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srcSet="https://cloudinary.hbs.edu/hbsit/image/fetch/q_auto,c_fill,w_600,ar_3:2,g_auto/f_webp/https%3A%2F%2Fimages.ctfassets.net%2Fbeh2ph2tgbqk%2F6sob8Dev7ieCkiHFPrGNcb-asset%2F4926c957af83da0155673b9e6d8e4608%2FGompers_HonestJobs_2800x1296.jpg 600w, https://cloudinary.hbs.edu/hbsit/image/fetch/q_auto,c_fill,ar_3:2,g_auto/f_webp/https%3A%2F%2Fimages.ctfassets.net%2Fbeh2ph2tgbqk%2F6sob8Dev7ieCkiHFPrGNcb-asset%2F4926c957af83da0155673b9e6d8e4608%2FGompers_HonestJobs_2800x1296.jpg" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 600px" fetchpriority="low" style="aspect-ratio:3/2;object-fit:cover;object-position:center center"/></span></figure></div><div class="hbs-hero-tease__content"><div class="hbs-hero-tease__content-inner"><div class="hbs-hero-tease__card"><div class="hbs-hero-tease__hgroup"><a href="/working-knowledge/collections/entrepreneurship" target="_self" class="hbs-hero-tease__overline">Entrepreneurship</a><h2 class="hbs-hero-tease__title hbs-hero-tease__title--long"><a href="/working-knowledge/inside-one-startups-journey-to-break-down-hiring-and-funding-barriers" target="_self" class="hbs-hero-tease__title-link">Inside One Startup's Journey to Break Down Hiring (and Funding) Barriers</a></h2></div><div class="hbs-hero-tease__excerpt"><div>In a case study, <strong>Paul Gompers</strong> explores the challenges a social justice startup encounters in helping the formerly incarcerated, as well as lessons for other entrepreneurs. </div><div class="hbs-hero-tease__attribution"><div class="hbs-byline hbs-byline--headshots"><span class="hbs-byline__thumbnails"><figure class="hbs-media-asset hbs-media-asset--image hbs-media-asset--loaded hbs-byline__asset"><span class="hbs-media-asset__wrapper"><img alt="Headshot of Paul A. Gompers" width="100%" height="auto" loading="lazy" src="https://cloudinary.hbs.edu/hbsit/image/fetch/q_auto/f_webp/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbs.edu%2Fapi%2Fheadshot%2F6463%3F2024-11-18" srcSet="https://cloudinary.hbs.edu/hbsit/image/fetch/q_auto,c_fill,w_600/f_webp/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbs.edu%2Fapi%2Fheadshot%2F6463%3F2024-11-18 600w, https://cloudinary.hbs.edu/hbsit/image/fetch/q_auto/f_webp/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbs.edu%2Fapi%2Fheadshot%2F6463%3F2024-11-18" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 600px" fetchpriority="low"/></span></figure></span><p class="hbs-byline__text">Featuring <span class="hbs-byline__author"> Paul A. Gompers</span>. By <span class="hbs-byline__author"><span>Avery Forman</span></span>  on  <time dateTime="2024-11-12">November 12, 2024</time>.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="hbs-editorial-topper__tease-row"><div data-theme="unset" class="hbs-article-tease hbs-article-tease--text-only"><div class="hbs-article-tease__content"><span class="hbs-article-tease__overline"><a href="/working-knowledge/collections/leadership" target="_self">Leadership</a></span><h2 class="hbs-article-tease__title hbs-text-h2"><a href="/working-knowledge/what-wartime-service-taught-these-historic-leaders" target="_self" class="hbs-article-tease__title__link">What Wartime Service Taught These Historic Leaders</a></h2><div class="hbs-article-tease__meta"><div class="hbs-byline hbs-byline--headshots"><span class="hbs-byline__thumbnails"><figure class="hbs-media-asset hbs-media-asset--image hbs-media-asset--loaded hbs-byline__asset"><span class="hbs-media-asset__wrapper"><img alt="Headshot of Robert Simons" width="100%" height="auto" loading="lazy" src="https://cloudinary.hbs.edu/hbsit/image/fetch/q_auto/f_webp/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbs.edu%2Fapi%2Fheadshot%2F6556%3F2024-11-18" srcSet="https://cloudinary.hbs.edu/hbsit/image/fetch/q_auto,c_fill,w_600/f_webp/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbs.edu%2Fapi%2Fheadshot%2F6556%3F2024-11-18 600w, https://cloudinary.hbs.edu/hbsit/image/fetch/q_auto/f_webp/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbs.edu%2Fapi%2Fheadshot%2F6556%3F2024-11-18" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 600px" fetchpriority="low"/></span></figure></span><p class="hbs-byline__text">Featuring <span class="hbs-byline__author"> Robert Simons</span>. By <span class="hbs-byline__author"><span>Avery Forman</span></span>  on  <time dateTime="2024-11-08">November 8, 2024</time>.</p></div></div></div></div><div data-theme="unset" class="hbs-article-tease hbs-article-tease--text-only"><div class="hbs-article-tease__content"><span class="hbs-article-tease__overline"><a href="/working-knowledge/collections/social-responsibility-and-sustainability" target="_self">Social Responsibility and Sustainability</a></span><h2 class="hbs-article-tease__title hbs-text-h2"><a href="/working-knowledge/climate-finance-in-africa" target="_self" class="hbs-article-tease__title__link">How Private Investors Can Help Solve Africa's Climate Crisis</a></h2><div class="hbs-article-tease__meta"><div class="hbs-byline hbs-byline--headshots"><span class="hbs-byline__thumbnails"><figure class="hbs-media-asset hbs-media-asset--image hbs-media-asset--loaded hbs-byline__asset"><span class="hbs-media-asset__wrapper"><img alt="Headshot of John D. Macomber" width="100%" height="auto" loading="lazy" src="https://cloudinary.hbs.edu/hbsit/image/fetch/q_auto/f_webp/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbs.edu%2Fapi%2Fheadshot%2F92011%3F2024-11-14" srcSet="https://cloudinary.hbs.edu/hbsit/image/fetch/q_auto,c_fill,w_600/f_webp/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbs.edu%2Fapi%2Fheadshot%2F92011%3F2024-11-14 600w, https://cloudinary.hbs.edu/hbsit/image/fetch/q_auto/f_webp/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbs.edu%2Fapi%2Fheadshot%2F92011%3F2024-11-14" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 600px" fetchpriority="low"/></span></figure></span><p class="hbs-byline__text">Featuring <span class="hbs-byline__author"> John D. Macomber</span>. By <span class="hbs-byline__author"><span>John D. Macomber</span></span>  on  <time dateTime="2024-10-24">October 24, 2024</time>.