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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unitarian_Universalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unitarian_Universalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Unitarian Universalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unitarian_Universalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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abortion</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%B3n_y_aborto" title="Religión y aborto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Religión y aborto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aborto_kaj_religioj" title="Aborto kaj religioj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aborto kaj religioj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="धर्म और गर्भपात – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="धर्म और गर्भपात" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>Numerous <a href="/wiki/Religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious">religious</a> traditions have taken a stance on <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> but few are absolute. These stances span a broad spectrum, based on numerous teachings, deities, or religious print, and some of those views are highlighted below.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People of all faiths and religions use reproductive health care services.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abortion is perceived as murder by many religious conservatives.<sup id="cite_ref-10.1177/0959353516685345_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1177/0959353516685345-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-abortion advocates believe that legalized abortion is a threat to social, moral, and religious values.<sup id="cite_ref-10.1177/0959353516685345_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1177/0959353516685345-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious people who advocate <a href="/wiki/Abortion_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion rights">abortion rights</a> generally believe that life starts later in the pregnancy, for instance at <a href="/wiki/Quickening" title="Quickening">quickening</a>, after the first trimester.<sup id="cite_ref-where_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-where-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The religious influence over the population of the country tends to be one of the massive determining factors on the legality of abortion. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Baháʼí_Faith"><span id="Bah.C3.A1.CA.BC.C3.AD_Faith"></span>Baháʼí Faith</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_abortion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Baháʼí Faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abortion, merely for the purpose of eliminating an unwanted child, is strongly deprecated in the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, although medical reasons may warrant it. Among the possible reasons for terminating a pregnancy are rape, incest, lack of viability of the fetus, and health of the mother.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though <a href="/wiki/Shoghi_Effendi" title="Shoghi Effendi">Shoghi Effendi</a>, the Guardian of the Bahá’í Faith, considered the intentional termination of a pregnancy as the ending of a life, there are no specific teachings in the Bahá’í sacred texts addressing it; the <a href="/wiki/Universal_House_of_Justice" title="Universal House of Justice">Universal House of Justice</a> has thus concluded that it is not quite the same as murder and therefore within the purview of the Universal House of Justice to legislate on it, at a future date, if it so decides. <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At present, Baháʼís are encouraged to decide based on their own conscience in light of general guidance found in Baháʼí writings and medical advice.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_abortion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_abortion" title="Buddhism and abortion">Buddhism and abortion</a></div> <p>There is no single <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> view concerning abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some traditional sources, including some Buddhist monastic codes, hold that life begins at conception, and that abortion, which would then involve the deliberate destruction of life, should be rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Complicating the issue is the Buddhist belief that "life is a continuum with no discernible starting point".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among Buddhists, there is no official or preferred viewpoint regarding abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> has said that abortion is "negative", but there are exceptions. He said, "I think abortion should be approved or disapproved according to each circumstance."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inducing or otherwise causing an abortion is regarded as a serious matter in the monastic rules followed by both <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> monks; monks and nuns must be expelled for assisting a woman in procuring an abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional sources do not recognize a distinction between early- and late-term abortion, but in Sri Lanka and Thailand the "moral stigma" associated with an abortion grows with the development of the foetus.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While traditional sources do not seem to be aware of the possibility of abortion as relevant to the health of the mother, modern Buddhist teachers from many traditions – and abortion laws in many Buddhist countries – recognize a threat to the life or physical health of the mother as an acceptable justification for abortion as a practical matter, though it may still be seen as a deed with negative moral or karmic consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_abortion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Abortion_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion and Christianity">Abortion and Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_abortion" title="Catholic Church and abortion">Catholic Church and abortion</a></div> <p>There is scholarly disagreement on how early Christians felt about abortion and whether explicit prohibitions of abortion exist in either the Old Testament or New Testament books of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Bible">Christian Bible</a>. Abortion is not specifically mentioned anywhere in the Bible, nor is there any specific commandment against it.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars have concluded that early Christians took a nuanced stance on what is now called abortion and that at different times, and in separate places, early Christians have taken different stances.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-universityofcalifornia_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-universityofcalifornia-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars have concluded that early Christians considered abortion a sin at all stages; although there is disagreement over their thoughts on what type of sin it was,<sup id="cite_ref-prejudices_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prejudices-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gorman_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gorman-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stemcells_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stemcells-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and how grave a sin it was held to be, it was seen as at least as grave as sexual immorality.<sup id="cite_ref-prejudices_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prejudices-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gorman_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gorman-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some early Christians believed that the embryo did not have a soul from conception,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-harpercollins_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harpercollins-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dictionaryethics_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictionaryethics-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and consequently, opinion was divided as to whether or not early abortion was murder or ethically equivalent to murder.<sup id="cite_ref-universityofcalifornia_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-universityofcalifornia-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stemcells_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stemcells-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early church councils punished women for abortions that were combined with other sexual crimes, as well as makers of abortifacient drugs,<sup id="cite_ref-universityofcalifornia_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-universityofcalifornia-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but, like some early Church Fathers such as <a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a>, did not make a distinction between "formed" and "unformed" foetuses.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goyens_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goyens-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a> held that human life already began at conception,<sup id="cite_ref-Goyens_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goyens-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> affirmed Aristotle's concepts of <a href="/wiki/Ensoulment" title="Ensoulment">ensoulment</a> occurring some time after conception, after which point abortion was to be considered a homicide,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while still maintaining the condemnation of abortion at any time from conception onward.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquinas reiterated Aristotle's views of successive souls: vegetative, animal, and rational. This would be the Catholic Church's position until 1869, when the limitation of automatic excommunication to abortion of a <i>formed</i> foetus was removed, a change that has been interpreted as an implicit declaration that conception was the moment of ensoulment.<sup id="cite_ref-harpercollins_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harpercollins-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most early <a href="/wiki/Penitential" title="Penitential">penitentials</a> imposed equal penances for abortion whether early-term or late-term, but later penitentials in the Middle Ages normally distinguished between the two, imposing heavier penances for late-term abortions and a less severe penance was imposed for the sin of abortion "before [the foetus] has life".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporary <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a> have nuanced positions, thoughts, and teachings about abortion, especially in extenuating circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-pew_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-where_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-where-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a>, and most <a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">Evangelical Protestants</a> oppose deliberate abortion as immoral while allowing what is sometimes called indirect abortion, namely, an action that does not seek the death of the foetus as an end or a means, but that is followed by the death as a side effect.