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id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_life_and_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_life_and_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Political life and presidency </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_life_and_presidency-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political life and presidency subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_life_and_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assassination_attempt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination_attempt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Assassination attempt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination_attempt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_president" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_president"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 As president </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_president-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_Iran–Iraq_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_Iran–Iraq_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 During Iran–Iraq war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_Iran–Iraq_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 After the war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supreme_Leader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supreme_Leader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Supreme Leader </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Supreme_Leader-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Supreme Leader subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Supreme_Leader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Election_as_Supreme_Leader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_as_Supreme_Leader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Election as Supreme Leader </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_as_Supreme_Leader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leadership_Council_proposal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership_Council_proposal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Leadership Council proposal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership_Council_proposal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marjaʿiyyat_criteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marjaʿiyyat_criteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Marjaʿiyyat criteria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marjaʿiyyat_criteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_strategy_and_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_strategy_and_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Political strategy and philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_strategy_and_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Privatization_of_state-owned_businesses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privatization_of_state-owned_businesses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Privatization of state-owned businesses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privatization_of_state-owned_businesses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dispute_regarding_status_as_Grand_Ayatollah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispute_regarding_status_as_Grand_Ayatollah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Dispute regarding status as Grand Ayatollah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dispute_regarding_status_as_Grand_Ayatollah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Appointments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_power_following_reform_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_power_following_reform_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Political power following reform era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_power_following_reform_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_assets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_assets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Financial assets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_assets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges_following_2009_election_protest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges_following_2009_election_protest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Challenges following 2009 election protest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges_following_2009_election_protest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_former_President_Ahmadinejad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_former_President_Ahmadinejad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Relations with former President Ahmadinejad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_former_President_Ahmadinejad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023_riots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023_riots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 2023 riots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023_riots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fatwas_and_messages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fatwas_and_messages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Fatwas and messages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fatwas_and_messages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fatwa_against_nuclear_weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fatwa_against_nuclear_weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10.1 Fatwa against nuclear weapons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fatwa_against_nuclear_weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fatwa_on_Islamic_legal_interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fatwa_on_Islamic_legal_interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10.2 Fatwa on Islamic legal interpretation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fatwa_on_Islamic_legal_interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_messages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_messages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10.3 Other messages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_messages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_fatwas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_fatwas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10.4 Other fatwas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_fatwas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Domestic policy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Domestic_policy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Domestic policy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presidential,_parliamentary,_and_Assembly_of_Experts_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential,_parliamentary,_and_Assembly_of_Experts_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Presidential, parliamentary, and Assembly of Experts elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential,_parliamentary,_and_Assembly_of_Experts_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Foreign policy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Foreign policy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beliefs_about_the_United_States_and_its_foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs_about_the_United_States_and_its_foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Beliefs about the United States and its foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beliefs_about_the_United_States_and_its_foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Condemnation_of_11_September_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Condemnation_of_11_September_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Condemnation of 11 September attacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Condemnation_of_11_September_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zionism_and_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zionism_and_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Zionism and Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zionism_and_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Holocaust_denial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holocaust_denial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Holocaust denial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holocaust_denial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antisemitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antisemitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Antisemitism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antisemitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 Open letters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights,_freedoms,_protests,_and_Islamic_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights,_freedoms,_protests,_and_Islamic_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Human rights, freedoms, protests, and Islamic law </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_rights,_freedoms,_protests,_and_Islamic_law-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Human rights, freedoms, protests, and Islamic law subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Human_rights,_freedoms,_protests,_and_Islamic_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protests_during_leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protests_during_leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Protests during leadership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protests_during_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Minorities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_the_press" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_the_press"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Relationship with the press </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_the_press-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trials_of_people_for_insulting_Khamenei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trials_of_people_for_insulting_Khamenei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Trials of people for insulting Khamenei </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trials_of_people_for_insulting_Khamenei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_and_queer_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_and_queer_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Women's and queer rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_and_queer_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Personal life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Home </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifestyle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifestyle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Lifestyle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifestyle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_and_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Literature and art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_diplomacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_diplomacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Public diplomacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_diplomacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ali Khamenei</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 98 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-98" aria-hidden="true" > 98 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Chamenei" title="Ali Chamenei – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ali Chamenei" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="علي خامنئي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علي خامنئي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%AD_Khamenei" title="Alí Khamenei – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alí Khamenei" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fli_Xamenei" title="Əli Xamenei – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əli Xamenei" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="علی خامنه‌ای – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="علی خامنه‌ای" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%80" title="আলী খামেনেয়ী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলী খামেনেয়ী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ali Khamenei" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%96" title="Алі Хаменеі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алі Хаменеі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%96" title="Алі Хамэнэі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Алі Хамэнэі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Али Хаменеи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Али Хаменеи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Chamene%27i" title="Ali Chamene'i – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Ali Chamene'i" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ali Khamenei" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ali Khamenei" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_X%C4%81menei" title="Ali Xāmenei – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ali Xāmenei" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajjid_Al%C3%AD_Chamene%C3%AD" title="Sajjid Alí Chameneí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sajjid Alí Chameneí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ali Khamenei" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Chamenei" title="Ali Chamenei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ali Chamenei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Al%C4%AB_Kh%C4%81mene%27%C4%AB" title="'Alī Khāmene'ī – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="'Alī Khāmene'ī" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%AF_%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%90" title="Αλί Χαμενεΐ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλί Χαμενεΐ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%AD_Jamenei" title="Alí Jamenei – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alí Jamenei" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_%C4%A4amenei" title="Ali Ĥamenei – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ali Ĥamenei" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ali Khamenei" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="سید علی خامنه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سید علی خامنه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyed_Ali_Khamenei" title="Seyed Ali Khamenei – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Seyed Ali Khamenei" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ali Khamenei" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A6%AC_%ED%95%98%EB%A9%94%EB%84%A4%EC%9D%B4" title="알리 하메네이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알리 하메네이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ali Khamenei" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%AB" title="Ալի Խամենեի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալի Խամենեի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%88" title="अली ख़ामेनेई – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अली ख़ामेनेई" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Hamenei" title="Ali