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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Place_Garibaldi.jpg/220px-Place_Garibaldi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Place_Garibaldi.jpg/330px-Place_Garibaldi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Place_Garibaldi.jpg/440px-Place_Garibaldi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3898" data-file-height="2857" /></a><figcaption>Monument to <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>, a prominent <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_Italians" title="Niçard Italians">Niçard Italian</a>, in the square of the same name in Nice</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Niçard exodus</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">esodo nizzardo</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈɛːzodo<span class="wrap"> </span>nitˈtsardo]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">exode niçois</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɛɡzɔd(ə)<span class="wrap"> </span>niswa]</a></span>) was one of the first emigration phenomena that involved the <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian populations</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history" title="Contemporary history">contemporary age</a>. It was due to the <a href="/wiki/Protest_emigration" title="Protest emigration">refusal</a> of a quarter of the <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_Italians" title="Niçard Italians">Niçard Italians</a> to stay in <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> after its annexation to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in 1861, which was decided after the <a href="/wiki/Plombi%C3%A8res_Agreement" title="Plombières Agreement">Plombières Agreement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:County_of_nice.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/County_of_nice.svg/220px-County_of_nice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/County_of_nice.svg/330px-County_of_nice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/County_of_nice.svg/440px-County_of_nice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption>A map of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">County of Nice</a> showing the area of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> annexed in 1860 to France (light brown). The area in red had already become part of France before 1860.</figcaption></figure> <p>The exodus took place starting from 1861, concomitantly and following the annexation of <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> and its surroundings from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turin_(1860)" title="Treaty of Turin (1860)">Treaty of Turin</a> was signed in 1860 between the <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">Sardinian king</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> as a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Plombi%C3%A8res_Agreement" title="Plombières Agreement">Plombières Agreement</a>, the county of Nice was ceded to France as a territorial reward for French assistance in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second Italian War of Independence</a> against <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>, which saw <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> united with <a href="/wiki/Piedmont-Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Piedmont-Sardinia">Piedmont-Sardinia</a>. King Victor-Emmanuel II, on April 1, 1860, solemnly asked the population to accept the change of sovereignty, in the name of Italian unity, and the cession was ratified by a regional <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>. Italophile manifestations and the acclamation of an “Italian Nice” by the crowd are reported on this occasion.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These manifestations could not influence the course of events. A plebiscite was voted on April 15 and April 16, 1860. The opponents of annexation called for abstention, hence the very high abstention rate. The “yes” vote won 83% of registered voters throughout the county of Nice and 86% in Nice, partly thanks to pressure from the authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the result of a masterful operation of information control by the French and Piedmontese governments, in order to influence the outcome of the vote in relation to the decisions already taken.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The irregularities in the plebiscite voting operations were evident. The case of Levens is emblematic: the same official sources recorded, faced with only 407 voters, 481 votes cast, naturally almost all in favor of joining France.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Italian language had been the official language of the County, used by the Church, at the town hall, in theaters and at the Opera, and taught in schools. It was immediately replaced by French as the official language.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discontent over annexation to France led to the emigration of a large part of the Italophile population, also accelerated by Italian unification after 1861. A quarter of the population of Nice, around 11,000 people from Nice, decided to voluntarily exile to Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emigration of a quarter of the <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_Italians" title="Niçard Italians">Niçard Italians</a> to Italy took the name of Niçard exodus.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Italians from Nizza then moved to the Ligurian towns of <a href="/wiki/Ventimiglia" title="Ventimiglia">Ventimiglia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bordighera" title="Bordighera">Bordighera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ospedaletti" title="Ospedaletti">Ospedaletti</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> giving rise to a local branch of the movement of the <a href="/wiki/Italia_irredenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Italia irredenta">Italian irredentists</a> which considered the re-acquisition of Nice to be one of their nationalist goals. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_manifestations_pro-italiennes_%C3%A0_Nice_du_1871.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Les_manifestations_pro-italiennes_%C3%A0_Nice_du_1871.jpg/220px-Les_manifestations_pro-italiennes_%C3%A0_Nice_du_1871.