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evangelical Protestants have some of the most opposed views on the topic of abortion, especially compared to those of traditional religions. <sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More specifically, the religious philosophy of both the Catholic Church and many Evangelical Christians denominations is that life begins at conception, and both groups have strong moral prohibitions against abortion, equating it to murder. These two denominations are the primary participators in interest advocacy groups and are strongly associated with anti-abortion activities. This group behavior can include lobbying, activism, protesting, as well as education and campaign contributions.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, states with a higher percentage of Catholics or a higher percentage of the population classified as fundamentalist or conservative Protestant are not more likely to have abortion restrictions in their state legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> States or countries with a higher Catholic or Evangelical Christian presence than other denominations have more resources and votes in favor of restrictive abortion laws as well as influence over legislators' perception on the issue of abortion. <sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">mainline Protestant</a> denominations such as the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Church">Methodist Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church (United States)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(USA)" title="Presbyterian Church (USA)">Presbyterian Church (USA)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of America">Evangelical Lutheran Church of America</a>, among others, are more permissive of abortion. More generally, some Christian denominations can be considered <a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abortion">anti-abortion</a>, while others may favor <a href="/wiki/Abortion_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion rights">abortion rights</a>. Additionally, there are sizable minorities in some denominations that disagree with their denomination's stance on abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-where_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-where-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The more religiously devote and those with more religious engagement tend to hold stronger opinions overall, especially on the abortion debate in regard to religions take on abortion's morality. An individual's religious conservatism has a higher likelihood to oppose abortion. However, members of a denomination can have deviating opinions from vocal religious leaders' beliefs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_abortion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_abortion" title="Hinduism and abortion">Hinduism and abortion</a></div> <p>Most classical Hindu texts strongly condemn abortion, although the <a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a> recommends it if the fetus is defective.<sup id="cite_ref-Maguire_2003_p._136_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maguire_2003_p._136-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">British Broadcasting Corporation</a> writes, "When considering abortion, the Hindu way is to choose the action that will do least harm to all involved: the mother and father, the foetus and society." The BBC goes on to state, "In practice, however, abortion is practiced in India, because the religious ban on abortion is sometimes overruled by the cultural preference for sons. This can lead to <a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">abortion to prevent the birth of girl babies</a>, which is called 'female foeticide'."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindu scholars and women's rights advocates have supported bans on sex-selective abortions. Some Hindus support abortion in cases where the mother's life is at imminent risk or when the foetus has a life-threatening developmental anomaly. </p><p>Some Hindu theologians and <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Kumaris" title="Brahma Kumaris">Brahma Kumaris</a> believe personhood begins at three months and develops through to five months of gestation, possibly implying permitting abortion up to the third month and considering any abortion past the third month to be destruction of the soul's current incarnate body.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islam">Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_abortion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_abortion" title="Islam and abortion">Islam and abortion</a></div> <p>The Quran and Hadith describe God's creation of man in the womb and condemn infanticide.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_2014_p._134_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_2014_p._134-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A verse in the Quran refers to pregnant women who abort their pregnancies upon the day of judgment.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_Pati_2023_p._316_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg_Pati_2023_p._316-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of the four <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> schools of thought—<a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shafi%E2%80%98i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi‘i">Shafi‘i</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a>— have their own reservations on if and when abortions are permissible in Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Weigl_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weigl-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> madhhab holds "that the fetus is ensouled at the moment of conception" and thus "most Malikis do not permit abortion at any point, seeing God's hand as actively forming the fetus at every stage of development."<sup id="cite_ref-Weigl_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weigl-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, some Hanafi scholars believe that abortion before the hundred twenty day period is over is permitted, though some Hanafi scholars teach that an abortion within 120 days is <i>makruh</i> (disapproved, i.e. discouraged).<sup id="cite_ref-Weigl_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weigl-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other Islamic schools of thought agree abortion is recommended when the mother's life is in danger, because the mother's life is paramount. </p><p>Muslim scholars differ as to when fetus <a href="/wiki/Ensoulment" title="Ensoulment">is given a soul</a>: some say 40 days after conception, while others say 120 days.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcislam_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcislam-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless Muslim scholars also assert an embryo's right to be respected starting at conception, even if it is not yet regarded as human life.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcislam_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcislam-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before 120 days some scholars permit abortion in cases of "great" fetal deformity.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcislam_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcislam-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mauritania prohibits abortion under any circumstance.<sup id="cite_ref-Center_for_Reproductive_Rights_2023_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Center_for_Reproductive_Rights_2023-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>, abortion is "forbidden after implantation of the fertilised ovum." The leader of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Islamic_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Islamic Revolution">Iranian Islamic Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> declared that <a href="/wiki/Shari%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shari'a">shari'a</a> forbids abortion without any reason "even at the earliest possible stage".<sup id="cite_ref-auto_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iranian Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a> permitted abortion at 10 weeks in cases of <a href="/wiki/Thalassemia" title="Thalassemia">thalassemia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcislam_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcislam-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abortion before 120 days was allowed in cases of rape during the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian war">Bosnian war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcislam_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcislam-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 120 days the fetus is believed to be human life, yet it is still permissible to abort it to save the life of the mother. This is because a fetus will die anyway if the mother dies, and the mother is part of a family and she has responsibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcislam_53-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcislam-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judaism">Judaism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_abortion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_abortion" title="Judaism and abortion">Judaism and abortion</a></div> <p>Orthodox Jewish teaching allows abortion if necessary to safeguard the life of the pregnant woman.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Reform, Reconstructionist, and Conservative movements openly advocate for the right to a safe and accessible abortion, the Orthodox movement is less unified on the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-PewForum_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PewForum-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Orthodox Jews oppose abortion, except when it is necessary to save a woman's life (or, according to some, the woman's health). </p><p>In Judaism, views on abortion draw primarily upon the legal and ethical teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, the case-by-case decisions of <a href="/wiki/Responsa#In_Judaism" title="Responsa">responsa</a>, and other rabbinic literature. Generally speaking, Orthodox Jews oppose abortion after the 40th day,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with health-related exceptions, and reform Jews tend to allow greater latitude for abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are rulings that often appear conflicting on the matter. The Talmud states that a foetus is not legally a person until it is delivered.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Torah contains the law that, "When men fight, and one of them pushes a pregnant woman, and a miscarriage results, but no other misfortune, the one responsible shall be fined...but if other misfortune ensues, the penalty shall be life (nefesh) for life (nefesh)." (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0221.htm#22">Exodus 21:22–25</a>). That is, causing a woman to miscarry is a crime, but not a capital crime, because the fetus is not considered a person.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jeremiah 1:5 states that, "Before I formed you in the womb, I knew you, before you were born, I set you apart; I appointed you as a prophet to the nations."