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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conceptualization_of_maritime_republics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Conceptualization of maritime republics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conceptualization_of_maritime_republics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Conceptualization of maritime republics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conceptualization_of_maritime_republics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-unification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-unification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre-unification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-unification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-unification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-unification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Post-unification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-unification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins,_affirmation_and_duration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins,_affirmation_and_duration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Origins, affirmation and duration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins,_affirmation_and_duration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Number_of_maritime_republics_over_the_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_maritime_republics_over_the_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Number of maritime republics over the centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_maritime_republics_over_the_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rises,_golden_periods,_and_declines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rises,_golden_periods,_and_declines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Rises, golden periods, and declines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rises,_golden_periods,_and_declines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Importance_of_the_maritime_republics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importance_of_the_maritime_republics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Importance of the maritime republics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Importance_of_the_maritime_republics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_individual_republics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_individual_republics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History of individual republics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_individual_republics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of individual republics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_individual_republics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Amalfi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amalfi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Amalfi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amalfi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Genoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pisa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pisa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Pisa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pisa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Venice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancona" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancona"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Ancona</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancona-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ragusa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ragusa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Ragusa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ragusa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaeta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaeta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Gaeta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaeta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Noli</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_between_the_maritime_republics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_between_the_maritime_republics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Relations between the maritime republics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relations_between_the_maritime_republics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relations between the maritime republics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relations_between_the_maritime_republics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Venice_and_Genoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venice_and_Genoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Venice and Genoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venice_and_Genoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_of_Saint_Sabas_and_the_conflict_of_1293–99" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_Saint_Sabas_and_the_conflict_of_1293–99"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>War of Saint Sabas and the conflict of 1293–99</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_Saint_Sabas_and_the_conflict_of_1293–99-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_the_Straits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_the_Straits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>War of the Straits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_the_Straits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_Chioggia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_Chioggia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>War of Chioggia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_Chioggia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_battles_and_gathering_in_the_Holy_League" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_battles_and_gathering_in_the_Holy_League"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Land battles and gathering in the Holy League</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_battles_and_gathering_in_the_Holy_League-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genoa_and_Pisa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genoa_and_Pisa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Genoa and Pisa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genoa_and_Pisa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allies_against_the_Saracens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allies_against_the_Saracens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Allies against the Saracens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allies_against_the_Saracens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_war_between_Pisa_and_Genoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_war_between_Pisa_and_Genoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>First war between Pisa and Genoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_war_between_Pisa_and_Genoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Second war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Giglio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Giglio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>Battle of Giglio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Giglio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Meloria_and_the_end_of_Pisa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Meloria_and_the_end_of_Pisa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.5</span> <span>Battle of Meloria and the end of Pisa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Meloria_and_the_end_of_Pisa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venice_and_Pisa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venice_and_Pisa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Venice and Pisa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venice_and_Pisa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amalfi_and_Pisa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amalfi_and_Pisa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Amalfi and Pisa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amalfi_and_Pisa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amalfi_and_Gaeta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amalfi_and_Gaeta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Amalfi and Gaeta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amalfi_and_Gaeta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venice,_Ancona_and_Ragusa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venice,_Ancona_and_Ragusa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Venice, Ancona and Ragusa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venice,_Ancona_and_Ragusa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pisa_and_Ancona" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pisa_and_Ancona"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Pisa and Ancona</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pisa_and_Ancona-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noli_and_Genoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noli_and_Genoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Noli and Genoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noli_and_Genoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regatta_of_the_Historical_Marine_Republics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regatta_of_the_Historical_Marine_Republics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Regatta of the Historical Marine Republics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regatta_of_the_Historical_Marine_Republics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Maritime republics</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الجمهوريات البحرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجمهوريات البحرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAbliques_mar%C3%ADtimes" title="Repúbliques marítimes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Repúbliques marítimes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99niz_respublikalar%C4%B1" title="Dəniz respublikaları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dəniz respublikaları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Морска република – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Морска република" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAbliques_mar%C3%ADtimes" title="Repúbliques marítimes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Repúbliques marítimes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1mo%C5%99n%C3%AD_republiky" title="Námořní republiky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Námořní republiky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seerepubliken" title="Seerepubliken – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Seerepubliken" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Ναυτικές δημοκρατίες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ναυτικές δημοκρατίες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblicas_mar%C3%ADtimas" title="Repúblicas marítimas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Repúblicas marítimas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maraj_Respublikoj" title="Maraj Respublikoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maraj Respublikoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsas_Errepublikak" title="Itsas Errepublikak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Itsas Errepublikak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="جمهوری دریایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جمهوری دریایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_maritime" title="République maritime – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="République maritime" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republichis_marinaris" title="Republichis marinaris – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Republichis marinaris" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EC%96%91%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD" title="해양공화국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="해양공화국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_maritim" title="Republik maritim – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Republik maritim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubbliche_marinare" title="Repubbliche marinare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Repubbliche marinare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamhuri_za_kibahari" title="Jamhuri za kibahari – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jamhuri za kibahari" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_publicae_maritimae" title="Res publicae maritimae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Res publicae maritimae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABrin%C4%97s_respublikos" title="Jūrinės respublikos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jūrinės respublikos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubbriche_main%C3%A6" title="Repubbriche mainæ – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Repubbriche mainæ" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicas_maral" title="Republicas maral – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Republicas maral" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritieme_republieken" title="Maritieme republieken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maritieme republieken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_maritima" title="Republica maritima – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Republica maritima" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblicas_mar%C3%ADtimas" title="Repúblicas marítimas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Repúblicas marítimas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicile_maritime" title="Republicile maritime – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Republicile maritime" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Морские республики – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Морские республики" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%B9blicas_marineras" title="Repùblicas marineras – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Repùblicas marineras" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomorske_republike" title="Pomorske republike – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pomorske republike" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denizci_cumhuriyetler" title="Denizci cumhuriyetler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Denizci cumhuriyetler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Морські республіки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Морські республіки" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sea-based city-states on the Italian peninsula and Dalmatia during the Middle Ages</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:259px;max-width:259px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:257px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_jack_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Naval_jack_of_Italy.svg/257px-Naval_jack_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="257" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Naval_jack_of_Italy.svg/386px-Naval_jack_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Naval_jack_of_Italy.svg/514px-Naval_jack_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:229px;max-width:229px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:257px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maritime_republics_map_-_IT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Maritime_republics_map_-_IT.png/227px-Maritime_republics_map_-_IT.png" decoding="async" width="227" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Maritime_republics_map_-_IT.png/341px-Maritime_republics_map_-_IT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Maritime_republics_map_-_IT.png/454px-Maritime_republics_map_-_IT.png 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3426" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Italian_Navy" title="Italian Navy">Italian Navy</a>'s coat of arms (left) features the coats of arms of the best known maritime republics (from top left and clockwise): <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Amalfi" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Amalfi">Amalfi</a>. On the right is a map with the locations and coats of arms of the maritime republics of <a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">medieval Italy</a>: Venice, Genoa, Amalfi, Pisa, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Noli" title="Republic of Noli">Noli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ancona" title="Republic of Ancona">Ancona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Ragusa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Gaeta" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Gaeta">Gaeta</a>.</div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Italy" title="Category:History of Italy">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History of <span class="fn org label">Italy</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old map of Italian peninsula"><img alt="Old map of Italian peninsula" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg/150px-1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg/225px-1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg/300px-1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4584" data-file-height="6272" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistoric Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic civilization</a> (18th–3rd c. BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a> (12th–6th c. BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a> (8th–3rd c. BC)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> (753 BC–509 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a> (509 BC–27 BC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman expansion in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Populares" class="mw-redirect" title="Populares">Populares</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Optimates" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimates">Optimates</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> (27 BC–286 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> (286 AD–476 AD) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Italy" title="Praetorian prefecture of Italy">Praetorian prefecture of Italy</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer's</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 476–493</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 493–553</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 435–534</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombard</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 568–774</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Frankish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 774–962</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)#Imperial_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 962–1801</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Italy in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantine reconquest of Italy</a> (6th–8th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a> in southern Italy</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maritime republics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> (14th–16th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a> (1494–1559)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic revival</a> (1545–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Mid-16th c. to early 19th c.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleonic</a> Italy (1801–1814)</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Risorgimento</a></i> (1815–1871)</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Italy" title="Young Italy">Young Italy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy</a> (1861–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a> (1882–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy in World War I</a> (1914–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascism</a> (1922–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy in World War II</a> (1940–1945)</li> <li>Fascist <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Partisans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Italian Civil War</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> (1946–<i>present</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a> (1970s–1980s) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a> (1986–1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></i> (1992–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> (2007–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">European migrant crisis</a> (2014–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">COVID-19 pandemic</a> (2020–<i>present</i>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railway</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <p><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline</a><br /> </p> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Italy" title="Template:History of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Italy" title="Template talk:History of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>maritime republics</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">repubbliche marinare</i>), also called <b>merchant republics</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">repubbliche mercantili</i>), were Italian <a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">thalassocratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Port_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Port city">port cities</a> which, starting from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, enjoyed political autonomy and economic prosperity brought about by their maritime activities. The term, coined during the 19th century, generally refers to four Italian cities, whose coats of arms have been shown since 1947 on the flags of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Navy" title="Italian Navy">Italian Navy</a> and the Italian Merchant Navy:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>. In addition to the four best known cities, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ancona" title="Republic of Ancona">Ancona</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Persi_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Persi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Gaeta" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Gaeta">Gaeta</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Noli" title="Republic of Noli">Noli</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Ragusa</a>, are also considered maritime republics; in certain historical periods, they had no secondary importance compared to some of the better known cities. </p><p>Uniformly scattered across the Italian peninsula, the maritime republics were important not only for the history of navigation and commerce: in addition to precious goods otherwise unobtainable in Europe, new artistic ideas and news concerning distant countries also spread. From the 10th century, they built fleets of ships both for their own protection and to support extensive trade networks across the Mediterranean, giving them an essential role in reestablishing contacts between <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, which had been interrupted during the early Middle Ages. They also had an essential role in the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> and produced renowned explorers and navigators such as <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the centuries, the maritime republics — both the best known and the lesser known but not always less important — experienced fluctuating fortunes. In the 9th and 10th centuries, this phenomenon began with Amalfi and Gaeta, which soon reached their heyday. Meanwhile, Venice began its gradual ascent, while the other cities were still experiencing the long gestation that would lead them to their autonomy and to follow up on their seafaring vocation. After the 11th century, Amalfi and Gaeta declined rapidly, while Genoa and Venice became the most powerful republics. Pisa followed and experienced its most flourishing period in the 13th century, and Ancona and Ragusa allied to resist Venetian power. Following the 14th century, while Pisa declined to the point of losing its autonomy, Venice and Genoa continued to dominate navigation, followed by Ragusa and Ancona, which experienced their golden age in the 15th century. In the 16th century, with Ancona's loss of autonomy, only the republics of Venice, Genoa, and Ragusa remained, which still experienced great moments of splendor until the mid-17th century, followed by over a century of slow decline that ended with the <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleonic</a> invasion. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Periodization_of_the_history_of_the_maritime_republics">Periodization of the history of the maritime republics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Periodization of the history of the maritime republics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The table below shows the periods of activity of the various maritime republics over the centuries. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:120px;"">9th century</th> <th style="width:120px;"">10th century</th> <th style="width:120px;"">11th century</th> <th style="width:120px;"">12th century</th> <th style="width:120px;"">13th century</th> <th style="width:120px;"">14th century</th> <th style="width:120px;"">15th century</th> <th style="width:120px;"">16th century</th> <th style="width:120px;"">17th century</th> <th style="width:120px;"">18th century</th> <th style="width:120px;"">19th century </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#87ceeb;text-align:center;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Repubbliche_marinare_dal_IX_al_X_secolo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Repubbliche_marinare_dal_IX_al_X_secolo.jpg/190px-Repubbliche_marinare_dal_IX_al_X_secolo.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Repubbliche_marinare_dal_IX_al_X_secolo.jpg/285px-Repubbliche_marinare_dal_IX_al_X_secolo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Repubbliche_marinare_dal_IX_al_X_secolo.jpg/380px-Repubbliche_marinare_dal_IX_al_X_secolo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4443" data-file-height="1774" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gaeta" title="Duchy of Gaeta">Gaeta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></b></td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#AFE4DE;text-align:center;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2._Repubbliche_marinare_dall%27XI_al_XIV_secolo_-_con_Noli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/2._Repubbliche_marinare_dall%27XI_al_XIV_secolo_-_con_Noli.jpg/190px-2._Repubbliche_marinare_dall%27XI_al_XIV_secolo_-_con_Noli.