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Les_manifestations_pro-italiennes_%C3%A0_Nice_du_1871.jpg/330px-Les_manifestations_pro-italiennes_%C3%A0_Nice_du_1871.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Les_manifestations_pro-italiennes_%C3%A0_Nice_du_1871.jpg/440px-Les_manifestations_pro-italiennes_%C3%A0_Nice_du_1871.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>Pro-Italian protests in Nice, 1871, during the <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_Vespers" title="Niçard Vespers">Niçard Vespers</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>, born in Nice, tenaciously opposed the cession of his hometown to France, arguing that the Plebiscite he ratified in the treaty was vitiated by <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">electoral fraud</a>. In 1871, during the first free elections in the County, the pro-Italian lists obtained almost all the votes in the legislative elections (26,534 votes out of 29,428 votes cast), and Garibaldi was elected deputy at the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a>. Pro-Italians take to the streets cheering <i>“Viva Nizza! Viva Garibaldi!”.</i> The French government sends 10,000 soldiers to Nice, closes the Italian newspaper <i>Il Diritto di Nizza</i> and imprisons several demonstrators. The population of Nice rose up from February 8 to 10 and the three days of demonstration took the name of "<a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_Vespers" title="Niçard Vespers">Niçard Vespers</a>". The revolt is suppressed by French troops. On February 13, Garibaldi was not allowed to speak at the French parliament meeting in Bordeaux to ask for the reunification of Nice to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">newborn Italian unitary state</a>, and he resigned from his post as deputy.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The failure of Vespers led to the expulsion of the last pro-Italian intellectuals from Nice, such as Luciano Mereu or Giuseppe Bres, who were expelled or deported. </p><p>The pro-Italian irredentist movement persisted throughout the period 1860-1914, despite the repression carried out since the annexation. The French government implemented a policy of <a href="/wiki/Francization" title="Francization">Francization</a> of society, language and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The toponyms of the communes of the ancient County have been francized, with the obligation to use French in Nice,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as certain surnames (for example the Italian surname "Bianchi" was francized into "Leblanc", and the Italian surname "Del Ponte" was francized into "Dupont").<sup id="cite_ref-limesonline_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-limesonline-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to the beginning of the disappearance of the Niçard Italians. Many intellectuals from Nice took refuge in Italy, such as Giovan Battista Bottero who took over the direction of the newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Gazzetta_del_Popolo" title="Gazzetta del Popolo">La Gazzetta del Popolo</a></i> in Turin. In 1874, it was the second Italian newspaper by circulation, after <i>Il Secolo</i> in Milan. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan-Nice-1624.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Plan-Nice-1624.jpg/300px-Plan-Nice-1624.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Plan-Nice-1624.jpg/450px-Plan-Nice-1624.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Plan-Nice-1624.jpg/600px-Plan-Nice-1624.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1974" data-file-height="1530" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> in 1624, when it was called <i>Nizza</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Italian-language newspapers in Nice were banned. In 1861, <i>La Voce di Nizza</i> was closed (temporarily reopened during the Niçard Vespers), followed by <i>Il Diritto di Nizza</i>, closed in 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1895 it was the turn of <i>Il Pensiero di Nizza</i>, accused of irredentism. Many journalists and writers from Nice wrote in these newspapers in Italian. Among these are Enrico Sappia, Giuseppe André, Giuseppe Bres, Eugenio Cais di Pierlas and others. </p><p>Another Niçard Italian, Garibaldian Luciano Mereu, was exiled from Nice in November 1870, together with the Garibaldians Adriano Gilli, Carlo Perino and Alberto Cougnet.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1871, Luciano Mereu was elected City Councilor in Nice during the term of Mayor of Augusto Raynaud (1871–1876) and was a member of the Garibaldi Commission of Nice, whose president was Donato Rasteu. Rasteu remained in office until 1885.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This led to the beginning of the disappearance of the Niçard Italians. Many intellectuals from Nice took refuge in Italy, such as Giovan Battista Bottero who took over the direction of the newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Gazzetta_del_Popolo" title="Gazzetta del Popolo">La Gazzetta del Popolo</a></i> in Turin. In 1874, it was the second Italian newspaper by circulation, after <i>Il Secolo</i> in Milan. </p><p>Giuseppe Bres tried to counter the French claim that the Niçard dialect was Occitan and not Italian, publishing his <i>Considerations on Niçard dialect</i> in 1906 in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_France" title="Italian occupation of France">Italian occupation of Nice in 1942–43</a>, the newspaper of the irredentists from Nice was restored, <i>Il Nizzardo</i> ("The Niçard"). It was directed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ezio_Garibaldi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ezio Garibaldi (page does not exist)">Ezio Garibaldi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezio_Garibaldi" class="extiw" title="it:Ezio Garibaldi">it</a>]</span>, grandson of Giuseppe Garibaldi. In those years, the periodical <i>Fert</i> was also renowned, the main voice of the Nice refugees in Italy after the annexation of Nice to France in 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the 1930s, the centre of Nice was still mostly Italian. Today, Italian characters survive in uses, customs and culture mainly along the border areas with Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_Italians" title="Niçard Italians">Niçard Italians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comune.torino.it/cittagora/article_10165.shtml">Claudio Raffaelli: "Quelli che non vollero