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Chamberlain sought to" /> <title>(PDF) Book review: Peter Neville, “Appeasing Hitler: The Diplomacy of Sir Nevile Henderson, 1937-39 (2000)’’</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/63915887/Book_review_Peter_Neville_Appeasing_Hitler_The_Diplomacy_of_Sir_Nevile_Henderson_1937_39_2000_" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '107520bac59918e2ceae62eaadd15bff3d1e7904'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1740903663000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1740903663000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Appeasement was a foreign policy of pacifying an aggrieved country through negotiation in order to prevent war. The prime example is Britain’s policy toward Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany in the 1930s. British Prime Minister, N. Chamberlain sought to accommodate Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia in 1935 and took no action when Germany absorbed Austria in 1938. When Hitler prepared to annex ethnically German portions of Czechoslovakia, Chamberlain negotiated the notorious Munich Agreement, which permitted German annexation of the Sudetenland, in western Czechoslovakia. The idea behind appeasement was Christian pacifism - peaceful rather than violent or belligerent relations should govern human intercourse; arbitration, surrender, or migration should be used to resolve disputes. Pacifism became widespread as a reaction to the scale of killing in the WW I and the use of universal male conscription, and gained further support after the creation of nuclear weapons. However, the Holocaust, and other industrial scale abuses of human rights, caused many to think that there could be cases when war was the least-bad course of action. Appeasement was a huge mistake on the part of the Allied nations. It is what caused WWII to occur on an even larger scale than WWI as it allowed Nazis to gain an enormous amount of power and time, posing a threat to all of Europe. Appeasement emboldened Hitler’s aggression as he gained increased confidence after annexing each new piece of land without any intervention by the League of Nations. Appeasement led to WWII. As Hitler continued to invade territories and build a military capable of fighting a major war—despite the Treaty of Versailles—Britain and France allowed him to continue, hoping he would leave them alone if they left him alone. As Sikorski (2008: 14) noted, \u0026amp;#39;\u0026amp;#39;In Western Europe, our friends like to say that they went to war for Poland in 1939. What actually happened was that Britain and France declared war, but then did not lift a finger to help us.\u0026amp;#39;\u0026amp;#39; Although allied help came late, appeasement, provided the Allies with more time to prepare for war. The idea that the Munich Agreement had restored peace fooled the Allies into a stagnant state since none of them were fully prepared for the war when it arrived. Some people saw Communism as the biggest threat to European stability. They thought that Germany could act as a buffer, especially as Hitler was very anti-Communist, besides Britain was not ready for war. In reality, the policy of appeasement is what allowed Hitler to successfully transfer troops to the Rhineland in 1936 which led to further military actions (eg the annexation of Austria). Hitler later said that the march into the Rhineland was one of the most stressful periods of his life since he knew that if the French opposed them they were not strong enough to put up a decent resistance and would have to withdraw. If the Allied nations had intervened collectively at this point in time, then perhaps Germany’s increasing military aggression could have been suppressed and WWII could have been averted (or at least reduced in size). But the policy of appeasement gave Hitler what he wanted and nurtured Germany\u0026amp;#39;s confidence in Hitler’s plans of European domination. The annexation of new lands by Germany contributed to the increase in German strength. For example, the Rhineland provided Germany with stronger defence of its borders and Austria provided Germany with gold, weapons, soldiers, and deposits of iron ore (which resulted in the increased production of munitions). All of these things that increased Germany’s strength and contributed to the enormous scale of destruction in WWII when the direct clash happened. Appeasement was a mistake as it provided the public and politicians with the misconception that peace was restored and war averted when Germany’s demands were met. This prevented people from realizing Hitler’s true goals (world domination — as stated in \u0026amp;#39;Mein Kampf\u0026amp;#39;) and taking action to stop him earlier on. The Allied leaders had simply been tricked into a passive state by Hitler. Appeasement was a mistake since it allowed Germany to make agreements with other countries (which Germany was not allowed to do according to the Treaty of Versailles), increasing German confidence in its military dominance. For example, nothing was done in 1936 when the Rome-Berlin Axis formalized the alliance between Italy and Germany. Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact, Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact in 1939. This occurred because Russia observed that the allies had not stood up to Hitler when he had invaded Czechoslovakia, he thought that the allies would adopt the same nonchalance if Hitler attacked Russia. So, the Nazi-Soviet Pact was made. This pact (in which Russia and Germany secretly agreed to divide Poland between them) permitted Germany to invade Poland, effectively starting WWII. It also increased Germany’s influence in Europe to the…","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Jacob Lucas Samoraj","url":"https://hull.academia.edu/JacobSamoraj","image":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1032303/837996/18967552/s200_jacob_lucas.samoraj.jpg","sameAs":["https://twitter.com/JSamoraj","http://facebook.com/facebook.com/jakub.samoraj.3","http://JacobLucasSamoraj@linkedin.com"]}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2021-12-12","dateModified":"2023-01-01","headline":"Book review: Peter Neville, “Appeasing Hitler: The Diplomacy of Sir Nevile Henderson, 1937-39 (2000)’’","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/76179878/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["International Relations","Martin Wight","Nazi Germany","World War Two","World War II history","Christian Pacifism","British appeasement policy","The League of Nations","Treaty of Versailles","Military Occupation","Herbert Butterfield","Causes of the Second World War","Neville Chamberlain","Military and strategic studies","Molotov-Ribbentrop","Historical Parallels","Mistakes of political leaders","Aggression and collective response","Strategic Mistakes","Allies and the West"],"publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"hull"}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/76179878/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/63915887/Book_review_Peter_Neville_Appeasing_Hitler_The_Diplomacy_of_Sir_Nevile_Henderson_1937_39_2000_"}</script><style type="text/css">@media(max-width: 567px){:root{--token-mode: Rebrand;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: 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The prime example is Britain’s policy toward Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany in the 1930s. British Prime Minister, N. Chamberlain sought to accommodate Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia in 1935 and took no action when Germany absorbed Austria in 1938. When Hitler prepared to annex ethnically German portions of Czechoslovakia, Chamberlain negotiated the notorious Munich Agreement, which permitted German annexation of the Sudetenland, in western Czechoslovakia. The idea behind appeasement was Christian pacifism - peaceful rather than violent or belligerent relations should govern human intercourse; arbitration, surrender, or migration should be used to resolve disputes. Pacifism became widespread as a reaction to the scale of killing in the WW I and the use of universal male conscription, and gained further support after the creation of nuclear weapons. However, the Holocaust, and other industrial scale abuses of human rights, caused many to think that there could be cases when war was the least-bad course of action. Appeasement was a huge mistake on the part of the Allied nations. It is what caused WWII to occur on an even larger scale than WWI as it allowed Nazis to gain an enormous amount of power and time, posing a threat to all of Europe. Appeasement emboldened Hitler’s aggression as he gained increased confidence after annexing each new piece of land without any intervention by the League of Nations. Appeasement led to WWII. As Hitler continued to invade territories and build a military capable of fighting a major war—despite the Treaty of Versailles—Britain and France allowed him to continue, hoping he would leave them alone if they left him alone. As Sikorski (2008: 14) noted, ''In Western Europe, our friends like to say that they went to war for Poland in 1939. What actually happened was that Britain and France declared war, but then did not lift a finger to help us.'' Although allied help came late, appeasement, provided the Allies with more time to prepare for war. The idea that the Munich Agreement had restored peace fooled the Allies into a stagnant state since none of them were fully prepared for the war when it arrived. Some people saw Communism as the biggest threat to European stability. They thought that Germany could act as a buffer, especially as Hitler was very anti-Communist, besides Britain was not ready for war. In reality, the policy of appeasement is what allowed Hitler to successfully transfer troops to the Rhineland in 1936 which led to further military actions (eg the annexation of Austria). Hitler later said that the march into the Rhineland was one of the most stressful periods of his life since he knew that if the French opposed them they were not strong enough to put up a decent resistance and would have to withdraw. If the Allied nations had intervened collectively at this point in time, then perhaps Germany’s increasing military aggression could have been suppressed and WWII could have been averted (or at least reduced in size). But the policy of appeasement gave Hitler what he wanted and nurtured Germany's confidence in Hitler’s plans of European domination. The annexation of new lands by Germany contributed to the increase in German strength. For example, the Rhineland provided Germany with stronger defence of its borders and Austria provided Germany with gold, weapons, soldiers, and deposits of iron ore (which resulted in the increased production of munitions). All of these things that increased Germany’s strength and contributed to the enormous scale of destruction in WWII when the direct clash happened. Appeasement was a mistake as it provided the public and politicians with the misconception that peace was restored and war averted when Germany’s demands were met. This prevented people from realizing Hitler’s true goals (world domination — as stated in 'Mein Kampf') and taking action to stop him earlier on. The Allied leaders had simply been tricked into a passive state by Hitler. Appeasement was a mistake since it allowed Germany to make agreements with other countries (which Germany was not allowed to do according to the Treaty of Versailles), increasing German confidence in its military dominance. For example, nothing was done in 1936 when the Rome-Berlin Axis formalized the alliance between Italy and Germany. Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact, Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact in 1939. This occurred because Russia observed that the allies had not stood up to Hitler when he had invaded Czechoslovakia, he thought that the allies would adopt the same nonchalance if Hitler attacked Russia. So, the Nazi-Soviet Pact was made. This pact (in which Russia and Germany secretly agreed to divide Poland between them) permitted Germany to invade Poland, effectively starting WWII. It also increased Germany’s influence in Europe to the east and temporarily removed a major power from the Allied side. All of this contributed to the enlarged scale of destruction and death during WWII. Appeasement was a mistake since it failed to achieve its one goal, keep the peace. Chamberlain, felt it was his duty to ''strain every nerve to avoid a repetition of the WWI.'' Even if the Allied leaders themselves had decided earlier on that military action was necessary, it is quite likely that they would not have had enough volunteers to sustain a proper military campaign. The citizens of Allied nations mainly supported the policy of appeasement and were not willing to go to war over small, new, foreign lands that they had never heard of before in their lives. At that time, many people did not see Hitler as a threat and very few outside of Germany knew what he was really planning (although he had outlined many of his ideas in 'Mein Kampf'). Many politicians thought that if Germany could regain its national pride and the territories it had lost after WWI then perhaps a war could be avoided. Perhaps it would have been possible to influence the public opinion through propaganda in order to garner support for stopping Hitler. Then maybe the Allies could have set up an armed force large enough to stop Hitler in the Rhineland (since his forces were weak there). However, the Allied leaders themselves had little idea of Hitler’s true intentions, so they likely had similar opinions to the public at the time and did not wish to engage in armed conflict. The Allies had decreased their armies after the end of WWI while Germany had started doing just the opposite once Hitler came to power. The Allies needed more time. Lastly, many people believed that Nazi Germany was a necessary asset in holding back the communists from Europe and the rest of the world. Appeasement was quite popular, people did not yet understand the magnitude of Hitler’s plans for all of Europe, they feared the start of another world war. Appeasement seemed a pragmatic option that will keep the peace. People naively believed in Hitler's promises underestimating military expansionism. Instead, allied leaders should have put in place an immediate threat of crippling economic sanctions, a robust force posture and an assertive strategy. Above all, the Allies should have prepared a united front and a response - when attack occurs on one country others are ready to stand up in collective self-defence to quickly disarm an aggressor. The absence of a firm Western response only encouraged Nazis to act aggressively without impunity. When dealing with an opportunistic aggressor that will continue to make demands, including the seizure of territory, as long as the costs and risk of doing so are manageable, coercive strategies work better than reassurance/appeasement ones. Martin Wight (1978: 137, 143) was right, “War is inevitable, but particular wars can be avoided.'' Appeasement could have been avoided, instead it dictated when and how WW II started and it likely influenced both the length and magnitude of the war (considering how long it took for the Allies to get involved, had there been an earlier action much of human suffering would have been prevented). The lesson on how to prevent small wars turning into world wars - appeasement of any kind, notably concessions to dictators, only fed their appetites. Appeasement caused tensions to build up for far too long, thus resulting in a war that affected much of the globe. It impacted much of the 20th Century through the foreign relations that it created. Tense Russian-American relations originated from the decision to appease Hitler. Appeasement was simply the dire circumstances of the war that eventually threw them together. After the end of the war, these tensions increased, resulting in the Cold War and the deadly nuclear arms race that threatened world peace once again. It is important to understand the meaning of appeasement and its implications to properly assess and act on future world conflicts."},"document_type":"book_review","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Book review: Peter Neville, “Appeasing Hitler: The Diplomacy of Sir Nevile Henderson, 1937-39 (2000)’’","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true,"seo_quality":null}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [1032303]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":76179878,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Book review: Peter Neville, “Appeasing Hitler: The Diplomacy of Sir Nevile Henderson, 1937-39 (2000)’’”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/76179878/mini_magick20211212-1330-76z0fx.png?1639330483" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Book review: Peter Neville, “Appeasing Hitler: The Diplomacy of Sir Nevile Henderson, 1937-39 (2000)’’</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1032303" href="https://hull.academia.edu/JacobSamoraj"><img alt="Profile