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some, this verse, while talking specifically about <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a>, is an indication that God is aware of the identity of "developing unborn human beings even before they enter the womb",<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or that for everyone, God has a plan that abortion might be seen as frustrating.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others say that this interpretation is incorrect, and that the verse is not related to personhood or abortion, as Jeremiah is asserting his prophetic status as distinct and special.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hebrew Bible has a few references to abortion; Exodus 21:22-25 addresses <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">miscarriage</a> by way of another's actions, which it describes as a non-capital offense punishable through a fine.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Book of Numbers</a> in the Hebrew Bible describes the <a href="/wiki/Ordeal_of_the_bitter_water" title="Ordeal of the bitter water">Ordeal of the bitter water</a> (<i>sotah</i>) to be administered by a priest to a wife whose husband thinks she was unfaithful. Some scholars interpret the text as involving an <a href="/wiki/Abortifacient" title="Abortifacient">abortifacient</a> potion or otherwise that induces a miscarriage if the woman is pregnant with another man's child.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rabbinical scholar <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Ehrlich" title="Arnold Ehrlich">Arnold Ehrlich</a> interprets the ordeal such that it ends either harmlessly if the woman is faithful, or with an <a href="/wiki/Abortion#Induced" title="Abortion">induced abortion</a>: "the embryo falls".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_abortion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sikhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Sikh Rehat Maryada</a> (code of conduct) does not deal directly with abortion. However, it does explicitly prohibit the practice of '<a href="/wiki/Kuri-mar" title="Kuri-mar">kuri-mar</a>',<sup id="cite_ref-SikhRehtMaryada_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SikhRehtMaryada-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Patel2007_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patel2007-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Punjabi term which literally means "girl killing" but also encompasses female foeticide.<sup id="cite_ref-Patel2007_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patel2007-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OldenburgTalwar2010_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OldenburgTalwar2010-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McLeod2009_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLeod2009-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> (primary scripture and source of Sikh religious guidance for Sikhs), does not provide any specific dictate on abortion. Many Sikhs will therefore interpret certain parts of texts and make a personal decision when confronted with a clearly abnormal fetus.<sup id="cite_ref-The_British_Medical_Journal_(BMJ)_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_British_Medical_Journal_(BMJ)-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, while there is no explicit prohibition in the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Sikh Rehat Maryada</a>, abortion is generally viewed by some Sikhs as forbidden because it is said to interfere with the creative work of God.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this theoretical viewpoint, abortion is not uncommon among the Sikh community in India, and there is growing concern that <a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">female foetuses are being aborted</a> because of the cultural preference for sons.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unitarian_Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_abortion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Unitarian Universalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalist Church</a> strongly supports abortion rights. In 1978, the Unitarian Universalist Association passed a resolution that declared, "...[the] right to choice on contraception and abortion are important aspects of the right of privacy, respect for human life, and freedom of conscience of women and their families".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Association had released earlier statements in 1963 and 1968 favoring the reform of restrictive abortion laws. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_abortion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_debate" title="Abortion debate">Abortion debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_birth_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious views on birth control">Religious views on birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_and_abortion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/abortion/religion/religion.shtml">BBC "Religion and Ethics"</a> Be aware that these BBC pages do not cover all Protestant, Muslim, Hindu or Buddhist beliefs.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patheos.com/Topics/All-Topics/Topic-Page-Abortion.html">Patheos Public Square Topic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005014915/http://www.patheos.com/Topics/All-Topics/Topic-Page-Abortion.html">Archived</a> 2011-10-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Including Buddhist, Muslim, Mormon, and Pagan perspectives in addition to Catholic, Evangelical, Protestant, and Jewish perspectives.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guttmacher.org/article/2020/10/people-all-religions-use-birth-control-and-have-abortions">"People of All Religions Use Birth Control and Have Abortions"</a>. <i>Guttmacher Institute</i>. 2022-08-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD+Quotes%3A+Abortion&rft.au=Universal+House+of+Justice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbahaiquotes.com%2Fsubject%2Fabortion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+abortion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSemple2005" class="citation journal cs1">Semple, Ian (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bahai-library.com/semple_interpretation_guardianship">"Interpretation and the Guardianship"</a>. <i>Lights of 'Irfán</i>. <b>6</b>. Evanston, Illinois: 'Irfán Colloquia: 208–209<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lights+of+%27Irf%C3%A1n&rft.atitle=Interpretation+and+the+Guardianship&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=208-209&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Semple&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbahai-library.com%2Fsemple_interpretation_guardianship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+abortion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahá'u'lláhAbdu'l-BaháShoghi_EffendiUniversal_House_of_Justice1983" class="citation book cs1">Bahá'u'lláh; Abdu'l-Bahá; Shoghi Effendi; Universal House of Justice (1983). Hornby, Helen (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bahai-library.com/hornby_lights_guidance_2.html&chapter=2#n1154"><i>Lights of Guidance: A Baháʼí Reference File</i></a>. New Delhi: Baháʼí Publishing Trust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lights+of+Guidance%3A+A+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Reference+File&rft.pub=New+Delhi%3A+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Publishing+Trust&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h&rft.au=Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1&rft.au=Shoghi+Effendi&rft.au=Universal+House+of+Justice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbahai-library.com%2Fhornby_lights_guidance_2.html%26chapter%3D2%23n1154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+abortion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/buddhism/buddhistethics/abortion.shtml">Abortion: Buddhism</a>." <i>BBC Religion & Ethics.</i> Retrieved January 15, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvey-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvey, Peter. Introduction to Buddhist Ethics (2000). Cambridge University Press. pg. 311–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patheos.com/Resources/Additional-Resources/Buddhism-and-Abortion.html">Buddhism and Abortion on Patheos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100301172029/http://www.patheos.com/Resources/Additional-Resources/Buddhism-and-Abortion.html">Archived</a> 2010-03-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/buddhism/buddhistethics/abortion.shtml">Buddhism and abortion on BBC Religions</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaudia_Dreifus1993" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Dreifus" title="Claudia Dreifus">Claudia Dreifus</a> (28 November 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100525061331/http://www.tibet.ca/en/newsroom/wtn/archive/old?y=1993&m=12&p=5_1">"New York Times Interview with the Dalai Lama"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tibet.ca/en/newsroom/wtn/archive/old?y=1993&m=12&p=5_1">the original</a> on 25 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+York+Times+Interview+with+the+Dalai+Lama&rft.date=1993-11-28&rft.au=Claudia+Dreifus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tibet.ca%2Fen%2Fnewsroom%2Fwtn%2Farchive%2Fold%3Fy%3D1993%26m%3D12%26p%3D5_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+abortion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/what-the-bible-actually-says-about-abortion-may-surprise-you-186983">"What the Bible actually says about abortion may surprise you"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i>. 2022-07-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=What+the+Bible+actually+says+about+abortion+may+surprise+you&rft.date=2022-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fwhat-the-bible-actually-says-about-abortion-may-surprise-you-186983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+abortion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VBN6r3cC6v0C&pg=PA110">When Children Became People: the birth of childhood in early Christianity</a> by Odd Magne Bakke</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.cua.edu/Pennington/Law111/CatholicHistory.htm">"Abortion and Catholic Thought: The Little-Told History"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120218195040/http://faculty.cua.edu/Pennington/Law111/CatholicHistory.htm">Archived</a> 2012-02-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-universityofcalifornia-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-universityofcalifornia_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-universityofcalifornia_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-universityofcalifornia_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-SZnZTSQV9EC&pg=PA12">Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood</a> by Kristin Luker, University of California Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prejudices-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prejudices_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prejudices_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Nisbet, <i>Prejudices: A Philosophical Dictionary</i> (Harvard University Press 1982 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-70066-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-70066-X">0-674-70066-X</a>), p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VXGkAhyNGAEC&pg=PA166">Ana S. Iltis, Mark J. Cherry, <i>At the Roots of Christian Bioethics</i> (M & M Scrivener Press 2010</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9764041-8-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9764041-8-7">978-0-9764041-8-7</a>), p. 