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/2._Repubbliche_marinare_dall%27XI_al_XIV_secolo_-_con_Noli.jpg/285px-2._Repubbliche_marinare_dall%27XI_al_XIV_secolo_-_con_Noli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/2._Repubbliche_marinare_dall%27XI_al_XIV_secolo_-_con_Noli.jpg/380px-2._Repubbliche_marinare_dall%27XI_al_XIV_secolo_-_con_Noli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2587" data-file-height="1987" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ancona" title="Republic of Ancona">Ancona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Ragusa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Noli" title="Republic of Noli">Noli</a></b></td> <td style="background-color:#E0FFFF;text-align:center;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3._Repubbliche_marinare_nel_XV_secolo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/3._Repubbliche_marinare_nel_XV_secolo.jpg/131px-3._Repubbliche_marinare_nel_XV_secolo.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/3._Repubbliche_marinare_nel_XV_secolo.jpg/196px-3._Repubbliche_marinare_nel_XV_secolo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/3._Repubbliche_marinare_nel_XV_secolo.jpg/261px-3._Repubbliche_marinare_nel_XV_secolo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1984" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ancona" title="Republic of Ancona">Ancona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Ragusa</a></b></td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#ADD8E6;text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:4._Repubbliche_marinare_dal_XVI_al_XIX_secolo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/4._Repubbliche_marinare_dal_XVI_al_XIX_secolo.jpg/190px-4._Repubbliche_marinare_dal_XVI_al_XIX_secolo.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/4._Repubbliche_marinare_dal_XVI_al_XIX_secolo.jpg/285px-4._Repubbliche_marinare_dal_XVI_al_XIX_secolo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/4._Repubbliche_marinare_dal_XVI_al_XIX_secolo.jpg/380px-4._Repubbliche_marinare_dal_XVI_al_XIX_secolo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2944" data-file-height="1161" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Ragusa</a></b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conceptualization_of_maritime_republics">Conceptualization of maritime republics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conceptualization of maritime republics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-unification">Pre-unification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-unification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1466_Portolan_chart_of_the_Eastern_Mediterrenean,_the_Aegean_Sea_and_the_Sea_of_Marmara_by_Grazioso_Benincasa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/1466_Portolan_chart_of_the_Eastern_Mediterrenean%2C_the_Aegean_Sea_and_the_Sea_of_Marmara_by_Grazioso_Benincasa.jpg/250px-1466_Portolan_chart_of_the_Eastern_Mediterrenean%2C_the_Aegean_Sea_and_the_Sea_of_Marmara_by_Grazioso_Benincasa.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/1466_Portolan_chart_of_the_Eastern_Mediterrenean%2C_the_Aegean_Sea_and_the_Sea_of_Marmara_by_Grazioso_Benincasa.jpg/375px-1466_Portolan_chart_of_the_Eastern_Mediterrenean%2C_the_Aegean_Sea_and_the_Sea_of_Marmara_by_Grazioso_Benincasa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/1466_Portolan_chart_of_the_Eastern_Mediterrenean%2C_the_Aegean_Sea_and_the_Sea_of_Marmara_by_Grazioso_Benincasa.jpg/500px-1466_Portolan_chart_of_the_Eastern_Mediterrenean%2C_the_Aegean_Sea_and_the_Sea_of_Marmara_by_Grazioso_Benincasa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4682" data-file-height="5738" /></a><figcaption>Nautical chart of the Eastern Mediterranean, by <a href="/wiki/Grazioso_Benincasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Grazioso Benincasa">Grazioso Benincasa</a> (1466)</figcaption></figure> <p>The expression <i>maritime republics</i> was coined by nineteenth-century historiography, almost coinciding with the end of the last of them: none of these states had ever defined itself as a maritime republic. Swiss historian <a href="/wiki/Jean_Charles_L%C3%A9onard_de_Sismondi" title="Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi">Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi</a> introduced the expression and focused on the corresponding concept in his 1807 work <i>History of the Italian Republics of the Middle Centuries</i>. In Sismondi's text, the maritime republics were seen as cities dedicated above all to fighting each other over issues related to their commercial expansion, unlike the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">medieval communes</a>, which instead fought together against the Empire courageously defending their freedom. </p><p>In Italy, up until the unification, this determined a negative judgment on the maritime cities, because their history of mutual struggles appeared in stark contrast to the spirit of the <i><a href="/wiki/Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">Risorgimento</a></i>. The only exception was considered the very difficult and finally victorious resistance of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ancona" title="Republic of Ancona">Ancona</a> in the siege of 1173, which the city obtained against the imperial troops of Federico Barbarossa; that victory entered the national imagination as an anticipation of the struggles of Italian patriots against foreign rulers. The episode, however, was included in the municipal epic and not in the seafaring one. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-unification">Post-unification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-unification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Primo_bagno_della_stagione.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Primo_bagno_della_stagione.jpg/250px-Primo_bagno_della_stagione.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Primo_bagno_della_stagione.jpg/375px-Primo_bagno_della_stagione.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Primo_bagno_della_stagione.jpg/500px-Primo_bagno_della_stagione.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Meloria" title="Meloria">Meloria</a>, the theatre of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meloria_(1284)" title="Battle of Meloria (1284)">1284 battle</a> which saw Genoa's victory over Pisa</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisa_-_Camposanto_monumentale,_catene_del_porto.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pisa_-_Camposanto_monumentale%2C_catene_del_porto.JPG/250px-Pisa_-_Camposanto_monumentale%2C_catene_del_porto.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pisa_-_Camposanto_monumentale%2C_catene_del_porto.JPG/375px-Pisa_-_Camposanto_monumentale%2C_catene_del_porto.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pisa_-_Camposanto_monumentale%2C_catene_del_porto.JPG/500px-Pisa_-_Camposanto_monumentale%2C_catene_del_porto.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3827" data-file-height="2572" /></a><figcaption>The chains of the port of Pisa, removed by the Genoese after the battle of Meloria and returned as a sign of Italian brotherhood in two different moments of the <i>Risorgimento</i>: in 1848 and in 1860</figcaption></figure> <p>In the first decades after Italian unification, post-<i>Risorgimento</i> patriotism fueled a <a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">rediscovery of the Middle Ages</a> linked to a <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">romantic nationalism</a>, in particular to those aspects that seemed to prefigure national glory and the struggle for independence. The phenomenon of the "maritime republics" was then reinterpreted, freed from negative prejudice and placed side by side with the glorious history of the medieval communes; thus it also established itself on a popular level. Celebrating history, the Italian maritime cities did not consider their mutual struggles so much as their common seafaring enterprise. In fact, in the post-unification cultural climate, it was considered essential for the formation of the modern Italian people to remember that within the maritime republics and municipalities arose the industriousness that inaugurated the new civilization. </p><p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina">Regia Marina</a></i>, established immediately after the achievement of national unity and therefore only in 1861, there were heated contrasts between the various pre-unification navies: Sardinian, Tuscan, papal and Neapolitan. The exaltation of the seafaring spirit that united the maritime republics made it possible to highlight a common historical basis and overcome divisions. This necessitated the removal of ancient rivalries; in this regard, of great significance was the return of chains that had closed Pisa's port, which had been stolen by Genoa during the medieval fights. Their return in 1860 was a sign of fraternal affection and of the now indissoluble union between the two cities, as can be read on the plaque affixed after the return. </p><p>In 1860, the study of the maritime republics as a unitary phenomenon was introduced in the school curriculum, further popularizing the concept. From that year forward, the high school program required students to address the "causes of the rapid resurgence of Italian maritime trade - Amalfi, Venice, Genoa, Ancona, Pisa" and the "Settlement of the great Italian Navy". For the second class, at the beginning of the year, the teacher was arranged to recall the period in which the maritime republics grew and flourished. Every time the school programs were renewed, the study of the phenomenon of the maritime republics was always confirmed. In 1875, the ministerial indication was also followed up in the history program for technical institutes. That year, Carlo O. Galli claimed in a scholastic textbook that "among all the peoples of Europe, the one who in the Middle Ages rose first to great power" in navigation was the Italian people, and he attributed this to the independence enjoyed by "the maritime republics of Italy, among which Amalfi, Pisa, Genoa, Ancona, Venice, Naples and Gaeta deserve more mention". </p><p>In 1895, the sailor <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Vittorio_Vecchi" title="Augusto Vittorio Vecchi">Augusto Vittorio Vecchi</a>, founder of the Italian Naval League and better known as a writer under the pseudonym Jack la Bolina, wrote <i>General History of the Navy</i>, which was widely circulated and described the military exploits of the maritime cities in chronological order of origin and decay, from Amalfi to Pisa, Genoa and Ancona to Venice. In 1899, historian Camillo Manfroni wrote on Italy's maritime history, identifying the period of the maritime republics as that history's most glorious phase. At the end of the 19th century, the history of the maritime republics was thus consolidated and consigned to the 20th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The number "four", which still often occurs today associated with maritime republics, is, as can be seen, not original: the short list of maritime republics was limited to two (Genoa and Venice) or three cities (Genoa, Venice and Pisa); the long list included Genoa, Venice, Pisa, Ancona, Amalfi and Gaeta. </p><p>Crucial for the diffusion of the list of four maritime republics was a publication by Captain Umberto Moretti, who was tasked by the Royal Navy in 1904 with documenting the maritime history of Amalfi. The volume was released under the significant title <i>The First Maritime Republic of Italy</i>. From that moment on, the name of Amalfi definitively joined that of the other republics in the short list, shifting the imbalance towards the centre-north of the country with its presence. </p><p>In the 1930s, a list made up of four names was consolidated: Amalfi, Pisa, Genoa and Venice. This finally led to the inclusion of the symbols of the four cities in the Italian Navy's flag. The flag, approved in 1941, would not be adopted until 1947 due to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. In 1955, the four cities represented in the navy flag inspired the <a href="/wiki/Regatta_of_the_Historical_Marine_Republics" title="Regatta of the Historical Marine Republics">Regatta of the Historical Marine Republics</a>. </p><p>Armando Lodolini's 1967 book <i>The Republics of the Sea</i> resumed the previous long list of maritime republics: Venice, Genoa, Pisa, Ancona, Gaeta, and the Dalmatian Ragusa. Noli's status as a small maritime republic would only come into focus in later decades after previously being affirmed only at an academic level. </p><p>In 2000, Italian president <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi" title="Carlo Azeglio Ciampi">Carlo Azeglio Ciampi</a> summed up the maritime republics' historic role with these words:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... The Italy of the maritime republics ... reopened the ways of the world to Europe.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Carlo Azeglio Ciampi</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_the_entrance_to_the_Arsenal_by_Canaletto,_1732.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/View_of_the_entrance_to_the_Arsenal_by_Canaletto%2C_1732.jpg/220px-View_of_the_entrance_to_the_Arsenal_by_Canaletto%2C_1732.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/View_of_the_entrance_to_the_Arsenal_by_Canaletto%2C_1732.jpg/330px-View_of_the_entrance_to_the_Arsenal_by_Canaletto%2C_1732.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/View_of_the_entrance_to_the_Arsenal_by_Canaletto%2C_1732.jpg/440px-View_of_the_entrance_to_the_Arsenal_by_Canaletto%2C_1732.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1292" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>The maritime republics built the ships they needed in their own arsenals. Pictured is the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Arsenal" title="Venetian Arsenal">Venetian Arsenal</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Elements that characterized a maritime republic were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i>)</li> <li>Autonomy, economics, politics, and culture essentially based on navigation and maritime trade</li> <li>Possession of a fleet of ships, built in its own <a href="/wiki/Arsenal" title="Arsenal">arsenal</a></li> <li>Establishment of a city-state that would eventually expand further</li> <li>Presence of warehouses and <a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">consuls</a> in Mediterranean ports</li> <li>Presence of foreign warehouses and consuls in its own port</li> <li>Use of its own currency accepted throughout the Mediterranean and its own <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law" title="Admiralty law">maritime laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republican</a> government</li> <li>Participation in the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> and/or the crackdown on <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins,_affirmation_and_duration"><span id="Origins.2C_affirmation_and_duration"></span>Origins, affirmation and duration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Origins, affirmation and duration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konrad_von_Gr%C3%BCnenberg_-_Beschreibung_der_Reise_von_Konstanz_nach_Jerusalem_-_Blatt_05v-06r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Konrad_von_Gr%C3%BCnenberg_-_Beschreibung_der_Reise_von_Konstanz_nach_Jerusalem_-_Blatt_05v-06r.jpg/220px-Konrad_von_Gr%C3%BCnenberg_-_Beschreibung_der_Reise_von_Konstanz_nach_Jerusalem_-_Blatt_05v-06r.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Konrad_von_Gr%C3%BCnenberg_-_Beschreibung_der_Reise_von_Konstanz_nach_Jerusalem_-_Blatt_05v-06r.jpg/330px-Konrad_von_Gr%C3%BCnenberg_-_Beschreibung_der_Reise_von_Konstanz_nach_Jerusalem_-_Blatt_05v-06r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Konrad_von_Gr%C3%BCnenberg_-_Beschreibung_der_Reise_von_Konstanz_nach_Jerusalem_-_Blatt_05v-06r.jpg/440px-Konrad_von_Gr%C3%BCnenberg_-_Beschreibung_der_Reise_von_Konstanz_nach_Jerusalem_-_Blatt_05v-06r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2713" data-file-height="1924" /></a><figcaption>Galley carrying pilgrims to the Holy Land - from the travelogue of <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Gr%C3%BCnenberg" title="Conrad Grünenberg">Conrad Grünenberg</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></div> <p>The economic recovery that took place in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> starting with the <a href="/wiki/9th_century" title="9th century">9th century</a>, combined with hazardous mainland trading routes, enabled the development of major commercial routes along the Mediterranean coast. The growing autonomy acquired by some coastal cities gave them a leading role in this development. As many as six of these cities — Amalfi, Venice, Gaeta, Genoa, Ancona, and Ragusa — began their own history of autonomy and trade after being almost destroyed by terrible looting, or were founded by refugees from devastated lands.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cities, exposed to <a href="/wiki/Pirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate">pirate</a> raids and neglected by central powers, organized their own <a href="/wiki/Defense_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense (military)">defence</a> autonomously, coupling the exercise of maritime trade with that of their armed protection. Thus, in the 9th, 10th, and 11th centuries, they were able to go on the offensive, obtaining numerous victories over the <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracens</a>, starting with the historic <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostia" title="Battle of Ostia">Battle of Ostia</a> in 849. The traffic of these cities reached Africa and Asia, effectively inserting itself between the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">Islamic</a> maritime powers, with which a complex relationship of competition and collaboration was established for the control of the Mediterranean routes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each of the cities was favored by its geographical position, far from the main routes of passage of the armies and protected by mountains or <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoons</a>, which isolated it and allowed it to devote itself undisturbed to maritime traffic. This led to a gradual administrative autonomy and, in some cases, to total independence from the central powers, which for some time were no longer able to control the peripheral provinces: the Byzantine Empire, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>. The forms of independence that were created in these cities were varied, and the modern approach to considering political relations, which clearly distinguishes between administrative autonomy and political freedom, makes it difficult to orient itself among them. For this reason, in the table below there are two dates relating to independence: one refers to the <i>de facto</i> freedom acquired, the other to that of law. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;width:100%;margin:auto;clear:both;text-align:left;"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <th>City</th> <th>Coat of arms</th> <th>Flag</th> <th>Motto, currency and maritime code</th> <th>Start of independence</th> <th>Preceding state</th> <th>End of independence</th> <th>Duration of independence</th> <th>Succeeding state </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Regione-Campania-Stemma.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Regione-Campania-Stemma.svg/56px-Regione-Campania-Stemma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="56" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Regione-Campania-Stemma.svg/84px-Regione-Campania-Stemma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Regione-Campania-Stemma.svg/112px-Regione-Campania-Stemma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="224" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Amalfi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Amalfi.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Amalfi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Amalfi.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Amalfi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Amalfi.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Amalfi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>motto: <i>Descendit ex patribus romanorum</i><br />currency: <a href="/wiki/Tar%C3%AC" title="Tarì">tarì</a><br />code: <a href="/wiki/Amalfian_Laws" title="Amalfian Laws">Amalfian Laws</a> (11th century)</td> <td><i>de facto</i>: 839 (acquisition of liberty)</td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></td> <td>1131 (following the war between <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_II" title="Pope Innocent II">Pope Innocent II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily" title="Roger II of Sicily">Roger II of Sicily</a>)</td> <td><i>de facto</i>: 3 centuries</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Genoa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Genoa.svg/63px-Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Genoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="63" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Genoa.svg/95px-Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Genoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Genoa.svg/127px-Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Genoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="1114" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Genoa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/100px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/150px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/200px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>mottos: <i>Respublica superiorem non recognoscens;</i><br /><i>Pe Zena e pe San Zòrzo</i>;<br /><i>Griphus ut has angit, sic hostes Ianua frangit</i>.<br />currency: <a href="/wiki/Genovino" title="Genovino">genovino</a><br />code: <i>Regulae et ordinamenta officii gazariae</i> (1441) </td> <td><i>de facto</i>: 958 (with the concession of <a href="/wiki/Berengar_II_of_Italy" title="Berengar II of Italy">Berengar II of Italy</a>);<br /><i>de jure</i>: 1096 (with the <i>Compagna Communis</i>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Kingdom of Italy</a></td> <td>1797 (with the <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1796_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1796 in the French Revolutionary Wars">Italian Campaign</a>)</td> <td><i>de facto</i>: 8 centuries<br /><i>de jure</i>: 7 centuries</td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Genoa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/20px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/30px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/40px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Republic" title="Ligurian Republic">Ligurian Republic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="centro"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Shield_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg/60px-Shield_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Shield_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg/90px-Shield_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Shield_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg/120px-Shield_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="449" /></a></span></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>motto: <i>Urbis me dignum pisane noscite signum</i><br />currency: aquilino or grosso pisano<br />codes: <i>Constitutum usus</i> (1160) and <i>Breve curia maris</i> (1297)</td> <td><i>de facto</i>: 11th century (gradual acquisition of freedom)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Kingdom of Italy</a></td> <td>1406 (military occupation of Florence)</td> <td><i>de facto</i>: 4 centuries<br /><i>de jure</i>: 3 centuries</td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_John_the_Baptist.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_John_the_Baptist.svg/20px-Flag_of_John_the_Baptist.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_John_the_Baptist.svg/30px-Flag_of_John_the_Baptist.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_John_the_Baptist.svg/40px-Flag_of_John_the_Baptist.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="720" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Venice.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Venice.svg/57px-Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="57" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Venice.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Venice.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Republic_of_Venice_(1659-1675).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="centro"><img alt="centro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Republic_of_Venice_%281659-1675%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_Republic_of_Venice_%281659-1675%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Republic_of_Venice_%281659-1675%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_Republic_of_Venice_%281659-1675%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Republic_of_Venice_%281659-1675%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_Republic_of_Venice_%281659-1675%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1822" data-file-height="863" /></a></span></td> <td>mottos: <i>Pax tibi, Marce, evangelista meus</i>;<br /><i>Viva San Marco!</i><br />currency: <a href="/wiki/Sequin_(coin)" title="Sequin (coin)">sequin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ducat" title="Ducat">ducat</a><br />code: <i>Capitolare nauticum</i> (1225)</td> <td><i>de facto</i>: acquired gradually after the <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a>'s collapse in 751, 840 (<i><a href="/wiki/Pactum_Lotharii" title="Pactum Lotharii">Pactum Lotharii</a></i>), 1122-1126 (Venetian-Byzantine War)<br /><i>de jure</i>: 1141-1143 (<a href="/wiki/Commune_of_Venice" title="Commune of Venice">Commune of Venice</a>)</td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></td> <td>1797 (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a>)</td> <td><i>de facto</i>: circa 9 centuries<br /><i>de jure</i>: 6.5 centuries</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Austria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/20px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Archduchy of Austria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ancona" title="Republic of Ancona">Ancona</a></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Ancona.