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These" /> <title>(PDF) Götterdämmerung Averted: Winston Churchill, Flensburg and the Unthinkable</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/115965806/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung_Averted_Winston_Churchill_Flensburg_and_the_Unthinkable" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '107520bac59918e2ceae62eaadd15bff3d1e7904'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1740903998000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1740903998000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"This article explores the anti-Soviet undertakings of Winston Churchill and the Flensburg Reich government during the spring of 1945. It contends that British and German strategic goals closely aligned as the Second World War in Europe ended. These objectives were to halt Soviet expansion westwards and to prepare for a potential new military confrontation with the USSR. It links British contingency planning to attack the Soviet Union (Operation Unthinkable) directly to Churchill’s attempts to prolong the existence of the Flensburg government after V-E Day. The article argues that Churchill sought to use the remnants of the Nazi leadership as an anti-communist tool against the Soviet Union. It also presents the case that Reich President Karl Doenitz pursued a similar arrangement. 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window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":115965806,"created_at":"2024-03-08T07:24:04.685-08:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2024-11-27T17:56:05.973-08:00","_data":{"doi":"10.1080/09592296.2024.2303856","abstract":"This article explores the anti-Soviet undertakings of Winston Churchill and the Flensburg Reich government during the spring of 1945. It contends that British and German strategic goals closely aligned as the Second World War in Europe ended. These objectives were to halt Soviet expansion westwards and to prepare for a potential new military confrontation with the USSR. It links British contingency planning to attack the Soviet Union (Operation Unthinkable) directly to Churchill’s attempts to prolong the existence of the Flensburg government after V-E Day. The article argues that Churchill sought to use the remnants of the Nazi leadership as an anti-communist tool against the Soviet Union. It also presents the case that Reich President Karl Doenitz pursued a similar arrangement. Finally, the article asserts if Churchill had been able to secure American support, then an armed conflict between the western allies, backed by the Nazi government, and the Soviet Union was plausible. ","ai_title_tag":"Churchill's Anti-Soviet Strategy with Flensburg in 1945","publication_date":"2024,,","publication_name":"DIPLOMACY \u0026 STATECRAFT "},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Götterdämmerung Averted: Winston Churchill, Flensburg and the Unthinkable","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true,"seo_quality":null}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [221987565]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":112227047,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Götterdämmerung Averted: Winston Churchill, Flensburg and the Unthinkable”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/112227047/mini_magick20240308-1-4wnrzg.png?1709911462" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Götterdämmerung Averted: Winston Churchill, Flensburg and the Unthinkable</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="221987565" href="https://usek.academia.edu/MatthewGerth"><img alt="Profile image of Matthew Gerth" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/221987565/79685605/149630083/s65_matthew.gerth.jpg" />Matthew Gerth</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024, DIPLOMACY & STATECRAFT </p><a class="js-loswp-work-card-doi-link ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09592296.2024.2303856" rel="nofollow">https://doi.org/10.1080/09592296.2024.2303856</a><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">29 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 115965806; 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It contends that British and German strategic goals closely aligned as the Second World War in Europe ended. These objectives were to halt Soviet expansion westwards and to prepare for a potential new military confrontation with the USSR. It links British contingency planning to attack the Soviet Union (Operation Unthinkable) directly to Churchill’s attempts to prolong the existence of the Flensburg government after V-E Day. The article argues that Churchill sought to use the remnants of the Nazi leadership as an anti-communist tool against the Soviet Union. It also presents the case that Reich President Karl Doenitz pursued a similar arrangement. Finally, the article asserts if Churchill had been able to secure American support, then an armed conflict between the western allies, backed by the Nazi government, and the Soviet Union was plausible. </p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><div class="primary-buttons "><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":112227047,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/115965806/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung_Averted_Winston_Churchill_Flensburg_and_the_Unthinkable"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span>See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":112227047,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/115965806/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung_Averted_Winston_Churchill_Flensburg_and_the_Unthinkable"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas" data-impression-entity-id="115965806" data-impression-entity-type="2" data-impression-source="signup-banner"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Among