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gorman-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gorman_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gorman_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OdsnAAAAYAAJ&q=%22not+only+as+a+sin+like+sexual+immorality%22">Michael J. Gorman, <i>Abortion and the Early Church: Christian, Jewish, and Pagan Attitudes</i> (InterVarsity Press 1982</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87784-397-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87784-397-X">0-87784-397-X</a>), p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stemcells-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stemcells_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stemcells_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NXnzUgkh6VEC&pg=PA106">Stem cells, human embryos and ethics: interdisciplinary perspectives: Lars Østnor, Springer 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harpercollins-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harpercollins_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harpercollins_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harpercollinsenc00mcbr/page/5">McBrien, Richard P. <i>The HarperCollins encyclopedia of Catholicism</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ognCKztR8a4C&dq=early+christians+abortion+knowledge+development&pg=PA3"><i>The Oxford companion to Christian thought</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dictionaryethics-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dictionaryethics_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=idsNAAAAQAAJ&dq=thomas+aquinas+abortion&pg=PA1">Dictionary of ethics, theology and society</a> By Paul A. B. Clarke, Andrew Linzey</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4__yBKLGRngC">M. Therese Lysaught, Joseph Kotva, Stephen E. Lammers, Allen Verhey, <i>On Moral Medicine: Theological Perspectives on Medical Ethics</i> (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing 2012</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802866011" title="Special:BookSources/9780802866011">9780802866011</a>), p. 676</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goyens-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goyens_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goyens_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K-KC-IzcgeAC">Michèle Goyens, Pieter de Leemans, An Smets, <i>Science Translated: Latin and Vernacular Translations of Scientific Treatises in Medieval Europe</i> (Leuven University Press 2008</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789058676719" title="Special:BookSources/9789058676719">9789058676719</a>), p. 384, 399</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B83bmEe77dAC&pg=PA292">The Janus face of prenatal diagnostics</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Schiff, <i>Abortion in Judaism</i> (Cambridge University Press 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52166-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52166-6">978-0-521-52166-6</a>), p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K-KC-IzcgeAC&dq=penitentials+hard-line+abortion&pg=PA390">Michèle Goyens, Pieter de Leemans, An Smets (editors), <i>Science Translated: Latin and Vernacular Translations of Scientific Treatises in Medieval Europe</i></a> (Leuven University Press 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5867-671-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5867-671-9">978-90-5867-671-9</a>), pp. 390-396</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oixC8quZYIkC&dq=medieval+penance+abortion+forty&pg=PA255">Patrick J. Geary, <i>Readings in Medieval History</i> (University of Toronto Press 2010</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0116-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0116-1">978-1-4426-0116-1</a>), Vol. 1, p. 255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cO5ZFvk8JyAC&dq=medieval+penance+abortion+forty&pg=PA85">Karin E. Olsen, Antonina Harbus, Tette Hofstra, <i>Germanic Texts and Latin Models</i> (Peeters 2001</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-0985-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-0985-4">978-90-429-0985-4</a>), pp. 84-85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GiIqAAAAYAAJ&q=abortion">John Thomas McNeill, Helena M. Gamer, <i>Medieval Handbooks of Penance</i> (Hippocrene Books 1965</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-95548-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-95548-9">978-0-374-95548-9</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pew-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pew_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pewforum.org/docs/?DocID=351">"Religious Groups’ Official Positions on Abortion"</a> Pew Forum</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110903232336/http://www.catholic.com/library/Abortion.asp">"Abortion"</a>. <i>Catholic Answers</i>. Catholic.com. 2004-08-10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.com/library/Abortion.asp">the original</a> on 2011-09-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Answers&rft.atitle=Abortion&rft.date=2004-08-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.com%2Flibrary%2FAbortion.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+abortion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicapologetics.info/morality/abortion/abortion.htm">The Catholic Teaching on Abortion</a>, <i>Allocution to Large Families, Nov. 26, 1951</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVranic2009" class="citation web cs1">Vranic, Vasilije (January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.serborth.org/01222009.html">"The Orthodox Perspective on Abortion at the occasion of the National Sanctity of Human Life Day 2009"</a>. Serbian Orthodox Church in North and South America<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Perspective+on+Abortion+at+the+occasion+of+the+National+Sanctity+of+Human+Life+Day+2009&rft.pub=Serbian+Orthodox+Church+in+North+and+South+America&rft.date=2009-01&rft.aulast=Vranic&rft.aufirst=Vasilije&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.serborth.org%2F01222009.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+abortion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarakas" class="citation web cs1">Harakas, Stanley S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith7101">"The Stand of the Orthodox Church on Controversial Issues"</a>. <i>Our Faith</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+Faith&rft.atitle=The+Stand+of+the+Orthodox+Church+on+Controversial+Issues&rft.aulast=Harakas&rft.aufirst=Stanley+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goarch.org%2Fourfaith%2Fourfaith7101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+abortion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Robert Kaczor, <i>The Ethics of Abortion</i> (Taylor & Francis 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-88468-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-88468-6">978-0-415-88468-6</a>), p. 187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bruce, Tricia C. (2020-09-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel11090475">"Efficacy, Distancing, and Reconciling: Religion and Race in Americans' Abortion Attitudes"</a>. <i>Religions</i>. <b>11</b> (9): 475. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel11090475">10.3390/rel11090475</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2077-1444">2077-1444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=Efficacy%2C+Distancing%2C+and+Reconciling%3A+Religion+and+Race+in+Americans%27+Abortion+Attitudes&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=475&rft.date=2020-09-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel11090475&rft.issn=2077-1444&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Tricia+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frel11090475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+abortion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedoffDennis2011" class="citation journal cs1">Medoff, Marshall H.; Dennis, Christopher (October 2011). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Rights%3A+The+Case+for+Contraception+and+Abortion+in+World+Religions&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-028949-2&rft.aulast=Maguire&rft.aufirst=D.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df9sJCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+abortion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/hinduethics/abortion_1.shtml">BBC</a> "Hinduism and abortion"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chapter 1: Dilemmas of Life and Death: Hindu Ethics in a North American Context | Date: 1995 | Author: Crawford, S. Cromwell</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107104333/http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/30/stories/2009073060530400.htm">"A warning for doctors doing sex selection"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Chennai, India. 30 July 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/30/stories/2009073060530400.htm">the original</a> on 7 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=A+warning+for+doctors+doing+sex+selection&rft.date=2009-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2009%2F07%2F30%2Fstories%2F2009073060530400.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+abortion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson_2014_p._134-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_2014_p._134_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2014" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, R. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m3PMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT134"><i>What is Islamic Philosophy?</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-81403-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-81403-0"><bdi>978-1-317-81403-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Islamic+Philosophy%3F&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-81403-0&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm3PMAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+abortion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenberg_Pati_2023_p._316-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_Pati_2023_p._316_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenbergPati2023" class="citation book cs1">Greenberg, Y.K.; Pati, G. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-AumEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT316"><i>The Routledge Handbook of Religion and the Body</i></a>. Routledge Handbooks in Religion. Taylor & Francis. p. 316. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-83466-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-83466-6"><bdi>978-1-000-83466-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Religion+and+the+Body&rft.series=Routledge+Handbooks+in+Religion&rft.pages=316&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-000-83466-6&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Y.K.&rft.au=Pati%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-AumEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+abortion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weigl-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weigl_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weigl_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weigl_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeigl2010" class="citation book cs1">Weigl, Constanze (2010). <i>Reproductive Health Behavior and Decision-making of Muslim Women: An Ethnographic Study in a Low-income Community in Urban North India</i>. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-10770-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-10770-1"><bdi>978-3-643-10770-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reproductive+Health+Behavior+and+Decision-making+of+Muslim+Women%3A+An+Ethnographic+Study+in+a+Low-income+Community+in+Urban+North+India&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-643-10770-1&rft.aulast=Weigl&rft.aufirst=Constanze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+abortion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcislam-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbcislam_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcislam_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcislam_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcislam_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcislam_53-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcislam_53-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/abortion_1.shtml">"Abortion. This article examines Islamic teachings on abortion and various ethical viewpoints"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>. 7 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Abortion.+This+article+examines+Islamic+teachings+on+abortion+and+various+ethical+viewpoints.&rft.date=2009-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fislam%2Fislamethics%2Fabortion_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+abortion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Center_for_Reproductive_Rights_2023-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Center_for_Reproductive_Rights_2023_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reproductiverights.org/maps/worlds-abortion-laws/">"The World's Abortion Laws"</a>. <i>Center for Reproductive Rights</i>. 2023-02-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Reproductive+Rights&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Abortion+Laws&rft.date=2023-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freproductiverights.org%2Fmaps%2Fworlds-abortion-laws%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+abortion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedayatShooshtarizadehRaza2006" class="citation journal cs1">Hedayat, K M; Shooshtarizadeh, P; Raza, M (1 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2563289">"Therapeutic abortion in Islam: contemporary views of Muslim Shiite scholars and effect of recent Iranian legislation"</a>. <i>Journal of Medical Ethics</i>. <b>32</b> (11): 652–657. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjme.2005.015289">10.1136/jme.2005.015289</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2563289">2563289</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17074823">17074823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Ethics&rft.atitle=Therapeutic+abortion+in+Islam%3A+contemporary+views+of+Muslim+Shiite+scholars+and+effect+of+recent+Iranian+legislation&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=652-657&rft.date=2006-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2563289%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17074823&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjme.2005.015289&rft.aulast=Hedayat&rft.aufirst=K+M&rft.au=Shooshtarizadeh%2C+P&rft.au=Raza%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2563289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+abortion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/jewishethics/abortion_1.shtml">Judaism and Abortion</a>, BBC (2005-02-08).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bank, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XQrs25E4IwYC&dq=judaism+abortion&pg=PT203">The Everything Judaism Book</a>, page 186 (Everything Books, 2002).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PewForum-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PewForum_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Pew Forum. September 30, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pewforum.org/docs/?DocID=351"><i>Religious Groups’ Official Positions on Abortion</i></a>, Retrieved on April 29, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Talmud, Yevomot 69a states that prior to the 40th day, a foetus is "considered to be mere water"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grodzenski, Achiezer Vol. 3, 65:14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Articles published by the <a href="/wiki/Schlesinger_institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Schlesinger institute">Schlesinger institute</a> on <a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_abortion" title="Judaism and abortion">abortion in Judaism</a>: articles <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medethics.org.il/db/jmeResults.asp?title=abortion&author=&source=&year=&Submit2=%D7%97%D7%A4%D7%A9">in English</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120227122253/http://www.medethics.org.il/db/jmeResults.asp?title=abortion&author=&source=&year=&Submit2=%D7%97%D7%A4%D7%A9">Archived</a> 2012-02-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medethics.org.il/db/AsiaResults.asp?title=&keywords=20&author=&source=&year=&Submit2=%D7%97%D7%A4%D7%A9">in Hebrew</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120227122303/http://www.medethics.org.il/db/AsiaResults.asp?title=&keywords=20&author=&source=&year=&Submit2=%D7%97%D7%A4%D7%A9">Archived</a> 2012-02-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medethics.org.il/articles/tora/subject18.asp">entry on abortion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120227122253/http://www.medethics.org.il/db/jmeResults.asp?title=abortion&author=&source=&year=&Submit2=%D7%97%D7%A4%D7%A9">Archived</a> 2012-02-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the Encyclopedia of Jewish Medical Ethics (Hebrew)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patheos.com/Resources/Additional-Resources/Getting-off-the-Bus.html">Jewish Abortion perspective 1 on Patheos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100413033311/http://www.patheos.com/Resources/Additional-Resources/Getting-off-the-Bus.html">Archived</a> 2010-04-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patheos.com/Resources/Additional-Resources/Responsibility-Not-Rights.html">Jewish Abortion perspective 2 on Patheos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100412000426/http://www.patheos.com/Resources/Additional-Resources/Responsibility-Not-Rights.html">Archived</a> 2010-04-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosner2001" class="citation book cs1">Rosner, Fred (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T7w2oAmohpEC&pg=PA178"><i>Biomedical ethics and Jewish law</i></a>. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881257014" title="Special:BookSources/9780881257014"><bdi>9780881257014</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biomedical+ethics+and+Jewish+law&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=KTAV+Publishing+House%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780881257014&rft.aulast=Rosner&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT7w2oAmohpEC%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+abortion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Jeremiah%201:5">Jeremiah 1:5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YgOqKfCz5I0C&dq=Jeremiah+1%3A5+abortion&pg=PA27">James D. Slack, <i>Abortion, Execution, and the Consequences of Taking Life</i> (Transaction Publishers 2011</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-41284833-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-41284833-6">978-1-41284833-6</a>), p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=25IqQdFQtxcC&dq=Jeremiah+1%3A5+abortion&pg=PT105">Jon Mayled, Libby Ahluwalia, <i>Philosophy and Ethics</i> (Nelson Thornes 2003</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-74877157-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-74877157-8">978-0-74877157-8</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_E._Leininger2007" class="citation book cs1">David E. Leininger (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X2h9dWyZRVQC&q=Jeremiah+1%3A5+abortion&pg=PA57"><i>God of Justice: A Look at the Ten Commandments for the 21st Century</i></a>. CSS publishing. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-78802462-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-78802462-7"><bdi>978-0-78802462-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+of+Justice%3A+A+Look+at+the+Ten+Commandments+for+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=CSS+publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-78802462-7&rft.au=David+E.+Leininger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX2h9dWyZRVQC%26q%3DJeremiah%2B1%253A5%2Babortion%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+abortion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rachels, James. The Elements of Moral Philosophy. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2021:22–25&version=nrsv">Exodus 21:22–25</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsser1990" class="citation journal cs1">Isser, Stanley (January 1990). "Two Traditions: The Law of Exodus 21:22-23 Revisited". <i>Catholic Biblical Quarterly</i>. <b>52</b> (1): 30–45. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43718023">43718023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Biblical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Two+Traditions%3A+The+Law+of+Exodus+21%3A22-23+Revisited&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=30-45&rft.date=1990-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43718023%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Isser&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+abortion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerquist2002" class="citation book cs1">Berquist, Jon L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSEigoqDI10C&pg=PA176"><i>Controlling Corporeality: The Body and the Household in Ancient Israel</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. pp. 175–177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813530164" title="Special:BookSources/0813530164"><bdi>0813530164</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Controlling+Corporeality%3A+The+Body+and+the+Household+in+Ancient+Israel&rft.pages=175-177&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0813530164&rft.aulast=Berquist&rft.aufirst=Jon+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZSEigoqDI10C%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+abortion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine1993" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Baruch A. 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Doubleday. pp. 201–204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0385156510" title="Special:BookSources/0385156510"><bdi>0385156510</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Numbers+1-20%3A+a+new+translation+with+introduction+and+commentary&rft.pages=201-204&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0385156510&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Baruch+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+abortion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnaith1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Snaith" title="Norman Snaith">Snaith, Norman Henry</a> (1967). <i>Leviticus and Numbers</i>. Nelson. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780551005105" title="Special:BookSources/9780551005105"><bdi>9780551005105</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leviticus+and+Numbers&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Nelson&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=9780551005105&rft.aulast=Snaith&rft.aufirst=Norman+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+abortion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1996" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Dennis T. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rus0KUTNUg4C&pg=PA36"><i>Numbers: Interpretation: A Bible Commentary for Teaching and Preaching</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0664237363" title="Special:BookSources/0664237363"><bdi>0664237363</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Numbers%3A+Interpretation%3A+A+Bible+Commentary+for+Teaching+and+Preaching&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0664237363&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Dennis+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRus0KUTNUg4C%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+abortion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewer1913" class="citation journal cs1">Brewer, Julius A. (October 1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vbY1AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA46">"The Ordeal in Numbers Chapter 5"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Semitic+Languages+and+Literatures&rft.atitle=The+Ordeal+in+Numbers+Chapter+5&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=46&rft.date=1913-10&rft.aulast=Brewer&rft.aufirst=Julius+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvbY1AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+abortion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SikhRehtMaryada-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SikhRehtMaryada_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://new.sgpc.net/sikh-rehat-maryada-in-english/"><i>The Code of Conduct and conventions. English Version of The Sikh Reht Maryada</i></a>. Amritsar: Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Code+of+Conduct+and+conventions.+English+Version+of+The+Sikh+Reht+Maryada&rft.place=Amritsar&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Shiromani+Gurdwara+Parbandhak+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnew.sgpc.net%2Fsikh-rehat-maryada-in-english%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+abortion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patel2007-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Patel2007_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patel2007_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTulsi_Patel2007" class="citation book cs1">Tulsi Patel (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UegqZBISwBYC&pg=PA242"><i>Sex-Selective Abortion in India: Gender, Society and New Reproductive Technologies</i></a>. SAGE Publications. pp. 242, 419. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3539-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3539-1"><bdi>978-0-7619-3539-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex-Selective+Abortion+in+India%3A+Gender%2C+Society+and+New+Reproductive+Technologies&rft.pages=242%2C+419&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-3539-1&rft.au=Tulsi+Patel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUegqZBISwBYC%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+abortion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OldenburgTalwar2010-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OldenburgTalwar2010_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOldenburg2010" class="citation book cs1">Oldenburg, Veena Talwar (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FbJLqd9flhAC&pg=PA23"><i>Dowry Murder: Reinvestigating A Cultural Whodunnit</i></a>. Penguin Books India. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-306399-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-306399-5"><bdi>978-0-14-306399-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dowry+Murder%3A+Reinvestigating+A+Cultural+Whodunnit&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-14-306399-5&rft.aulast=Oldenburg&rft.aufirst=Veena+Talwar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFbJLqd9flhAC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+abortion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McLeod2009-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McLeod2009_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._H._McLeod2009" class="citation book cs1">W. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Disease+in+Childhood&rft.atitle=Sikh+birth+customs&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=560-563&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1720438%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15908616&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fadc.2004.064378&rft.aulast=Gatrad&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Jhutti-Johal%2C+J&rft.au=Gill%2C+P+S&rft.au=Sheikh%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadc.bmj.com%2Fcontent%2F90%2F6%2F560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+and+abortion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc.co.uk-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/sikhethics/abortion.shtml">BBC</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uua.org/socialjustice/socialjustice/statements/20271.shtml">Right to Choose</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090904064958/http://www.uua.org/socialjustice/socialjustice/statements/20271.shtml">Archived</a> 2009-09-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Abortion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abortion" title="Template:Abortion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abortion" title="Template talk:Abortion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abortion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abortion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abortion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_abortion" title="Definitions of abortion">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion" title="History of abortion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Methods_of_abortion" title="Category:Methods of abortion">Methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_debate" title="Abortion debate">Abortion debate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_aspects_of_the_abortion_debate" title="Philosophical aspects of the abortion debate">Philosophical aspects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion-rights_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion-rights movements">Abortion-rights movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abortion movement">Anti-abortion movements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_and_mental_health" title="Abortion and mental health">Abortion and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beginning_of_human_personhood" title="Beginning of human personhood">Beginning of human personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beginning_of_pregnancy_controversy" title="Beginning of pregnancy controversy">Beginning of pregnancy controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion%E2%80%93breast_cancer_hypothesis" title="Abortion–breast cancer hypothesis">Abortion-breast cancer hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_violence" title="Anti-abortion violence">Anti-abortion violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_under_communism" title="Abortion under communism">Abortion under communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_pregnancy_center" title="Crisis pregnancy center">Crisis pregnancy center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_aspects_of_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical aspects of abortion">Ethical aspects of abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_rights" title="Fetal rights">Fetal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_abortion" title="Forced abortion">Forced abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics_and_abortion" title="Genetics and abortion">Genetics and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late-term_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-term abortion">Late-term abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalized_abortion_and_crime_effect" title="Legalized abortion and crime effect">Legalized abortion and crime effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Libertarian perspectives on abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limit_of_viability" class="mw-redirect" title="Limit of viability">Limit of viability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Men's rights">Men's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minors_and_abortion" title="Minors and abortion">Minors and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_abortion" title="Misinformation related to abortion">Misinformation related to abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_rights_and_abortion" title="Paternal rights and abortion">Paternal rights and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-abortion_care" title="Post-abortion care">Post-abortion care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">Prenatal development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-induced_abortion" title="Self-induced abortion">Self-induced abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk_counseling" title="Sidewalk counseling">Sidewalk counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_towards_abortion" title="Societal attitudes towards abortion">Societal attitudes towards abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Socialist perspectives on abortion">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termination_for_medical_reasons" title="Termination for medical reasons">Termination for medical reasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_abortion" title="Toxic abortion">Toxic abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsafe_abortion" title="Unsafe abortion">Unsafe abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Africa" title="Abortion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Algeria" title="Abortion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Angola" title="Abortion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Benin" title="Abortion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Botswana" title="Abortion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Abortion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cameroon" title="Abortion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Abortion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Abortion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Chad" title="Abortion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Comoros" title="Abortion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Egypt" title="Abortion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Abortion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Eswatini" title="Abortion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Gabon" title="Abortion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Gambia" title="Abortion