</p></div></div></div></div><div data-theme="unset" class="hbs-article-tease hbs-article-tease--text-only"><div class="hbs-article-tease__content"><span class="hbs-article-tease__overline"><a href="/working-knowledge/collections/entrepreneurship" target="_self">Entrepreneurship</a></span><h2 class="hbs-article-tease__title hbs-text-h2"><a href="/working-knowledge/building-the-road-to-small-business-utopia-ai-fintech" target="_self" class="hbs-article-tease__title__link">Building the Road to 'Small Business Utopia' with AI and Fintech</a></h2><div class="hbs-article-tease__meta"><div class="hbs-byline hbs-byline--headshots"><span class="hbs-byline__thumbnails"><figure class="hbs-media-asset hbs-media-asset--image hbs-media-asset--loaded hbs-byline__asset"><span class="hbs-media-asset__wrapper"><img alt="Headshot of Karen Mills" width="100%" height="auto" loading="lazy" src="https://cloudinary.hbs.edu/hbsit/image/fetch/q_auto/f_webp/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbs.edu%2Fapi%2Fheadshot%2F123725%3F2024-11-18" srcSet="https://cloudinary.hbs.edu/hbsit/image/fetch/q_auto,c_fill,w_600/f_webp/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbs.edu%2Fapi%2Fheadshot%2F123725%3F2024-11-18 600w, https://cloudinary.hbs.edu/hbsit/image/fetch/q_auto/f_webp/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbs.edu%2Fapi%2Fheadshot%2F123725%3F2024-11-18" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 600px" fetchpriority="low"/></span></figure></span><p class="hbs-byline__text">Featuring <span class="hbs-byline__author"> Karen Mills</span>. Published  <time dateTime="2024-11-04">November 4, 2024</time>.</p></div></div></div></div><div data-theme="unset" class="hbs-article-tease hbs-article-tease--text-only"><div class="hbs-article-tease__content"><span class="hbs-article-tease__overline"><a href="/working-knowledge/collections/negotiation-and-decision-making" target="_self">Negotiation and Decision Making</a></span><h2 class="hbs-article-tease__title hbs-text-h2"><a href="/working-knowledge/democrats-are-losing-latino-voters-thats-not-surprising" target="_self" class="hbs-article-tease__title__link">Latino Voters Have Grown More Politically Divided. That’s Not Surprising.</a></h2><div class="hbs-article-tease__meta"><div class="hbs-byline hbs-byline--headshots"><span class="hbs-byline__thumbnails"><figure class="hbs-media-asset hbs-media-asset--image hbs-media-asset--loaded hbs-byline__asset"><span class="hbs-media-asset__wrapper"><img alt="Headshot of Vincent Pons" width="100%" height="auto" loading="lazy" src="https://cloudinary.hbs.edu/hbsit/image/fetch/q_auto/f_webp/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbs.edu%2Fapi%2Fheadshot%2F736825%3F2024-11-18" srcSet="https://cloudinary.hbs.edu/hbsit/image/fetch/q_auto,c_fill,w_600/f_webp/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbs.edu%2Fapi%2Fheadshot%2F736825%3F2024-11-18 600w, https://cloudinary.hbs.edu/hbsit/image/fetch/q_auto/f_webp/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbs.edu%2Fapi%2Fheadshot%2F736825%3F2024-11-18" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 600px" fetchpriority="low"/></span></figure><figure class="hbs-media-asset hbs-media-asset--image hbs-media-asset--loaded hbs-byline__asset"><span class="hbs-media-asset__wrapper"><img alt="Headshot of Jesse M. Shapiro" width="100%" height="auto" loading="lazy" src="https://cloudinary.hbs.edu/hbsit/image/fetch/q_auto/f_webp/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbs.edu%2Fapi%2Fheadshot%2F1356397%3F2024-11-18" srcSet="https://cloudinary.hbs.edu/hbsit/image/fetch/q_auto,c_fill,w_600/f_webp/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbs.edu%2Fapi%2Fheadshot%2F1356397%3F2024-11-18 600w, https://cloudinary.hbs.edu/hbsit/image/fetch/q_auto/f_webp/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbs.edu%2Fapi%2Fheadshot%2F1356397%3F2024-11-18" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 600px" fetchpriority="low"/></span></figure></span><p class="hbs-byline__text">Featuring <span class="hbs-byline__author"> Vincent Pons and </span><span class="hbs-byline__author"> Jesse M. Shapiro</span>. By <span class="hbs-byline__author"><span>Richard Calvo, Vincent Pons, and Jesse M. 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Financial stability helps people escape the everyday hassles of life, says research by <strong>Jon Jachimowicz</strong>.</div><div class="hbs-hero-tease__attribution"><div class="hbs-byline hbs-byline--headshots"><span class="hbs-byline__thumbnails"><figure class="hbs-media-asset hbs-media-asset--image hbs-media-asset--loaded hbs-byline__asset"><span class="hbs-media-asset__wrapper"><img alt="Headshot of Jon M. 