diventare francesi"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101003436/http://www.comune.torino.it/cittagora/article_10165.shtml">Archived</a> 2012-01-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRuggiero2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ruggiero, Alain (2006). <i>Nouvelle Histoire de Nice</i> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nouvelle+Histoire+de+Nice&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Ruggiero&rft.aufirst=Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANi%C3%A7ard+exodus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuggiero2006" class="citation book cs1">Ruggiero, Alain, ed. (2006). <i>Nouvelle histoire de Nice</i>. Toulouse: Privat. pp. 17–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7089-8335-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7089-8335-9"><bdi>978-2-7089-8335-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nouvelle+histoire+de+Nice&rft.place=Toulouse&rft.pages=17-18&rft.pub=Privat&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-2-7089-8335-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANi%C3%A7ard+exodus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKendall_Adams1873" class="citation journal cs1">Kendall Adams, Charles (1873). "Universal Suffrage under Napoleon III". <i>The North American Review</i>. <b>0117</b>: 360–370.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+North+American+Review&rft.atitle=Universal+Suffrage+under+Napoleon+III&rft.volume=0117&rft.pages=360-370&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Kendall+Adams&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANi%C3%A7ard+exodus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDotto_De'_Dauli1873" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dotto De' Dauli, Carlo (1873). <i>Nizza, o Il confine d'Italia ad Occidente</i> (in Italian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nizza%2C+o+Il+confine+d%27Italia+ad+Occidente&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Dotto+De%27+Dauli&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANi%C3%A7ard+exodus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarge1996" class="citation journal cs1">Large, Didier (1996). "La situation linguistique dans le comté de Nice avant le rattachement à la France". <i>Recherches régionales Côte d'Azur et contrées limitrophes</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Recherches+r%C3%A9gionales+C%C3%B4te+d%27Azur+et+contr%C3%A9es+limitrophes&rft.atitle=La+situation+linguistique+dans+le+comt%C3%A9+de+Nice+avant+le+rattachement+%C3%A0+la+France&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Large&rft.aufirst=Didier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANi%C3%A7ard+exodus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Gubbins_and_Mike_Holt2002" class="citation book cs1">Paul Gubbins and Mike Holt (2002). <i>Beyond Boundaries: Language and Identity in Contemporary Europe</i>. pp. 91–100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Boundaries%3A+Language+and+Identity+in+Contemporary+Europe&rft.pages=91-100&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Paul+Gubbins+and+Mike+Holt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANi%C3%A7ard+exodus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeirone2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Peirone, Fulvio (2011). <i>Per Torino da Nizza e Savoia. Le opzioni del 1860 per la cittadinanza torinese, da un fondo dell'archivio storico della città di Torino</i> (in Italian). Turin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Per+Torino+da+Nizza+e+Savoia.+Le+opzioni+del+1860+per+la+cittadinanza+torinese%2C+da+un+fondo+dell%27archivio+storico+della+citt%C3%A0+di+Torino&rft.place=Turin&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Peirone&rft.aufirst=Fulvio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANi%C3%A7ard+exodus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.montecarlonews.it/2017/08/28/notizie/argomenti/altre-notizie-1/articolo/un-nizzardo-su-quattro-prese-la-via-dellesilio-in-seguito-allunita-ditalia-dice-lo-scrittore.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Un nizzardo su quattro prese la via dell'esilio" in seguito all'unità d'Italia, dice lo scrittore Casalino Pierluigi"</a> (in Italian). 28 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200219165302/http://www.montecarlonews.it/2017/08/28/notizie/argomenti/altre-notizie-1/articolo/un-nizzardo-su-quattro-prese-la-via-dellesilio-in-seguito-allunita-ditalia-dice-lo-scrittore.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Un+nizzardo+su+quattro+prese+la+via+dell%27esilio%22+in+seguito+all%27unit%C3%A0+d%27Italia%2C+dice+lo+scrittore+Casalino+Pierluigi&rft.date=2017-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.montecarlonews.it%2F2017%2F08%2F28%2Fnotizie%2Fargomenti%2Faltre-notizie-1%2Farticolo%2Fun-nizzardo-su-quattro-prese-la-via-dellesilio-in-seguito-allunita-ditalia-dice-lo-scrittore.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANi%C3%A7ard+exodus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.montecarlonews.it/2017/08/28/notizie/argomenti/altre-notizie-1/articolo/un-nizzardo-su-quattro-prese-la-via-dellesilio-in-seguito-allunita-ditalia-dice-lo-scrittore.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Un nizzardo su quattro prese la via dell'esilio" in seguito all'unità d'Italia, dice lo scrittore Casalino Pierluigi"</a> (in Italian). 28 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Un+nizzardo+su+quattro+prese+la+via+dell%27esilio%22+in+seguito+all%27unit%C3%A0+d%27Italia%2C+dice+lo+scrittore+Casalino+Pierluigi&rft.date=2017-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.montecarlonews.it%2F2017%2F08%2F28%2Fnotizie%2Fargomenti%2Faltre-notizie-1%2Farticolo%2Fun-nizzardo-su-quattro-prese-la-via-dellesilio-in-seguito-allunita-ditalia-dice-lo-scrittore.