Hamenei – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ali Hamenei" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ali Khamenei" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ali Khamenei" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ali Khamenei" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ali Khamenei" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%97%27%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%99" title="עלי ח'אמנאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עלי ח'אמנאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ali Khamenei" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%98" title="ალი ხამენეი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალი ხამენეი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="سید علی خامنائی – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سید علی خامنائی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Әли Хаменеи – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әли Хаменеи" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ali Khamenei" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%AE_Xamin%C3%AAy%C3%AE" title="Elî Xaminêyî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Elî Xaminêyî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ali Khamenei" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C4%AB_H%C4%81menej%C4%AB" title="Alī Hāmenejī – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alī Hāmenejī" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Chamen%C4%97jus" title="Ali Chamenėjus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ali Chamenėjus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_H%C3%A1menei" title="Ali Hámenei – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ali Hámenei" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="अली खामेनी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अली खामेनी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Али Хаменеи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Али Хаменеи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%87" title="ആയത്തുല്ല അലി ഖാം‌നഇ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആയത്തുല്ല അലി ഖാം‌നഇ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Ali Khamenei" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%88" title="अली खामेनेई – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अली खामेनेई" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%98" title="ალი ხამენეი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალი ხამენეი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A6%D9%89" title="على خامنئى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="على خامنئى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="علی خامنه‌ای – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="علی خامنه‌ای" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ali Khamenei" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE_%E1%80%81%E1%80%AB%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE" title="အယာတိုလာ အလီ ခါမေနီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အယာတိုလာ အလီ ခါမေနီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ali Khamenei" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="अली खामेनी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अली खामेनी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A1%E3%83%8D%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BC" title="アリー・ハーメネイー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アリー・ハーメネイー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Ӏалий Хаменеи – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏалий Хаменеи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ali Khamenei" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ali Khamenei" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Xomanaiy" title="Ali Xomanaiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ali Xomanaiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%DB%81_%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="سید علی خامنہ ای – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سید علی خامنہ ای" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%89" title="سيد علي خامنه‌اى – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سيد علي خامنه‌اى" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Chamenei" title="Ali Chamenei – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ali Chamenei" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ali Khamenei" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Hamenei" title="Ali Hamenei – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ali Hamenei" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ali Khamenei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ali Khamenei" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B8,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Хаменеи, Али – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хаменеи, Али" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ali Khamenei" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Hamenei" title="Ali Hamenei – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ali Hamenei" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93" title="අලි කමිනී – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අලි කමිනී" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ali Khamenei" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="آيت الله خامنائي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آيت الله خامنائي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajjid_Al%C3%AD_Ch%C3%A1mene%C3%AD" title="Sajjid Alí Chámeneí – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sajjid Alí Chámeneí" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Hamenej" title="Ali Hamenej – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ali Hamenej" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%95%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="عەلی خامنەیی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="عەلی خامنەیی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%98" title="Али Хамнеј – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Али Хамнеј" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Hamenei" title="Ali Hamenei – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ali Hamenei" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ali Khamenei" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ali Khamenei" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Kh%C4%81menei" title="Ali Khāmenei – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ali Khāmenei" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="அலி காமெனி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அலி காமெனி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84li_Xamenei" title="Äli Xamenei – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Äli Xamenei" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Ali Khamenei" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%86%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5" title="แอลี ฆอเมเนอี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอลี ฆอเมเนอี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%BB%D3%A3_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D3%A3" title="Сайид Алӣ Хоманаӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сайид Алӣ Хоманаӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Hamenei" title="Ali Hamenei – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ali Hamenei" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%97" title="Алі Хаменеї – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Алі Хаменеї" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%DB%81_%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="سید علی خامنہ ای – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سید علی خامنہ ای" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%8A%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%87%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%BE_%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%95%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%89" title="ئايەتۇللاھ ھامەينى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئايەتۇللاھ ھامەينى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ali Khamenei" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ali Khamenei" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E6%A2%85%E5%86%85%E4%BC%8A" title="阿里·哈梅内伊 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿里·哈梅内伊" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E6%A2%85%E5%85%A7%E4%BC%8A" title="哈梅內伊 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="哈梅內伊" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Xameney" title="Eli Xameney – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Eli Xameney" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E6%A2%85%E5%85%A7%E4%BC%8A" title="阿里·哈梅內伊 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿里·哈梅內伊" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q57336#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Supreme Leader of Iran since 1989</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with his predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah#Grand_Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">Grand Ayatollah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Ali Khamenei</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>علی خامنه‌ای</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali_Khamenei_2024_(3x4_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ali_Khamenei_2024_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/220px-Ali_Khamenei_2024_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ali_Khamenei_2024_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/330px-Ali_Khamenei_2024_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ali_Khamenei_2024_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/440px-Ali_Khamenei_2024_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1602" data-file-height="2129" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Khamenei in 2024</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader of Iran</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">Assumed office 6 August 1989<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_note">[nb]</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Himself</li><li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani">Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khatami" title="Mohammad Khatami">Mohammad Khatami</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani" title="Hassan Rouhani">Hassan Rouhani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Raisi" title="Ebrahim Raisi">Ebrahim Raisi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mokhber" title="Mohammad Mokhber">Mohammad Mokhber</a> (acting)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Masoud_Pezeshkian" title="Masoud Pezeshkian">Masoud Pezeshkian</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">3rd <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President of Iran</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 9 October 1981 – 16 August 1989</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Supreme Leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Ruhollah Khomeini</li><li>Himself</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mir-Hossein_Mousavi" title="Mir-Hossein Mousavi">Mir-Hossein Mousavi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Ali_Rajai" title="Mohammad-Ali Rajai">Mohammad-Ali Rajai</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Expediency_Discernment_Council#Chairmen" title="Expediency Discernment Council">Chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 7 February 1988 – 4 June 1989</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Appointed by</th><td class="infobox-data">Ruhollah Khomeini</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Office established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts" title="Assembly of Experts">Assembly of Experts</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 15 August 1983 – 4 June 1989</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehran Province">Tehran Province</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Majority</th><td class="infobox-data">2,800,353 (87.8%)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Islamic Consultative Assembly</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 28 May 1980 – 13 October 1981</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tehran,_Rey,_Shemiranat_and_Eslamshahr_(electoral_district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehran, Rey, Shemiranat and Eslamshahr (electoral district)">Tehran, Rey and Shemiranat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Majority</th><td class="infobox-data">1,405,976 (65.8%)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Tehran%27s_Friday_Prayer_Imam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehran's Friday Prayer Imam">Tehran's Friday Prayer Imam</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">Assumed office 14 January 1980</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Appointed by</th><td class="infobox-data">Ruhollah Khomeini</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Interim Imams</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">See list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Jannati" title="Ahmad Jannati">Ahmad Jannati</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Khatami" title="Ahmad Khatami">Ahmad Khatami</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kazem_Seddiqi" title="Kazem Seddiqi">Kazem Seddiqi</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Movahedi-Kermani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Movahedi-Kermani">Ali Movahedi-Kermani</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Hassan_Aboutorabi_Fard" title="Mohammad-Hassan Aboutorabi Fard">Mohammad-Hassan Aboutorabi Fard</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Javad_Haj_Ali_Akbari" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Javad Haj Ali Akbari">Mohammad Javad Haj Ali Akbari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hussein-Ali_Montazeri" title="Hussein-Ali Montazeri">Hussein-Ali Montazeri</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Ali Hosseini Khameneh<a href="#cite_note-cc-4">[4]</a></div> (1939-04-19) 19 April 1939 (age 85) <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_province" title="Khorasan province">Khorasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Imperial State of Iran</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (since 1989)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republican_Party" title="Islamic Republican Party">Islamic Republican Party</a> (1979–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant_Clergy_Association" title="Combatant Clergy Association">Combatant Clergy Association</a> (1977–1989)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mansoureh_Khojasteh_Bagherzadeh" title="Mansoureh Khojasteh Bagherzadeh">Mansoureh Khojasteh Bagherzadeh</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1964)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">6, including <a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Khamenei" title="Mostafa Khamenei">Mostafa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mojtaba_Khamenei" title="Mojtaba Khamenei">Mojtaba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Masoud_Khamenei" title="Masoud