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Ancona.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Ancona.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Ancona.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Ancona.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Ancona.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Republic_of_Ancona.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Ancona_(c._1174%E2%80%931532).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Ancona_%28c._1174%E2%80%931532%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Ancona_%28c._1174%E2%80%931532%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Ancona_%28c._1174%E2%80%931532%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Ancona_%28c._1174%E2%80%931532%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Ancona_%28c._1174%E2%80%931532%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Ancona_%28c._1174%E2%80%931532%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>motti: <i>Ancon dorica civitas fidei</i><br />currency: <a href="/wiki/Agontano" title="Agontano">agontano</a><br />code: Statutes of the Sea (1387)</td> <td><i>de facto</i>: 11th century (gradual acquisition of liberty)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Kingdom of Italy</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Papal_States_(pre_1808).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></td> <td>1532 (papal military occupation)</td> <td><i>de facto</i>: 5 centuries</td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Papal_States_(pre_1808).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gaeta" title="Duchy of Gaeta">Gaeta</a></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Gaeta_(10th_century).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Coat_of_arms_of_Gaeta_%2810th_century%29.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_Gaeta_%2810th_century%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Coat_of_arms_of_Gaeta_%2810th_century%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Gaeta_%2810th_century%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Coat_of_arms_of_Gaeta_%2810th_century%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Gaeta_%2810th_century%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Gaeta_(10th_century).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Gaeta_%2810th_century%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_Gaeta_%2810th_century%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Gaeta_%2810th_century%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_Gaeta_%2810th_century%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Gaeta_%2810th_century%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_Gaeta_%2810th_century%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>currency: follaro<br />code: part of the Statutes of Gaeta (1356)</td> <td><i>de facto</i>: 839 (acquisition of liberty)</td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></td> <td>1140 (annexation to the Norman Kingdom)</td> <td><i>de facto</i>: 3 centuries</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Noli" title="Republic of Noli">Noli</a></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Republic_of_Noli.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Republic_of_Noli.svg/55px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Republic_of_Noli.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Republic_of_Noli.svg/83px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Republic_of_Noli.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Republic_of_Noli.svg/111px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Republic_of_Noli.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="379" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Noli.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Noli.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Noli.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Noli.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Noli.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Noli.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Noli.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>code: Statutes of Noli (12th century)</td> <td><i>de facto</i>: 1192 (birth of the free commune);<br /><i>de jure</i>: 1196 (confirmation of rights by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Kingdom of Italy</a></td> <td>15th century (end of maritime activities)<br />1797 (end of the republic, with the <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1796_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1796 in the French Revolutionary Wars">Italian Campaign</a>)</td> <td>maritime republic: 2 centuries<br />republic: 6 centuries</td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Genoa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/20px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/30px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/40px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Republic" title="Ligurian Republic">Ligurian Republic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Ragusa</a></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dubrovnik_grb_varijanta.png" class="mw-file-description" title="senza_cornice"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Dubrovnik_grb_varijanta.png/54px-Dubrovnik_grb_varijanta.png" decoding="async" width="54" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Dubrovnik_grb_varijanta.png/82px-Dubrovnik_grb_varijanta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Dubrovnik_grb_varijanta.png/109px-Dubrovnik_grb_varijanta.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="906" /></a><figcaption>senza_cornice</figcaption></figure></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/St._Blaise_-_National_Flag_of_the_Ragusan_Republic.png/100px-St._Blaise_-_National_Flag_of_the_Ragusan_Republic.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/St._Blaise_-_National_Flag_of_the_Ragusan_Republic.png/150px-St._Blaise_-_National_Flag_of_the_Ragusan_Republic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/St._Blaise_-_National_Flag_of_the_Ragusan_Republic.png/200px-St._Blaise_-_National_Flag_of_the_Ragusan_Republic.png 2x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="3600" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>motto: <i>Non bene pro toto libertas venditur auro</i><br />currency: various denominations<br />code: two volumes of the <i>Liber Statutorum</i> (1272)</td> <td><i>de facto</i>: 11th century (gradual acquisition of freedom)</td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></td> <td>1808 (with the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Pressburg_(1805)" title="Peace of Pressburg (1805)">Peace of Pressburg</a>)</td> <td><i>de facto</i>: 8 centuries</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Provinces" title="Illyrian Provinces">Illyrian Provinces</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>From an institutional point of view, in line with their municipal origins, the maritime cities were <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchic</a> republics, generally governed, in a more or less declared manner, by the main <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchant</a> families. The governments were therefore an expression of the merchant class, which constituted the backbone of their power. For this reason, these cities are sometimes referred to with the more generic term of "merchant republic". They were endowed with an articulated system of magistracies, with sometimes complementary, sometimes overlapping competences, which over the centuries showed a decided tendency to change - not without a certain degree of instability - and to centralize power. Thus the government became the privilege of the merchant nobility in Venice (from 1297) and the duke in Amalfi (from 945). However, even Gaeta, which never had a republican order, and Amalfi, which became a duchy in 945, are also called maritime republics, as the term republic should not be understood in its modern meaning: until <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a>, "republic" was synonymous with "State", and was not opposed to monarchy. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> offered the opportunity to expand trade. Amalfi, Genoa, Venice, Pisa, Ancona and Ragusa were already engaged in trade with the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, but with the Crusades thousands of inhabitants of the seaside cities poured into the East, creating warehouses, colonies and commercial establishments. They exercised great political influence at the local level: Italian merchants set up trade associations in their business centers with the aim of obtaining jurisdictional, fiscal and customs privileges from foreign governments.<sup id="cite_ref-Persi_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Persi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only Venice, Genoa and Pisa had territorial expansion overseas, i.e. they possessed large regions and numerous islands along the Mediterranean coasts. Genoa and Venice also came to dominate their entire region and part of the neighboring ones, becoming capitals of regional states. Venice was then the only one to dominate territories very far from the coast, up to occupying eastern Lombardy. Amalfi, Gaeta, Ancona, Ragusa and Noli, on the other hand, extended their dominion only to a part of the territory of their region, configuring themselves as city-states; however, all the republics had their own colonies and warehouses in the main Mediterranean ports, except Noli, which used those of the Genoese. </p><p>If the absence of a strong central authority had been the premise for the birth of the merchant republics, their end was vice versa due to the affirmation of a powerful centralized state. Usually independence could last as long as trade was able to ensure prosperity and wealth, but when these ceased, an economic decline was triggered, ending with the annexation, not necessarily violent, to a strong and organized state. </p><p>The longevity of the various maritime republics was quite varied: Venice had the longest life, from the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a>; Genoa and Ragusa also had a very long history, from the 1000s to the Napoleonic Age; Noli lasted as long, but stopped trading as early as the 15th century. However, Pisa and Ancona had a long life, remaining independent until the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Persi_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Persi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amalfi and Gaeta were instead the first to fall, having been <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">conquered by the Normans</a> in the 12th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Number_of_maritime_republics_over_the_centuries">Number of maritime republics over the centuries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Number of maritime republics over the centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As highlighted in the following chronological table, the number of maritime republics has changed over the centuries, as follows: </p> <ul><li>9th—10th century: There are only three maritime republics, namely Amalfi, Gaeta and Venice.</li> <li>11th century: By adding Ancona, Genoa, Pisa and Ragusa in the first decades, there are seven maritime republics; however, the century also saw the end of Amalfi's independence (1031) and the beginning of Noli's maritime history.</li> <li>12th—-14th century: With the end of Gaeta's independence (1137), there are six active maritime republics.</li> <li>15th century: With Pisa's loss of independence and the end of Noli's maritime activity, four maritime republics remain, namely Ancona, Genoa, Ragusa, and Venice.</li> <li>16th—-18th century: With Ancona's loss of autonomy, the three longest-lived maritime republics remain active: Genoa, Ragusa and Venice.</li></ul> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_b3hzp6d5a925v0vy7v4xor4nq6banez"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Republic_of_Noli" coords="643,123,708,147" title="Republic of Noli" alt="Republic of Noli" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" coords="912,105,990,129" title="Republic of Venice" alt="Republic of Venice" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" coords="921,88,1000,112" title="Republic of Ragusa" alt="Republic of Ragusa" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" coords="558,70,623,94" title="Republic of Pisa" alt="Republic of Pisa" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" coords="912,53,983,77" title="Republic of Genoa" alt="Republic of Genoa" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gaeta" coords="314,35,386,59" title="Duchy of Gaeta" alt="Duchy of Gaeta" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ancona" coords="672,18,750,42" title="Republic of Ancona" alt="Republic of Ancona" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" coords="309,0,387,24" title="Duchy of Amalfi" alt="Duchy of Amalfi" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_b3hzp6d5a925v0vy7v4xor4nq6banez" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/b3hzp6d5a925v0vy7v4xor4nq6banez.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rises,_golden_periods,_and_declines"><span id="Rises.2C_golden_periods.2C_and_declines"></span>Rises, golden periods, and declines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rises, golden periods, and declines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table compares the different duration of the maritime republics, their golden periods (indicated with more intense colours), and the periods of rise and decline (more or less light colours), determined by the wars won or lost, the commercial colonies in the Mediterranean, economic power, territorial possessions, and periods of temporary subjection to foreign powers. A different colour has been used for Noli to indicate the period of its incomplete independence. The dates placed at the beginning and at the end of each time line respectively indicate the year in which autonomy began and ended; any intermediate date indicates the year in which <i>de facto</i> independence passed to <i>de jure</i> independence. The notes refer to periods of temporary loss of freedom. </p> <table style="width:100%; background:transparent"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center"> <table class="wikitable" width="30%" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#EAECF0">0</span>733</small> </th> <th><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#EAECF0">0</span>766</small> </th> <th><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#EAECF0">0</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:blue">800</span></small> </th> <th><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#EAECF0">0</span>833</small> </th> <th><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#EAECF0">0</span>866</small> </th> <th><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#EAECF0">0</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:blue">900</span></small> </th> <th><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#EAECF0">0</span>933</small> </th> <th><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#EAECF0">0</span>966</small> </th> <th><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:blue">1000</span></small> </th> <th><small>1033</small> </th> <th><small>1066</small> </th> <th><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:blue">1100</span></small> </th> <th><small>1133</small> </th> <th><small>1166</small> </th> <th><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:blue">1200</span></small> </th> <th><small>1233</small> </th> <th><small>1266</small> </th> <th><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:blue">1300</span></small> </th> <th><small>1333</small> </th> <th><small>1366</small> </th> <th><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:blue">1400</span></small> </th> <th><small>1433</small> </th> <th><small>1466</small> </th> <th><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:blue">1500</span></small> </th> <th><small>1533</small> </th> <th><small>1566</small> </th> <th><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:blue">1600</span></small> </th> <th><small>1633</small> </th> <th><small>1666</small> </th> <th><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:blue">1700</span></small> </th> <th><small>1733</small> </th> <th><small>1766</small> </th> <th><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:blue">1800</span></small> </th></tr> <tr> <td><br /><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Amalfi" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Amalfi">Amalfi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="lightblue" width="10%"><b><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#0000CC">839</span></small></b> </td> <td bgcolor="0099CC" width="10%"><b><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#0099CC">Wiki wiki</span></small></b> </td> <td bgcolor="darkblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="darkblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="darkblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="darkblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0066CC" width="10%"><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td bgcolor="0099CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="skyblue" width="10%"><b><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">1135</span></small></b> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><br /><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="lightblue" width="10%"><b><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#0000CC">958</span></small></b> </td> <td bgcolor="lightblue" width="10%"><b><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#add8e6">Wiki wiki</span></small></b> </td> <td bgcolor="skyblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="skyblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0099CC" width="10%"><b><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">1096</span></small></b> </td> <td bgcolor="0099CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0066CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0066CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0033CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0000CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="darkblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0033CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0099CC" width="10%"><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td bgcolor="0099CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0099CC" width="10%"><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td bgcolor="0099CC" width="10%"><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td bgcolor="0099CC" width="10%"><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td bgcolor="0099CC" width="10%"><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td bgcolor="darkblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="darkblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="darkblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0066CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0099CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="skyblue" width="10%"><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td bgcolor="skyblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="lightblue" width="10%"><b><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#0000CC">1797</span></small></b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><br /><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="lightblue" width="10%"><b><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#0000CC">1000</span></small></b> </td> <td bgcolor="skyblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0099CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0066CC" width="10%"><b><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">1081</span></small></b> </td> <td bgcolor="0033CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0000CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="darkblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="darkblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="darkblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0000cc" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0099cc" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="skyblue" width="10%"><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td bgcolor="lightblue" width="10%"><b><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#0000CC">1406</span></small></b> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><br /><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="lightblue" width="10%"><b><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#0000CC">840</span></small></b> </td> <td bgcolor="lightblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="skyblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="skyblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0099CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0099CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0066CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0066CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0033CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0033CC" width="10%"><b><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">1143</span></small></b> </td> <td bgcolor="0033CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0033CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0000CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0000CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0000CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="darkblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0000CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="darkblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="darkblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="darkblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="darkblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0033CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0066CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0066CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0099CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0099CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0099CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="skyblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="lightblue" width="10%"><b><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#0000CC">1797</span></small></b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><br /><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ancona" title="Republic of Ancona">Ancona</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="lightblue" width="10%"><b><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#0000CC">1000</span></small></b> </td> <td bgcolor="lightblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="skyblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="skyblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0099CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0099CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0066CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0066CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0033CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0033CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="lightblue" width="10%"><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td bgcolor="0099CC" width="10%"><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td bgcolor="darkblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="darkblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="darkblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0066CC" width="10%"><b><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">1532</span></small></b> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><br /><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gaeta" title="Duchy of Gaeta">Gaeta</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="lightblue" width="10%"><b><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#0000CC">839</span></small></b> </td> <td bgcolor="0099CC" width="10%"><b><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#0099CC">Wiki wiki</span></small></b> </td> <td bgcolor="darkblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="darkblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="darkblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="darkblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0066CC" width="10%"><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td bgcolor="0099CC" width="10%"><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td bgcolor="skyblue" width="10%"><b><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">1135</span></small></b> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><br /><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Noli" title="Republic of Noli">Noli</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="0000CC" width="10%"><b><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">1192 1196</span></small></b> </td> <td bgcolor="#884DA7" width="10%"><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td bgcolor="#884DA7" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="#884DA7" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="mediumpurple" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="mediumpurple" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="mediumpurple" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCFF" width="10%"><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td bgcolor="#E6E6FA" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="#E6E6FA" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="#E6E6FA" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="#E6E6FA" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="#E6E6FA" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="#E6E6FA" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="#E6E6FA" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="#E6E6FA" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="#E6E6FA" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="#E6E6FA" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="#E6E6FA" width="10%"><b><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#0000CC">1797</span></small></b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><br /><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Ragusa</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="lightblue" width="10%"><b><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#0000CC">1000</span></small></b> </td> <td bgcolor="skyblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0099CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0099CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0066CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0066CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="lightblue" width="10%"><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>q<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td bgcolor="lightblue" width="10%"><sup id="cite_ref-fn1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>r<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td bgcolor="lightblue" width="10%"><sup id="cite_ref-fn1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>r<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td bgcolor="lightblue" width="10%"><sup id="cite_ref-fn1_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>r<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td bgcolor="lightblue" width="10%"><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td bgcolor="0099CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0066CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0033CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0033CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="darkblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="darkblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="darkblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0033CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0033CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0066CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0066CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="0099CC" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="skytblue" width="10%"> </td> <td bgcolor="lightblue" width="10%"><b><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#0000CC">1808</span></small></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Importance_of_the_maritime_republics">Importance of the maritime republics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Importance of the maritime republics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grazioso_Benincasa._Biblioteca_Universitaria,_Bolonia.1482.