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANi%C3%A7ard+exodus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberanissa.eu/archives/nizza_e_il_suo_futuro/index.html">"Nizza e il suo futuro"</a> (in Italian). Liberà Nissa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190203025523/http://www.liberanissa.eu/archives/nizza_e_il_suo_futuro/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nizza+e+il+suo+futuro&rft.pub=Liber%C3%A0+Nissa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberanissa.eu%2Farchives%2Fnizza_e_il_suo_futuro%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANi%C3%A7ard+exodus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourrière2007" class="citation journal cs1">Courrière, Henri (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/cdlm/2693">"Les troubles de février 1871 à Nice"</a>. <i>Cahiers de la Méditerranée</i> (74): 179–208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fcdlm.2693">10.4000/cdlm.2693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+de+la+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e&rft.atitle=Les+troubles+de+f%C3%A9vrier+1871+%C3%A0+Nice&rft.issue=74&rft.pages=179-208&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fcdlm.2693&rft.aulast=Courri%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fcdlm%2F2693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANi%C3%A7ard+exodus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Gubbins_and_Mine_Holt2002" class="citation book cs1">Paul Gubbins and Mine Holt (2002). <i>Beyond Boundaries: Language and Identity in Contemporary Europe</i>. pp. 91–100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Boundaries%3A+Language+and+Identity+in+Contemporary+Europe&rft.pages=91-100&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Paul+Gubbins+and+Mine+Holt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANi%C3%A7ard+exodus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aiig.altervista.org/Nizzardo/IL%20NIZZARDO%20NEI%20SUOI%20ASPETTI%20GEOGRAFICI.pdf">"Il Nizzardo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+Nizzardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aiig.altervista.org%2FNizzardo%2FIL%2520NIZZARDO%2520NEI%2520SUOI%2520ASPETTI%2520GEOGRAFICI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANi%C3%A7ard+exodus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-limesonline-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-limesonline_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.limesonline.com/unitalia-sconfinata/2845">"Un'Italia sconfinata"</a> (in Italian). 20 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Un%27Italia+sconfinata&rft.date=2009-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.limesonline.com%2Funitalia-sconfinata%2F2845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANi%C3%A7ard+exodus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter from Alberto Cougnet to Giuseppe Garibaldi, Genoa, December 7, 1867 - "Garibaldi Archive", Milan - C 2582</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universityresidences.it/the-federal-rhdp/lingua-italiana-a-nizza-54ab3a">"Lingua italiana a Nizza"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lingua+italiana+a+Nizza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.universityresidences.it%2Fthe-federal-rhdp%2Flingua-italiana-a-nizza-54ab3a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANi%C3%A7ard+exodus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/BresConsiderazioniSulDialettoNizzardo">"Considerazioni Sul Dialetto Nizzardo"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Considerazioni+Sul+Dialetto+Nizzardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBresConsiderazioniSulDialettoNizzardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANi%C3%A7ard+exodus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The magazine <i>Fert</i> ceased publication even in 1966. Among its collaborators we should remember André Cane, one of the greatest lovers of Nicoise history</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150622225751/http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2005/luglio/27/Nizza_identita_italiana_cittadinanza_francese_co_9_050727019.shtml">"Nizza: identità italiana e cittadinanza francese"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera" title="Corriere della Sera">Corriere della Sera</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2005/luglio/27/Nizza_identita_italiana_cittadinanza_francese_co_9_050727019.shtml">the original</a> on 22 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nizza%3A+identit%C3%A0+italiana+e+cittadinanza+francese&rft.pub=Corriere+della+Sera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchiviostorico.corriere.it%2F2005%2Fluglio%2F27%2FNizza_identita_italiana_cittadinanza_francese_co_9_050727019.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANi%C3%A7ard+exodus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> Giuseppe André. <i>Nizza negli ultimi quattro anni</i>. A. Gilletta, 1875 (Harvard University)</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> Francesco Barberis. <i>Nizza italiana, raccolta di varie poesie italiane e nizzarde</i>. Tip. Sborgi e Guarnieri, Florence, 1871 (University of California)</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> Enrico Sappia. <i>Nice contemporaine</i>, a cura di Alain Rouillier, Nice: France Europe Editions, 2006</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> Giulio Vignoli. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722043620/http://www.monarchia.it/news_file/Giulio_Vignoli_Storie_di_Nizza_edel_%20Nizzardo.pdf"><i>Storie e letterature italiane di Nizza e del Nizzardo (e di Briga e di Tenda e del Principato di Monaco)</i></a>. Settecolori, Lamezia Terme, 2011</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italian diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Algerians" title="Italian Algerians">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Egyptians" title="Italian Egyptians">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritreans" title="Italian Eritreans">Eritrea</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_of_Ethiopia" title="Italians of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_settlers_in_Libya" title="Italian settlers in Libya">Libya</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Moroccans" title="Italian Moroccans">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somalis" title="Italian Somalis">Somalia</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_South_Africans" title="Italian South Africans">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Tunisians" title="Italian Tunisians">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Zimbabweans" title="Italian Zimbabweans">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/90px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/135px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/180px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Argentines" title="Italian Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Bolivians" title="Italian