Khamenei">Masoud</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Javad_Khamenei" title="Javad Khamenei">Javad Khamenei</a> (father)</li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khadijeh_Mirdamadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khadijeh Mirdamadi (page does not exist)">Khadijeh Mirdamadi</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khamenei" title="Mohammad Khamenei">Mohammad Khamenei</a> (brother)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Hadi_Khamenei" title="Hadi Khamenei">Hadi Khamenei</a> (brother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Leadership">House of Leadership</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Khorasan Seminary</li><li><a href="/wiki/Najaf_Seminary" class="mw-redirect" title="Najaf Seminary">Najaf Seminary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Qom_Seminary" title="Qom Seminary">Qom Seminary</a><a href="#cite_note-cgie-7">[7]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali_Khamenei_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ali Khamenei's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ac/Ali_Khamenei_signature.svg/128px-Ali_Khamenei_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ac/Ali_Khamenei_signature.svg/192px-Ali_Khamenei_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ac/Ali_Khamenei_signature.svg/256px-Ali_Khamenei_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="176" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.khamenei.ir">english.khamenei.ir</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">Islamic Republic of Iran</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_Warfare_Headquarters" title="Irregular Warfare Headquarters">Irregular Warfare Headquarters</a><a href="#cite_note-raee-8">[8]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1979–1980, 1980–1981</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data">Revolutionary Guards<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Samen-ol-A%27emeh" title="Operation Samen-ol-A'emeh">Operation Samen-ol-A'emeh</a><a href="#cite_note-raee-8">[8]</a></li></ul></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;">Personal</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Denomination</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shiʿa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisprudence</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari">Ja'fari</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Creed</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Usuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Usuli">Usuli</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main interest(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Principles of Islamic jurisprudence">Uṣūl al-Fiqh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a><a href="#cite_note-cgie-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable idea(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei%27s_fatwa_against_nuclear_weapons" title="Ali Khamenei's fatwa against nuclear weapons">Fatwa against nuclear weapons</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;">Muslim leader</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Teacher</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi">Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a><a href="#cite_note-cgie-7">[7]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali_Khamenei_speech_at_the_Hussainiya_of_Lovers_of_Karbala,_Sari_-_14_October_1995_(13740722_2546).wav" title="File:Ali Khamenei speech at the Hussainiya of Lovers of Karbala, Sari - 14 October 1995 (13740722 2546).wav">Ali Khamenei's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="104" data-mwtitle="Ali_Khamenei_speech_at_the_Hussainiya_of_Lovers_of_Karbala,_Sari_-_14_October_1995_(13740722_2546).wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Ali_Khamenei_speech_at_the_Hussainiya_of_Lovers_of_Karbala%2C_Sari_-_14_October_1995_%2813740722_2546%29.wav/Ali_Khamenei_speech_at_the_Hussainiya_of_Lovers_of_Karbala%2C_Sari_-_14_October_1995_%2813740722_2546%29.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Ali_Khamenei_speech_at_the_Hussainiya_of_Lovers_of_Karbala%2C_Sari_-_14_October_1995_%2813740722_2546%29.wav/Ali_Khamenei_speech_at_the_Hussainiya_of_Lovers_of_Karbala%2C_Sari_-_14_October_1995_%2813740722_2546%29.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Ali_Khamenei_speech_at_the_Hussainiya_of_Lovers_of_Karbala%2C_Sari_-_14_October_1995_%2813740722_2546%29.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Khamenei speaking at the Hussainiya of Lovers of Karbala in <a href="/wiki/Sari,_Iran" title="Sari, Iran">Sari</a> Recorded 14 October 1995</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">n.b. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_note">^</a> Acting: 4 June – 6 August 1989<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Ali Hosseini Khamenei<a href="#cite_note-cc-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[a]</a> (born 19 April 1939)<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> is an Iranian cleric and politician who has served as the second <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">supreme leader of Iran</a> since <a href="/wiki/1989_Iranian_Supreme_Leader_election" title="1989 Iranian Supreme Leader election">1989</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-loi-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCNewsProfile-16">[15]</a> He previously served as the third <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">president of Iran</a> from 1981 to 1989. Khamenei's 35-year-long rule makes him the longest-serving <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> in the Middle East, as well as the second-longest-serving Iranian leader of the last century after Shah <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Primer-17">[16]</a> Khamenei is a <a href="/wiki/Marja%27" title="Marja'">marja'</a>, a title given to the highest level of religious cleric in <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'sm</a>. According to his official website, Khamenei was arrested six times before being exiled for three years during the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> In June 1981, after the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a> and the overthrow of the shah, he was the target of an <a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Ali_Khamenei" title="Attempted assassination of Ali Khamenei">attempted assassination</a> that paralyzed his right arm.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> Khamenei was one of Iran's leaders during the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> in the 1980s, and developed close ties with the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Revolutionary Guards</a>, which he controls, and whose commanders are elected and dismissed by him. The Revolutionary Guards have been <a href="/wiki/Military_deployment" title="Military deployment">deployed</a> to suppress opposition to him.<a href="#cite_note-Newsweekmag-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-World_Affairs_Journal-22">[21]</a> Khamenei served as the third president of Iran from 1981 to 1989, while becoming a close ally of the first supreme leader, <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a>. Shortly before his death, Khomeini had a disagreement with the heir he had chosen—<a href="/wiki/Hussein_Ali_Montazeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussein Ali Montazeri">Hussein Ali Montazeri</a>—so there was no agreed-on successor when Khomeini died. The <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts" title="Assembly of Experts">Assembly of Experts</a> elected Khamenei as the next supreme leader on 4 June 1989, at age 50. According to <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani">Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani</a>, Khamenei was the man Khomeini had chosen as his successor. Khamenei has been head of the servants of <a href="/wiki/Astan_Quds_Razavi" title="Astan Quds Razavi">Astan Quds Razavi</a> since 14 April 1979.<a href="#cite_note-رئیس_خدمه‌ی_آستان_قدس_رضوی-23">[22]</a> As supreme leader, Khamenei is the most powerful political authority in the Islamic Republic.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-GanjiForAff-25">[24]</a> He is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Iran" title="List of heads of state of Iran">head of state of Iran</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Iranian_Armed_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Iranian Armed Forces">commander-in-chief</a> of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Armed_Forces" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces">its armed forces</a>, and can issue decrees and make the final decisions on the main policies of the government in economy, the environment, foreign policy, and national planning in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-Middle_East_Eye-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-al-monitor.com-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Louis_Charbonneau_and_Parisa_Hafezi-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-en.iranwire.com-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> As supreme leader, Khamenei has either direct or indirect control over the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government, as well as the military and media.<a href="#cite_note-Primer-17">[16]</a> All candidates for the Assembly of Experts, the presidency and the Majlis (Parliament) are vetted by the <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a>, whose members are selected directly or indirectly by the Supreme Leader of Iran.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> There have also been instances when the Guardian Council reversed its ban on particular people after being ordered to do so by Khamenei.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> There have been major protests during Khamenei's reign, including the 1994 Qazvin protests,<a href="#cite_note-english.alarabiya.net-34">[33]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Iran_student_protests,_July_1999" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran student protests, July 1999">1999 student protests</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election_protests" title="2009 Iranian presidential election protests">2009 presidential election protests</a>,<a href="#cite_note-linkday.ir-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnn.com-37">[36]</a> the <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests" title="2011–2012 Iranian protests">2011–12 protests</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Iranian_protests" title="2017–2018 Iranian protests">2017–18 protests</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Iranian_general_strikes_and_protests" title="2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests">2018–19 general strikes and protests</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Iranian_protests" title="2019–2020 Iranian protests">2019–20 protests</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Iranian_protests" title="2021–2022 Iranian protests">2021–22 protests</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mahsa_Amini_protests" title="Mahsa Amini protests">Mahsa Amini protests</a>. Journalists, bloggers, and others have been imprisoned in Iran for insulting Khamenei, often in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy_law_in_Iran" title="Blasphemy law in Iran">blasphemy</a> charges. Their sentences have included lashing and jail time; some have died in custody.<a href="#cite_note-State_Department2015-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-State_Department-39">[38]</a> Regarding the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">nuclear program of Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei%27s_fatwa_against_nuclear_weapons" title="Ali Khamenei's fatwa against nuclear weapons">Khamenei issued a fatwa</a> in 2003 forbidding the production, stockpiling and use of all kinds of weapons of mass destruction. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Childhood_photo_of_Seyed_Ali_Khamenei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Childhood_photo_of_Seyed_Ali_Khamenei.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="277" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="277" /></a><figcaption>A teenage Khamenei</figcaption></figure> Born to <a href="/wiki/Seyed_Javad_Khamenei" class="mw-redirect" title="Seyed Javad Khamenei">Seyed Javad Khamenei</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Alim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mujtahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujtahid">Mujtahid</a> born in <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>,<a href="#cite_note-cgie-7">[7]</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khadijeh_Mirdamadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khadijeh Mirdamadi (page does not exist)">Khadijeh Mirdamadi</a> (daughter of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hashem_Mirdamadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hashem Mirdamadi (page does not exist)">Hashem Mirdamadi</a>]) in <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, Khamenei is the second of eight children.<a href="#cite_note-leader-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> Two of his brothers are also clerics; his younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Hadi_Khamenei" title="Hadi Khamenei">Hadi Khamenei</a>, is a newspaper editor and cleric.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> His elder sister Fatemeh Hosseini Khamenei died in 2015, aged 89.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> His father was an ethnic <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijani</a> from <a href="/wiki/Khamaneh" title="Khamaneh">Khamaneh</a>, while his mother was an ethnic <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> from <a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> Some of his ancestors are from <a href="/wiki/Tafresh" title="Tafresh">Tafresh</a> in today's <a href="/wiki/Markazi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Markazi Province">Markazi Province</a> and migrated from their original home in Tafresh to <a href="/wiki/Khamaneh" title="Khamaneh">Khamaneh</a> near <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> Khamenei's great ancestor was Sayyid Hossein Tafreshi, a descendant of the Aftasi Sayyids, whose lineage supposedly reached to Sultan ul-Ulama Ahmad, known as Sultan Sayyid, a grandchild of <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Shia</a> fourth Imam, <a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Sajjad" title="Ali al-Sajjad">Ali al-Sajjad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cgie-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> Khamenei's education began at the age of four, by learning the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> at <a href="/wiki/Maktab_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maktab (education)">Maktab</a>;<a href="#cite_note-cgie-7">[7]</a> he spent his basic and advanced levels of <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminary</a> studies at the <a href="/wiki/Hawza" title="Hawza">hawza</a> of Mashhad, under mentors such as Sheikh Hashem Qazvini and <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hadi_Milani" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Hadi Milani">Ayatollah Milani</a>. Then, he went to <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, in 1957,<a href="#cite_note-chamber-53">[52]</a> but soon returned to Mashhad due to his father's unwillingness to let him stay there. In 1958, he settled in <a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a> where he attended the classes of <a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi">Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cgie-7">[7]</a> Like many other politically active clerics at the time, Khamenei was far more involved with politics than religious scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_life_and_presidency">Political life and presidency</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali_Khamenei_in_Iranian_Revolution_protests.