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Grazioso_Benincasa._Biblioteca_Universitaria%2C_Bolonia.1482.jpg/220px-Grazioso_Benincasa._Biblioteca_Universitaria%2C_Bolonia.1482.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Grazioso_Benincasa._Biblioteca_Universitaria%2C_Bolonia.1482.jpg/330px-Grazioso_Benincasa._Biblioteca_Universitaria%2C_Bolonia.1482.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Grazioso_Benincasa._Biblioteca_Universitaria%2C_Bolonia.1482.jpg/440px-Grazioso_Benincasa._Biblioteca_Universitaria%2C_Bolonia.1482.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1103" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Nautical chart of the Mediterranean by Grazioso Benincasa (1482), of Ancona's cartographic school</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_livre_des_merveilles_de_Marco_Polo-pepper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Le_livre_des_merveilles_de_Marco_Polo-pepper.jpg/220px-Le_livre_des_merveilles_de_Marco_Polo-pepper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Le_livre_des_merveilles_de_Marco_Polo-pepper.jpg/330px-Le_livre_des_merveilles_de_Marco_Polo-pepper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Le_livre_des_merveilles_de_Marco_Polo-pepper.jpg/440px-Le_livre_des_merveilles_de_Marco_Polo-pepper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2252" data-file-height="1382" /></a><figcaption>The harvesting of pepper; from the 15th century French edition of <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo" title="The Travels of Marco Polo">The Travels of Marco Polo</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The maritime republics reestablished contacts between Europe, Asia and Africa, which were almost interrupted after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a>; their history is intertwined both with the launch of European expansion towards the East and with the origins of modern <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> as a mercantile and financial system. In these cities, <a href="/wiki/Gold_coin" title="Gold coin">gold coins</a>, which had not been used for centuries, were minted, new exchange and accounting practices were developed, and thus international finance and <a href="/wiki/Commercial_law" title="Commercial law">commercial law</a> were born. </p><p>Technological advances in <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigation</a> were also encouraged; important in this regard was the improvement and diffusion of the <a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">compass</a> by the Amalfi people and the Venetian invention of the <a href="/wiki/Galley#Trade_and_travel" title="Galley">great galley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Navigation owes much to the maritime republics as regards <a href="/wiki/Nautical_chart" title="Nautical chart">nautical cartography</a>: the maps of the 14th and 15th centuries that are still in use today all belong to the schools of Genoa, Venice, and Ancona.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the East, the maritime republics imported a vast range of goods unobtainable in Europe, which they then resold in other cities of Italy and central and northern Europe, creating a commercial triangle between the Arab East, the Byzantine Empire, and Italy. Until the <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">discovery of America</a> they were therefore essential nodes of trade between Europe and the other continents. </p><p>Among the most important products were: </p> <ul><li>Medicines: <a href="/wiki/Aloe_vera" title="Aloe vera">aloe vera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balsam" title="Balsam">balsam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camphora_officinarum" title="Camphora officinarum">camphor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laudanum" title="Laudanum">laudanum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhubarb" title="Rhubarb">rhubarb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astragalus_(plant)" title="Astragalus (plant)">astragalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">Spices</a>: <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">cloves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">nutmeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_verum" title="Cinnamomum verum">cinnamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_sugar" title="White sugar">white sugar</a></li> <li>Perfumes and odorous substances to burn: <a href="/wiki/Musk" title="Musk">musk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">mastic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santalum_album" title="Santalum album">sandalwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambergris" title="Ambergris">ambergris</a></li> <li>Dyes: <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">indigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alum" title="Alum">alum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carmine_(color)" title="Carmine (color)">carmine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">varnish</a></li> <li>Textiles: <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>, Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sambe" title="Sambe">sambe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brocade" title="Brocade">brocade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Velvet" title="Velvet">velvet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">damask</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carpet" title="Carpet">carpets</a></li> <li>Luxury products: <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Precious_coral" title="Precious coral">precious coral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goldwork_(embroidery)" title="Goldwork (embroidery)">gold and silver threads</a></li></ul> <p>The maritime republics' great prosperity deriving from trade had a significant impact on the history of art, to the point that five of them (Amalfi, Genoa, Venice, Pisa and Ragusa) are today included in <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s list of <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>. Although an artistic current common to all of them and exclusive to them cannot be described, a characterizing trait was the mixture of elements of the various Mediterranean artistic traditions, mainly <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> elements. </p><p>The modern <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italian communities</a> living in Greece, Turkey, <a href="/wiki/Italians_in_Lebanon" title="Italians in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Genoese_in_Gibraltar" title="History of the Genoese in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italians_of_Crimea" title="Italians of Crimea">Crimea</a> descend, at least in part, from the colonies of the maritime republics, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Language_island" title="Language island">language island</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a> dialect in <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> and the extinct Italian community of <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_individual_republics">History of individual republics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History of individual republics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amalfi">Amalfi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Amalfi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Duchy of Amalfi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Amalfi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Amalfi.svg/170px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Amalfi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Amalfi.svg/255px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Amalfi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Amalfi.svg/340px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Amalfi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Amalfi's flag bears the Maltese cross</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Amalfi.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/View_of_Amalfi.jpeg/220px-View_of_Amalfi.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/View_of_Amalfi.jpeg/330px-View_of_Amalfi.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/View_of_Amalfi.jpeg/440px-View_of_Amalfi.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1916" data-file-height="1336" /></a><figcaption>Amalfi in a painting by <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PortaleSantAndreaAmalfi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/PortaleSantAndreaAmalfi.JPG/170px-PortaleSantAndreaAmalfi.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/PortaleSantAndreaAmalfi.JPG/255px-PortaleSantAndreaAmalfi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/PortaleSantAndreaAmalfi.JPG/340px-PortaleSantAndreaAmalfi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>The bronze portal of the <a href="/wiki/Amalfi_Cathedral" title="Amalfi Cathedral">Amalfi Cathedral</a>, constructed in the 11th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arsenale_medievale_di_Amalfi_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Arsenale_medievale_di_Amalfi_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Arsenale_medievale_di_Amalfi_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Arsenale_medievale_di_Amalfi_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Arsenale_medievale_di_Amalfi_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Arsenale_medievale_di_Amalfi_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Arsenale_medievale_di_Amalfi_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the Amalfi Arsenal, built in the 11th century</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a>, the first maritime republic to reach a leading importance, acquired <i>de facto</i> independence from the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Naples" title="Duchy of Naples">Duchy of Naples</a> in <a href="/wiki/839" title="839">839</a>. That year, <a href="/wiki/Sicard_of_Benevento" title="Sicard of Benevento">Sicard of Benevento</a>, during a war against the Byzantines, conquered the city, and deported the population. When he died in a palace conspiracy, the Amalfi people rebelled, drove out the Lombard garrison and formed the free republic of Amalfi. The people of Amalfi were governed by a republican order governed by <i><a href="/wiki/Comes" title="Comes">comites</a></i>, under which the <i>praefecturii</i> were in charge until 945, when <a href="/wiki/Mastalus_II_of_Amalfi" title="Mastalus II of Amalfi">Mastalus II</a> assumed power and proclaimed himself <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Amalfi" title="Duke of Amalfi">duke</a>. </p><p>As early as the end of the 9th century, the duchy developed extensive trade with the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Egypt</a>. Amalfitan merchants wrested the Mediterranean trade monopoly from the Arabs and founded mercantile bases in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> in the 10th century. In the 11th century, Amalfi reached the height of its maritime power and had warehouses in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Laodicea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli of Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. </p><p>Amalfi's land borders extended from the <a href="/wiki/Sarno_(river)" title="Sarno (river)">Sarno River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vietri_sul_Mare" title="Vietri sul Mare">Vietri sul Mare</a>, while to the west it bordered the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sorrento" title="Duchy of Sorrento">Duchy of Sorrento</a>; it also owned <a href="/wiki/Capri" title="Capri">Capri</a>, donated by the Byzantines as a reward for having defeated the <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracens</a> at San Salvatore in 872. Furthermore, for only three years (from 831 to 833), the dukes <a href="/wiki/Manso_I_of_Amalfi" title="Manso I of Amalfi">Manso I</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Amalfi" title="John I of Amalfi">John I</a> also had control of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Salerno" title="Principality of Salerno">Principality of Salerno</a>, including the whole of <a href="/wiki/Lucania" title="Lucania">Lucania</a>. The Amalfi fleet helped to free the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a> from Saracen pirates, defeating them at <a href="/wiki/Licosa" title="Licosa">Licosa</a> (846), at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostia" title="Battle of Ostia">Ostia</a> (849), and on the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garigliano" title="Battle of Garigliano">Garigliano</a> (915). </p><p>At the dawn of <a href="/wiki/AD_1000" title="AD 1000">AD 1000</a>, Amalfi was the most prosperous city of <a href="/wiki/Longobardia" title="Longobardia">Longobardia</a>, and in terms of population (probably 80,000 inhabitants) and prosperity, the only one able to compete with the great Arab metropolises: it minted its own gold coin, the <a href="/wiki/Tar%C3%AC" title="Tarì">tarì</a>, which was current in all the main Mediterranean ports; the <a href="/wiki/Amalfian_Laws" title="Amalfian Laws">Amalfian Laws</a>, a code of maritime law which remained in force throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, date back to that time; in Jerusalem, the noble merchant Mauro Pantaleone built the hospital from which the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a> would originate. </p><p>The far-sighted dukes of Amalfi were able to safeguard their power over the centuries, allying themselves, depending on the circumstances, with the Byzantines, the Pope, or the Muslims. </p><p>On the basis of an erroneous reading of a passage by the humanist <a href="/wiki/Flavio_Biondo" title="Flavio Biondo">Flavio Biondo</a>, the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">compass</a> was long attributed to <a href="/wiki/Flavio_Gioja" title="Flavio Gioja">Flavio Gioja</a> from Amalfi. Despite the tenacious tradition that originated, a correct reading of Biondo's passage reveals that Flavio Gioia never existed, and that the glory of the Amalfi people was not that of inventing the compass (actually imported from China), but of having been the first to spread its use in Europe. </p><p>The close bond that tied the city of Amalfi to the East is also testified by the art that flourished in the centuries of independence and in which <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman%E2%80%93Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_culture" title="Norman–Arab–Byzantine culture">Arab-Norman</a> influences harmoniously merged. </p><p>Towards the middle of the 11th century, the power of the duchy began to fade: in 1039, due to internal strife, it was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Guaimar_IV_of_Salerno" title="Guaimar IV of Salerno">Guaimar IV of Salerno</a>, who would be expelled in 1052 by his brother <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Amalfi" title="John II of Amalfi">John II</a>. In 1073, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Guiscard" title="Robert Guiscard">Robert Guiscard</a>, summoned by the Amalfi people against Salerno, conquered the duchy. Amalfi remained substantially autonomous and often rebelled against the regents until 1100, when the last duke <a href="/wiki/Marinus_Sebastus_of_Amalfi" title="Marinus Sebastus of Amalfi">Marinus Sebastus</a> was deposed by the Normans. This left Amalfi only an administrative autonomy, later revoked in 1131 by <a href="/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily" title="Roger II of Sicily">Roger II of Sicily</a>. After the Norman conquest, the decline was not immediate, becoming in the meantime a seaport of the Norman-Swabian state. However, the commercial basin of Amalfi was reduced to the western Mediterranean and gradually the city was supplanted, locally by Naples and Salerno, and at the Mediterranean level by Pisa, Venice and Genoa. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Espansione_di_Amalfi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Espansione_di_Amalfi.png/800px-Espansione_di_Amalfi.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Espansione_di_Amalfi.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Expansion and trade of Amalfi</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genoa">Genoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Genoa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Genoa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/170px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/255px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/340px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Genoa's flag bears <a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Cross" title="Saint George's Cross">Saint George's Cross</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genova-1810ca-acquatinta-Garneray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Genova-1810ca-acquatinta-Garneray.jpg/220px-Genova-1810ca-acquatinta-Garneray.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Genova-1810ca-acquatinta-Garneray.jpg/330px-Genova-1810ca-acquatinta-Garneray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Genova-1810ca-acquatinta-Garneray.jpg/440px-Genova-1810ca-acquatinta-Garneray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2305" data-file-height="1490" /></a><figcaption>Panorama of Genoa and its port in a nineteenth-century aquatint</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genova_Duomo_St._Lawrence_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Genova_Duomo_St._Lawrence_Cathedral.jpg/170px-Genova_Duomo_St._Lawrence_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Genova_Duomo_St._Lawrence_Cathedral.jpg/255px-Genova_Duomo_St._Lawrence_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Genova_Duomo_St._Lawrence_Cathedral.jpg/340px-Genova_Duomo_St._Lawrence_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Genoa_Cathedral" title="Genoa Cathedral">Genoa Cathedral</a>, built between the 12th and 14th centuries</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genova_-_Palazzo_San_Giorgio_visto_dal_Bigo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Genova_-_Palazzo_San_Giorgio_visto_dal_Bigo.jpg/220px-Genova_-_Palazzo_San_Giorgio_visto_dal_Bigo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Genova_-_Palazzo_San_Giorgio_visto_dal_Bigo.jpg/330px-Genova_-_Palazzo_San_Giorgio_visto_dal_Bigo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Genova_-_Palazzo_San_Giorgio_visto_dal_Bigo.jpg/440px-Genova_-_Palazzo_San_Giorgio_visto_dal_Bigo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2948" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_San_Giorgio" title="Palazzo San Giorgio">Palazzo San Giorgio</a>, once the seat of the homonymous bank</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a> had revived at the dawn of the 10th century when, following the city's destruction by the Saracens, its inhabitants returned to the sea. In the mid-10th century, entering the dispute between <a href="/wiki/Berengar_II_of_Italy" title="Berengar II of Italy">Berengar II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Great" title="Otto the Great">Otto the Great</a>, it obtained <i>de facto</i> independence in 958, which was then made official in 1096 with the creation of the <i>Compagna Communis</i>, a union of merchants and feudal lords of the area. </p><p>Meanwhile, its alliance with Pisa allowed the liberation of the western Mediterranean from Saracen pirates. The fortunes of the municipality increased considerably thanks to its participation in the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>, which procured great privileges for the <a href="/wiki/Genoese_colonies" title="Genoese colonies">Genoese colonists</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>. </p><p>The apogee of Genoese fortunes came in the 13th century, following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nymphaeum_(1261)" title="Treaty of Nymphaeum (1261)">Treaty of Nymphaeum (1261)</a> and the double victory over Pisa (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meloria_(1284)" title="Battle of Meloria (1284)">Battle of Meloria (1284)</a>) and Venice (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curzola" title="Battle of Curzola">Battle of Curzola</a> (1298)). "The Superb", a name for the city derived from <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a>'s work <i>Itinerarium breve de Ianua ad Ierusalem</i> (1358) in which he described it,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dominated the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and controlled a large part of <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, the Sardinian <a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Logudoro" title="Judicate of Logudoro">Judicate of Logudoro</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_Aegean" title="North Aegean">North Aegean</a>, and southern <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>. </p><p>The 14th century marked a serious economic, political and social crisis for Genoa, which, weakened by internal strife, lost Sardinia to the Aragonese, was defeated by Venice at <a href="/wiki/Alghero" title="Alghero">Alghero</a> (1353) and <a href="/wiki/War_of_Chioggia" title="War of Chioggia">Chioggia (1379)</a> and subjected several times to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a>. The republic was weakened by the state's own arrangement, which, based on private agreements between the main families, led to incredibly short and unstable governments and very frequent factional strife. </p><p>Following the plagues and foreign dominations of the 14th and 15th centuries, the city experienced a second apogee upon regaining self-government in 1528 through the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Doria" title="Andrea Doria">Andrea Doria</a>, to the point that the following century was called <i>El siglo de los Genoveses</i>. This definition was not due to maritime trade, but to the impressive banking penetration lent by the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Saint_George" title="Bank of Saint George">Bank of Saint George</a>, which made it an authentic world economic power: several <a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Europe" title="Monarchies in Europe">European monarchies</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, were tied to loans from Genoese bankers and its currency, the <a href="/wiki/Genovino" title="Genovino">genovino</a>, became one of the most important in the world. </p><p>However, the republic was then only independent <i>de jure</i>, because it found itself under the influence of the main neighboring powers, first the French and the Spanish, then the Austrians and the Savoys. The republic collapsed following <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1796_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1796 in the French Revolutionary Wars">first Italian campaign</a>: becoming the <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Republic" title="Ligurian Republic">Ligurian Republic</a> in 1797, it was annexed to France in 1805 with the <a href="/wiki/Italian_and_Swiss_expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian and Swiss expedition">second Italian campaign</a>. In 1815, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> decreed Genoa's annexation to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The artistic importance of Genoa has been recognized by UNESCO by listing the <a href="/wiki/Genoa:_Le_Strade_Nuove_and_the_system_of_the_Palazzi_dei_Rolli" title="Genoa: Le Strade Nuove and the system of the Palazzi dei Rolli"><i>Strade Nuove</i> and the complex of the <i>Palazzi dei Rolli</i></a> among the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>. The indissoluble link between Genoa and navigation is testified by <a href="/wiki/Lancelotto_Malocello" title="Lancelotto Malocello">Lancelotto Malocello</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Vandino_and_Ugolino_Vivaldi" title="Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi">Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi</a>, and most prominently by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Repubblica_di_Genova.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Repubblica_di_Genova.png/700px-Repubblica_di_Genova.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="428" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Repubblica_di_Genova.png/1050px-Repubblica_di_Genova.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Repubblica_di_Genova.png/1400px-Repubblica_di_Genova.png 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="962" /></a><figcaption>Expansion and trade of Genoa</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pisa">Pisa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pisa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Republic of Pisa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg/170px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg/255px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg/340px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The Pisan cross</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pise-Baptistere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pise-Baptistere.jpg/170px-Pise-Baptistere.