others to verify the affirmation that it was a calculated deal with exact objectives in the case of Ribbentrop-Molotov&#39;s Pact. The German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact of August 23rd, 1939 was a calculated accord with precise objectives when in both systems common national interests, which consisted also in the partition of Poland, overshadowed their ideological differences. This paper outlines the circumstances of the negotiations, the main actors, and motives leading to the creation of the agreement. A part of the research is the analysis of importance and direct consequences of the German-Soviet Pact. The political alliance provided Germany both a feeling of relative security in the war against Poland and neutrality of the second party, including the guarantee of ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Search for Partnership: German-Soviet Political Relations on the Eve of the Second World War","attachmentId":83935110,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/76180716/Search_for_Partnership_German_Soviet_Political_Relations_on_the_Eve_of_the_Second_World_War","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/76180716/Search_for_Partnership_German_Soviet_Political_Relations_on_the_Eve_of_the_Second_World_War"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="93844205" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/93844205/Confrontation_versus_Compromise_Dilemmas_of_Coexistence_with_Nazi_Germany_1935_1937">Confrontation versus Compromise: Dilemmas of Coexistence with Nazi Germany, 1935–1937</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10821216" href="https://ucc-ie.academia.edu/GeoffreyRoberts">Geoffrey Roberts</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Soviet Union and the Origins of the Second World War, 1995</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">By the middle of 1935 Soviet-German relations were in as bad a state as they had ever been. Moscow's view of the cause of this state of affairs was summed up in a letter from Litvinov to Suritz, the Soviet ambassador in Berlin, on 3 June 1935: 'Hitler continues to fight against all efforts to organise collective security, for the basis of his policy remains, in accordance with his book "My Struggle", the building of power and preparation for aggression, in the first instance in a SouthEastern and Eastern direction.'l In line with this perspective, the next two years were to be a time of high tension in Soviet-German relations-a period of political polemics, of diplomatic conflicts, and even a sort of Nazi-communist war by proxy. These were the years of Soviet-German clashes over the Soviet treaties with France and Czechoslovakia, which the Nazis denounced as anti-German pacts encirclemen t; of Soviet efforts to strengthen the League of Nations as an instrument of collective security; of German support for Italy in the Abyssinian war; of Hitler's remilitarisation of the Rhineland in March 1936; of the outbreak of civil war in Spain; of the launching of an anti-Bolshevik crusade at the Nuremberg rally of September 1936; and, in November 1936, the announcement by Mussolini of the Rome-Berlin Axis and the signature of the Germanjapanese anti-Comintern pact. Behind these public confrontations, however, another story of Soviet-German relations was unfolding, for during this very same period Soviet embassy officials in Berlin made a number of confidential approaches to their German counterparts about the possibility of improving relations between their two countries, leading, perhaps, to some kind of rapprochement. A key figure in these contacts with the Germans was David Kandelaki, the Soviet trade representative in Berlin 1935-7. Under the guise of trade negotiations Kandelaki made at least two major political overtures to the Germans and it is likely that he 21 G. Roberts, The Soviet Union and the Origins of the Second World War © Geoffrey Roberts 1995 22 THE SOVIET UNION AND THE ORIGINS OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR was involved in a number of other diplomatic soundings concerning the possibility of a Soviet-German detente. Despite the fact that Kandelaki fell victim to the purges following his recall to Moscow in spring 1937, there have also been many rumours and reports that during his sojourn in Berlin he operated as a special agent of Stalin and Molotov. For example, according to Yevgeny Gnedin, the Press Secretary of the Soviet embassy in Berlin during this period: Kandelaki clearly gave us the impression that he had confidential instructions from Stalin personally and the power to go beyond economic subjects in talks with the Germans. The trade representatives and embassy workers were aware that Kandelaki was close to Stalin ... and that he was actively attempting, irrespective of Litvinov and his co-workers, to 'build bridges' between the Soviet and Hitler governments. 