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ali_Khamenei_in_Iranian_Revolution_protests.jpg/220px-Ali_Khamenei_in_Iranian_Revolution_protests.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ali_Khamenei_in_Iranian_Revolution_protests.jpg/330px-Ali_Khamenei_in_Iranian_Revolution_protests.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ali_Khamenei_in_Iranian_Revolution_protests.jpg/440px-Ali_Khamenei_in_Iranian_Revolution_protests.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>Khamenei in a protest during <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a></figcaption></figure> Khamenei was a key figure in the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> in Iran and a close confidant of <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a>. Since the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Republic">Islamic Republic</a>, Khamenei has held many government posts.<a href="#cite_note-leader-40">[39]</a> Muhammad Sahimi claims that his political career began after the Iranian Revolution, when the former President of Iran, <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani">Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani</a>, then a confidant of Khomeini, brought Khamenei into Khomeini's inner circle. Later on, <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani" title="Hassan Rouhani">Hassan Rouhani</a>, then a member of Parliament, arranged for Khamenei to get his first major post in the provisional revolutionary government as deputy defense minister.<a href="#cite_note-sahimi-ni-2016-55">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali_Khamenei_in_military_uniform_during_Iran-Iraq_war.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ali_Khamenei_in_military_uniform_during_Iran-Iraq_war.jpg/220px-Ali_Khamenei_in_military_uniform_during_Iran-Iraq_war.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ali_Khamenei_in_military_uniform_during_Iran-Iraq_war.jpg/330px-Ali_Khamenei_in_military_uniform_during_Iran-Iraq_war.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ali_Khamenei_in_military_uniform_during_Iran-Iraq_war.jpg/440px-Ali_Khamenei_in_military_uniform_during_Iran-Iraq_war.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Khamenei in military uniform during <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></figcaption></figure> Khomeini appointed Khamenei to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Tehran%27s_Friday_Prayer_Imams" title="List of Tehran's Friday Prayer Imams">post of Tehran's Friday prayers Imam</a> in 1980, after the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Hussein-Ali_Montazeri" title="Hussein-Ali Montazeri">Hussein-Ali Montazeri</a> from the post. He was briefly the vice <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_and_Armed_Forces_Logistics_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Defence and Armed Forces Logistics (Iran)">Minister of National Defence</a> from late July to 6 November 1979<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> and as a supervisor of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards. He also went to the battlefield as a representative of the parliament's defense commission.<a href="#cite_note-cgie-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assassination_attempt">Assassination attempt</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Ali_Khamenei" title="Attempted assassination of Ali Khamenei">Attempted assassination of Ali Khamenei</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayatolla_Ali_Khamenei_in_Hospital_after_Assassination_Attempt_by_khamenei.ir03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ayatolla_Ali_Khamenei_in_Hospital_after_Assassination_Attempt_by_khamenei.ir03.jpg/220px-Ayatolla_Ali_Khamenei_in_Hospital_after_Assassination_Attempt_by_khamenei.ir03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ayatolla_Ali_Khamenei_in_Hospital_after_Assassination_Attempt_by_khamenei.ir03.jpg/330px-Ayatolla_Ali_Khamenei_in_Hospital_after_Assassination_Attempt_by_khamenei.ir03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ayatolla_Ali_Khamenei_in_Hospital_after_Assassination_Attempt_by_khamenei.ir03.jpg/440px-Ayatolla_Ali_Khamenei_in_Hospital_after_Assassination_Attempt_by_khamenei.ir03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Khamenei in the hospital after the assassination attempt</figcaption></figure> Khamenei narrowly escaped an assassination attempt by the <a href="/wiki/Mujahedin-e_Khalq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujahedin-e Khalq">Mujahedin-e Khalq</a> when a bomb, concealed in a tape recorder, exploded beside him.<a href="#cite_note-vn-57">[56]</a> On 27 June 1981,<a href="#cite_note-Maloney-58">[57]</a> while Khamenei had returned from the <a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">frontline</a>, he went to the Aboozar Mosque according to his Saturday's schedule. After the first prayer, he lectured to worshippers who had written their questions on paper. Meanwhile, a young man who pressed a button put a tape recorder accompanied by papers on the desk in front of Khamenei. After a minute the recorder began whistling, then suddenly exploded.<a href="#cite_note-Kahlili-59">[58]</a> "A gift of Furqan Group to the Islamic Republic" was written on the inner wall of the tape recorder.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-PCHI-61">[60]</a> Khamenei's treatment took several months and his arm, <a href="/wiki/Vocal_cords" title="Vocal cords">vocal cords</a> and lungs were seriously injured.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy-62">[61]</a> He was permanently injured, losing the use of his right arm.<a href="#cite_note-vn-57">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_president">As president</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali_Khamenei_is_shaking_hand_with_his_left_hand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ali_Khamenei_is_shaking_hand_with_his_left_hand.jpg/220px-Ali_Khamenei_is_shaking_hand_with_his_left_hand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ali_Khamenei_is_shaking_hand_with_his_left_hand.jpg/330px-Ali_Khamenei_is_shaking_hand_with_his_left_hand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ali_Khamenei_is_shaking_hand_with_his_left_hand.jpg/440px-Ali_Khamenei_is_shaking_hand_with_his_left_hand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Khamenei has shaken hands with his left hand since the unsuccessful assassination.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1981, after the assassination of Mohammad-Ali Rajai, Khamenei was elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President of Iran</a> by a landslide vote (97%) in the <a href="/wiki/October_1981_Iranian_presidential_election" title="October 1981 Iranian presidential election">October 1981 Iranian presidential election</a> in which only four candidates were approved by the Council of Guardians. Khamenei became the first cleric to be in the office. Ruhollah Khomeini had originally wanted to keep clerics out of the presidency but later changed his views. Khamenei was reelected in <a href="/wiki/1985_Iranian_presidential_election" title="1985 Iranian presidential election">1985 Iranian presidential election</a> where only three candidates were approved by the Council of Guardians, receiving 87% of the votes. The only Iranian presidential election with fewer candidates approved by the Council of Guardians was the <a href="/wiki/1989_Iranian_presidential_election" title="1989 Iranian presidential election">1989 Iranian presidential election</a>, where only two candidates were approved by the Council of Guardians to run, and Rafsanjani easily won 96% of the votes.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In his presidential inaugural address, Khamenei vowed to eliminate "deviation, liberalism, and American-influenced leftists".<a href="#cite_note-Sadjad-64">[63]</a> According to the Iran Chamber, vigorous opposition to the government, including nonviolent and violent protest, assassinations, guerrilla activity and insurrections, was answered by state repression and terror in the early 1980s, both before and during Khamenei's presidency. Thousands of rank-and-file members of insurgent groups were killed, often by revolutionary courts. By 1982, the government announced that the courts would be reined in, although various political groups continued to be repressed by the government in the first half of the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_Iran–Iraq_war">During Iran–Iraq war</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jumu%27ah_pray_Ali_Kamenei_as_Jumu%27ah_Imam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Jumu%27ah_pray_Ali_Kamenei_as_Jumu%27ah_Imam.jpg/220px-Jumu%27ah_pray_Ali_Kamenei_as_Jumu%27ah_Imam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Jumu%27ah_pray_Ali_Kamenei_as_Jumu%27ah_Imam.jpg/330px-Jumu%27ah_pray_Ali_Kamenei_as_Jumu%27ah_Imam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Jumu%27ah_pray_Ali_Kamenei_as_Jumu%27ah_Imam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption>Khamenei as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Tehran%27s_Friday_Prayer_Imams" title="List of Tehran's Friday Prayer Imams">Tehran's Friday Prayer Imam</a> in 1979</figcaption></figure> Khamenei was one of Iran's leaders during the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> in the 1980s and developed close ties with the now-powerful <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Revolutionary Guards</a>. As president, he had a reputation for being deeply interested in the military, budget and administrative details.<a href="#cite_note-vn-57">[56]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Army">Iraqi Army</a> was expelled from Iran in 1982, Khamenei became one of the main opponents of his own decision to counter-invade into Iraq, an opinion Khamenei shared with Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mir-Hossein_Mousavi" title="Mir-Hossein Mousavi">Mir-Hossein Mousavi</a>, with whom he would later conflict during the <a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Iranian_election_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2009–10 Iranian election protests">2009–10 Iranian election protests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OPIraqIran-66">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_war">After the war</h3></div> In its 10 April 1997 ruling regarding the <a href="/wiki/Mykonos_restaurant_assassinations" title="Mykonos restaurant assassinations">Mykonos restaurant assassinations</a>, the German court issued an international arrest warrant for Iranian intelligence minister <a href="/wiki/Ali_Fallahian" title="Ali Fallahian">Ali Fallahian</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> after declaring that the assassination had been ordered by him with knowledge of Khamenei and Rafsanjani.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Iranian officials, however, have categorically denied their involvement. The then-Iranian Parliament speaker <a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Nategh-Nouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Akbar Nategh-Nouri">Ali Akbar Nategh-Nouri</a> dismissed the ruling as political, untrue and unsubstantiated. The ruling led to a diplomatic crisis between the governments of Iran and several European countries, which lasted until November 1997.<a href="#cite_note-cnn97-69">[68]</a> The accused assassins, Darabi and Rhayel, were finally released from prison on 10 December 2007 and deported back to their home countries.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supreme_Leader">Supreme Leader</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader of Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/1989_Iranian_Supreme_Leader_election" title="1989 Iranian Supreme Leader election">1989 Iranian Supreme Leader election</a></div> Khamenei has fired and reinstated presidential cabinet appointments.<a href="#cite_note-stalbertgazette.com-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-73">[72]</a> Iran's Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Larijani" title="Sadeq Larijani">Sadeq Larijani</a>, a Khamenei appointee, has warned the president of Iran against voicing opposition to Khamenei.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_as_Supreme_Leader">Election as Supreme Leader</h3></div> In 1989, <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> dismissed <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Montazeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Montazeri">Ayatollah Montazeri</a> as his political successor, giving the position to Khamenei instead. Because Khamenei was neither a <a href="/wiki/Marja%27" title="Marja'">marja'</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">ayatollah</a>, the Assembly of Experts had to modify the constitution to award him the position of Iran's new Supreme Leader (a decision opposed by several grand ayatollahs).<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Khamenei officially succeeded <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> after Khomeini's death, being elected as the new Supreme Leader by the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts" title="Assembly of Experts">Assembly of Experts</a> on <a href="/wiki/1989_Iranian_Supreme_Leader_election" title="1989 Iranian Supreme Leader election">4 June 1989</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Raja-76">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Leadership_Council_proposal">Leadership Council proposal</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali_Khamenei_reading_Will_of_Ruhollah_Khomeini_in_Majlis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ali_Khamenei_reading_Will_of_Ruhollah_Khomeini_in_Majlis.jpg/220px-Ali_Khamenei_reading_Will_of_Ruhollah_Khomeini_in_Majlis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ali_Khamenei_reading_Will_of_Ruhollah_Khomeini_in_Majlis.jpg/330px-Ali_Khamenei_reading_Will_of_Ruhollah_Khomeini_in_Majlis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ali_Khamenei_reading_Will_of_Ruhollah_Khomeini_in_Majlis.jpg/440px-Ali_Khamenei_reading_Will_of_Ruhollah_Khomeini_in_Majlis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="1003" /></a><figcaption>Khamenei reading the will of <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> in <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts" title="Assembly of Experts">Assembly of Experts</a></figcaption></figure> Initially, some members of the Assembly of Experts proposed the idea of a leadership council. Various lists were proposed and Khamenei was named in all of them.