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This course—open to the general public—consists of 40 hours of material delivered over an eight-week period. Participants can complete the coursework on their own time.","marks":[],"data":{}}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"paragraph","content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Simons has also published a 15-module series for classroom teaching on ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://cb.hbsp.harvard.edu/cbmp/pages/content/strategyexecution"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Strategy Execution","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" available through Harvard Business School Publishing. In addition, an online app, ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://cb.hbsp.harvard.edu/cbmp/resources/marketing/multimedia/JDOT/index.html"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Job Design Optimization Tool","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":", is available free-of-charge from Harvard Business School Publishing. This tool can be used to design, or test the design of, any job in any organization.","marks":[],"data":{}}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"paragraph","content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"In 2021, The Case Centre (U.K.) named Simons the number two best-selling business case author in the world.","marks":[],"data":{}}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"paragraph","content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Simons’ books include ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://hbr.org/product/seven-strategy-questions-a-simple-approach-for-better-execution/14832E-KND-ENG"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Seven Strategy Questions: A Simple Approach for Better Execution","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" (2010) and ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://hbr.org/product/levers-of-organization-design-how-managers-use-accountability-systems-for-greater-performance-and-commitment/1251KB-KND-ENG"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Levers of Organization Design: How Managers Use Accountability Systems for Greater Performance and Commitment","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" (2005). In addition, he has written ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://www.amazon.com/Levers-Control-Managers-Innovative-Strategic/dp/0875845592/ref=sr_1_1?s=books\u0026ie=UTF8\u0026qid=1295894692\u0026sr=1-1"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Levers of Control","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" (1995) that describes how effective top managers balance innovation and control. This book won the Notable Contribution to Management Accounting Literature award.","marks":[],"data":{}}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"paragraph","content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"In addition to his books, Simons' ongoing research into the relationship between business strategy, organization design, and management control systems has been published in journals such as ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":"Harvard Business Review","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":", ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":"Capitalism and Society","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":", ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":"Sloan Management Review","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":", ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":"Strategic Management Journal","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":", ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":"Accounting, Organizations and Society","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":", ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":"Contemporary Accounting Research","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":", and ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":"Journal of Accounting Literature","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":".","marks":[],"data":{}}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"paragraph","content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"His most recent academic paper co-authored with Professor Antonio Dávila, “How Top Managers Use the Entrepreneurial Gap to Drive Strategic Change,” was published in the ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":"European Accounting Review","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":" in 2021.","marks":[],"data":{}}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"paragraph","content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"A Canadian CPA, Simons earned his Ph.D. from McGill University. Simons has served as a consultant to many companies on topics related to strategy execution, organization design, performance measurement, and strategic control. He has testified as an expert witness in U.S. Federal Court and before State Public Utility Commissions.","marks":[],"data":{}}],"data":{}}]},"personType":[{"sys":{"type":"Link","linkType":"Entry","id":"3S1LDcEOFHtNnctiOY7Bat"}}],"hbsEnterpriseID":"6556","academicUnit":[{"sys":{"type":"Link","linkType":"Entry","id":"0O1qVWnOkbsbFtuR9XRYrX"}}],"email":"rsimons@hbs.edu","jobTitle":"Baker Foundation Professor\nCharles M. 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My MBA elective course is called “Cities, Structures, and Climate Shocks.” This winter, my fellow HBS researchers and I canvassed investors, funders, and businesses in East Africa on this topic, and I presented the findings to colleagues at the Harvard Salata Institute for Climate and Sustainability in March.","marks":[],"data":{}}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"heading-2","content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Why organizations are investing in adaptation to climate stresses","marks":[],"data":{}}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"paragraph","content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"In August, Pippa Armerding, executive director of the HBS ARC, and I visited multiple sites and businesses in Dakar, Senegal in West Africa and attended an alumni event focused on climate adaptation and urban economic development. 