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pise-Baptistere.jpg/255px-Pise-Baptistere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pise-Baptistere.jpg/340px-Pise-Baptistere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pisa_Baptistery" title="Pisa Baptistery">Pisa Baptistery</a>, built in the 14th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CampoDeiMiracoli2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/CampoDeiMiracoli2.JPG/220px-CampoDeiMiracoli2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/CampoDeiMiracoli2.JPG/330px-CampoDeiMiracoli2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/CampoDeiMiracoli2.JPG/440px-CampoDeiMiracoli2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2282" data-file-height="2387" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa" title="Leaning Tower of Pisa">Leaning Tower</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pisa_Cathedral" title="Pisa Cathedral">Pisa Cathedral</a>, built in the 12th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The Republic of Pisa was born in the 11th century. In this historical period, Pisa intensified its trade in the Mediterranean Sea, allied itself with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a>'s nascent power, and clashed several times with the Saracen ships, defeating them in <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a> (1005), in <a href="/wiki/Annaba" title="Annaba">Bona</a> (1034), in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> (1064), and in <a href="/wiki/Mahdia" title="Mahdia">Mahdia</a> (1087). </p><p>Originally, Pisa was governed by a Viscount, whose power was limited by the Bishop. In the 11th century, entering into the struggles between these two powers, the city, governed by a Council of Elders, acquired a <i>de facto</i> autonomy, which was then made official by <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a> in 1081. </p><p>In 1016, an alliance of Pisa and Genoa defeated the Saracens, conquered Corsica and the <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">Sardinian judicates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Cagliari" title="Judicate of Cagliari">Cagliari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Gallura" title="Judicate of Gallura">Gallura</a>, and acquired control of the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a>; a century later they took the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>. At the same time, Pisa's economic and political power increased considerably with the commercial rights acquired with the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, thanks to which it was able to establish numerous warehouses in the Holy Land. Pisa was always the most fervent supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Ghibelline</a> cause, thus opposing the Guelphs Genoa, Noli, <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>: its currency, the aquiline, always bore the name of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">emperor</a>. </p><p>Pisa reached the peak of its splendor between the 12th and 13th centuries, when its ships controlled the western Mediterranean and was able to express <a href="/wiki/Pisan_Romanesque" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisan Romanesque">Pisan Romanesque</a> in the field of art, a mixture of Western, Eastern, Islamic and classical elements. </p><p>Pisa's rivalry with Genoa sharpened in the 13th century and led to the naval <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meloria_(1284)" title="Battle of Meloria (1284)">Battle of Meloria (1284)</a>, which marked the beginning of Pisan decline; Pisa ceded Corsica to Genoa in 1299, and in 1324, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lucocisterna" title="Battle of Lucocisterna">Battle of Lucocisterna</a> saw Sardinia ceded to <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>. Unlike Genoa, Pisa needed to control a hinterland, which saw the rival cities of Lucca and Florence nearby: this subtracted forces from their navy and brought the republic to ruin. </p><p>In the fourteenth century, Pisa passed from a municipality to a <a href="/wiki/Signoria" title="Signoria">lordship</a>, maintaining its independence and essentially the dominion of the <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscan</a> coast, and made peace with Genoa. However, in 1406, the city was besieged by the Milanese, Florentines, Genoese and French and annexed to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a>. During Florence's crisis in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a>, Pisa revolted against <a href="/wiki/Piero_the_Unfortunate" title="Piero the Unfortunate">Piero the Unfortunate</a> and in 1494 reconstituted itself as an autonomous republic, restoring its own currency and magistracy. However, after 16 years of serious war, Florence managed to reconquer it definitively in 1509. </p><p>The ancient <a href="/wiki/Porto_Pisano" title="Porto Pisano">Porto Pisano</a>, now filled in by the <a href="/wiki/Arno" title="Arno">Arno</a> floods, was located north of the current city of Livorno. The life of <a href="/wiki/Fibonacci" title="Fibonacci">Fibonacci</a>, a mathematician from Pisa, well expresses the profitable relationship between commerce, navigation and culture typical of the maritime republics; he reworked and disseminated Arab scientific knowledge in Europe, including ten-digit numbering, and the use of zero. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massima_espansione_di_Pisa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Massima_espansione_di_Pisa.png/800px-Massima_espansione_di_Pisa.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Massima_espansione_di_Pisa.png/1200px-Massima_espansione_di_Pisa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Massima_espansione_di_Pisa.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption>Maximum expansion of Pisa in the Mediterranean Sea</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venice">Venice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Venice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Venice" title="History of the Republic of Venice">History of the Republic of Venice</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_Guardi_027.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Francesco_Guardi_027.jpg/220px-Francesco_Guardi_027.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Francesco_Guardi_027.jpg/330px-Francesco_Guardi_027.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Francesco_Guardi_027.jpg/440px-Francesco_Guardi_027.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1519" /></a><figcaption>The Basin of San Marco in a painting by Francesco Guardi, painted in the 18th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Republic_of_Venice_(1659-1675).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Republic_of_Venice_%281659-1675%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Republic_of_Venice_%281659-1675%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Republic_of_Venice_%281659-1675%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Republic_of_Venice_%281659-1675%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Republic_of_Venice_%281659-1675%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Republic_of_Venice_%281659-1675%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1822" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption>The Venetian flag bears the <a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Saint_Mark" title="Lion of Saint Mark">Lion of Saint Mark</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_di_San_Marco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Basilica_di_San_Marco.jpg/220px-Basilica_di_San_Marco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Basilica_di_San_Marco.jpg/330px-Basilica_di_San_Marco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Basilica_di_San_Marco.jpg/440px-Basilica_di_San_Marco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica" title="St Mark's Basilica">St Mark's Basilica</a>, built in the 11th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doges_Palace_7_(7242840168).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Doges_Palace_7_%287242840168%29.jpg/220px-Doges_Palace_7_%287242840168%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Doges_Palace_7_%287242840168%29.jpg/330px-Doges_Palace_7_%287242840168%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Doges_Palace_7_%287242840168%29.jpg/440px-Doges_Palace_7_%287242840168%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5040" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Doge%27s_Palace" title="Doge's Palace">Doge's Palace</a>, built in the 14th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Venice, founded by the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a> fleeing the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> in the 5th century, began a gradual process of independence from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> starting with the <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a>'s collapse in 751. Progress was made in 840 with the stipulation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Pactum_Lotharii" title="Pactum Lotharii">Pactum Lotharii</a></i> between the <a href="/wiki/Doge_of_Venice" title="Doge of Venice">doge</a> <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Tradonico" title="Pietro Tradonico">Pietro Tradonico</a> and the Germanic emperor <a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I</a>, without the Byzantine sovereign being called into question. Venice acquired power from the development of commercial relations with the Byzantine Empire, of which it was formally still part, to remain even later on as an ally in the fight against the Arabs and Normans. The definitive break with Constantinople came only with the war of 1122-1126, when the doge Domenico Michiel declared war on the Eastern Empire following his refusal to renew the commercial privileges already guaranteed to his Venetian vassal as a reward for the help offered in the war against the Normans in 1082. This war led to complete independence, in law and in fact, institutionalized in 1143 with the <a href="/wiki/Commune_of_Venice" title="Commune of Venice">Commune of Venice</a>. </p><p>Around the year 1000, Venice began its expansion in the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>, defeating the pirates who occupied the coasts of <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> and placing those regions and their principal townships under Venetian dominion. </p><p>Institutionally, Venice was governed by an oligarchy of the main merchant families, under the presidency of the doge and numerous articulated magistracies, including the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Senate" title="Venetian Senate">Senate</a>; notable was the <a href="/wiki/Serrata_del_Maggior_Consiglio" title="Serrata del Maggior Consiglio">Serrata del Maggior Consiglio</a> (1297), with which those who did not belong to the most important merchant families were excluded from the government. In Venice, the <i>Capitulare nauticum</i>, one of the first navigation codes, was written in 1256. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> (1202-1204) allowed Venice to conquer the most commercially important seaside resorts of the Byzantine Empire, including <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a> (1207) and <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> (1209), and to reach <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. Venice thus reached the peak of its power, dominating commercial traffic between Europe and the East: it had warehouses throughout the eastern Mediterranean and was called <i>La Serenissima</i> (The Most Serene). By the end of the 14th century, Venice had become one of the richest states on the continent: its currency, the <a href="/wiki/Sequin_(coin)" title="Sequin (coin)">sequin</a>, was minted in gold and was one of the most influential in Europe. </p><p>Between the 14th and 18th centuries, Venice, in response to the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a>'s aggressive policy, conquered a vast <a href="/wiki/Domini_di_Terraferma" title="Domini di Terraferma">dominion of the mainland</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli">Friuli</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Julian_March" title="Julian March">Julian March</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> up to <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a>; this was joined by the <i><a href="/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" title="Stato da Màr">Stato da Màr</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">colonial empire</a> made up of overseas possessions, including Istria, Dalmatia (except Ragusa), almost all the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Greece" title="List of islands of Greece">Greek islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. Venice was therefore the largest of the maritime republics, as well as the most powerful state on the Italian peninsula. </p><p>Venice's dominance in the eastern Mediterranean in the following centuries, despite the victory of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a>, was threatened and compromised by the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and by the shifting of trade to the Atlantic.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus began a slow decline, culminating with the <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleonic</a> conquest of 1797, which reduced it to a city-state dependent on the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburgs</a>, until the union with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a> in 1848. </p><p>Artistically, Venice had European resonance for centuries: in the Middle Ages by fusing Romanesque, Gothic and Byzantine styles in its architecture; in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> with the painters <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giorgione" title="Giorgione">Giorgione</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tintoretto" title="Tintoretto">Tintoretto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bellini" title="Giovanni Bellini">Bellini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Lotto" title="Lorenzo Lotto">Lotto</a>; in the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> period with the composers <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Antonio Vivaldi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Tartini" title="Giuseppe Tartini">Giuseppe Tartini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tomaso_Albinoni" title="Tomaso Albinoni">Tomaso Albinoni</a>; in the eighteenth century with <i><a href="/wiki/Veduta" title="Veduta">vedutisti</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo" title="Giovanni Battista Tiepolo">Giambattista Tiepolo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canaletto" title="Canaletto">Canaletto</a>, playwright <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Goldoni" title="Carlo Goldoni">Carlo Goldoni</a>, sculptor <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Canova" title="Antonio Canova">Antonio Canova</a>, and writer and adventurer <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Casanova" title="Giacomo Casanova">Giacomo Casanova</a>. </p><p>Among the most important Venetian navigators and travelers are <a href="/wiki/Alvise_Cadamosto" title="Alvise Cadamosto">Alvise Cadamosto</a>, cartographer <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Cabot_(explorer)" title="Sebastian Cabot (explorer)">Sebastian Cabot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>, famous for his account of his trip to China, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo" title="The Travels of Marco Polo">The Travels of Marco Polo</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">John Cabot</a>, whose place of birth is uncertain (Gaeta, Castiglione Chiavarese or Savona), but who acquired Venetian citizenship, was the first European to reach <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Repubblica_di_Venezia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Repubblica_di_Venezia.png/700px-Repubblica_di_Venezia.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="445" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Repubblica_di_Venezia.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>Expansion and trade of Venice</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancona">Ancona</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ancona"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ancona" title="Republic of Ancona">Republic of Ancona</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Ancona_(c._1174%E2%80%931532).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Ancona_%28c._1174%E2%80%931532%29.svg/170px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Ancona_%28c._1174%E2%80%931532%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Ancona_%28c._1174%E2%80%931532%29.svg/255px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Ancona_%28c._1174%E2%80%931532%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Ancona_%28c._1174%E2%80%931532%29.svg/340px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Ancona_%28c._1174%E2%80%931532%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>The Anconan Cross</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galleria_delle_carte_Geografiche_-_Musei_Vaticani_-_particolare_della_veduta_di_Ancona.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Galleria_delle_carte_Geografiche_-_Musei_Vaticani_-_particolare_della_veduta_di_Ancona.JPG/220px-Galleria_delle_carte_Geografiche_-_Musei_Vaticani_-_particolare_della_veduta_di_Ancona.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Galleria_delle_carte_Geografiche_-_Musei_Vaticani_-_particolare_della_veduta_di_Ancona.JPG/330px-Galleria_delle_carte_Geografiche_-_Musei_Vaticani_-_particolare_della_veduta_di_Ancona.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Galleria_delle_carte_Geografiche_-_Musei_Vaticani_-_particolare_della_veduta_di_Ancona.JPG/440px-Galleria_delle_carte_Geografiche_-_Musei_Vaticani_-_particolare_della_veduta_di_Ancona.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1414" data-file-height="868" /></a><figcaption>Panorama of Ancona from the sea, painted in the 16th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancona-Anziani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ancona-Anziani.jpg/170px-Ancona-Anziani.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ancona-Anziani.jpg/255px-Ancona-Anziani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ancona-Anziani.jpg/340px-Ancona-Anziani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The Palazzo degli Anziani, seat of the municipal bodies, built in the 13th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ancona.jpg/220px-Ancona.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ancona.jpg/330px-Ancona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ancona.jpg/440px-Ancona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ancona_Cathedral" title="Ancona Cathedral">Ancona Cathedral</a> (expanded in the 13th century) and the Arch of Trajan (built in the 2nd century)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancona,_Loggia_dei_Mercanti_(Ancona)_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ancona%2C_Loggia_dei_Mercanti_%28Ancona%29_05.jpg/170px-Ancona%2C_Loggia_dei_Mercanti_%28Ancona%29_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ancona%2C_Loggia_dei_Mercanti_%28Ancona%29_05.jpg/255px-Ancona%2C_Loggia_dei_Mercanti_%28Ancona%29_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ancona%2C_Loggia_dei_Mercanti_%28Ancona%29_05.jpg/340px-Ancona%2C_Loggia_dei_Mercanti_%28Ancona%29_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Loggia_dei_Mercanti" title="Loggia dei Mercanti">Loggia dei Mercanti</a> (built in the 15th century), seat of merchant meetings and negotiations</figcaption></figure> <p>Included in the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> since 774, <a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a> was devastated by the Saracens in 839; slowly recovering, around 1000 it became part of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, but gradually acquired autonomy until it became fully independent in the 11th century. Although hampered by Venice, which intended to monopolize the Adriatic, Ancona maintained its independence and economic prosperity thanks to its alliances with the Byzantine Empire, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, and especially with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Republic of Ragusa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ragusa_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ragusa-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Republic of Ancona is distinct in that it never attacked another maritime city, continuously needed to defend itself, was totally devoted to navigation, and was completely uninterested in territorial expansion. Above all, it had to beware of the aims of the Holy Roman Empire (from which it suffered three sieges), of Venice (in the course of five wars), and of the Papacy. </p><p>Ancona had its period of greatest splendor in the 15th century, when <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV" title="Pope Eugene IV">Pope Eugene IV</a> officially defined it as a republic in 1447. The currency of Ancona, accepted in all Mediterranean commercial squares, was the <i><a href="/wiki/Agontano" title="Agontano">agontano</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The maritime laws of Ancona were the Statutes of the Sea, gradually formed during the 12th century and keeping in mind the main medieval maritime codes. Its territory was between the Adriatic, the rivers <a href="/wiki/Esino" title="Esino">Esino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musone" title="Musone">Musone</a> and Aspio, and defended by the twenty castles of Ancona. </p><p>In the defense of its freedom, Ancona emerged victorious several times, such as in the siege of 1173, in which Germanic imperial troops surrounded the city from the sea while Venetian ships occupied the port. There was an eclipse of freedom in the period from 1348 to 1383; the city was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Malatesta" title="House of Malatesta">House of Malatesta</a> in 1348, when it was weakened by the <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a> and by serious fires. It then passed under the control of the Church in 1353 through the work of the warrior cardinal <a href="/wiki/Gil_%C3%81lvarez_Carrillo_de_Albornoz" title="Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz">Gil de Albornoz</a>. In 1383, the papal <a href="/wiki/Rocca_(fortification)" title="Rocca (fortification)">rocca</a> that kept Ancona submissive was destroyed by a popular furor, and the ancient regime of autonomy was re-established. </p><p>Ancona's decline began with the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a>, which weakened trade. In 1532, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a> placed Ancona under the direct administration of the Church with an astute manoeuvre, and attempts to regain a <i>de facto</i> freedom were bloodily repressed. However, economic prosperity lasted until the end of the century. </p><p>Ancona preserves monuments in which <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> blends with <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a> influences and was one of the cradles of the Adriatic Renaissance, in which the rediscovery of classical art was accompanied by formal continuity with Gothic art. </p><p>Ancona's contribution to maritime exploration and trade is well represented by <a href="/wiki/Cyriacus_of_Ancona" title="Cyriacus of Ancona">Cyriacus of Ancona</a>, who sailed in search of evidence of the past and is therefore considered the father of <a href="/wiki/Archeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeology">archeology</a>, by Benvenuto Stracca, founder of <a href="/wiki/Commercial_law" title="Commercial law">commercial law</a>, and finally by navigator and maritime cartographer <a href="/wiki/Grazioso_Benincasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Grazioso Benincasa">Grazioso Benincasa</a>, key figure of the <a href="/wiki/Nautical_chart" title="Nautical chart">nautical cartographic</a> school of Ancona, one of the most important of the fifteenth century. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Repubbliche_marinare_-_fondachi_anconitani.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Repubbliche_marinare_-_fondachi_anconitani.png/700px-Repubbliche_marinare_-_fondachi_anconitani.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="445" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Repubbliche_marinare_-_fondachi_anconitani.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>Expansion and trade of Ancona</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ragusa">Ragusa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ragusa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Republic of Ragusa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Blaise_-_National_Flag_of_the_Ragusan_Republic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/St._Blaise_-_National_Flag_of_the_Ragusan_Republic.png/170px-St._Blaise_-_National_Flag_of_the_Ragusan_Republic.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/St._Blaise_-_National_Flag_of_the_Ragusan_Republic.png/255px-St._Blaise_-_National_Flag_of_the_Ragusan_Republic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/St._Blaise_-_National_Flag_of_the_Ragusan_Republic.png/340px-St._Blaise_-_National_Flag_of_the_Ragusan_Republic.png 2x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>The Ragusan flag bears the image and initials of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Blaise" title="Saint Blaise">Saint Blaise</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anton_Perko_Blick_auf_Ragusa_1896.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Anton_Perko_Blick_auf_Ragusa_1896.jpg/220px-Anton_Perko_Blick_auf_Ragusa_1896.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Anton_Perko_Blick_auf_Ragusa_1896.jpg/330px-Anton_Perko_Blick_auf_Ragusa_1896.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Anton_Perko_Blick_auf_Ragusa_1896.jpg/440px-Anton_Perko_Blick_auf_Ragusa_1896.