<a href="#cite_note-Fars-1-77">[76]</a> For instance, a council of three members, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Meshkini" title="Ali Meshkini">Ali Meshkini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Karim_Mousavi_Ardebili" title="Abdul-Karim Mousavi Ardebili">Mousavi Ardebili</a> and Khamenei, was proposed to lead Iran. According to Rafsanjani, he and Khamenei were against the proposal, while Ayatollah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haeri_Shirazi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haeri Shirazi (page does not exist)">Haeri Shirazi</a> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" class="extiw" title="fa:محی‌الدین حائری شیرازی">fa</a>] and Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Amini" title="Ebrahim Amini">Ebrahim Amini</a> were in favor of it. Supporters of the council proposal believed that having a council would produce a higher degree of unity in society and more positive characteristics would be found in a council. In contrast, the opposers believed that an individual leader was more efficient according to past experiences in the case of the Judiciary Council.<a href="#cite_note-Raja-76">[75]</a> Ebrahim Amini listed the summary of the reasons presented by the two sides. According to him, the opposers rejected the proposal because i) Evidence for <a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist</a> was true only for the guardianship of an individual and it was not clear who held the guardianship when there was a council. The guardianship of a council was not rooted in Hadiths and Islamic jurisprudence. ii) Previous council-type organizations, such as the broadcasting council and supreme judicial council, were not successful in practice and the leadership council would not do well for similar reasons. iii) People were accustomed to the leadership of an individual and a council of leaders was something unfamiliar to them. iv) An individual leader could act more decisively when dealing with critical and essential decisions and solving problems and crisis. On the other hand, the supporters of the proposal believed that: i) At the time, there were no <a href="/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh" title="Faqīh">Faqih</a> equal to Khomeini or even two or three levels lower than him so that he could fulfill the expectation of people. ii) In the case of a council of leaders, the members could compensate each other, if any of them had some shortage in a field.<a href="#cite_note-Raja-76">[75]</a> Finally, 45 members voted against the leadership council proposal while more than 20 people were in favor of it and the proposal was rejected.<a href="#cite_note-Fars-1-77">[76]</a> After the assembly rejected the idea of a Leadership Council, Khamenei was elected Leader by 60 of the 74 members present with Grand Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Reza_Golpaygani" title="Mohammad-Reza Golpaygani">Mohammad-Reza Golpaygani</a> receiving the remaining 14 votes.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Although he eventually accepted the post, Khamenei made protestations of his unworthiness, saying "my nomination should make us all cry tears of blood",<a href="#cite_note-Filkins-iran-5-18-2020-81">[80]</a> and debated with the mujtahids of the Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-www.leader.ir/langs/en/index.php?p=bio-82">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marjaʿiyyat_criteria">Marjaʿiyyat criteria</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali_Khamenei_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ali_Khamenei_crop.jpg/220px-Ali_Khamenei_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ali_Khamenei_crop.jpg/330px-Ali_Khamenei_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ali_Khamenei_crop.jpg/440px-Ali_Khamenei_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="1660" /></a><figcaption>Khamenei in 2018</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khamenei_meets_with_members_of_parliament_2022_D.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Khamenei_meets_with_members_of_parliament_2022_D.jpeg/220px-Khamenei_meets_with_members_of_parliament_2022_D.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Khamenei_meets_with_members_of_parliament_2022_D.jpeg/330px-Khamenei_meets_with_members_of_parliament_2022_D.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Khamenei_meets_with_members_of_parliament_2022_D.jpeg/440px-Khamenei_meets_with_members_of_parliament_2022_D.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1667" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Khamenei in 2022</figcaption></figure> Since Khamenei was not a <a href="/wiki/Marja%27" title="Marja'">marja'</a> at the time—which the Iranian constitution required—he was named as the temporary Supreme Leader. Later, the constitution was amended to remove that requirement and the Assembly of Experts reconvened on 6 August 1989, to reconfirm Khamenei with 60 votes out of 64 present.<a href="#cite_note-pchi-83">[82]</a> On 29 April 1989, responding to the letter of <a href="/wiki/Ali_Meshkini" title="Ali Meshkini">Ayatollah Meshkini</a>, the head of committee responsible for revising the Constitution, asking Khomeini's viewpoint regarding the <a href="/wiki/%27marja%CA%BFiyyat" class="mw-redirect" title="'marjaʿiyyat">'marjaʿiyyat</a> criteria, Khomeini said: "From the very beginning, I believed and insisted that there is no need for the requirements of marjaʿiyyat (authority in jurisprudence). A pious <a href="/wiki/Mujtahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujtahid">mujtahid</a> (jurist-intellectual), who is approved by the esteemed Assembly of Experts (Majlis-i Khobregan), will suffice."<a href="#cite_note-Ideology-84">[83]</a> In a video that surfaced during the <a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Iranian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2017–18 Iranian protests">2017–18 Iranian protests</a>, Khamenei is seen before the assembly said he was not religiously qualified to be a Supreme leader. Khamenei, who was ranked as a <a href="/wiki/Hujjat_al-Islam" title="Hujjat al-Islam">Hujjat al-Islam</a> and not a marja' as required by the Iranian constitution, said he would only be a "ceremonial leader", and was reassured by <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani">Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani</a> the position would be "temporary" until a referendum, apparently planned for one year later.<a href="#cite_note-FTJan09-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> On 29 August 2022, al-Haeri announced his resignation from the position of marja due to old age and illness.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> This was described as the first time in history a marja has ever resigned from his position.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> He called on his followers to follow Ali Khamenei, <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader of Iran</a> as "the best person for the leadership of our people and removing the aggressors".<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_strategy_and_philosophy">Political strategy and philosophy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayatollah_Ali_Khamenei_at_the_Great_Conference_of_Basij_members_at_Azadi_stadium_October_2018_033.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ayatollah_Ali_Khamenei_at_the_Great_Conference_of_Basij_members_at_Azadi_stadium_October_2018_033.jpg/220px-Ayatollah_Ali_Khamenei_at_the_Great_Conference_of_Basij_members_at_Azadi_stadium_October_2018_033.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ayatollah_Ali_Khamenei_at_the_Great_Conference_of_Basij_members_at_Azadi_stadium_October_2018_033.jpg/330px-Ayatollah_Ali_Khamenei_at_the_Great_Conference_of_Basij_members_at_Azadi_stadium_October_2018_033.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ayatollah_Ali_Khamenei_at_the_Great_Conference_of_Basij_members_at_Azadi_stadium_October_2018_033.jpg/440px-Ayatollah_Ali_Khamenei_at_the_Great_Conference_of_Basij_members_at_Azadi_stadium_October_2018_033.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1666" /></a><figcaption>Khamenei at the Great Conference of <a href="/wiki/Basij" title="Basij">Basij</a> members at <a href="/wiki/Azadi_Stadium" title="Azadi Stadium">Azadi Stadium</a>, October 2018</figcaption></figure> Khamenei's era has differed from that of his predecessor. He has, however, continued Khomeini's policy of "balancing one group against another, making sure that no single side gains too much power."<a href="#cite_note-vn-57">[56]</a> But lacking Khomeini's charisma and clerical standing, he has developed personal networks, first inside the armed forces and then among the clerics, while administering the major <a href="/wiki/Bonyad" title="Bonyad">bonyads</a> and seminaries of Qom and Mashhad. Having been Supreme Leader for three decades, Khamenei has been able to place many loyalists throughout Iran's major institutions, "building a system that serves and protects him".<a href="#cite_note-Filkins-iran-5-18-2020-81">[80]</a> Former cleric Mehdi Khalaji<a href="#cite_note-Filkins-iran-5-18-2020-81">[80]</a> and Saeid Golkar,<a href="#cite_note-will-2013-93">[92]</a> describe Khamenei's system as having creating a "parallel structure" for each of the country's institutions (army, intelligence agencies, etc.) to keep those institutions weak.<a href="#cite_note-will-2013-93">[92]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Vali_Nasr" title="Vali Nasr">Vali Nasr</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_School_of_Advanced_International_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies">Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies</a>, "[Khamenei] [took] many of the powers of the presidency with him and [turned] the office of the supreme leader into the omnipotent overseer of Iran's political scene". In Nasr's view, Khamenei is an "unusual sort of dictator".<a href="#cite_note-vn-57">[56]</a> Officials under Khamenei influence the country's various powers, and sometimes bickering, institutions, including "the parliament, the presidency, the judiciary, the Revolutionary Guards, the military, the intelligence services, the police agencies, the clerical elite, the Friday prayer leaders and much of the media", as well as various "nongovernmental foundations, organizations, councils, seminaries and business groups".<a href="#cite_note-vn-57">[56]</a> Khamenei issues decrees and makes the final decisions on the economy, environment, foreign policy and everything else in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-Middle_East_Eye-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-al-monitor.com-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Louis_Charbonneau_and_Parisa_Hafezi-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-en.iranwire.com-29">[28]</a> Khamenei regularly meets with the president, cabinet members, head and officials of the judiciary branch, parliamentarians, among others, and tells them what to do.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> Khamenei has also fired and reinstated presidential cabinet appointments.<a href="#cite_note-stalbertgazette.com-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-73">[72]</a> Khamenei meets with foreign dignitaries, however, he does not travel overseas; if anyone wishes to see him, that person must travel to Iran. Apart from his time in Najaf as a student, Khamenei traveled to <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> during his time as president.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> In his speeches, Khamenei regularly mentions many familiar themes of the 1979 revolution: justice, independence, self-sufficiency, Islamic government and resolute opposition to Israel and the United States, while rarely mentioning other revolutionary ideals such as democracy and greater government transparency.<a href="#cite_note-Sadjad-64">[63]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Karim_Sadjadpour" title="Karim Sadjadpour">Karim Sadjadpour</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>, Khamenei has "resisted Rafsanjani's attempts to find a <a href="/wiki/Modus_vivendi" title="Modus vivendi">modus vivendi</a> with the United States, Khatami's aspirations for a more democratic Islamic state, and Ahmadinejad's penchant for outright confrontation."<a href="#cite_note-Sadjad-64">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Privatization_of_state-owned_businesses">Privatization of state-owned businesses</h4></div> In 2007, Khamenei called for privatizing state-owned companies, including the telephone company, three banks and dozens of small oil and petrochemical enterprises. After a few months, at a televised meeting with then-President <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a> and his Cabinet ministers, important clerics, the leader of parliament and provincial governors, the heads of state broadcasting and the Iranian chamber of commerce, Khamenei ordered: "to pass some laws, sell off some businesses, and be quick about it." Khamenei warned that "those who are hostile to these policies are the ones who are going to lose their interests and influence."<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dispute_regarding_status_as_Grand_Ayatollah">Dispute regarding status as Grand Ayatollah</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hossein_Fardi_and_Supreme_Leader_Ayatollah_Khamenei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hossein_Fardi_and_Supreme_Leader_Ayatollah_Khamenei.jpg/220px-Hossein_Fardi_and_Supreme_Leader_Ayatollah_Khamenei.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hossein_Fardi_and_Supreme_Leader_Ayatollah_Khamenei.jpg/330px-Hossein_Fardi_and_Supreme_Leader_Ayatollah_Khamenei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hossein_Fardi_and_Supreme_Leader_Ayatollah_Khamenei.jpg/440px-Hossein_Fardi_and_Supreme_Leader_Ayatollah_Khamenei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption>Khamenei during a meeting with <a href="/wiki/Q%C4%81ri%CA%BE" title="Qāriʾ">Qaris</a></figcaption></figure> In 1994, after the death of Grand Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Araki" title="Mohammad Ali Araki">Mohammad Ali Araki</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Seminary_Teachers_of_Qom" title="Society of Seminary Teachers of Qom">Society of Seminary Teachers of Qom</a> declared Khamenei a new marja. Several ayatollahs, however, declined to recognize him as such. Some of those dissidents clerics included <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Shirazi">Mohammad Shirazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hossein-Ali_Montazeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Hossein-Ali Montazeri">Hossein-Ali Montazeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Tabatabai-Qomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Tabatabai-Qomi">Hassan Tabatabai-Qomi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yasubedin_Rastegar_Jooybari" title="Yasubedin Rastegar Jooybari">Yasubedin Rastegar Jooybari</a>. In 1997, for example, Montazeri "questioned the powers of the Leader" and was subsequently punished for his comments with the closure of his religious school, an attack on his office in Qom, and a period of house arrest.