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The mitigation projects are getting less traction from promoters for their reduction of carbon dioxide emissions than they are getting from their resilience in the face of fuel scarcity and power grid interruptions. We found that the average man or woman on the street in Kenya or Senegal does not care about global carbon, as that’s considered a “global north” concern. However, people absolutely do care about air pollution, the cost and availability of fuel and electricity, and avoiding the loss of roads, houses, farms, and factories due to floods, sea level rise, or extreme heat.","marks":[],"data":{}}],"data":{}}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"list-item","content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Enlightened self-interest still drives investment decisions.","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":" We spoke to several investors and business leaders, and very few were interested in “green” activities or even environmental, social, and governance initiatives on their own merits, since in many cases, they don’t lead to incremental revenue increases or reduced costs. That said, investing in energy efficiency, solar and wind energy, electric vehicles, drainage systems, and natural ventilation are easy for those entities to justify on their economic return on investment, and that’s why they embrace those ideas.","marks":[],"data":{}}],"data":{}}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"list-item","content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Additionality matters.","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":" The alumni group noted that organizations making investments in renewables or other efficiencies could perhaps also attract “green finance.” The commercial terms were seldom better than non-green finance, and for the most part, the projects would have been executed anyway. Our alumni were more interested in additionality, where the investor presence pushed a non-viable project into the viable camp. An example might be a community solar project that would not generate enough cash flow on its own to attract bank debt and thus would not get built—unless the additional capital made it work for the lender. These are additional investments that would not have happened without this capital. That spells impact.","marks":[],"data":{}}],"data":{}}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"list-item","content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Avoiding future costs is investment-worthy, just like adding future revenue.","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":" Most investors and lenders have a good handle on the cash flow curve for an investment that will eventually add revenue. You can imagine a straight horizontal line that represents steady cash flow over time. An investment in a new machine or more advertising, for example, would cause short-term cash flow to drop below the horizontal line. But if it’s a good decision, the cash flow will soon turn more positive than prior to the investment, and the investment will earn a return.","marks":[],"data":{}}],"data":{}}],"data":{}}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"paragraph","content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Now imagine in the climate space a flat horizontal line that represents net income if there are no new climate-related disturbances. All good. In contrast, however, it appears that bad, costly events like droughts or floods might send the curve far down. What if one invests ahead in defenses like raising bridges, expanding drainage systems, and planting more sustainable crops? Again, the cash flow curve goes down in the short term with the investment, but the net income curve is much higher and more favorable than just letting these evident climate issues take their course. This is a harder investment concept to explain and perhaps justify, but the return on investment is just as real. US analogies include adding seatbelts in cars to save lives, developing medicines for chronic diseases to avoid illnesses, and carrying an expensive backup quarterback on a professional football team as insurance against a starter who may get injured.","marks":[],"data":{}}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Co-benefits are tangible and financeable.","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":" Health improvement and time savings, for example, are real benefits. We rode the new bus rapid transit (BRT) system in Dakar, Senegal. Local businesspeople are taking the BRT from north to south, since the buses can travel in dedicated high-speed lanes, making the trip much quicker than driving when the roads are congested. The system is not just relegating those who can’t afford cars to buses. More significantly, this is an all-electric system, so the buses have no tailpipe emissions, and the cars that are now off the road are also not emitting exhaust gases. The hope is that with more people taking the bus rather than their own cars, the remaining traffic will move faster, also reducing tangible air pollution.","marks":[],"data":{}}],"data":{}}],"data":{}}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"paragraph","content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"These benefits matter to the people and to the government of Senegal. The community has quantified the reduction in health care costs from bad outcomes related to automobile pollution. And they have also quantified the time benefit, finding that the