in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ghana" title="Abortion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Guinea" title="Abortion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kenya" title="Abortion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Lesotho" title="Abortion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Liberia" title="Abortion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Madagascar" title="Abortion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Malawi" title="Abortion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Namibia" title="Abortion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nigeria" title="Abortion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Senegal" title="Abortion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Seychelles" title="Abortion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Abortion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_South_Africa" title="Abortion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Tanzania" title="Abortion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Togo" title="Abortion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Uganda" title="Abortion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Zambia" title="Abortion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Abortion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Afghanistan" title="Abortion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Armenia" title="Abortion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Abortion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bahrain" title="Abortion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bangladesh" title="Abortion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bhutan" title="Abortion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Brunei" title="Abortion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cambodia" title="Abortion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_China" title="Abortion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cyprus" title="Abortion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_East_Timor" title="Abortion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Abortion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_India" title="Abortion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Iran" title="Abortion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Israel" title="Abortion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Japan" title="Abortion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Abortion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_North_Korea" title="Abortion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_South_Korea" title="Abortion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Laos" title="Abortion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Lebanon" title="Abortion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Malaysia" title="Abortion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nepal" title="Abortion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Abortion in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Philippines" title="Abortion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Qatar" title="Abortion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abortion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Singapore" title="Abortion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Taiwan" title="Abortion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Turkey" title="Abortion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Vietnam" title="Abortion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Yemen" title="Abortion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Europe" title="Abortion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Albania" title="Abortion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Andorra" title="Abortion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Austria" title="Abortion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Belarus" title="Abortion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Belgium" title="Abortion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Abortion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bulgaria" title="Abortion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Croatia" title="Abortion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Denmark" title="Abortion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Estonia" title="Abortion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Finland" title="Abortion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_France" title="Abortion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Germany" title="Abortion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Greece" title="Abortion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Hungary" title="Abortion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Iceland" title="Abortion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Abortion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Italy" title="Abortion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Abortion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Latvia" title="Abortion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Abortion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Lithuania" title="Abortion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Luxembourg" title="Abortion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Malta" title="Abortion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Moldova" title="Abortion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Monaco" title="Abortion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Montenegro" title="Abortion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Abortion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Abortion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Norway" title="Abortion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Poland" title="Abortion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Portugal" title="Abortion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Romania" title="Abortion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Russia" title="Abortion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_San_Marino" title="Abortion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Serbia" title="Abortion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Slovakia" title="Abortion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Slovenia" title="Abortion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Spain" title="Abortion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Sweden" title="Abortion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Switzerland" title="Abortion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ukraine" title="Abortion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abortion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Abortion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Belize" title="Abortion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Abortion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cuba" title="Abortion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Abortion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_El_Salvador" title="Abortion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Guatemala" title="Abortion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Honduras" title="Abortion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Mexico" title="Abortion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nicaragua" title="Abortion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Panama" title="Abortion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Abortion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion law in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Australia" title="Abortion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Abortion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Fiji" title="Abortion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kiribati" title="Abortion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Abortion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_New_Zealand" title="Abortion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Abortion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Samoa" title="Abortion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Abortion in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Tonga" title="Abortion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Tuvalu" title="Abortion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Vanuatu" title="Abortion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Argentina" title="Abortion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bolivia" title="Abortion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Brazil" title="Abortion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Chile" title="Abortion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Colombia" title="Abortion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ecuador" title="Abortion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Guyana" title="Abortion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Paraguay" title="Abortion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Peru" title="Abortion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Suriname" title="Abortion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Uruguay" title="Abortion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Venezuela" title="Abortion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abortion_case_law" title="Category:Abortion case law">Case law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abortion_constitutional_law" title="Category:Abortion constitutional law">Constitutional law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion#Legal:_History_of_abortion_law" title="History of abortion">History of abortion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law#National_laws" title="Abortion law">Laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_protection_of_access_to_abortion" title="Legal protection of access to abortion">Buffer zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objection_to_abortion" title="Conscientious objection to abortion">Conscientious objection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_rights" title="Fetal rights">Fetal protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-week_abortion_ban" class="mw-redirect" title="Six-week abortion ban">Six-week bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informed_consent#Abortion" title="Informed consent">Informed consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late-term_abortion#Legal_restrictions_on_later_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-term abortion">Late-term restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minors_and_abortion" title="Minors and abortion">Parental involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_rights_and_abortion#Men_and_abortion_in_law" title="Paternal rights and abortion">Spousal consent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_aspiration" title="Vacuum aspiration">Vacuum aspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilation_and_evacuation" title="Dilation and evacuation">Dilation and evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilation_and_curettage" title="Dilation and curettage">Dilation and curettage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intact_dilation_and_extraction" title="Intact dilation and extraction">Intact D&X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysterotomy_abortion" title="Hysterotomy abortion">Hysterotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instillation_abortion" title="Instillation abortion">Instillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_extraction" title="Menstrual extraction">Menstrual extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_abortion" title="Medical abortion">Medical abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortifacient" title="Abortifacient">Abortifacient drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">Methotrexate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misoprostol" title="Misoprostol">Misoprostol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-induced_abortion" title="Self-induced abortion">Self-induced abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsafe_abortion" title="Unsafe abortion">Unsafe abortion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_abortion" title="Buddhism and abortion">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_abortion" title="Christianity and abortion">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_abortion" title="Catholic Church and abortion">Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_abortion" title="Hinduism and abortion">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_abortion" title="Islam and abortion">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_abortion" title="Judaism and abortion">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_abortion" title="Scientology and abortion">Scientology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Abortion" title="Category:Abortion">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_and_..." style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_and_topic" title="Template:Religion and topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_and_topic" title="Template talk:Religion and topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_and_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion and topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_and_..." style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion and ...