2</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Confrontation versus Compromise: Dilemmas of Coexistence with Nazi Germany, 1935–1937","attachmentId":96469006,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93844205/Confrontation_versus_Compromise_Dilemmas_of_Coexistence_with_Nazi_Germany_1935_1937","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/93844205/Confrontation_versus_Compromise_Dilemmas_of_Coexistence_with_Nazi_Germany_1935_1937"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="31103111" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31103111/The_German_Campaign_in_Russia_1941_1943">The German Campaign in Russia 1941-1943</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="28992531" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GustavoUrue%C3%B1aA">Gustavo Urueña A</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">As a German historian recently remarked, for Germany Adolf Hitler was the “off-spring,” the outstanding legacy, of World War I, and no one doubts that.1 He himself started his political career in 1919 in the wake of a lost war and the crushing peace of Versailles. That treaty reduced Germany’s territory by 14 percent and its population by 6.5 million citizens. It created for Germany large minorities outside its new borders and for the time being an unlimited reparations liability.2 Hitler’s rise to dictatorship is unthinkable without the humiliation and misery that resulted for the German people out of their defeat. And still: was he bound to become the war’s nemesis in destroying the Weimar Republic? This article thus asks the question whether Hitler’s rise to power from Germany’s defeat to the proclamation of the Third Reich was inevitable. For that purpose the ways in which Germans tried to come to terms with their defeat and the war’s legacies will be discussed. As an illustration the article focuses on two highly popular political doctrines, both legacies of the war of its own—both in different ways denying the hopelessness of Germany’s military situation at the end of the war. These were: (1) the doctrine of the so-called “stab-in-the-back” (Dolchstoss); and (2) the doctrine of the so-called “war guilt lie” (Kriegsschuldlüge). At its conclusion, this analysis will raise the question as to whether Hitler’s exploitation of these two doctrines immediately led to his dictatorship. (1) The stab-in-the-back doctrine first was foreshadowed, when, on October 3, 1918, the German government requested an armistice with the Allies and peace negotiations on the basis of the peace program that President Woodrow Wilson had propagated. To the German public this move was an absolutely shattering surprise. Until then the German High Command had failed to admit the increasing seriousness of Germany’s military position resulting from strategic overstretch and military exhaustion.3 Instead, all the public had perceived was that the German troops fighting in France had protected them against the direct experience of war and that in the East Germany's predominance extended as far as the Caucasus Mountains. How then could Germany’s bid be explained?4 Could it be that the million-fold sacrifice of lives had been in vain? The gap that throughout the war had yawned between far-flung popular hopes and the grim military reality thus deepened even further. Other, non military reasons, it was believed, must have been behind Germany’s sudden giving up. The German military command concealed what it had confessed to the political leadership in Berlin—that it feared German troops in France were on the verge of being routed. To avoid a public loss of face, it claimed that nonmilitary reasons lay behind Germany’s critical military situation. Ludendorff, the de facto highest commander of Germany’s troops, concocted an explanation by inventing the stab-in-the-back doctrine. Germany had sued for an armistice, he asserted in a confidential talk with his officers, because it had become impossible to continue the war. This was due to the “poison” of Marxist–Socialist propaganda that had undermined the soldiers’ resolution to go on fighting and made them “unreliable,” although the chances of a successful defense, if not victory, continued to be good.5 Ludendorff’s statement initiated a lengthy process of political onus shifting between military and civil authorities, between the Right and the Left, regarding the responsibility for the military disaster that was threatening their country.6 Actually, the antecedents of this doctrine went further back—well into the fall of 1916. At that point, under the impression of a precarious military situation during the battle of the Somme, the first doubts arose in Germany regarding the prospects of a victory. A heated controversy about the war’s purpose and Germany’s war aims broke out. The military leadership and the exponents of the nationalist right kept insisting that a total victory was indispensable that would ensure sizable annexations, improve Germany’s geopolitical position, and entail a reward for the sacrifices the German people had made. Significantly, it was also held that only the perspective of a total victory would maintain morale at home and at the front.7 The forces of the German Center and Left, not least Labor, on the other hand, pressed for a peace of accommodation based on a military tie as the only realistic way out of a war that Germany apparently could not win. The real reward of the war seemed to be liberal reforms in Prussia and the Empire.8 On July 19, 1917, a majority of the German Reichstag passed a resolution demanding just that.9 To the rightist die-hards this amounted to outright treason subverting the public morale. According to the Right, internal reforms could not be a substitute for military victory.10</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The German Campaign in Russia 