<a href="#cite_note-BBCNewsProfile-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appointments">Appointments</h3></div> The table below lists some of the incumbent senior officeholders in Iran directly appointed by the supreme leader (sorted by date of appointment): <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:100%; line-height:16px;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Office </th> <th>Incumbent </th> <th>Date Appointed </th> <th>Limit </th> <th>Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td>Commander of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a> </td> <td>MG <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Salami" title="Hossein Salami">Hossein Salami</a> </td> <td>21 April 2019 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Iran" title="Chief Justice of Iran">Chief Justice of Iran</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Mohseni-Eje%27i" title="Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i">Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i</a> </td> <td>1 July 2021 </td> <td>5+5 years </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Head of <a href="/wiki/Bonyad_Mostazafan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonyad Mostazafan">Bonyad Mostazafan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Dehghan" title="Hossein Dehghan">Hossein Dehghan</a> </td> <td>29 October 2023 </td> <td>5 years </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chief of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Police">Police</a> </td> <td>BG <a href="/wiki/Ahmad-Reza_Radan" title="Ahmad-Reza Radan">Ahmad-Reza Radan</a> </td> <td>7 January 2023 </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Head of <a href="/wiki/Imam_Khomeini_Relief_Foundation" title="Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation">Imam Khomeini Relief Committee</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Morteza_Bakhtiari" title="Morteza Bakhtiari">Morteza Bakhtiari</a> </td> <td>22 July 2019 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Custodian of <a href="/wiki/Astan_Quds_Razavi" title="Astan Quds Razavi">Astan Quds Razavi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Marvi" title="Ahmad Marvi">Ahmad Marvi</a> </td> <td>30 March 2019 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Head of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Broadcasting" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting">Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peyman_Jebelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peyman Jebelli (page does not exist)">Peyman Jebelli</a> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C" class="extiw" title="fa:پیمان جبلی">fa</a>] </td> <td>29 September 2021 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Chief-of-Staff of Iranian Armed Forces</a> </td> <td>MG <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Bagheri_(Iranian_commander)" title="Mohammad Bagheri (Iranian commander)">Mohammad Bagheri</a> </td> <td>28 June 2016 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Head of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Azad_University" title="Islamic Azad University">Islamic Azad University</a>'s Board of Trustees </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Velayati" title="Ali Akbar Velayati">Ali Akbar Velayati</a> </td> <td>19 January 2017 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Commander of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Army">Islamic Republic of Iran Army</a> </td> <td>MG <a href="/wiki/Abdolrahim_Mousavi" title="Abdolrahim Mousavi">Abdolrahim Mousavi</a> </td> <td>21 August 2017 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_power_following_reform_era">Political power following reform era</h3></div> Khamenei developed a <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a>; with supporters describing him as a "divine gift to mankind" and in which Khamenei critics are persecuted.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Karim_Sadjadpour" title="Karim Sadjadpour">Karim Sadjadpour</a> of the American <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>, several factors have strengthened Khamenei in recent years: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">(1) A vast network of <a href="/wiki/Commissar" title="Commissar">commissars</a> stationed in strategic posts throughout government bureaucracies, dedicated to enforcing his authority; (2) the weak, conservative-dominated parliament, headed by Khamenei loyalist <a href="/wiki/Gholam-Ali_Haddad-Adel" title="Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel">Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel</a> (whose daughter is <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">married</a> to the Leader's son); (3) the rapidly rising political and economic influence of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guards</a>, whose top leaders are directly appointed by Khamenei and have always been publicly obedient to him; (4) the political disengagement of Iran's young population ...; and (5) most significant[ly], the 2005 presidential election, which saw hardliner Mahmoud Ahmadinejad trounce Khamenei's chief rival ... <a href="/wiki/Hashemi_Rafsanjani" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashemi Rafsanjani">Hashemi Rafsanjani</a> ...<a href="#cite_note-Sadjad-64">[63]</a></blockquote> According to <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Dickey" title="Christopher Dickey">Christopher Dickey</a>, to consolidate his power base, Khamenei has developed close relations with the security and military establishment while also expanding the bureaucracy inside the government and around his <a href="/wiki/Beit_Rahbari" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit Rahbari">Beit Rahbari</a> compound.<a href="#cite_note-newsweek.com-117">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_assets">Financial assets</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Setad" class="mw-redirect" title="Setad">Setad</a></div> Writing in The Daily Telegraph, Damien McElroy and Ahmad Vahdat observed: "The ayatollah likes to cultivate an image of austerity but receives major commissions from the Iranian oil and arms industries and there have been regular claims that he and his son have amassed a fortune running into billions of dollars."<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> A six-month investigation by <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> has said that Khamenei controls a "financial empire" worth approximately US$95 billion that the Iranian Parliament does not oversee, a figure much larger than the estimated wealth of the late <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Shah of Iran</a>. According to the Reuters investigation, Khamenei uses the assets of a company called Headquarters for Executing the Order of the Imam or "Setad" in Farsi, to increase his grip on power.<a href="#cite_note-TelegraphTait-119">[118]</a> Reuters "found no evidence that Khamenei is tapping Setad to enrich himself," but did find that he used Setad's funds, which "rival the holdings of the shah", for political expedience – "Setad gives him the financial means to operate independently of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">parliament</a> and the national budget, insulating him from Iran's messy factional infighting."<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-120">[119]</a> According to The Daily Telegraph, money from Setad is used to fund Khamenei's Beit Rahbari compound, which employs over 500 stewards, as was reported in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-TelegraphTait-119">[118]</a> Hamid Vaezi, Setad's head of public relations, said the information "was far from realities and is not correct".<a href="#cite_note-TelegraphTait-119">[118]</a> The six-month investigation by Reuters found that, regarding the source of Setad's funds, "Setad built its empire on the systematic seizure of thousands of properties belonging to ordinary Iranians: members of religious minorities like Vahdat-e-Hagh, who is Baha'i, as well as Shi'ite Muslims, business people and Iranians living abroad."<a href="#cite_note-ReutersInvestigates-121">[120]</a> Despite the negative accounts of Western sources, Iranian official authorities depict Setad as a vast charity foundation. In an interview in October 2014 with <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_News_Agency" title="Islamic Republic News Agency">Islamic Republic News Agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mukhber" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Mukhber">Muhammad Mukhber</a>, the head of Setad, stated that over 90% of profits from Setad business activities are spent on improving infrastructure in the poor regions of the country, creating jobs and improving the well-being of people in these regions reflecting the top concerns of Iran's Supreme Leader, Khamenei for the Iranian society. He states that 85 percent of Setad's charitable works occur in poor Iran regions. He cited the construction of several hundred schools, mosques and <a href="/wiki/Hussainiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussainiya">hussainiyas</a>, as well as direct and indirect contributions to the formation of over 350 thousand jobs expecting a total of 700 thousands for the upcoming three years. Mukhber also cited a sum total grant of 2.21 trillion <a href="/wiki/Iranian_rial" title="Iranian rial">rials</a> of <a href="/wiki/Qard_al-Hasan" title="Qard al-Hasan">Qard al-Hasan</a>, interest-free loans, to 41 thousands families in poor regions of the country. He also revealed plans of gradual sell-off of Setad profitable businesses in the stock market with the aim of transferring their ownership into the hands of Iranian people. He also envisioned the construction and delivery of 17 thousand housing units to families in poor regions of Iran by 2018.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Challenges_following_2009_election_protest">Challenges following 2009 election protest</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election" title="2009 Iranian presidential election">2009 Iranian presidential election</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2009_Iranian_election_protests" title="Timeline of the 2009 Iranian election protests">Timeline of the 2009 Iranian election protests</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khamenei_meeting_Assembly_of_Experts_members_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Khamenei_meeting_Assembly_of_Experts_members_06.jpg/220px-Khamenei_meeting_Assembly_of_Experts_members_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Khamenei_meeting_Assembly_of_Experts_members_06.jpg/330px-Khamenei_meeting_Assembly_of_Experts_members_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Khamenei_meeting_Assembly_of_Experts_members_06.jpg/440px-Khamenei_meeting_Assembly_of_Experts_members_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Khamenei and former president <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani">Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani</a></figcaption></figure> In mid-August 2009, a group of unnamed former reformist lawmakers appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts" title="Assembly of Experts">Assembly of Experts</a> – the constitutional body charged with electing and (in theory) supervising and removing the Leader – to investigate Leader Ali Khamenei's qualification to rule.<a href="#cite_note-AP15082009-123">[122]</a> A week later another anonymous letter was issued "calling Iran's leader a dictator and demanding his removal", this one by a group of Iranian clerics.<a href="#cite_note-NYT17082009-124">[123]</a> The letters were called a blow to Khamenei's "status as a neutral arbiter and Islamic figurehead"<a href="#cite_note-NYT17082009-124">[123]</a> and an "unprecedented challenge to the country's most powerful man"<a href="#cite_note-AP15082009-123">[122]</a> though not a blow to his actual power as a leader. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reports "the phrase 'death to Khamenei' has begun appearing in graffiti on Tehran walls, a phrase that would have been almost unimaginable not long ago."<a href="#cite_note-NYT17082009-124">[123]</a> The letter was addressed to the head of the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts" title="Assembly of Experts">Assembly of Experts</a>, Ayatollah Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, a "powerful former president" who also questions the election results. According to the Associated Press, it is unlikely the letter's demands would be met as "two-thirds of the 86-member assembly are considered strong loyalists of Khamenei and would oppose" any investigation of him.<a href="#cite_note-AP15082009-123">[122]</a> According to The New York Times reporting in mid-August 2009, a "prominent Iranian cleric and a former lawmaker said on Sunday that they had spoken to some of the authors and had no doubt the letter was genuine". According to this cleric, the letter's signatories number "several dozen, and are mostly midranking figures from Qum, Isfahan and Mashhad", and that "the pressure on clerics in Qum is much worse than the pressure on activists because the establishment is afraid that if they say anything they can turn the more traditional sectors of society against the regime".<a href="#cite_note-NYT17082009-124">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_former_President_Ahmadinejad">Relations with former President Ahmadinejad</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5th_International_Conference_in_Support_of_the_Palestinian_Intifada,_Tehran_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/5th_International_Conference_in_Support_of_the_Palestinian_Intifada%2C_Tehran_%281%29.jpg/250px-5th_International_Conference_in_Support_of_the_Palestinian_Intifada%2C_Tehran_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/5th_International_Conference_in_Support_of_the_Palestinian_Intifada%2C_Tehran_%281%29.jpg/375px-5th_International_Conference_in_Support_of_the_Palestinian_Intifada%2C_Tehran_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/5th_International_Conference_in_Support_of_the_Palestinian_Intifada%2C_Tehran_%281%29.jpg/500px-5th_International_Conference_in_Support_of_the_Palestinian_Intifada%2C_Tehran_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Khamenei with <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Larijani" title="Ali Larijani">Ali Larijani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Larijani" title="Sadeq Larijani">Sadeq Larijani</a> in 2011</figcaption></figure> Early in his presidency, Ahmadinejad was sometimes described as "enjoy[ing] the full backing" of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a> Ali Khamenei,<a href="#cite_note-nyt-favor-125">[124]</a> and even as being his "protege".<a href="#cite_note-Abdo-126">[125]</a> In Ahmadinejad's 2005 inauguration the supreme leader allowed Ahmadinejad to kiss his hand and cheeks in what was called "a sign of closeness and loyalty",<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> and after the 2009 election fully endorsed Ahmadinejad against protesters.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> However, as early as January 2008 signs of disagreement between the two men developed over domestic policies,<a href="#cite_note-nyt-favor-125">[124]</a> and by the period of 2010–11 several sources detected a "growing rift" between them.<a href="#cite_note-rift-129">[128]</a> The disagreement was described as centered on <a href="/wiki/Esfandiar_Rahim_Mashaei" title="Esfandiar Rahim Mashaei">Esfandiar Rahim Mashaei</a>, a top adviser and close confidant of Ahmadinejad.