-emissiehandel">Nederlandse Emissieautoriteit (NEA): co2-emissiehandel</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.co2markt.eu/">CO<sub>2</sub>markt</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230609172847/http://www.co2markt.eu/">Gearchiveerd</a> op 9 juni 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.physics.uci.edu/~silverma/units.html">https://www.physics.uci.edu/~silverma/units.html</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230707210352/https://www.physics.uci.edu/~silverma/units.html">Gearchiveerd</a> op 7 juli 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2013"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/24/is-natural-gas-clean/">Is Natural Gas 'Clean'?</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2013-09-24">24 september 2013</span>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171017044525/https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/24/is-natural-gas-clean/">Gearchiveerd</a> op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2017-10-17">17 oktober 2017</span>. Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2017-12-26">26 december 2017</span>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/energy-efficiency-and-specific-co2-emissions/energy-efficiency-and-specific-co2-9">Energy efficiency and specific CO2 emissions</a>, geraadpleegd op 2020-10-20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021041954/https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/energy-efficiency-and-specific-co2-emissions/energy-efficiency-and-specific-co2-9">Gearchiveerd</a> op 21 oktober 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wz-newsline.de/?redid=293073">Westdeutsche Zeitung - Home - Politik - NRW - Lösch- und andere Gase: Theoretisch sicher</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wdr.de/mediathek/html/regional/2008/08/16/wdrextra_01.xml">CO<sub>2</sub>-ongeluk Mönchengladbach op 16 augustus 2008: 107 gewonden</a>, rapportage WDR</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agentschapnl.nl/sites/default/files/bijlagen/GGD-richtlijn%20beoordelen%20van%20ventilatie%20scholen.pdf">GGD-richtlijn beoordelen van ventilatie scholen</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kim E. Barrett, Susan M. Barman, Scott Boitano and Jane F Reckelhoff, <i>Ganong's Physiology, Examination and Board Review</i>, MCGrawHill Publishers, New York, NY | www.accessmedicine.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news-medical.net/news/20091126/Inhaled-carbon-dioxide-increases-brain-acidity-and-evokes-fear-behavior-Study.aspx">The medical news, november 2009</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221130062245/https://www.news-medical.net/news/20091126/Inhaled-carbon-dioxide-increases-brain-acidity-and-evokes-fear-behavior-Study.aspx">Gearchiveerd</a> op 30 november 2022.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&oldid=68402166">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koolstofdioxide&oldid=68402166</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Anorganische_verbinding_van_koolstof" title="Categorie:Anorganische verbinding van koolstof">Anorganische verbinding van koolstof</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Koolstofoxide" title="Categorie:Koolstofoxide">Koolstofoxide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Lewiszuur" title="Categorie:Lewiszuur">Lewiszuur</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Koelmiddel" title="Categorie:Koelmiddel">Koelmiddel</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Verborgen categorieën: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Wikipedia:Onbereikbare_externe_link" title="Categorie:Wikipedia:Onbereikbare externe link">Wikipedia:Onbereikbare externe link</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Wikipedia:GHS_aanwezig" title="Categorie:Wikipedia:GHS aanwezig">Wikipedia:GHS aanwezig</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 19 nov 2024 om 13:31.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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