image of Jacob Lucas Samoraj" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/1032303/837996/18967552/s65_jacob_lucas.samoraj.jpg" />Jacob Lucas Samoraj</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">8 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 63915887; 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The prime example is Britain’s policy toward Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany in the 1930s. British Prime Minister, N. Chamberlain sought to accommodate Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia in 1935 and took no action when Germany absorbed Austria in 1938. When Hitler prepared to annex ethnically German portions of Czechoslovakia, Chamberlain negotiated the notorious Munich Agreement, which permitted German annexation of the Sudetenland, in western Czechoslovakia. The idea behind appeasement was Christian pacifism - peaceful rather than violent or belligerent relations should govern human intercourse; arbitration, surrender, or migration should be used to resolve disputes. Pacifism became widespread as a reaction to the scale of killing in the WW I and the use of universal male conscription, and gained further support after the creation of nuclear weapons. However, the Holocaust, and other industrial scale abuses of human rights, caused many to think that there could be cases when war was the least-bad course of action. Appeasement was a huge mistake on the part of the Allied nations. It is what caused WWII to occur on an even larger scale than WWI as it allowed Nazis to gain an enormous amount of power and time, posing a threat to all of Europe. Appeasement emboldened Hitler’s aggression as he gained increased confidence after annexing each new piece of land without any intervention by the League of Nations. Appeasement led to WWII. As Hitler continued to invade territories and build a military capable of fighting a major war—despite the Treaty of Versailles—Britain and France allowed him to continue, hoping he would leave them alone if they left him alone. As Sikorski (2008: 14) noted, ''In Western Europe, our friends like to say that they went to war for Poland in 1939. What actually happened was that Britain and France declared war, but then did not lift a finger to help us.'' Although allied help came late, appeasement, provided the Allies with more time to prepare for war. The idea that the Munich Agreement had restored peace fooled the Allies into a stagnant state since none of them were fully prepared for the war when it arrived. Some people saw Communism as the biggest threat to European stability. They thought that Germany could act as a buffer, especially as Hitler was very anti-Communist, besides Britain was not ready for war. In reality, the policy of appeasement is what allowed Hitler to successfully transfer troops to the Rhineland in 1936 which led to further military actions (eg the annexation of Austria). Hitler later said that the march into the Rhineland was one of the most stressful periods of his life since he knew that if the French opposed them they were not strong enough to put up a decent resistance and would have to withdraw. If the Allied nations had intervened collectively at this point in time, then perhaps Germany’s increasing military aggression could have been suppressed and WWII could have been averted (or at least reduced in size). But the policy of appeasement gave Hitler what he wanted and nurtured Germany's confidence in Hitler’s plans of European domination. The annexation of new lands by Germany contributed to the increase in German strength. For example, the Rhineland provided Germany with stronger defence of its borders and Austria provided Germany with gold, weapons, soldiers, and deposits of iron ore (which resulted in the increased production of munitions). All of these things that increased Germany’s strength and contributed to the enormous scale of destruction in WWII when the direct clash happened. Appeasement was a mistake as it provided the public and politicians with the misconception that peace was restored and war averted when Germany’s demands were met. This prevented people from realizing Hitler’s true goals (world domination — as stated in 'Mein Kampf') and taking action to stop him earlier on. The Allied leaders had simply been tricked into a passive state by Hitler. Appeasement was a mistake since it allowed Germany to make agreements with other countries (which Germany was not allowed to do according to the Treaty of Versailles), increasing German confidence in its military dominance. For example, nothing was done in 1936 when the Rome-Berlin Axis formalized the alliance between Italy and Germany. Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact, Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact in 1939. This occurred because Russia observed that the allies had not stood up to Hitler when he had invaded Czechoslovakia, he thought that the allies would adopt the same nonchalance if Hitler attacked Russia. So, the Nazi-Soviet Pact was made. This pact (in which Russia and Germany secretly agreed to divide Poland between them) permitted Germany to invade Poland, effectively starting WWII. It also increased Germany’s influence in Europe to the east and temporarily removed a major power from the Allied side. All of this contributed to the enlarged scale of destruction and death during WWII. Appeasement was a mistake since it failed to achieve its one goal, keep the peace. Chamberlain, felt it was his duty to ''strain every nerve to avoid a repetition of the WWI.'' Even if the Allied leaders themselves had decided earlier on that military action was necessary, it is quite likely that they would not have had enough volunteers to sustain a proper