<a href="#cite_note-accept-130">[129]</a> Mashaei was vice president of Iran until being ordered to resign from the cabinet by the supreme leader, and was also an opponent of "greater involvement of clerics in politics".<a href="#cite_note-weakens-131">[130]</a> In 2009, Ahmadinejad dismissed Intelligence Minister <a href="/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Mohseni-Eje%27i" title="Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i">Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i</a>, an opponent of Mashaei. In April 2011, another Intelligence minister, <a href="/wiki/Heydar_Moslehi" title="Heydar Moslehi">Heydar Moslehi</a>, resigned after being asked to by Ahmadinejad but was reinstated by the supreme leader within hours.<a href="#cite_note-Abdo-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-csm090511-132">[131]</a> Ahmadinejad declined to officially back Moslehi's reinstatement for two weeks and in protest engaged in an "11-day walkout" of cabinet meetings, religious ceremonies, and other official functions.<a href="#cite_note-rift-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-csm090511-132">[131]</a> Ahmadinejad's actions led to angry public attacks by clerics, parliamentarians and military commanders, who accused him of ignoring orders from the supreme leader.<a href="#cite_note-accept-130">[129]</a> Conservative opponents in parliament launched an "impeachment drive" against him,<a href="#cite_note-weakens-131">[130]</a> four websites with ties to Ahmadinejad reportedly were "filtered and blocked",<a href="#cite_note-Abdo-126">[125]</a> and several people "said to be close" to the president and Mashaei (such as <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Amirifar" title="Abbas Amirifar">Abbas Amirifar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Sharif_Malekzadeh" title="Mohammed Sharif Malekzadeh">Mohammed Sharif Malekzadeh</a>) were arrested on charges of being "magicians" and invoking <a href="/wiki/Djinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Djinn">djinns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rift-129">[128]</a> On 6 May 2011, it was reported that Ahmadinejad had been given an ultimatum to accept the leader's intervention or resign,<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> and on 8 May he "apparently bowed" to the reinstatement, welcoming back Moslehi to a cabinet meeting.<a href="#cite_note-affirms-134">[133]</a> The events have been said to have "humiliated and weakened" Ahmadinejad. However, the president denied that there had been any rift between the two,<a href="#cite_note-accept-130">[129]</a> and according to the semiofficial <a href="/wiki/Fars_News_Agency" title="Fars News Agency">Fars News Agency</a>, he stated that his relationship with the supreme leader "is that of a father and a son."<a href="#cite_note-weakens-131">[130]</a> In 2012, Khamenei ordered a halt to a parliamentary inquiry into Ahmadinejad's mishandling of the Iranian economy.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> In 2016, Khamenei advised Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, his former ally with whom his relationship was strained after Ahmadinejad accused his son <a href="/wiki/Mojtaba_Khamenei" title="Mojtaba Khamenei">Mojtaba Khamenei</a> of embezzling from the state treasury,<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> to not run for president again.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023_riots">2023 riots</h3></div> Khamenei rejected talks for referendums on the state's future, questioning people's judgment and causing public outrage.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> In 2024 he claimed that while speaking to his military he had been saying what words God put in his tongue.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fatwas_and_messages">Fatwas and messages</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmad_Mohammad_Amer_in_International_Quran_Competition%27s_participants_Meeting_With_Ali_Khamenei_2013_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ahmad_Mohammad_Amer_in_International_Quran_Competition%27s_participants_Meeting_With_Ali_Khamenei_2013_09.jpg/220px-Ahmad_Mohammad_Amer_in_International_Quran_Competition%27s_participants_Meeting_With_Ali_Khamenei_2013_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ahmad_Mohammad_Amer_in_International_Quran_Competition%27s_participants_Meeting_With_Ali_Khamenei_2013_09.jpg/330px-Ahmad_Mohammad_Amer_in_International_Quran_Competition%27s_participants_Meeting_With_Ali_Khamenei_2013_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ahmad_Mohammad_Amer_in_International_Quran_Competition%27s_participants_Meeting_With_Ali_Khamenei_2013_09.jpg/440px-Ahmad_Mohammad_Amer_in_International_Quran_Competition%27s_participants_Meeting_With_Ali_Khamenei_2013_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran%27s_International_Holy_Quran_Competition" title="Islamic Republic of Iran's International Holy Quran Competition">International Holy Quran Competition</a>'s participants meeting with Khamenei, June 2013</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heads_of_State_%26_Participants_of_31th_International_Islamic_Unity_Conference_Meeting_with_Ayatollah_Sayyed_Ali_Khamenei_33.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Heads_of_State_%26_Participants_of_31th_International_Islamic_Unity_Conference_Meeting_with_Ayatollah_Sayyed_Ali_Khamenei_33.jpg/220px-Heads_of_State_%26_Participants_of_31th_International_Islamic_Unity_Conference_Meeting_with_Ayatollah_Sayyed_Ali_Khamenei_33.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Heads_of_State_%26_Participants_of_31th_International_Islamic_Unity_Conference_Meeting_with_Ayatollah_Sayyed_Ali_Khamenei_33.jpg/330px-Heads_of_State_%26_Participants_of_31th_International_Islamic_Unity_Conference_Meeting_with_Ayatollah_Sayyed_Ali_Khamenei_33.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Heads_of_State_%26_Participants_of_31th_International_Islamic_Unity_Conference_Meeting_with_Ayatollah_Sayyed_Ali_Khamenei_33.jpg/440px-Heads_of_State_%26_Participants_of_31th_International_Islamic_Unity_Conference_Meeting_with_Ayatollah_Sayyed_Ali_Khamenei_33.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1666" /></a><figcaption>Participants of 31st <a href="/wiki/International_Islamic_Unity_Conference_(Iran)" title="International Islamic Unity Conference (Iran)">International Islamic Unity Conference</a> meeting with Khamenei, December 2017</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fatwa_against_nuclear_weapons">Fatwa against nuclear weapons</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei%27s_fatwa_against_nuclear_weapons" title="Ali Khamenei's fatwa against nuclear weapons">Ali Khamenei's fatwa against nuclear weapons</a></div> Khamenei has reportedly issued a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> saying the production, stockpiling, and use of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> was forbidden under Islam.<a href="#cite_note-AT-145">[144]</a> The fatwa was cited in an official statement by the Iranian government at an August 2005 meeting of the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> (IAEA) in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IAEA-146">[145]</a> It's been widely discussed by international officials and specifically recognized by the US administration.<a href="#cite_note-WH-147">[146]</a> The Iranian official website for information regarding its nuclear program has provided numerous instances of public statements by Khamenei wherein he voices his opposition to the pursuit and development of nuclear weapons in moral, religious and Islamic juridical terms.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> Khamenei's official website specifically cites a 2010 version<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> of these statements in the fatwa section of the website in <a href="/wiki/Farsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Farsi">Farsi</a> as a fatwa on "Prohibition of Weapons of Mass Destruction".<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> Doubts have been cast by experts on the existence of the fatwa as it can be changed or modified as and when deemed necessary,<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> as well as doubts on its authenticity, its impact,<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> and its apparently religious nature.<a href="#cite_note-Kessler-7-4-15-154">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gareth_Porter" title="Gareth Porter">Gareth Porter</a> believes that the fatwa is "sincere"<a href="#cite_note-forein_policy-155">[154]</a> and Gholam-Hossein Elham commented that it will not change.<a href="#cite_note-Borhan-156">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fatwa_on_Islamic_legal_interpretation">Fatwa on Islamic legal interpretation</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali_Khamenei_met_with_Hajj_authorities_2018_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ali_Khamenei_met_with_Hajj_authorities_2018_09.jpg/220px-Ali_Khamenei_met_with_Hajj_authorities_2018_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ali_Khamenei_met_with_Hajj_authorities_2018_09.jpg/330px-Ali_Khamenei_met_with_Hajj_authorities_2018_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ali_Khamenei_met_with_Hajj_authorities_2018_09.jpg/440px-Ali_Khamenei_met_with_Hajj_authorities_2018_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1666" /></a><figcaption>Khamenei meeting with <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> authorities, 2018</figcaption></figure> In 2000, Khamenei sent a letter to the Iranian parliament forbidding the legislature from debating a revision of the Iranian press law to allow more press freedom. He wrote: "The present press law has prevented this big plague. The draft bill is not legitimate and in the interests of the system and the revolution."<a href="#cite_note-bbc-punch-up-6-8-2000-157">[156]</a> Earlier in 1996, he issued a fatwa stating, "The promotion of music [both traditional and Western] in schools is contrary to the goals and teachings of Islam, regardless of age and level of study."<a href="#cite_note-صدا_و_سیمای_جمهوری_اسلامی_ایران-158">[157]</a> Many music schools were closed and public (but not private) music instruction to children under 16 was banned thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-Yadegari-159">[158]</a> In 1999, Khamenei had issued a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> stating that it was permitted to use a third party (donor sperm, ova or surrogacy) in fertility treatments. This was different in "both style and substance" to the fatwa on <a href="/wiki/Assisted_Reproductive_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Assisted Reproductive Technology">Assisted Reproductive Technology</a> (ART) by Gad El-Hak Ali Gad El-Hak of Egypt's Al-Azhar University in the late 1980s which permitted ART (IVF and similar technologies) as long there is no third-party donation (of sperm, eggs, embryos, or uteruses).<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> In 2002, Khamenei ruled that human <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem cell research">stem cell research</a> was permissible under Islam, with the condition that it be used to create only parts instead of a whole human.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> Also in 2002, after protests erupted in the capital, Khamenei intervened against the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Iran" title="Capital punishment in Iran">death sentence</a> given to <a href="/wiki/Hashem_Aghajari" title="Hashem Aghajari">Hashem Aghajari</a> for arguing that Muslims should re-interpret Islam rather than blindly follow leaders. Khamenei ordered a review of the sentence against Aghajari, which was later commuted to a prison sentence.<a href="#cite_note-BBCNewsProfile-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_messages">Other messages</h4></div> Khamenei annually issues messages on the occasion of <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> for all Muslims (pilgrims) in Hajj.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> He commenced to issue such messages since the start of his responsibility as the supreme leader of Iran (1989). He continually invites all Muslims to <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a>, and afterward expresses the significance of Hajj in spiritual/social life. He also asks the Muslims to be aware of what he considers "the conspiracy of the enemies" by having a right comprehension and advises them to "not be deceived by them". So far, Iran's supreme leader has issued 32 messages (since 1989).<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> A part of his last message (6 August 2019) is as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The ritual of Bara'ah which means refusing every instance of mercilessness, cruelty, wrongdoing and corruption of the tyrants of any time, and rising against intimidation and extortion by the arrogant throughout history, is one of the great blessings of Hajj, and an opportunity for oppressed Muslim nations.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a></blockquote> Khamenei was one of the <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Ulama</a> signatories of the <a href="/wiki/Amman_Message" title="Amman Message">Amman Message</a>, which gives a broad foundation for defining Muslim orthodoxy.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> as well as elaborating on the factors needed to create Islamic unity, he argues: "neither the Shia Muslims allied with the British MI6 are Shias, nor the Sunni mercenaries of the American CIA are Sunnis, as they are both anti-Islamic."<a href="#cite_note-MehrNews-167">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_fatwas">Other fatwas</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Companions of the Prophet</a></div> In 2010, Khamenei issued a fatwa that bans any insult to the <a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">Sahabah</a> (companions of Muhammad) as well as <a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_wives" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad's wives">Muhammad's wives</a>. The fatwa was issued to reconcile legal, social, and political disagreements between Sunni and Shia.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> In 2017, he issued a fatwa against women riding bicycles in public.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Iran" title="Category:Conservatism in Iran">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#36c; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iran" title="Conservatism">Conservatism in Iran</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_and_Sun_Emblem_of_Iran_(Pahlavi).