BRT so far has reduced a 90-minute trip to 45 minutes. With a projected average of 300,000 boardings per day, the potential time savings is huge.","marks":[],"data":{}}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"paragraph","content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Further, being all electric and battery-powered, rather than relying on overhead wires like Amtrak electric trains, the buses also store energy, so the system can purchase from the grid during off-peak hours and deploy energy to turn wheels or to power other uses during peak times. The capital cost for the BRT was funded by the World Bank, and the operations are funded through a public-private partnership with Meridiam, a global infrastructure investor and developer, and the Executive Council of Urban Transports in Dakar, a government agency.","marks":[],"data":{}}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"heading-2","content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Financing climate adaptation","marks":[],"data":{}}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"paragraph","content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"The bottom line? Investors, businesses, and global society can mobilize the capital and scale projects to help individuals, cities, and nations avoid some of the worst outcomes of climate change.","marks":[],"data":{}}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"paragraph","content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"This can be done with a clear eye toward return on investment, particularly when the return includes less traditional measures like observable improvements in public health outcomes, economic activity, and time savings.","marks":[],"data":{}}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"paragraph","content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"John Macomber is a senior lecturer in the Finance Unit at HBS, where his work focuses on climate adaptation and the future of cities. 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As we report in our ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=66569"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"new research paper","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":", a forecaster would have done worse using this methodology than just guessing that every election would turn out to be a coin toss.","marks":[],"data":{}}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"paragraph","content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"To be sure, over this period, some demographic groups gained electoral influence, while others faded. But with these ebbs and flows, US politics stayed in something like a competitive equilibrium, with no one party gaining a lasting edge.","marks":[],"data":{}}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"paragraph","content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"One reason seems to be that the parties didn’t sit on the sidelines. Our analysis of data combining voters’ opinions with party platforms showed that where voters lead, parties tend to follow. When voter demographics predicted a rightward trajectory, either overall or on a particular issue, the parties tended to move the same way.","marks":[],"data":{}}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"heading-2","content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Loyalty today doesn’t mean loyalty tomorrow","marks":[],"data":{}}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"paragraph","content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Our work shows that it is a mistake to think that, just because a group seems loyal to one party today, this will remain true as the group grows in the future. Instead, it is a good bet that the group will get more attention from both parties, and a bad bet that US politics will become lopsided.","marks":[],"data":{}}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"paragraph","content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"So, don't be surprised the next time a group starts to splinter politically just when it becomes most important to the electorate.","marks":[],"data":{}}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"paragraph","content":[{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://www.richardncalvo.com/"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Richard Calvo","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":"is a doctoral student in economics at University of California, Berkeley;","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":" ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://www.vincentpons.org/"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Vincent Pons","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":", is the Byron Wein Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School; and","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":" ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://scholar.harvard.edu/shapiro/home"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Jesse M. 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Mills, senior fellow at Harvard Business School. The second edition was published in 2024 by Palgrave Macmillan.","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"The cycle of fintech innovation in small business lending is not yet complete, but we can already see its promise. As technology opened the doors to vast troves of data, opportunities emerged to create new insights on a small businesses health and prospects. These inputs have the potential to resolve two defining issues that have faced lenders and borrowers in the sector: heterogeneity—the fact that all small businesses are different, making it difficult to extrapolate from one example to the next—and information opacity, the fact that it is hard to know what is really going on inside a small business.