1941-1943","attachmentId":51538269,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31103111/The_German_Campaign_in_Russia_1941_1943","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/31103111/The_German_Campaign_in_Russia_1941_1943"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="10098608" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10098608/_A_Situation_of_Delicacy_and_Danger_Anglo_Soviet_Relations_August_1939_March_1940_Contemporary_European_History_vol_8_part_2_July_1999_pp_175_208">"'A Situation of Delicacy and Danger': Anglo-Soviet Relations, August 1939 - March 1940," Contemporary European History, vol. 8, part 2 (July 1999), pp. 175-208. </a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="22510500" href="https://umontreal.academia.edu/MichaelJabaraCarley">Michael Jabara Carley</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"\"'A Situation of Delicacy and Danger': Anglo-Soviet Relations, August 1939 - March 1940,\" Contemporary European History, vol. 8, part 2 (July 1999), pp. 175-208. ","attachmentId":36219366,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10098608/_A_Situation_of_Delicacy_and_Danger_Anglo_Soviet_Relations_August_1939_March_1940_Contemporary_European_History_vol_8_part_2_July_1999_pp_175_208","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10098608/_A_Situation_of_Delicacy_and_Danger_Anglo_Soviet_Relations_August_1939_March_1940_Contemporary_European_History_vol_8_part_2_July_1999_pp_175_208"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="10115015" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10115015/Origins_of_the_Second_World_War_in_Europe_Chamberlain_Stalin_and_their_failure_to_reach_an_agreement">Origins of the Second World War in Europe: Chamberlain, Stalin, and their failure to reach an agreement</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="984947" href="https://nagoya-u.academia.edu/AlexCalvo">Alex Calvo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Eurasia Studies Society Journal, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Historiography and popular works on the origins of the Second World War in the UK often tend to concentrate on the Franco-British policy of appeasement, with particular stress on the Munich agreements. The Soviet Union appears late in this narrative, after the German invasion, with brief mentions of the Molotov - Von Ribbentrop Pact and the ensuing economic cooperation. In particular, the failed negotiations between France and Great Britain on the one hand, and the Soviet Union on the other, in the summer of 1939, are seldom discussed in depth. Their study should ideally include not only the negotiations themselves but the wider mutual views, mistrust, conflicts of interests, and differing perceptions of how to confront a rising Germany. Ideally, future historical scholarship should provide a more integrated view of the run up to the war, seeking to explain why London and Moscow failed to join forces despite perceiving the threat from Berlin. This paper examines this issue and provides an overview of the background to the failure and the mutual views and strategies which ultimately prevented the agreement.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Origins of the Second World War in Europe: Chamberlain, Stalin, and their failure to reach an agreement","attachmentId":36232743,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10115015/Origins_of_the_Second_World_War_in_Europe_Chamberlain_Stalin_and_their_failure_to_reach_an_agreement","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10115015/Origins_of_the_Second_World_War_in_Europe_Chamberlain_Stalin_and_their_failure_to_reach_an_agreement"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="31187278" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31187278/Inevitable_Kampf_of_Germany">Inevitable Kampf of Germany</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9763694" href="https://metu.academia.edu/ErenKorkmaz">Eren Korkmaz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Obscurity of the actions of far-right post-war Germany was a decisive element in the Western foreign policy. As a consequence of this obscure atmosphere, Britain and France was intending to slow Germany down from aggression with their Appeasement Policy. Eric Hobsbawm discusses that this policy’s roots belonged to the Treaty of Locarno; however it was not a root rather an ambiguous deed of Britain and France. It was primarily because they were uncertain of a possible threat of German expansion so that they wanted to secure their borders. As Iain Macleod –who was a conservative British politician- states that “… Hitler was insatiable, war inevitable and appeasement therefore a forlorn hope” it was quite unclear what would happen with the existence of Hitler and appeasing him was a far, however the best middle-ground hope. So, as German nation was demolished, resentful and without alternative of fascism, they did what was necessary for the revision of Treaty of Versailles. In these conditions, the point that had no return was the Munich Agreement as Czech territory was sacrificed to Germany after Anschluss. The paper is going to discuss around these issues while also providing the historical background of the steps into World War II in the first place, in order to create a better understanding on how the ladders were shaped for Axis powers to have expansionist policies. While discussing them, the paper will also provide insights and subjective interpretations on the necessarily significant turning points.