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3843" data-file-height="1864" /></a><figcaption>Prospectus of Ragusa</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StSaviourChurch-Dubrovnik1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/StSaviourChurch-Dubrovnik1.jpg/220px-StSaviourChurch-Dubrovnik1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/StSaviourChurch-Dubrovnik1.jpg/330px-StSaviourChurch-Dubrovnik1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/StSaviourChurch-Dubrovnik1.jpg/440px-StSaviourChurch-Dubrovnik1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Church of San Salvatore, built in the 16th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rector%27s_Palace_Dubrovnik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Rector%27s_Palace_Dubrovnik.jpg/170px-Rector%27s_Palace_Dubrovnik.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Rector%27s_Palace_Dubrovnik.jpg/255px-Rector%27s_Palace_Dubrovnik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Rector%27s_Palace_Dubrovnik.jpg/340px-Rector%27s_Palace_Dubrovnik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rector%27s_Palace,_Dubrovnik" title="Rector's Palace, Dubrovnik">Rector's Palace</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/De_Administrando_Imperio" title="De Administrando Imperio">De Administrando Imperio</a></i></span> of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII_Porphyrogennetos" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos">Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos</a>, Ragusa (now called <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a>) was founded, probably in the 7th century, by the inhabitants of the Roman city of <a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidaurum</a> (modern Cavtat) after its destruction by the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">Slavs</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 615</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the survivors moved 25 kilometres (16 miles) north to a small island near the coast where they founded a new settlement, Lausa. It has been claimed that a second raid by the Slavs in 656 resulted in the total destruction of Epidaurum.<sup id="cite_ref-Paton_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paton-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slavs settled along the coast in the 7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city remained under <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> domination until 1204, with the exception of periods of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> (1000–1030) and later <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> (1081–1085, 1172, 1189–1190) rule.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 7th century, Ragusa began to develop active trade in the eastern Mediterranean. Starting from the 11th century, it established itself as a mercantile city, especially in the Adriatic, and began its alliance with Ancona, necessary to resist the Venetian tendency to consider the Adriatic as its exclusive domain. The republic's territory consisted of a very thin coastal strip between <a href="/wiki/Neum" title="Neum">Neum</a> and Oštra, also including the islands of Mljet, <a href="/wiki/Lastovo" title="Lastovo">Lastovo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Elaphiti_Islands" title="Elaphiti Islands">Elaphiti archipelago</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pelje%C5%A1ac" title="Pelješac">Pelješac</a> peninsula. Ragusa was one of the few <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_city-states" title="Dalmatian city-states">Dalmatian city-states</a> that rivalled Venice in the eastern Adriatic. </p><p>In 1358, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zadar" title="Treaty of Zadar">Treaty of Zadar</a> forced Venice to yield all claims to Dalmatia. The city accepted the mild hegemony of King <a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary" title="Louis I of Hungary">Louis I of Hungary</a>. On 27 May 1358, the final agreement was reached at <a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d" title="Visegrád">Visegrád</a> between Louis and the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a> Ivan Saraka. The city recognized <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungarian</a> sovereignty, but the local nobility continued to rule with little interference from the Hungarian court at <a href="/wiki/Buda" title="Buda">Buda</a>. The Republic profited from the suzerainty of Louis of Hungary, whose kingdom was not a naval power, and with whom they would have little conflict of interest.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last Venetian <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">conte</a> left, apparently in a hurry.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although under the Visegrád agreement Dubrovnik was formally under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Ban_of_Croatia" title="Ban of Croatia">ban of Croatia</a>, the city successfully resisted both the royal and ban authority.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ragusa, basing its prosperity on maritime trade, became the major power in the southern Adriatic. It reached its apogee in the 16th century, thanks to convenient tax exemptions for goods and an extensive network of warehouses. The mint of Ragusa, active from 1088 to 1803, issued coins with various denominations, which followed the ups and downs of the republic's formal dominion. </p><p>In the face of Hungary's defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1526, Ragusa passed under the formal supremacy of the sultan, obliging itself to pay him a symbolic annual tribute, a move which allowed it to safeguard its independence. </p><p>With the 17th century, a slow decline began for the Republic of Ragusa, mainly due to a <a href="/wiki/1667_Dubrovnik_earthquake" title="1667 Dubrovnik earthquake">1667 earthquake</a> which almost completely destroyed it, and to the increase in the tribute to be paid to the Sublime Porta, set at 12,500 <a href="/wiki/Ducat" title="Ducat">ducats</a>. Ragusa survived its Venetian rival, which was conquered by Napoleon in 1797. The <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Pressburg_(1805)" title="Peace of Pressburg (1805)">Peace of Pressburg of 1805</a> assigned the city to France: the city was occupied by French troops in 1806, and entered the <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Provinces" title="Illyrian Provinces">Illyrian Provinces</a> of the French Empire. </p><p>Originally, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> was used in official documents of the Republic. <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> came into use in the 1420s.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both languages were used in official correspondence by the Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Republic was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian language</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan dialect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lodge_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lodge-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population spoke the local variant of the <a href="/wiki/Shtokavian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shtokavian dialect">Shtokavian dialect</a>, the same dialect upon which modern <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>, are all based. Old Ragusan, a variant of <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalmatian (language)">Dalmatian</a> that was spoken on the Dalmatian coast following the end of the Roman Empire, with elements of old Slavic vernacular, commonly referred to as <i>ilirski</i> (<a href="/wiki/Illyrian_(Slavic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Illyrian (Slavic)">Illyrian</a>), and Italian, were among the common languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since it was mainly used in speech, it is poorly documented. Its use started declining in the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Lodge_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lodge-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wealth of artistic testimonies of the Republic of Ragusa is recognized by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, which has declared its historical center a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. Ragusa is the only former maritime republic city not to be part of the Italian state: its modern-day territory is in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Espansione_di_Ragusa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Espansione_di_Ragusa.png/700px-Espansione_di_Ragusa.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="445" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Espansione_di_Ragusa.png 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>Expansion and trade of Ragusa</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaeta">Gaeta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gaeta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gaeta" title="Duchy of Gaeta">Duchy of Gaeta</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoli1727_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Napoli1727_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Napoli1727_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Napoli1727_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="157" /></a><figcaption>Prospectus of Gaeta</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Gaeta_(10th_century).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Gaeta_%2810th_century%29.svg/185px-Flag_of_Gaeta_%2810th_century%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="185" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Gaeta_%2810th_century%29.svg/278px-Flag_of_Gaeta_%2810th_century%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Gaeta_%2810th_century%29.svg/370px-Flag_of_Gaeta_%2810th_century%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The Gaetan flag consists of quartered gules and argent</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ItriSanMichele.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/ItriSanMichele.jpg/185px-ItriSanMichele.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/ItriSanMichele.jpg/278px-ItriSanMichele.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/ItriSanMichele.jpg/370px-ItriSanMichele.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="1848" /></a><figcaption>The Church of San Michele Arcangelo in Itri</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Itri_2012_by-RaBoe_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Itri_2012_by-RaBoe_14.jpg/220px-Itri_2012_by-RaBoe_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Itri_2012_by-RaBoe_14.jpg/330px-Itri_2012_by-RaBoe_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Itri_2012_by-RaBoe_14.jpg/440px-Itri_2012_by-RaBoe_14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1111" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption>The Castle of Itri, built by Duke Docibilis I</figcaption></figure> <p>The Duchy of Gaeta acquired administrative autonomy from the Byzantine Empire in 839, under the co-hypati <a href="/wiki/Constantine_of_Gaeta" title="Constantine of Gaeta">Constantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marinus_I_of_Gaeta" title="Marinus I of Gaeta">Marinus I of Gaeta</a>. They were supposedly deposed towards 875 by <a href="/wiki/Docibilis_I_of_Gaeta" title="Docibilis I of Gaeta">Docibilus I</a>, who inaugurated the Docibile dynasty. By the 10th century, the city would reach the acme of economic, political and artistic power, to the point of being called <i>The Little Venice of the Tyrrhenian</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-gaeta_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaeta-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaeta traded with the most important Italian cities, had consulates in <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barberia</a>, had its own laws and its own currency, the <i>follaro</i>, which was widely diffused in the Italian markets. Gaeta controlled an area roughly corresponding to the western part of the current <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Latina" title="Province of Latina">Province of Latina</a> and for some years had dominion over the <a href="/wiki/Pontine_Islands" title="Pontine Islands">Pontine Islands</a>. </p><p>Due to the importance of maritime traffic, the duchy adopted a peculiar organization, in which the power of the duke was limited by the weight of the aristocracy and of a people that was becoming ever stronger, more conscious and more prosperous. Freed from a Saracen siege in 846 with the help of Naples and Amalfi, Gaeta defeated the Muslims at Ostia in 849 and on the Garigliano in 915; it also availed itself of their help against <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VIII" title="Pope John VIII">Pope John VIII</a>. </p><p>In 1032, following a dynastic crisis, the Docibiles, who had reigned up to that moment, had to cede Gaeta to the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Capua" title="Principality of Capua">Principality of Capua</a>. For the following sixty years, independent dukes alternated with Capuan vassals. In 1100, new Norman dukes freed the city and kept it independent until 1135, when the last duke, Richard III, bequeathed it to <a href="/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily" title="Roger II of Sicily">Roger II of Sicily</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Espansione_di_Gaeta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Espansione_di_Gaeta.png/700px-Espansione_di_Gaeta.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="445" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Espansione_di_Gaeta.png 1.5x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>Expansion and trade of Gaeta</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noli">Noli</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Noli"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Noli" title="Republic of Noli">Republic of Noli</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Noli.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Noli.svg/170px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Noli.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Noli.svg/255px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Noli.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Noli.svg/340px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Noli.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>The Noli flag bears the Cross of San Giovanni Battista</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noli-1941_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Noli-1941_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Noli-1941_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Noli-1941_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Noli-1941_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Noli-1941_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Noli-1941_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Panorama di Noli</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noli-IMG_1620.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Noli-IMG_1620.JPG/220px-Noli-IMG_1620.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Noli-IMG_1620.JPG/330px-Noli-IMG_1620.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Noli-IMG_1620.JPG/440px-Noli-IMG_1620.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2444" data-file-height="1764" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/San_Paragorio" title="San Paragorio">San Paragorio</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noli-IMG_1594.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Noli-IMG_1594.JPG/170px-Noli-IMG_1594.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Noli-IMG_1594.JPG/255px-Noli-IMG_1594.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Noli-IMG_1594.JPG/340px-Noli-IMG_1594.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Palazzo della Loggia</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Noli" title="Noli">Noli</a>'s fortune began with the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>: its particular geographical position in fact made it an important port for the construction of ships and the transport of men and provisions directed to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>. By participating in the Crusades, Noli obtained numerous privileges from the Christian sovereigns of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Antioch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and above all enormous wealth, with which it was able to gradually buy the various marquis rights from the Marquises of the Carretto House, on whom it depended. Noli gained complete independence in 1192, made official four years later by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a>. </p><p>Just ten years after its founding, the consuls of the newborn municipality decided to ally themselves with the nearby and much more powerful Republic of Genoa: in 1202 Noli became its protectorate, a condition that would last for its entire existence. This made Noli an anomalous maritime republic compared to the others: it never minted its own money nor had independent warehouses, relying on the Genoese for these assets, while maintaining total internal independence. </p><p>The small republic experienced a period of flourishing expansion throughout the 13th and 14th centuries, in which it built many new towers, built a wall and extended its borders to the neighboring towns of Orco, Mallare, Segno and Vadocittà. A strongly Guelph city, it adhered to the <a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a> against <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a> and was rewarded for this by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Pope Gregory IX</a> with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Savona-Noli" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Savona-Noli">Roman Catholic Diocese of Savona-Noli</a> in 1239 and the donation of the island of <a href="/wiki/Bergeggi_(island)" title="Bergeggi (island)">Bergeggi</a>. </p><p>But the prosperity of Noli was linked to the Crusades: when these ended, its geographical position, so useful in the 13th century, proved unsuitable for the traffic of greater cabotage of 15th-century ships. The people of Noli, cut off from maritime trade, ceased all mercantile activity and they became fishermen. This is another peculiarity of the history of Noli: from 1400 onward, it ceased to be a seafaring state, while retaining its independence for another four centuries. </p><p>Commercial isolation was added to continuous wars with the neighboring towns of <a href="/wiki/Savona" title="Savona">Savona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finale_Ligure" title="Finale Ligure">Finale Ligure</a>, which condemned Noli to a long decline destined to last until the end of independence, which took place in 1797 with the annexation to the <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Republic" title="Ligurian Republic">Ligurian Republic</a>. </p><p>According to some scholars, the navigator <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Noli" title="António de Noli">António de Noli</a>, an explorer of the African coasts, was born in Noli, but this is debatable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_between_the_maritime_republics">Relations between the maritime republics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Relations between the maritime republics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Relationships between the maritime republics arose from their nature as states dedicated to navigation and maritime commerce. These relationships were often expressed as political or economic agreements aimed at shared profit from a trade route or mutual non-interference. In the first centuries, when they had not yet become strong enough to oppose each other, the maritime republics were often allied in order to free their routes from Saracen corsairs: such allegiances include Genoa and Pisa, Venice and Ancona, and Amalfi and Pisa. The <a href="/wiki/Mahdia_campaign_of_1087" title="Mahdia campaign of 1087">Mahdia campaign of 1087</a> saw Genoa, Gaeta, Pisa and Amalfi aligned side by side. But this situation was short-lived: after a few decades, the competition for the control of the commercial routes with the East and in the Mediterranean unleashed bloody fratricidal wars and a real selection among the maritime republics. Amalfi would be sacked by Pisa, which would be destroyed by Genoa, which would be defeated by Venice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venice_and_Genoa">Venice and Genoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Venice and Genoa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Venetian%E2%80%93Genoese_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian–Genoese Wars">Venetian–Genoese Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5000_lire_(Repubbliche_marinare).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/5000_lire_%28Repubbliche_marinare%29.jpg/220px-5000_lire_%28Repubbliche_marinare%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/5000_lire_%28Repubbliche_marinare%29.jpg/330px-5000_lire_%28Repubbliche_marinare%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/5000_lire_%28Repubbliche_marinare%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="219" /></a><figcaption>From 1947 to 1963, the 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">lira</a> (as well as the 10,000 lira) bore the <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a> of the two most powerful and rival maritime republics: Genoa and Venice</figcaption></figure> <p>The relationship between Genoa and Venice was almost continuously competitive and hostile, both economically and militarily. Until the beginning of the 13th century, hostilities were limited to rare acts of piracy and isolated skirmishes. In 1218 Venice and Genoa reached an agreement to end the piracy and to safeguard each other. Genoa was guaranteed the right to trade in the eastern imperial lands, a new and profitable market. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_of_Saint_Sabas_and_the_conflict_of_1293–99"><span id="War_of_Saint_Sabas_and_the_conflict_of_1293.E2.80.9399"></span>War of Saint Sabas and the conflict of 1293–99</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: War of Saint Sabas and the conflict of 1293–99"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/War_of_Saint_Sabas" title="War of Saint Sabas">War of Saint Sabas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1296%E2%80%931302)" title="Byzantine–Venetian War (1296–1302)">Byzantine–Venetian War (1296–1302)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curzola" title="Battle of Curzola">Battle of Curzola</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venetian_galley_at_Curzola-engraving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Venetian_galley_at_Curzola-engraving.jpg/220px-Venetian_galley_at_Curzola-engraving.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Venetian_galley_at_Curzola-engraving.jpg/330px-Venetian_galley_at_Curzola-engraving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Venetian_galley_at_Curzola-engraving.jpg/440px-Venetian_galley_at_Curzola-engraving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="915" /></a><figcaption>A Venetian galley during the Battle of Curzola (19th century engraving)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first major conflict between the two republics broke out in the city of <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Saint-Jean d'Acre</a> over ownership of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sabas_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Sabas monastery">Saint Sabas monastery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Genoese occupied it in 1255, sacked the Venetian neighbourhood and sank the ships docked there. Venice first agreed to an alliance with Pisa regarding their common interests in Syria and Palestine, but then counter-attacked, destroying the fortified monastery. The flight of the Genoese and of the baron <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Montfort,_Lord_of_Tyre" title="Philip of Montfort, Lord of Tyre">Philip of Montfort</a>, ruler of the Christian principality of Syria, concluded the first phase of the punitive expedition. </p><p>Just one year later, the three maritime powers clashed in an unequal struggle in the waters facing Saint-Jean d'Acre. Almost all the Genoese <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galleys</a> were sunk and 1,700 fighters and sailors were killed. The Genoese responded by allying with the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a>, formed by the Byzantines who were driven out of Constantinople by the Venetians during the Fourth Crusade and aimed to take it back. In 1261, the Nicaeans overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire of Constantinople</a>, a puppet state of the Venetians that ruled the city. Genoa therefore replaced Venice in the monopoly of commerce with the Black Sea territories. The Battle of Curzola in 1298 saw the capture of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Dandolo_(admiral)" title="Andrea Dandolo (admiral)">Andrea Dandolo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>, and despite Genoa's victory, both rivals were left exhausted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_of_the_Straits">War of the Straits</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: War of the Straits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Straits" title="War of the Straits">War of the Straits</a></div> <p>The Genoese expansion in the Black Sea led to the outbreak of a new conflict with Venice, whose fleet, allied with the Eastern Empire and led by <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Pisani" title="Niccolò Pisani">Niccolò Pisani</a>, attempted to drive the Genoese from their colony of <a href="/wiki/Galata" title="Galata">Galata</a>, but was repelled by <a href="/wiki/Paganino_Doria" title="Paganino Doria">Paganino Doria</a>. The two clashed again in the 1352 Battle of the Bosphorus, with an indecisive outcome. In 1353, the Venetians allied with the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a> to attack the Genoese city of Alghero in Sardinia: the battle of the Lojera was the greatest Genoese defeat at the time. The Genoese regrouped in 1354 at the islet of <a href="/wiki/Sapientza" title="Sapientza">Sapientza</a> in the Peloponnese, but were unable to take advantage of the victorious <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sapienza" title="Battle of Sapienza">Battle of Sapienza</a>. The following year, the two republics stipulated a not-too-onerous peace, undertaking not to send ships to the Tana for three years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_of_Chioggia">War of Chioggia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: War of Chioggia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_of_Chioggia" title="War of Chioggia">War of Chioggia</a></div> <p>Towards the end of the 14th century, the Genoese occupied <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tenedos" title="Tenedos">Tenedos</a>, which triggered the Venetians' reaction. After an initial success, the Venetians were defeated in <a href="/wiki/Pula" title="Pula">Pula</a> by the Genoese, who occupied <a href="/wiki/Chioggia" title="Chioggia">Chioggia</a> and laid <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege</a> to Venice. But the Venetians managed to set up a new fleet and in turn besiege the Genoese in Chioggia, who were forced to surrender. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turin_(1381)" title="Treaty of Turin (1381)">1381 Treaty of Turin</a>, which put an end to the war, caused opposing effects: Genoa, defeated once and for all, was able to keep Cyprus, but took the road of a decline which lasted until the 16th century; Venice, exhausted victor, had to come to terms with its rival's allies and cede Dalmatia to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>, but managed to recover in the 15th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Land_battles_and_gathering_in_the_Holy_League">Land battles and gathering in the Holy League</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Land battles and gathering in the Holy League"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Battle of Lepanto</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Lepanto_1571.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Battle_of_Lepanto_1571.jpg/250px-Battle_of_Lepanto_1571.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Battle_of_Lepanto_1571.jpg/375px-Battle_of_Lepanto_1571.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Battle_of_Lepanto_1571.jpg/500px-Battle_of_Lepanto_1571.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1341" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Battle of Lepanto</a> in a painting from the <a href="/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum" title="National Maritime Museum">National Maritime Museum</a>, Greenwich, London</figcaption></figure> <p>Around the mid-15th century, Genoa stipulated an alliance with Florence and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a>, headed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles VII of France</a>. Meanwhile, Venice sided with <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso V of Aragon">Alfonso V of Aragon</a>, who occupied the throne of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>. Due to the rivalry of the Italian States, two great coalitions were formed, and foreign intervention in the peninsula steadily increased. </p><p>The expansion of the Ottoman Empire after the fall of Constantinople jeopardized the eastern trade of the two republics. Therefore, they abandoned their rivalry to join the <a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1571)" title="Holy League (1571)">Holy League</a> created by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a>. Most of the Christian fleet consisted of Venetian ships, around 100 galleys. Genoa sailed under the Spanish flag, as the Republic of Genoa lent all its ships to <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a>. The imposing Christian League fleet gathered in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Lepanto" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Lepanto">Gulf of Lepanto</a> under the command of the Spaniard <a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a> to clash with the Turkish fleet commanded by <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCezzinzade_Ali_Pasha" title="Müezzinzade Ali Pasha">Kapudan Ali Pasha</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Battle of Lepanto</a> was fought from midday on 7 October 1571 until the following dawn and ended in victory for the Christian League. </p><p>Nonetheless, the Ottoman Empire later made many Genoese and Venetian colonies capitulate and forced the two republics to seek a new destiny: Genoa found it in nascent international finance, and Venice in terrestrial expansion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genoa_and_Pisa">Genoa and Pisa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Genoa and Pisa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Genoa and Pisa had many exchanges given their proximity. Initially, relations were one of collaboration and alliance in dealing with the looming and increasingly threatening Muslim expansion. Later, however, rivalries flared up and dominated the western Mediterranean. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Allies_against_the_Saracens">Allies against the Saracens</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Allies against the Saracens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marciana_Marina_-_Pisanischer_Wachtturm_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Marciana_Marina_-_Pisanischer_Wachtturm_1.jpg/200px-Marciana_Marina_-_Pisanischer_Wachtturm_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Marciana_Marina_-_Pisanischer_Wachtturm_1.jpg/300px-Marciana_Marina_-_Pisanischer_Wachtturm_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Marciana_Marina_-_Pisanischer_Wachtturm_1.jpg/400px-Marciana_Marina_-_Pisanischer_Wachtturm_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Watchtower in <a href="/wiki/Marciana_Marina" title="Marciana Marina">Marciana Marina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a>, built by the Republic of Pisa as a defence against Saracene pirates</figcaption></figure> <p>Saracen armies had advanced into <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, and were trying to conquer <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>. To resist them, <a href="/wiki/Pisan%E2%80%93Genoese_expeditions_to_Sardinia_(1015%E2%80%931016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisan–Genoese expeditions to Sardinia (1015–1016)">Genoa and Pisa joined forces</a> to banish the fleet of <a href="/wiki/Muj%C4%81hid_al-%E2%80%98%C4%80mir%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujāhid al-‘Āmirī">Mujāhid al-‘Āmirī</a> from the coasts of Sardinia, where it had settled temporarily between 1015 and 1016, threatening the survival of the Sardinian <i><a href="/wiki/Giudicati" class="mw-redirect" title="Giudicati">giudicati</a></i>. Once that was achieved, disputes soon broke out over control of the conquered territories. Due to the limited forces available, the alliance was unable to occupy the large Tyrrhenian island for long. </p><p>The many disputes, even the armed ones, were set aside in 1087 when they reunited to fight their common enemy. In the summer of the same year, a massive fleet composed of two hundred galleys from Genoa and Pisa, with some from Gaeta, <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a> and Amalfi, set sail for the Mediterranean coast of Africa. The fleet mounted a <a href="/wiki/Mahdia_campaign_of_1087" title="Mahdia campaign of 1087">successful offensive against Mahdia</a> on 6 August 1087. On 21 April 1092, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Pope Gregory VII</a> elevated the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Pisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Pisa">archdiocese of Pisa</a> to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(religious_jurisdiction)" title="Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)">metropolitan archdiocese</a> and placed the bishops of <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> under its authority. </p><p>That same victorious expedition persuaded <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a> that a large <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">crusade</a> to liberate the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> would be possible. Around the 1110s, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_II" title="Pope Paschal II">Pope Paschal II</a> asked Pisans and Genoese to organize a crusade in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Mediterranean">western Mediterranean</a>. <a href="/wiki/1113%E2%80%9315_Balearic_Islands_expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="1113–15 Balearic Islands expedition">The expedition</a> was very successful and freed the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> from the Muslims. As a sign of gratitude, the pope granted many privileges to the two republics. The Pisan archbishop was granted primacy over Sardinia, in addition to Corsica. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_war_between_Pisa_and_Genoa">First war between Pisa and Genoa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: First war between Pisa and Genoa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The papal concessions to the Pisan archbishop greatly increased the Tuscan republic's fame throughout the Mediterranean, but at the same time aroused Genoese envy, which soon developed into clashes for the control of Corsica. Genoa attacked Pisa twice in 1066 and 1070, but was defeated. </p><p>The war resumed in 1119 when the Genoese attacked some Pisan galleys, beginning a bloody war on sea and land. It lasted until 1133, interrupted by several truces that were sometimes observed and sometimes violated. The clashes were brought to an end by sharing authority over the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ajaccio" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Ajaccio">Corsican dioceses</a> between the two cities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_war">Second war</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Second war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_Barbarossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I Barbarossa">Frederick I Barbarossa</a> came to Italy to oppose the power of the Italian cities, Genoa gave its support to the imperial cause, although with slight reservations, while Pisa made its support conditional on the emperor taking part in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Milan" title="Siege of Milan">siege of Milan</a>. In 1162 and 1163, Frederick I granted Pisa great privileges, such as control of the Tyrrhenian coast as far as <a href="/wiki/Civitavecchia" title="Civitavecchia">Civitavecchia</a>. </p><p>This reignited Genoa's resentment and rivalry, which once again developed into open conflict with clashes of mixed fortunes. Genoa, weakened by factional clashes and wars for control of the Oltregiogo, suffered a series of naval defeats. To remedy this, it made an alliance with Lucca in the mid-1160s: in exchange for a land attack against Pisa in combination with a naval one, the Genoese would build the Motrone Tower for the Luccans along the <i>via Regia</i>, in the area where <a href="/wiki/Viareggio" title="Viareggio">Viareggio</a> now stands. The alliance between Lucca and Genoa would be renewed at other times, but the tower was then destroyed by the Pisans in 1170 during another series of clashes, in which Florence also intervened to help Pisa. </p><p>There was a pause in the conflict on Frederick's fourth descent into Italy, but it resumed soon after his departure. Peace was reached on 6 November 1175 with the return of the Holy Roman Emperor to Italy. The agreement favoured Genoa, expanding its overseas territories. Pisa and Genoa took part in the campaign commanded by Frederick's successor <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Giglio">Battle of Giglio</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Battle of Giglio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Giglio_(1241)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Giglio (1241)">Battle of Giglio (1241)</a></div> <p>In 1241, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Pope Gregory IX</a> called a <a href="/wiki/Church_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Church council">council</a> in Rome to confirm the excommunication of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a>; Genoa, then in the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs</a>, offered to escort the French, Spanish and Lombard prelates to defend them from the Ghibellines, with the help of Venice and the papacy. But the imperial fleet, assisted by that of Pisa, destroyed them between the <a href="/wiki/Isola_del_Giglio" title="Isola del Giglio">Isola del Giglio</a> and the island of <a href="/wiki/Montecristo" title="Montecristo">Montecristo</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Giglio_(1241)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Giglio (1241)">Battle of Giglio</a> marked the apex of Ghibelline power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Meloria_and_the_end_of_Pisa">Battle of Meloria and the end of Pisa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Battle of Meloria and the end of Pisa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meloria_(1284)" title="Battle of Meloria (1284)">Battle of Meloria (1284)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Litograph_of_the_Battle_of_Meloria_(1284)_by_Armanino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Litograph_of_the_Battle_of_Meloria_%281284%29_by_Armanino.jpg/300px-Litograph_of_the_Battle_of_Meloria_%281284%29_by_Armanino.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Litograph_of_the_Battle_of_Meloria_%281284%29_by_Armanino.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>Lithograph of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meloria_(1284)" title="Battle of Meloria (1284)">Battle of Meloria</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armanino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armanino (page does not exist)">Armanino</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From 1282 to 1284, Genoa and Pisa reverted to fighting each other. The decisive episode of these clashes was the long naval <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meloria_(1284)" title="Battle of Meloria (1284)">battle of Meloria</a> on 6 August 1284. The Genoese emerged victorious, while the Pisan galleys, receiving no assistance from <a href="/wiki/Ugolino_della_Gherardesca" title="Ugolino della Gherardesca">Count Ugolino</a>, were forced to retreat to the port of Pisa. Prisoners taken by the Genoese were in the order of thousands. Among them was the poet <a href="/wiki/Rustichello_da_Pisa" title="Rustichello da Pisa">Rustichello da Pisa</a>, who met Marco Polo (captured during the Battle of Curzola) and wrote down the adventures of the Venetian explorer. </p><p>The Battle of Meloria greatly reduced the power of the Pisan Republic, which never regained its leading role in the western Mediterranean. Pisa had lost thousands of young men in the battle, causing a population collapse. About fifty years later, Pisan lord <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fazio_Novello_della_Gherardesca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fazio Novello della Gherardesca (page does not exist)">Fazio Novello della Gherardesca</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazio_Novello_della_Gherardesca" class="extiw" title="it:Fazio Novello della Gherardesca">it</a>]</span> signed treaties with Genoa. In spite of these, the Genoese assisted the Florentines in the 1406 siege of Pisa, spelling the republic's end. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venice_and_Pisa">Venice and Pisa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Venice and Pisa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bohemond_daimbert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bohemond_daimbert.jpg/200px-Bohemond_daimbert.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bohemond_daimbert.jpg/300px-Bohemond_daimbert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bohemond_daimbert.jpg/400px-Bohemond_daimbert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1409" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_of_Pisa" title="Dagobert of Pisa">Dagobert</a> sailing in a ship flying <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_cross" class="mw-redirect" title="St George's cross">St George's cross</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first clash between Pisa and Venice was triggered by competition for participation in the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>. The two republics had moved late: five months after the Crusader conquest of Jerusalem, they had not even reached the Holy Land, but were wintering in the waters of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, where they came to battle in December 1099. <a href="/wiki/Dagobert_of_Pisa" title="Dagobert of Pisa">Dagobert of Pisa</a>, commander of the Pisan fleet, was defeated by the Venetian bishop Eugenio Contarini, thus ensuring the Venetian monopoly of trade with Byzantium. </p><p>Subsequently, the Venetian fleet contributed to the capture of <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> while Dagobert became the first <a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem</a> and crowned <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon" title="Godfrey of Bouillon">Godfrey</a> as the first <a href="/wiki/Christian_King_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian King of Jerusalem">Christian King of Jerusalem</a>. Relationships between Pisa and Venice were not always characterized by rivalry and antagonism. Over the centuries, the two republics signed several agreements concerning their zones of influence and action, to avoid hindering each other. </p><p>On 13 October 1180, the Doge of Venice and a representative of the Pisan consuls signed an agreement for the reciprocal non-interference in Adriatic and <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian</a> affairs, and in 1206 Pisa and Venice concluded a treaty in which they reaffirmed the respective zones of influence. Despite their friendship, Venice did not assist Pisa in its crisis, resulting in the loss of an ally and the strengthening of its rival Genoa. </p><p>Between 1494 and 1509, during the siege of Pisa by Florence, Venice went to rescue of the Pisans, following a policy of safeguarding Italian territory from foreign intervention. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amalfi_and_Pisa">Amalfi and Pisa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Amalfi and Pisa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amalfi had already lost complete autonomy beginning in the second half of the 11th century, although it continued running its commercial routes and enjoyed a large degree of administrative autonomy, at least in this period. Under the protection of the <a href="/wiki/Norman_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman people">Norman</a> <a href="/wiki/William_II,_Duke_of_Apulia" title="William II, Duke of Apulia">William II</a>, third Duke of Apulia, in October 1126 the administrators of Amalfi reached a profitable commercial agreement with neighbouring Pisa, to collaborate in the protection of their common interests in the Tyrrhenian. This agreement was the outcome of a decades-old friendship with the Tuscan republic. </p><p>However, Amalfi had no army of its own to protect its commercial interests. Therefore Amalfian ships are not often reported to have been engaged in military action against other maritime republics. In fact it was the Pisan army that broke the pact with Amalfi, by attacking the coastal city on 4 August 1135 during the war waged by Pope <a href="/wiki/Innocent_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Innocent II">Innocent II</a> and the new emperor <a href="/wiki/Lothair_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor">Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, aided by the republics of Genoa and Pisa, against the Norman <a href="/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily" title="Roger II of Sicily">Roger II of Sicily</a>, who controlled Amalfi. That war ended in favour of Roger II, who gained recognition of his rights over the territories of South Italy, but it was a severe blow for Amalfi, which lost both its fleet and its political autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amalfi_and_Gaeta">Amalfi and Gaeta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Amalfi and Gaeta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amalfi and Gaeta were often allied, along with other southern states, to counter the Saracen corsairs. In 846, together with the duchies of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Naples" title="Duchy of Naples">Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sorrento" title="Duchy of Sorrento">Sorrento</a>, they defeated the Muslims for the first time in the Battle of Licosa. In 849, the two cities joined the Campania League (together with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Pope Leo IV</a>, Naples and Sorrento) to defend the port of Ostia and therefore Rome from the Saracen invasion. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostia" title="Battle of Ostia">Battle of Ostia</a> is considered by some eminent historians to be the first real military league between Italian states and the greatest victory of a Christian fleet over the Muslims until the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Battle of Lepanto</a>. </p><p>But the definitive victory over the Muslims came in 915, when Amalfi and Gaeta formed the Roman League with <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_X" title="Pope John X">Pope John X</a>, Naples, Capua, Salerno, Benevento, the Kingdom of Italy and the Byzantine Empire and won the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garigliano" title="Battle of Garigliano">Battle of Garigliano</a>, in which they destroyed the large Arab-Berber colony of Garigliano and blocked Muslim expansion in Italy. Finally, in 1087, Amalfi and Gaeta combined their fleets with those of Pisa, Genoa and Salerno and successfully attacked the Tunisian port of <a href="/wiki/Mahdia" title="Mahdia">Mahdia</a>. </p><p>The two republics always maintained excellent relations with the Islamic countries despite the repression of privateering, as the Saracens were not subjects of <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emirs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliphs</a>. The Islamic countries were the main trading partners of the two duchies and they could, depending on the circumstances, be useful for preserving the duchies' independence against the Greek or the German emperor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venice,_Ancona_and_Ragusa"><span id="Venice.2C_Ancona_and_Ragusa"></span>Venice, Ancona and Ragusa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Venice, Ancona and Ragusa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Venice and Ancona had been allied against the Saracens in the 11th century, the commercial competition of Venice on one side and Ancona with Ragusa on the other soon prevailed, since all three cities overlooked the Adriatic Sea. On more than one occasion it came to open confrontation: Venice, aware of its greater economic and military power, disliked competition from other maritime cities in the Adriatic. To resist Venetian rule, Ancona and Ragusa made multiple and lasting alliances, almost a federation.<sup id="cite_ref-ragusa_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ragusa-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1173, Venice joined forces with <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I Barbarossa</a>'s imperial army to besiege Ancona. The Venetians blocked Ancona's port, while the imperial troops surrounded the city from the ground. After a few months of dramatic resistance, the Anconitans, supported by the Byzantines, managed to send a small squad to <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a>. They enlisted the aid of troops from <a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bertinoro" title="Bertinoro">Bertinoro</a>, who drove out the Venetian-imperial troops.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Venice" title="Treaty of Venice">Treaty of Venice</a>, among other measures, regulated the relations between the forces participating in the siege of Ancona. About twenty years later, in 1195, ships from Pisa and Ancona attempted to free navigation in the Adriatic from Venetian control, but were put to flight and chased as far as Constantinople. </p><p>In the 13th century, the tensions continued: Venice took possession of Ragusa in 1205 and therefore directed its destinies for more than a century, slowing down its maritime expansion. Ragusa reacted by developing a dense network of commercial relations with the interior of the Balkan peninsula. Some recent studies consider the Venetian period of Ragusa not a real subjection, but a sort of protectorate. Furthermore, in 1277 the Venetians attacked the port of Ancona, however suffering a resounding defeat: thus a new war began, which ended in 1281 with the Treaty of Ravenna. The 14th century saw the end of the Venetian domination of Ragusa in 1358, which was thus able to reconfirm its ancient alliance with Ancona.<sup id="cite_ref-ragusa_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ragusa-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pisa_and_Ancona">Pisa and Ancona</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Pisa and Ancona"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Relations between the two maritime republics of central Italy varied greatly depending on the circumstances: they fought in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Saint_Sabas" title="War of Saint Sabas">War of Saint Sabas</a>, but allied themselves against Venice twice, in 1195 and in 1257. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noli_and_Genoa">Noli and Genoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Noli and Genoa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Noli was a Genoese <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> from 1202 to the end of its independence, a choice that allowed it not to be crushed by the immense superiority of its neighbour, albeit with some conditioning in foreign policy. Noli reciprocated the protection by helping Genoa in its wars against Pisa and Venice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regatta_of_the_Historical_Marine_Republics">Regatta of the Historical Marine Republics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Regatta of the Historical Marine Republics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Regatta_of_the_Historical_Marine_Republics" title="Regatta of the Historical Marine Republics">Regatta of the Historical Marine Republics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regata_delle_Antiche_Repubbliche_Marinare_collage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Regata_delle_Antiche_Repubbliche_Marinare_collage.jpg/220px-Regata_delle_Antiche_Repubbliche_Marinare_collage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Regata_delle_Antiche_Repubbliche_Marinare_collage.jpg/330px-Regata_delle_Antiche_Repubbliche_Marinare_collage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Regata_delle_Antiche_Repubbliche_Marinare_collage.jpg/440px-Regata_delle_Antiche_Repubbliche_Marinare_collage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1535" /></a><figcaption>The four boats participating in the Regatta</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1955, to commemorate the glorious deeds of the four best-known maritime republics, the municipal administrations of Venice, Genoa, Amalfi and Pisa decided to establish the Regatta of the Historical Marine Republics, a rowing competition preceded by a historical procession. </p><p>The event takes place annually between the end of May and the beginning of July, and is hosted on a rotating basis in the aforementioned cities. To date, the team with the most victories according to the roll of honor is Venice, followed by Amalfi, Genoa, and Pisa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_city-states" title="Dalmatian city-states">Dalmatian city-states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">List of historic states of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outremer" class="mw-redirect" title="Outremer">Outremer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">Thalassocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocratic_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristocratic republic">Aristocratic republic</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristokratische_Republik" class="extiw" title="de:Aristokratische Republik">de</a>]</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">To the Principality of Salerno from 1039 to 1052</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">To the Visconti from 1353 to 1356</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">To France from 1396 to 1409. To the Visconti from 1421 to 1436</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">To France in 1460</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">To Milan from 1466 to 1499</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">To France from 1499 to 1506. After a period of extreme political weakness, Andrea Doria re-established autonomy in 1528.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Austrian occupation in 1746, which ended following a popular revolt.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">To the Visconti from 1399 to 1402</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Briefly reconstituted from 1494 to 1509</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">With 751, the year of the Exarchate of Ravenna's collapse, the gradual process that led to Venice's independence began; in 840, the year of the <i>Pactum Lotharii</i>, Venice was already capable of autonomously signing agreements with the Empire.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">To the Malatestas from 1348 to 1353</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Under the direct rule of the Church from 1353 to 1383</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">To the Principality of Capua from 1032 to 1039. To Salerno from 1040 to 1045. To Capua from 1058 to 1061.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">To Capua from 1068 to 1092</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Protectorate of Genoa since 1202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the 15th century onward, the Republic of Noli ceased its maritime activities.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">To Venice from 1205 to 1207, from 1211 to 1215, and from 1217 to 1230. To the Despotate of Epirus from 1230 to 1232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">To Venice</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">To Venice until 1358</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131227030826/http://www.marina.difesa.it/storiacultura/storia/tradizioni/Pagine/LaBandiera.aspx">"La Bandiera della Marina Militare"</a>. <i>Marina Militare</i> (in Italian). Ministero della Difesa. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marina.difesa.it/storiacultura/storia/tradizioni/Pagine/LaBandiera.aspx">the original</a> on 27 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marina+Militare&rft.atitle=La+Bandiera+della+Marina+Militare&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marina.difesa.it%2Fstoriacultura%2Fstoria%2Ftradizioni%2FPagine%2FLaBandiera.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+republics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The International Geographic Encyclopedia and Atlas</i>, <i>Ancona</i> (p. 27), Springer, 1979. ISBN 9781349050024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Persi-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Persi_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Persi_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Persi_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peris Persi, in <i>Conoscere l'Italia</i>, vol. Marche, Istituto Geografico De Agostini, Novara 1982 (p. 74); AA.VV. <i>Meravigliosa Italia, Enciclopedia delle regioni</i>, edited by Valerio Lugoni, Aristea, Milano; Guido Piovene, in <i>Tuttitalia</i>, Casa Editrice Sansoni, Firenze & Istituto Geografico De Agostini, Novara (p. 31); Pietro Zampetti, in <i>Itinerari dell'Espresso</i>, vol. Marche, edited by Neri Pozza, Editrice L'Espresso, Rome, 1980</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Touring Club Italiano, <i>Lazio</i> Touring Editore, 1981 (p. 743); Giovanna Bergamaschi, <i>Arte in Italia: guida ai luoghi ed alle opere dell'Italia artistica</i>, Electa, 1983 (p. 243); Salvatore Aurigemma, Angelo de Santis, <i>Gaeta, Formia, Minturno</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giovanni Murialdo, <i>Dinamiche territoriali e commerciali nella Noli signorile e comunale...</i>, in: Mauro Darchi, Francesca Bandini, <i>La repubblica di Noli e l'importanza dei porti minori del Mediterraneo nel Medioevo</i>, Firenze, All'Insegna del Giglio, 2004 (p. 9)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bohun Lynch, <i>The Italian Riviera: Its Scenery, Customs, and Food, with Notes Upon the Maritime Alps</i>, Doubleday, Doran, 1927 (p. 159).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AA. VV., <i>Medioevo latino, bollettino bibliografico della cultura europea da Boezio a Erasmo (secoli VI – XV), volume 28</i>, Sismel Edizioni del Galluzzo, 2007, (p. 1338); Giuseppe Gallo, <i>La Repubblica di Genova tra nobili e popolari (1257–1528)</i>, edizioni De Ferrari, 1997, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1301/trade-in-medieval-europe/">"Trade in Medieval Europe"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Trade+in+Medieval+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Farticle%2F1301%2Ftrade-in-medieval-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+republics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://presidenti.quirinale.it/Elementi/182831">"BRINDISI DEL PRESIDENTE DELLA REPUBBLICA CARLO AZEGLIO CIAMPI IN OCCASIONE DEL PRANZO DI STATO IN ONORE DI SUA MAESTA' LA REGINA ELISABETTA II E DEL DUCA DI EDIMBURGO"</a>. <i>Palazzo del Quirinale</i> (in Italian). 16 October 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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ISBN 9788858655887.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graziano Arici, <i>La galea ritrovata</i>, publisher Consorzio Venezia nuova, 2003, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giovanni Brancaccio, <i>Geografia, cartografia e storia del Mezzogiorno</i>, publisher Guida Editori, 1991 (Google books, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FxIn0_nDhiIC&q=Venezia%2C+Genova+e+Ancona">p. 99</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genovatoday.it/cronaca/genova-superba-origine-soprannome.html">"Genova "la Superba": l'origine del soprannome"</a>. <i>Genova Today</i> (in Italian). 23 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genova+Today&rft.atitle=Genova+%22la+Superba%22%3A+l%27origine+del+soprannome&rft.date=2015-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.genovatoday.it%2Fcronaca%2Fgenova-superba-origine-soprannome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+republics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalton" class="citation book cs1">Walton, Nicholas. <i>Genoa, 'La Superba': The Rise and Fall of a Merchant Pirate Superpower</i>. Hurst; 1 edition.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genoa%2C+%27La+Superba%27%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+a+Merchant+Pirate+Superpower&rft.pub=Hurst%3B+1+edition&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+republics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. J. Norwich, <i>A History of Venice</i>, p. 176–180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ragusa-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ragusa_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ragusa_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ragusa_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li>Francis F. Carter, <i>Dubrovnik (Ragusa): A Classical City-state</i>, publisher: Seminar Press, London-New York, 1972 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-812950-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-812950-0">978-0-12-812950-0</a>;</li> <li>Robin Harris, <i>Dubrovnik: A History</i>, publisher: Saqi Books, 2006. p. 127, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-959-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-959-3">978-0-86356-959-3</a></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armando Lodolini, <i>Le repubbliche del mare</i>, publisher: Biblioteca di storia patria, Rome, 1967 (chapter <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iststudiatell.org/p_isa/NE/rsc_vol_02.pdf">Ancona</a></i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oocities.org/capitolhill/lobby/9118/atelier/faw/faw-it-c.htm">World Vexilology and Heraldry: Italy – Centre</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrekićKazhdan1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Krekić, Bariša; Kazhdan, Alexander (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F9qwtAEACAAJ">"Dubrovnik"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 665. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195046526" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195046526"><bdi>978-0195046526</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dubrovnik&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=665&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0195046526&rft.aulast=Kreki%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Bari%C5%A1a&rft.au=Kazhdan%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF9qwtAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+republics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paton-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paton_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Archibald Paton (1861). <i>Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic; Or Contributions to the Modern History of Hungary and Transylvania, Dalmatia and Croatia, Servia and Bulgaria</i>, Brockhaus</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2006" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Robin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9GxpAAAAMAAJ"><i>Dubrovnik, A History</i></a>. Saqi Books. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0863563325" title="Special:BookSources/0863563325"><bdi>0863563325</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dubrovnik%2C+A+History&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Saqi+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0863563325&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9GxpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+republics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Meyer_Setton" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Meyer Setton">Kenneth Meyer Setton</a> (1978). <i>The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571</i> Vol. 2, (Diane Publishing), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87169-127-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87169-127-2">0-87169-127-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2006" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Robin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9GxpAAAAMAAJ"><i>Dubrovnik, A History</i></a>. Saqi Books. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0863563325" title="Special:BookSources/0863563325"><bdi>0863563325</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dubrovnik%2C+A+History&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Saqi+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0863563325&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9GxpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+republics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaneković_Römer2003" class="citation book cs1">Janeković Römer, Zdenka (2003). <i>Višegradski ugovor – temelj Dubrovačke Republike</i> [<i>The Treaty of Viségrad: the Foundation of the Republic of Dubrovnik</i>]. Golden marketing. pp. 99–100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vi%C5%A1egradski+ugovor+%E2%80%93+temelj+Dubrova%C4%8Dke+Republike&rft.pages=99-100&rft.pub=Golden+marketing&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Janekovi%C4%87+R%C3%B6mer&rft.aufirst=Zdenka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+republics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2006" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Robin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9GxpAAAAMAAJ"><i>Dubrovnik, A History</i></a>. Saqi Books. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0863563325" title="Special:BookSources/0863563325"><bdi>0863563325</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dubrovnik%2C+A+History&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Saqi+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0863563325&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9GxpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+republics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLodgePugh2007" class="citation book cs1">Lodge, R. Anthony; Pugh, Stefan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WxULAQAAMAAJ"><i>Language contact and minority languages on the littorals of Europe</i></a>. Logos Verlag. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3832516444" title="Special:BookSources/978-3832516444"><bdi>978-3832516444</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+contact+and+minority+languages+on+the+littorals+of+Europe&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Logos+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3832516444&rft.aulast=Lodge&rft.aufirst=R.+Anthony&rft.au=Pugh%2C+Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWxULAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+republics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lodge-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lodge_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lodge_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLodgePugh2007" class="citation book cs1">Lodge, R. Anthony; Pugh, Stefan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WxULAQAAMAAJ"><i>Language contact and minority languages on the littorals of Europe</i></a>. Logos Verlag. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3832516444" title="Special:BookSources/978-3832516444"><bdi>978-3832516444</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+contact+and+minority+languages+on+the+littorals+of+Europe&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Logos+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3832516444&rft.aulast=Lodge&rft.aufirst=R.+Anthony&rft.au=Pugh%2C+Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWxULAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+republics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gaeta-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gaeta_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salvatore Aurigemma, Angelo de Santis, <i>Gaeta, Formia, Minturno</i>, Istituto poligrafico dello Stato, Libreria dello Stato, 1964 <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span>. <i>Lazio</i>, chapter <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1TwQ54xw9VgC&dq=gaeta+repubblica+marinara+-wikipedia&pg=PA743">Gaeta</a></i>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Touring_Club_Italiano#Publishing_activity" title="Touring Club Italiano">Guide Rosse</a></i>, Touring Club Italiano. <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1994" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Christopher (1994). <i>Warfare in the Latin East, 1192–1291</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 39-40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521477420" title="Special:BookSources/9780521477420"><bdi>9780521477420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+in+the+Latin+East%2C+1192%E2%80%931291&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=39-40&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780521477420&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+republics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Benvenuti – <i>Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova, Venezia</i> – Newton & Compton editori, Roma 1998, p. 255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComyn1851" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Buckley_Comyn" title="Robert Buckley Comyn">Comyn, Robert</a> (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historywesterne00comygoog"><i>History of the Western Empire, from its Restoration by Charlemagne to the Accession of Charles V</i></a>. Vol. I.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Western+Empire%2C+from+its+Restoration+by+Charlemagne+to+the+Accession+of+Charles+V&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Comyn&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorywesterne00comygoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+republics" class="Z3988"></span> (p. 249)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Boncompagno_da_Signa" title="Boncompagno da Signa">Boncompagno da Signa</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095501/http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/sources/ancona.htm">The History of the Siege of Ancona</a></i> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_republics&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Maritime republics</dt></dl> <ul><li>Adolf Schaube, <i>Storia del commercio dei popoli latini del Mediterraneo sino alla fine delle Crociate,</i> Unione tipografico-editrice Torinese, 1915</li> <li>Armando Lodolini, <i>Le repubbliche del mare</i>, edizioni Biblioteca di storia patria, (Ente per la diffusione e l'educazione storica), Rome 1967</li> <li>G. Benvenuti, <i>Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova, Venezia</i>, Newton & Compton editori, Roma 1998.</li> <li>Marc'Antonio Bragadin, <i>Storia delle Repubbliche marinare</i>, Odoya, Bologna 2010, 240 pp., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-6288-082-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-6288-082-4">978-88-6288-082-4</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Duchy of Amalfi</dt></dl> <ul><li>Umberto Moretti, <i>La prima repubblica marinara d'Italia: Amalfi: con uno studio critico sulla scoperta della bussola nautica</i>, A. Forni, 1998</li></ul> <dl><dt>Republic of Genoa</dt></dl> <ul><li>Aldo Padovano; Felice Volpe, <i>La grande storia di Genova,</i> Artemisia Progetti Editoriali, 2008, Vol. 2, pp. 84, 91</li> <li>Carlo Varese, <i>Storia della repubblica di Genova: dalla sua origine sino al 1814</i>, Tipografia d'Y. Gravier, 1836</li></ul> <dl><dt>Republic of Pisa</dt></dl> <ul><li>Gino Benvenuti, <i>Storia della Repubblica di Pisa: le quattro stagioni di una meravigliosa avventura</i>, Giardini, 1961</li></ul> <dl><dt>Republic of Venice</dt></dl> <ul><li>Alvise Zorzi, <i>La repubblica del leone: Storia di Venezia</i>, Bompiani 2002</li> <li>Samuele Romanin, <i>Storia documentata di Venezia</i> editore Naratovich 1854</li></ul> <dl><dt>Republic of Ancona</dt></dl> <ul><li>Various authors, <i>Ancona repubblica marinara, Federico Barbarossa e le Marche</i>; Città di Castello, Arti grafiche, 1972</li></ul> <dl><dt>Republic of Ragusa</dt></dl> <ul><li>Sergio Anselmi e Antonio Di Vittorio, <i>Ragusa e il Mediterraneo: ruolo e funzioni di una repubblica marinara tra Medioevo ed età Moderna</i>, Cacucci, 1990</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maritime_republics" title="Template:Maritime republics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maritime_republics" title="Template talk:Maritime republics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maritime_republics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maritime republics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Maritime_republics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maritime republics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Amalfi.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Amalfi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Amalfi.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Amalfi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Amalfi.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Amalfi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Duchy of Amalfi</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/46px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Pisa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Republic of Pisa</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_jack_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Naval_jack_of_Italy.svg/44px-Naval_jack_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Naval_jack_of_Italy.svg/66px-Naval_jack_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Naval_jack_of_Italy.svg/88px-Naval_jack_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Gaeta_%2810th_century%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Gaeta_%2810th_century%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Gaeta_%2810th_century%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Gaeta_%2810th_century%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Gaeta_%2810th_century%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Gaeta_%2810th_century%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gaeta" title="Duchy of Gaeta">Duchy of Gaeta</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Ancona_%28c._1174%E2%80%931532%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Ancona_%28c._1174%E2%80%931532%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Ancona_%28c._1174%E2%80%931532%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Ancona_%28c._1174%E2%80%931532%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Ancona_%28c._1174%E2%80%931532%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Ancona_%28c._1174%E2%80%931532%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ancona" title="Republic of Ancona">Republic of Ancona</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Noli.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Noli.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Noli.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Noli.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Noli.svg/41px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Noli.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="582" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Noli" title="Republic of Noli">Republic of Noli</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/St._Blaise_-_National_Flag_of_the_Ragusan_Republic.svg/23px-St._Blaise_-_National_Flag_of_the_Ragusan_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/St._Blaise_-_National_Flag_of_the_Ragusan_Republic.svg/35px-St._Blaise_-_National_Flag_of_the_Ragusan_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/St._Blaise_-_National_Flag_of_the_Ragusan_Republic.svg/45px-St._Blaise_-_National_Flag_of_the_Ragusan_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="3600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Republic of Ragusa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regatta_of_the_Historical_Marine_Republics" title="Regatta of the Historical Marine Republics">Regatta of the Historical Marine Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Navy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coat of Arms of the Navy (page does not exist)">Coat of Arms of the Navy</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stemma_della_Marina_Militare" class="extiw" title="it:Stemma della Marina Militare">it</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Europe" title="Template talk:History of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Trade_routes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Trade_route" title="Template:Trade route"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Trade_route" title="Template talk:Trade route"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Trade_route" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Trade route"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Trade_routes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">Trade routes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber_Road" title="Amber Road">Amber 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Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kula_ring" title="Kula ring">Kula ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita culture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maritime republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Salt_Route" title="Old Salt Route">Old Salt Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laluan_Penarikan" title="Laluan Penarikan">Penarikan Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesian navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Rome-India routes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Road" title="Royal Road">Royal Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_road" title="Salt road">Salt road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_lane" title="Sea lane">Sea lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepik_Coast_exchange" title="Sepik Coast exchange">Sepik Coast exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Route" title="Siberian Route">Siberian Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">Spice Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brouwer_Route" title="Brouwer Route">Brouwer Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Horse_Road" title="Tea Horse Road">Tea Horse Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">Trans-Saharan trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trepanging" title="Trepanging">Trepanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangular_trade" title="Triangular trade">Triangular trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Maris" title="Via Maris">Via Maris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_trade_route" title="Volga trade route">Volga trade route</a></li> <li><a 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