military campaign. The citizens of Allied nations mainly supported the policy of appeasement and were not willing to go to war over small, new, foreign lands that they had never heard of before in their lives. At that time, many people did not see Hitler as a threat and very few outside of Germany knew what he was really planning (although he had outlined many of his ideas in 'Mein Kampf'). Many politicians thought that if Germany could regain its national pride and the territories it had lost after WWI then perhaps a war could be avoided. Perhaps it would have been possible to influence the public opinion through propaganda in order to garner support for stopping Hitler. Then maybe the Allies could have set up an armed force large enough to stop Hitler in the Rhineland (since his forces were weak there). However, the Allied leaders themselves had little idea of Hitler’s true intentions, so they likely had similar opinions to the public at the time and did not wish to engage in armed conflict. The Allies had decreased their armies after the end of WWI while Germany had started doing just the opposite once Hitler came to power. The Allies needed more time. Lastly, many people believed that Nazi Germany was a necessary asset in holding back the communists from Europe and the rest of the world. Appeasement was quite popular, people did not yet understand the magnitude of Hitler’s plans for all of Europe, they feared the start of another world war. Appeasement seemed a pragmatic option that will keep the peace. People naively believed in Hitler's promises underestimating military expansionism. Instead, allied leaders should have put in place an immediate threat of crippling economic sanctions, a robust force posture and an assertive strategy. Above all, the Allies should have prepared a united front and a response - when attack occurs on one country others are ready to stand up in collective self-defence to quickly disarm an aggressor. The absence of a firm Western response only encouraged Nazis to act aggressively without impunity. When dealing with an opportunistic aggressor that will continue to make demands, including the seizure of territory, as long as the costs and risk of doing so are manageable, coercive strategies work better than reassurance/appeasement ones. Martin Wight (1978: 137, 143) was right, “War is inevitable, but particular wars can be avoided.'' Appeasement could have been avoided, instead it dictated when and how WW II started and it likely influenced both the length and magnitude of the war (considering how long it took for the Allies to get involved, had there been an earlier action much of human suffering would have been prevented). The lesson on how to prevent small wars turning into world wars - appeasement of any kind, notably concessions to dictators, only fed their appetites. Appeasement caused tensions to build up for far too long, thus resulting in a war that affected much of the globe. It impacted much of the 20th Century through the foreign relations that it created. Tense Russian-American relations originated from the decision to appease Hitler. Appeasement was simply the dire circumstances of the war that eventually threw them together. After the end of the war, these tensions increased, resulting in the Cold War and the deadly nuclear arms race that threatened world peace once again. It is important to understand the meaning of appeasement and its implications to properly assess and act on future world conflicts.</p></div></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="30608425" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30608425/THE_ROLE_of_APPEASEMENT_POLICY_ON_WW2">THE ROLE of APPEASEMENT POLICY ON WW2</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39491867" href="https://bilkent.academia.edu/BurakY%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m">Burak Yıldırım</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"THE ROLE of APPEASEMENT POLICY ON WW2","attachmentId":51055183,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30608425/THE_ROLE_of_APPEASEMENT_POLICY_ON_WW2","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30608425/THE_ROLE_of_APPEASEMENT_POLICY_ON_WW2"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="75959005" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/75959005/The_Appeasement_of_Nazi_Germany">The Appeasement of Nazi Germany</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="53652382" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PeterJenkins14">Peter Jenkins</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">War and Happiness, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This chapter contains a detailed case study of the process of appeasement of Nazi Germany in the prelude to World War II. It discusses the falling levels of happiness in the British Parliament and how the Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain, concealed his depressive temperament behind a carefully contrived public persona. As a result, Chamberlain notoriously underestimated Hitler’s resolve to gain further territory after his annexation of the Sudetenland pursuant to the 1938 Munich Agreement. At the same time, Chamberlain overestimated the resolve of British allies, stating for example during the Polish Crisis immediately before the outbreak of World War II that he was “more worried about getting the Poles to be reasonable than the Germans”.