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Inevitable Kampf of Germany","attachmentId":51611305,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31187278/Inevitable_Kampf_of_Germany","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/31187278/Inevitable_Kampf_of_Germany"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="29248326" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29248326/Thunder_in_the_East_The_Nazi_Soviet_War_1941_1945_By_Evan_Mawdsley_London_Hodder_Arnold_2005_Pp_xxvi_502_Cloth_39_95_ISBN_0_340_80808_X">Thunder in the East: The Nazi-Soviet War, 1941–1945. By Evan Mawdsley. London: Hodder Arnold. 2005. Pp. xxvi+502. Cloth $39.95. ISBN 0-340-80808-X</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32531826" href="https://etsu.academia.edu/StephenFritz">Stephen Fritz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Central European History, 2008</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Thunder in the East: The Nazi-Soviet War, 1941–1945. By Evan Mawdsley. London: Hodder Arnold. 2005. Pp. xxvi+502. Cloth $39.95. ISBN 0-340-80808-X","attachmentId":50677647,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29248326/Thunder_in_the_East_The_Nazi_Soviet_War_1941_1945_By_Evan_Mawdsley_London_Hodder_Arnold_2005_Pp_xxvi_502_Cloth_39_95_ISBN_0_340_80808_X","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/29248326/Thunder_in_the_East_The_Nazi_Soviet_War_1941_1945_By_Evan_Mawdsley_London_Hodder_Arnold_2005_Pp_xxvi_502_Cloth_39_95_ISBN_0_340_80808_X"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="41441083" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41441083/_Telling_the_Real_from_the_Fake_The_Origins_of_World_War_II_Paper_given_in_Moscow_week_of_15_December_2019">“Telling the Real from the Fake: The Origins of World War II” Paper given in Moscow, week of 15 December 2019</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="22510500" href="https://umontreal.academia.edu/MichaelJabaraCarley">Michael Jabara Carley</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"“Telling the Real from the Fake: The Origins of World War II” Paper given in Moscow, week of 15 December 2019","attachmentId":62099295,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/41441083/_Telling_the_Real_from_the_Fake_The_Origins_of_World_War_II_Paper_given_in_Moscow_week_of_15_December_2019","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/41441083/_Telling_the_Real_from_the_Fake_The_Origins_of_World_War_II_Paper_given_in_Moscow_week_of_15_December_2019"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="72121874" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72121874/Deutschland_und_die_Sowjetunion_1933_1941_Dokumente_aus_russischen_und_deutschen_Archiven">Deutschland und die Sowjetunion 1933–1941. Dokumente aus russischen und deutschen Archiven</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="115653273" href="https://usf.academia.edu/KeesBoterbloem">Kees Boterbloem</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Historian</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Deutschland und die Sowjetunion 1933–1941. Dokumente aus russischen und deutschen Archiven","attachmentId":81178592,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/72121874/Deutschland_und_die_Sowjetunion_1933_1941_Dokumente_aus_russischen_und_deutschen_Archiven","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/72121874/Deutschland_und_die_Sowjetunion_1933_1941_Dokumente_aus_russischen_und_deutschen_Archiven"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="127612781" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127612781/Anglo_German_rivalry_and_the_1939_failure_of_deterrence">Anglo‐German rivalry and the 1939 failure of deterrence</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="55863" href="https://indiana.academia.edu/WilliamRThompson">William R. Thompson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Security Studies, 1997</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Anglo‐German rivalry and the 1939 failure of deterrence","attachmentId":121321529,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/127612781/Anglo_German_rivalry_and_the_1939_failure_of_deterrence","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/127612781/Anglo_German_rivalry_and_the_1939_failure_of_deterrence"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":112227047,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":112227047,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_112227047" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="75959005" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/75959005/The_Appeasement_of_Nazi_Germany">The Appeasement of Nazi Germany</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="53652382" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PeterJenkins14">Peter Jenkins</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">War and Happiness, 2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Appeasement of Nazi Germany","attachmentId":83643464,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/75959005/The_Appeasement_of_Nazi_Germany","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/75959005/The_Appeasement_of_Nazi_Germany"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="9811226" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9811226/A_Munich_Winter_or_a_Prague_Spring_The_evolution_of_British_policy_towards_the_Sudeten_Germans_from_October_1938_to_September_1939">A Munich Winter or a Prague Spring? 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