Bolivians">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Brazilians" title="Italian Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Canadians" title="Italian Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Canadians_in_Greater_Montreal" title="Italian Canadians in Greater Montreal">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Canadians_in_the_Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Italian Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area">Toronto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Chileans" title="Italian Chileans">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Colombian" title="Italian Colombian">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Costa_Ricans" title="Italian Costa Ricans">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Cubans" title="Italian Cubans">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Dominicans" title="Italian Dominicans">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Ecuadorians" title="Italian Ecuadorians">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Salvadorans" title="Italian Salvadorans">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Guatemalans" title="Italian Guatemalans">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Haitians" title="Italian Haitians">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hondurans" title="Italian Hondurans">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_immigration_to_Mexico" title="Italian immigration to Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Panamanians" title="Italian Panamanians">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Paraguayans" title="Italian Paraguayans">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peruvians" title="Italian Peruvians">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Puerto_Ricans" title="Italian Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880" title="Italians in the United States before 1880">before 1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Italian_Americans_by_location" title="Template:Italian Americans by location">by city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Americans" title="Sicilian Americans">Sicilian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Uruguayans" title="Italian Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Venezuelans" class="mw-redirect" title="Italo-Venezuelans">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_India" title="Italians in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_Japan" title="Italians in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_Lebanon" title="Italians in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Levantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Levantine">Turkey</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Italians in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_colonists_in_Albania" title="Italian colonists in Albania">Albania</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_immigration_to_Belgium" title="Italian immigration to Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_of_Croatia" title="Italians of Croatia">Croatia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_Italians" title="Istrian Italians">Istria</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Italians" title="Dalmatian Italians">Dalmatia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_Finland" title="Italians in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_France" title="Italians in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Corsicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Corsicans">Corsica</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_Italians" title="Niçard Italians">Nice</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_Italians" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoyard Italians">Savoy</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_Germany" title="Italians in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li>Greece <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corfiot_Italians" title="Corfiot Italians">Corfu</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_colonists_in_the_Dodecanese" title="Italian colonists in the Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Maltese" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Maltese">Malta</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_Romania" title="Italians in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li>Slovenia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_Italians" title="Istrian Italians">Istria</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_Spain" title="Italians in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Swedes" title="Italian Swedes">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_immigration_to_Switzerland" title="Italian immigration to Switzerland">Switzerland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Ticino</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Grisons</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Italians in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Scots" title="Italian Scots">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Italians" title="Welsh Italians">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Genoese_in_Gibraltar" title="History of the Genoese in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italians_of_Crimea" title="Italians of Crimea">Crimea</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_of_Odesa" title="Italians of Odesa">Odesa</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Australians" title="Italian Australians">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_community_of_Melbourne" title="Italian community of Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_New_Zealanders" title="Italian New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exodus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Niçard exodus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neighborhoods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Italy" title="Little Italy">Little Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian-American_neighborhoods" title="List of Italian-American neighborhoods">List of Italian-American neighborhoods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> local ethnic Italians<br /><sup><small>2</small></sup> ancient Italian migrations<br /><sup><small>3</small></sup> former <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian colonies or protectorates</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, 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