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Appeasement of Nazi Germany","attachmentId":83643464,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/75959005/The_Appeasement_of_Nazi_Germany","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/75959005/The_Appeasement_of_Nazi_Germany"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="6233266" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6233266/Hitler_Chamberlain_and_Appeasement">Hitler Chamberlain and Appeasement</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9575872" href="https://independent.academia.edu/McIntoshJohn">John McIntosh</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">McDonough has written many articles and appeared on television to offer his intellectual commentary. The content of Hitler, Chamberlain and Appeasement, is written in six chapters with subheadings in each chapter. McDonough presents the question, 'was the appeasement policy under Neville Chamberlain the reason Hitler was able to continue with his policy of disregarding the Treaty of Versailles'? Frank McDonough covers this topic in Cambridge perspectives in a history series, Hitler, Chamberlain and Appeasement. McDonough's work uses primary documents to prove his points throughout the book instead of stating the typical thesis and presenting footnotes in the text. Rather than beginning the book with a debate, he ends the book with a debate.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Hitler Chamberlain and Appeasement","attachmentId":33097979,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6233266/Hitler_Chamberlain_and_Appeasement","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6233266/Hitler_Chamberlain_and_Appeasement"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="29144827" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29144827/The_SAGE_Encyclopedia_of_War_Social_Science_Perspectives_Appeasement">The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives. Appeasement</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="534762" href="https://qmul.academia.edu/MarziaMaccaferri">Marzia Maccaferri</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4213205" href="https://etsu.academia.edu/KimWoodring">Kim Woodring</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In diplomatic and historical contexts, appeasement refers to the foreign policy of Britain and France toward Nazi Germany during the late 1930s, which culminated in the Munich Pact (September 30, 1938), and is understood as making political or material concessions to avoid war by satisfying the demands brandished by an aggressive Adolf Hitler. This entry will first examine the roots and rise of appeasement and will then go on to detail the political, diplomatic, and scholarly reactions to the policy and its influence on foreign policy decisions up to the present.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives. Appeasement","attachmentId":49591428,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29144827/The_SAGE_Encyclopedia_of_War_Social_Science_Perspectives_Appeasement","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/29144827/The_SAGE_Encyclopedia_of_War_Social_Science_Perspectives_Appeasement"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="24826951" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24826951/Why_did_attempts_to_appease_to_Hitler_fail">Why did attempts to appease to Hitler fail?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="25965845" href="https://eastanglia.academia.edu/JakeThomson">Jake Thomson</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Why did attempts to appease to Hitler fail?","attachmentId":45151470,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/24826951/Why_did_attempts_to_appease_to_Hitler_fail","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/24826951/Why_did_attempts_to_appease_to_Hitler_fail"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="10198890" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10198890/Was_the_Appeasement_a_rational_and_justified_policy_for_Britain_to_pursue_towards_the_fascists_dictators">Was the Appeasement a rational and justified policy for Britain to pursue towards the fascists dictators?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="21409998" href="https://unibo.academia.edu/ElettraBilibio">Elettra Bilibio</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">- A Study on Neville Chamberlain’s appeasement - The intention of this brief study is to demonstrate how the policy of appeasement implemented by the British government, and, above all, Neville Chamberlain, was the only rational solution to relate with the fascist dictatorships in Germany and, to a lesser way, in Italy. In defence of the foreign policy chosen and followed by Chamberlain, and, indirectly, in defence of the very man and his beliefs, are here analysed what the author considers to be the main justification for this choice, in order to stress appeasement rationality, given the years in which it was developed.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Was the Appeasement a rational and justified policy for Britain to pursue towards the fascists dictators?","attachmentId":36296949,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10198890/Was_the_Appeasement_a_rational_and_justified_policy_for_Britain_to_pursue_towards_the_fascists_dictators","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10198890/Was_the_Appeasement_a_rational_and_justified_policy_for_Britain_to_pursue_towards_the_fascists_dictators"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="1830319" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1830319/Treaty_of_Versailles_The_Road_to_Hitler">Treaty of Versailles: The Road to Hitler</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1012524" href="https://americanmilitary.academia.edu/KenOziah">Ken Oziah</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Treaty of Versailles was an extremely harsh document that demanded exorbitant reparations from the German people for a war