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-3","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"\"But what if technology had the power to make a small business owner significantly wiser about their cash flow, and a lender wiser as well?\"","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"From a lender’s point of view, the smaller the business, the more difficult it is to know if the business is actually profitable and what its prospects might be. Many small business owners do not have a great sense of their cash flow, the sales they might make, when customers will pay, or what cash needs they could have based on the season or a new contract. Small businesses have low cash buffers, and a miscalculation, late payment, or even fast growth could cause a life-threatening cash crunch.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"But what if technology had the power to make a small business owner significantly wiser about their cash flow, and a lender wiser as well? What if new loan products and services made it easier to create what one investor calls a “truth file”—a set of information that could quickly and accurately predict the creditworthiness of a small business, much like a consumer’s personal credit score helps banks predict creditworthiness for personal loans, credit cards, and mortgages? What if a small business owner had a dashboard of their business activities, including cash projections and insights on sales and cost trends that helped them weave an end-to-end picture of their business’s financial health?","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"This future is appealing because it responds to the fundamental need of small business owners to be able to see and more clearly interpret the information that already exists, helping them navigate the uncertain world of their businesses on their own terms and plan accordingly. And it provides an opportunity for lenders to better understand the creditworthiness of their potential customers and provide lower lending costs as a result.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"But what if there was more?","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"What if this dashboard was part of a portal from which the business owner could operate all their financial activities? What if this intelligent platform knew when the business might need credit and could offer relevant options which were prequalified? And better yet, what if the platform came with a digital small business assistant who knew all about the business, including the goals and preferences of the owner. What if this bot could respond to requests in plain English to perform daily tasks and improve sales and marketing. Marshaling the predictive power of artificial intelligence and machine learning amassed from data on thousands of business owners in similar industries, what if this bot could help a business owner head off perilous trends and chart a plan for success?","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"We call this future state “Small Business Utopia.”","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"It may be that this name overpromises the outcome. Small businesses are perhaps too varied to be predictable, and entrepreneurs run their businesses with so much ingenuity and peculiarity that their insights cannot be replaced or augmented by artificial intelligence. It could be that small business owners are too set in their ways and will resist the new technology driven solutions. Yet, evidence suggests the opposite. If new intelligence is developed that will help them succeed, small businesses will find a way to adopt it. Small businesses are hungry for new solutions. They responded so positively to the early fintechs’ quick turnaround times on loans and the ease of online applications that they spurred traditional lenders to action. The next set of advances are proving to be even more accessible. Platforms are built in the cloud and come ready to help a business owner do everything from paying their bills to building their website. AI-powered intelligence can engage in a comfortable format and quickly provide valuable assistance. And credit options are being embedded in the workflow of their existing systems and are tailored to the needs of the business.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-3","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"\"Many of these advances are not fully available, but the path to their arrival has been set.\"","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Many of these advances are not fully available, but the path to their arrival has been set. In this book, we trace the progress of the fintech innovation cycle and explore what will be next and who will provide it. We build these predictions for the future on a fundamental foundation of elements we can see today: the needs of small businesses as they access the capital they require, the challenges traditional lending has faced in meeting these needs, and the opportunities that technology is providing for new solutions.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Excerpted from Karen G. Mills, Fintech, Small Business \u0026 the American Dream: How Technology is Transforming Lending and Shaping a New Era of Small Business Opportunity, Second Edition, published 2024 by Palgrave Macmillan. Copyright (c) 2024 by Palgrave Macmillan, reproduced with permission of SNCSC. 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