</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">(<i>Some topic...</i>) and religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_and_religion" title="Astronomy and religion">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_religion" title="Cannabis and religion">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_and_religion" title="Fertility and religion">Fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_religion" title="Gender and religion">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_religion" title="Law and religion">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_and_religion" title="Magic and religion">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_religion" title="Marxism and religion">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_and_religion" title="Morality and religion">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud_and_religion" title="Subud and religion">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_religion" title="Transgender people and religion">Transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination_and_religion" title="Vaccination and religion">Vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_and_religion" title="World War I and religion">World War I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Religion and (<i>some topic</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and AIDS">AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and animal rights">animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_authoritarianism" title="Religion and authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_birth_control" title="Religion and birth control">birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_capital_punishment" title="Religion and capital punishment">capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_child_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and child marriage">child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_children" title="Religion and children">children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and climate change">climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and communism">communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_coping_with_trauma" title="Religion and coping with trauma">coping with trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and coronavirus">coronavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and corruption">corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and crime">crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_the_death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and the death penalty">death penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_disability" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and disability">disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_divorce" title="Religion and divorce">divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_domestic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and domestic violence">domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_drugs" title="Religion and drugs">drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_alcohol" title="Religion and alcohol">alcohol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_education_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and education in Pakistan">education in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism" title="Religion and environmentalism">environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and ethics">ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_ethnicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and ethnicity">ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_executions" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and executions">executions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_gambling" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and gambling">gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and gender">gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_geography" title="Religion and geography">geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and government">government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_health" title="Religion and health">health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Religion and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_human_migration" title="Religion and human migration">human migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and identity">identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and intelligence">intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_the_internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and the internet">the internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_LGBTQ_people" title="Religion and LGBTQ people">LGBTQ people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mental_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and mental health">mental health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and mental illness">mental illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_schizophrenia" title="Religion and schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_morality" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and morality">morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_negotiations" title="Religion and negotiations">negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_pacifism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and pacifism">pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_peacebuilding" title="Religion and peacebuilding">peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_personality" title="Religion and personality">personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Religion and politics in the United States">politics in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_ritual" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and ritual">ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_adolescent_sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and adolescent sexuality">adolescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_bestiality" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and bestiality">bestiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_heterosexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and heterosexuality">heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_polygamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and polygamy">polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_polygyny" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and polygyny">polygyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_pornography" title="Religious views on pornography">pornography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_superstition" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and superstition">superstition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_terror" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and terror">terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_torture" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and torture">torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_vaccination" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and vaccination">vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and violence">violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and warfare">warfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Category:... and religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Adoption_and_religion" title="Category:Adoption and religion">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:African_Americans_and_religion" title="Category:African Americans and religion">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cannabis_and_religion" title="Category:Cannabis and religion">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics_and_religion" title="Category:Economics and religion">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_and_religion" title="Category:Economy and religion">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_and_religion" title="Category:Environment and religion">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Evolution_and_religion" title="Category:Evolution and religion">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_LGBTQ_and_religion" title="Category:Films about LGBTQ and religion">Films about LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Freemasonry_and_religion" title="Category:Freemasonry and religion">Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gender_and_religion" title="Category:Gender and religion">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hellenistic_philosophy_and_religion" title="Category:Hellenistic philosophy and religion">Hellenistic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_LGBTQ_people" title="Category:Religion and LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism_and_religion" title="Category:Liberalism and religion">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Marriage_and_religion" title="Category:Marriage and religion">Marriage</a></li> <li>Mythology <ul><li><a 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government">government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_health" title="Category:Religion and health">health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_mental_health" title="Category:Religion and mental health">mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Category:Religion and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_law" title="Category:Religion and law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_medicine" title="Category:Religion and medicine">medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_music" title="Category:Religion and music">music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_peace" title="Category:Religion and peace">peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_race" title="Category:Religion and race">race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_science" title="Category:Religion and science">science</a></li> <li><a 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