they did not start. The result of the harsh treatment of Germany in the peace terms gave rise to Adolf Hitler and National Socialism. France sought to pin the entire war squarely on the shoulders of the German people. The aim was to turn Germany into an agrarian society that would never again be able to wage war. What the treaty accomplished was to incite anger and frustration in the German people that led to the rise of their “savior”, Adolf Hitler. The head of the German delegation, Count Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau, stated a confession of sole guilt on the part of Germany for the war, coming out of his mouth would be like telling a lie. While admitting that Germany bore a responsibility for the war, he noted that there were other poisonous situations that had been developing in Europe some 50 years prior to the outbreak of the World War which contributed to the conflict. He also pointed out that the assassination of Archduke Franz Josef, the heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne, was not the sole cause of the conflict. We can argue that the implementation of the Treaty of Versailles was one of the worst incidents in international relations. It gave rise to an era of nationalism and hatred in Germany that could have been avoided. Most of the Entente leaders allowed personal feelings of hate and anger to override logic and critical thinking. Had they adhered to Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, Germany would have had much less strife and economic woe. The lack of foresight by leaders such as Georges Clemenceau led to the eventual rise of Adolf Hitler. The Treaty of Versailles demanded much from Germany, not only acknowledgment of guilt for starting the war, but an enormous monetary reparation that could not be repaid for decades. The clauses of the Treaty as well as the concessions and military restrictions it imposed forced Germany to an almost agrarian status. Couple that with sentiments of the German military and citizenry against those thought responsible for the loss, and you have an explosive situation; a powder keg just waiting to be ignited.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Treaty of Versailles: The Road to Hitler","attachmentId":25462812,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1830319/Treaty_of_Versailles_The_Road_to_Hitler","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1830319/Treaty_of_Versailles_The_Road_to_Hitler"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="41752269" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41752269/When_Appeasement_Led_to_Dishonour_Munich_1938">When Appeasement Led to Dishonour: Munich 1938</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10821216" href="https://ucc-ie.academia.edu/GeoffreyRoberts">Geoffrey Roberts</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"When Appeasement Led to Dishonour: Munich 1938","attachmentId":61909607,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/41752269/When_Appeasement_Led_to_Dishonour_Munich_1938","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/41752269/When_Appeasement_Led_to_Dishonour_Munich_1938"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="40290200" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40290200/Defending_the_Appeasement_Policy_of_Great_Britain_in_the_1930s">Defending the Appeasement Policy of Great Britain in the 1930s</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="112281289" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JxWang2">Jx Wang</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Defending the Appeasement Policy of Great Britain in the 1930s","attachmentId":60528271,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40290200/Defending_the_Appeasement_Policy_of_Great_Britain_in_the_1930s","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/40290200/Defending_the_Appeasement_Policy_of_Great_Britain_in_the_1930s"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="5242398" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5242398/Appeasement_Primary_Source_Analysis_Churchill_and_Chamberlain_">Appeasement: Primary Source Analysis (Churchill and Chamberlain)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2319349" href="https://mmu.academia.edu/JamieBooth">Jamie Booth</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">When the House met last Wednesday, we were all under the shadow of a great and imminent menace. War, in a form more stark and terrible than ever before, seemed to be staring us in the face. Before I sat down, a message had come which gave us new hope that peace might yet be saved, and today, only a few days after, we all meet in joy and thankfulness that the prayers of millions have been answered, and a cloud of anxiety has been lifted from our hearts… Ever since I assumed my present office my main purpose has been to work for the pacification of Europe, for the removal of those suspicions and animosities which have so long poisoned the air. The path which leads to appeasement is long and bristles with</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Appeasement: Primary Source Analysis (Churchill and Chamberlain)","attachmentId":32425647,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5242398/Appeasement_Primary_Source_Analysis_Churchill_and_Chamberlain_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5242398/Appeasement_Primary_Source_Analysis_Churchill_and_Chamberlain_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":76179878,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":76179878,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_76179878" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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