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Lion_and_Sun_Emblem_of_Iran_%28Pahlavi%29.svg/80px-Lion_and_Sun_Emblem_of_Iran_%28Pahlavi%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Lion_and_Sun_Emblem_of_Iran_%28Pahlavi%29.svg/120px-Lion_and_Sun_Emblem_of_Iran_%28Pahlavi%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Lion_and_Sun_Emblem_of_Iran_%28Pahlavi%29.svg/160px-Lion_and_Sun_Emblem_of_Iran_%28Pahlavi%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="325" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/70px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/105px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/140px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism#Iran" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Iran" title="Monarchism in Iran">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deviant_current" title="Deviant current">Deviant current</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islamism" title="Shia Islamism">Shia Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism_in_Iran" title="Islamic fundamentalism in Iran">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_principlists" title="Iranian principlists">Principlist</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mojahedin_Organization_of_Iran#Terrorist_designation" title="People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran">Anti-MEK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arabism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Arabism">Anti-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Kurdism">Anti-Kurdism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> <hr /> Principlist groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Iran" title="Anti-American sentiment in Iran">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Anti-Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Islamism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_antisemitism#Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism_in_Iran" title="Clericalism in Iran">Clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Vilayat Faqih</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> Monarchist groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationalism" title="Iranian nationalism">Iranian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalism">Royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Revolution" title="White Revolution">White Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Persecution of Baháʼís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam" title="Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam">Safavid conversion to Shia Islam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Alamolhoda" title="Ahmad Alamolhoda">Alamolhoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadegh_Khalkhali" title="Sadegh Khalkhali">Khalkhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Larijani" title="Sadeq Larijani">Larijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Modarres" title="Hassan Modarres">Modarres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_Yazdi" title="Taqi Yazdi">Yazdi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Principlists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Ahmadinejad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habibollah_Asgaroladi" title="Habibollah Asgaroladi">Asgaroladi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Bagher_Ghalibaf" title="Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf">Ghalibaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir-Hossein_Ghazizadeh_Hashemi" title="Amir-Hossein Ghazizadeh Hashemi">Ghazizadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeed_Jalili" title="Saeed Jalili">Jalili </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Jannati" title="Ahmad Jannati">Jannati</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Larijani" title="Sadeq Larijani">Larijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryam_Mojtahedzadeh" title="Maryam Mojtahedzadeh">Mojtahedzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Pourmohammadi" title="Mostafa Pourmohammadi">Pourmohammadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Raisi" title="Ebrahim Raisi">Raisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Rezaee" title="Mohsen Rezaee">Rezaee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasem_Soleimani" title="Qasem Soleimani">Soleimani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alireza_Zakani" title="Alireza Zakani">Zakani</a></li></ul> <hr /> Monarchists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amir-Abbas_Hoveyda" title="Amir-Abbas Hoveyda">Hoveyda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ali_Mansur" title="Hassan Ali Mansur">Mansur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Palevi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Palevi II</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government" title="Islamic Government">Islamic Government</a> (1970)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combatant_Clergy_Association" title="Combatant Clergy Association">Combatant Clergy Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_of_Islamic_Revolution_Stability" title="Front of Islamic Revolution Stability">Front of Islamic Revolution Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Coalition_Party" title="Islamic Coalition Party">Islamic Coalition Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Devotees_of_the_Islamic_Revolution" title="Society of Devotees of the Islamic Revolution">Society of Devotees of the Islamic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Seminary_Teachers_of_Qom" title="Society of Seminary Teachers of Qom">Society of Seminary Teachers of Qom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YEKTA_Front" title="YEKTA Front">YEKTA Front</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Novin_Party" title="Iran Novin Party">Iran Novin Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran-e-No_Party" title="Iran-e-No Party">Iran-e-No Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republican_Party" title="Islamic Republican Party">Islamic Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learned_Council" title="Learned Council">Learned Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Will_Party" title="National Will Party">National Will Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalists%27_Party" title="Nationalists' Party">Nationalists' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Iran)" title="Progress Party (Iran)">Progress Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastakhiz_Party" title="Rastakhiz Party">Rastakhiz Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformers%27_Party" title="Reformers' Party">Reformers' Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hojjatie_Society" title="Hojjatie Society">Hojjatie Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restart_(group)" title="Restart (group)">Restart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAVAK" title="SAVAK">SAVAK</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrar" title="Abrar">Abrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republican_(newspaper)" title="Islamic Republican (newspaper)">Islamic Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayhan" title="Kayhan">Kayhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partow-e_Sokhan" title="Partow-e Sokhan">Partow-e Sokhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajanews" title="Rajanews">Rajanews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resalat_(newspaper)" title="Resalat (newspaper)">Resalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatan-e-Emrooz" title="Vatan-e-Emrooz">Vatan-e-Emrooz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalasarat" title="Yalasarat">Yalasarat</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_to_America" title="Death to America">Death to America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Civilization" title="Great Civilization">Great Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial#Iran" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="Judicial system of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Pan-Iranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Politics of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_crescent" title="Shia crescent">Shia crescent</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/16px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/24px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Economy of Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayatollah_Ali_Khamenei_at_the_Great_Conference_of_Basij_members_at_Azadi_stadium_October_2018_012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ayatollah_Ali_Khamenei_at_the_Great_Conference_of_Basij_members_at_Azadi_stadium_October_2018_012.jpg/220px-Ayatollah_Ali_Khamenei_at_the_Great_Conference_of_Basij_members_at_Azadi_stadium_October_2018_012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ayatollah_Ali_Khamenei_at_the_Great_Conference_of_Basij_members_at_Azadi_stadium_October_2018_012.jpg/330px-Ayatollah_Ali_Khamenei_at_the_Great_Conference_of_Basij_members_at_Azadi_stadium_October_2018_012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ayatollah_Ali_Khamenei_at_the_Great_Conference_of_Basij_members_at_Azadi_stadium_October_2018_012.jpg/440px-Ayatollah_Ali_Khamenei_at_the_Great_Conference_of_Basij_members_at_Azadi_stadium_October_2018_012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="4050" /></a><figcaption>Khamenei at a public speech, 2018</figcaption></figure> Some regard Khamenei as the figurehead of the country's conservative establishment.<a href="#cite_note-BBCNewsProfile-16">[15]</a> Khamenei supported <a href="/wiki/Mesbah_Yazdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesbah Yazdi">Mesbah Yazdi</a>, describing him as one of Iran's most credible ideologues before the 2005 election but "recently been concerned about Mesbah's political ambitions".<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> In 2007, Khamenei requested that government officials speed up Iran's move towards <a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Iran" title="Privatization in Iran">economic privatization</a>. Its last move towards such a goal was in 2004 when Article 44 of the constitution was overturned. Article 44 had decreed that Iran's core infrastructure should remain state-run. Khamenei also suggested that ownership rights should be protected in courts set up by the Justice Ministry; the hope was that this new protection would give a measure of security to and encourage private investment.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> In 2007, Iranian police under the direction of Khamenei launched a "Public Security Plan", arresting dozens of "thugs" to increase public security.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> Additionally, Khamenei has stated that he believes in the importance of nuclear technology for civilian purposes because "oil and gas reserves cannot last forever."<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> On 30 April 2008, Ali Khamenei backed President <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a>s's economic policy and said the West was struggling with more economic difficulties than Iran, with a "crisis" spreading from the United States to Europe, and inflation was a widespread problem. The Iranian leader said that the ongoing economic crisis which has debilitated the world has been unprecedented in the past 60 years. He said: "This crisis has forced the UN to declare <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> for food shortages around the globe but foreign radios have focused on Iran to imply that the current price hikes and inflation in the country are the results of carelessness on the part of Iranian officials which of course is not true." Khamenei emphasized that no one has the right to blame the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian government">Iranian government</a> for Iran's economic problems. He also advised people and the government to be content and avoid waste in order to solve economic problems. He added: "I advise you to keep in your mind that this great nation is never afraid of economic sanctions."<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential,_parliamentary,_and_Assembly_of_Experts_elections">Presidential, parliamentary, and Assembly of Experts elections</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Politics of Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayatollah_khamenei._by_YPA.ir_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ayatollah_khamenei._by_YPA.ir_01.jpg/220px-Ayatollah_khamenei._by_YPA.ir_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ayatollah_khamenei._by_YPA.ir_01.jpg/330px-Ayatollah_khamenei._by_YPA.ir_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ayatollah_khamenei._by_YPA.ir_01.jpg/440px-Ayatollah_khamenei._by_YPA.ir_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>Khamenei casting his vote in <a href="/wiki/2013_Iranian_presidential_election" title="2013 Iranian presidential election">2013 presidential election</a></figcaption></figure> As Supreme Leader, Khamenei has influence over <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iran" title="Elections in Iran">elections in Iran</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Constitution of Iran</a> allows him to appoint half of the members of the <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Iran" title="Chief Justice of Iran">Chief Justice of Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-constitution-article-91-180">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> The Constitution also establishes that the Council approves or disqualifies candidates for office. At the same time, the Chief Justice presents the other half of the members of the council to be selected by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-constitution-article-91-180">[179]</a> These constitutional provisions give Khamenei direct and indirect influence over the council; an entity that, in turn, has direct influence over who can run for government. This influence was evident in <a href="/wiki/2004_Iran_Majlis_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Iran Majlis election">the 2004 parliamentary elections</a>, in which the Guardian Council disqualified thousands of candidates from running—including 80 incumbents, many of the reformist members of Parliament, and all the candidates of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Iran_Participation_Front" title="Islamic Iran Participation Front">Islamic Iran Participation Front</a> party. Subsequently, the Conservatives won about 70 percent of parliamentary seats. The election became a key turning point in the country's political evolution as it marked the end of the campaign for political and social reform initiated by former President <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khatami" title="Mohammad Khatami">Mohammad Khatami</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> During the 2005 presidential election, Khamenei's comments about the importance of fighting corruption, being faithful to the ideals of the Islamic revolution, as well as on the superior intelligence and dynamism of those who studied engineering were interpreted by some as a subtle endorsement of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (who had a PhD in traffic engineering).<a href="#cite_note-Sadjad-64">[63]</a> After the election, and until recently, Khamenei was outspoken in his support for Ahmadinejad, and "defended him publicly in ways which he never" had reformist president Khatami. Khamenei would later certify the results of the 2009 Iranian presidential election.<a href="#cite_note-Sadjad-64">[63]</a> Khamenei took a firm stand against the <a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Iranian_election_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2009–10 Iranian election protests">2009–10 Iranian election protests</a>, and stated that he would neither reconsider vote results nor bow to public pressure over the disputed reelection of President <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> He said: "By Allah's favor, the presidential election was accurately held, and the current matters should be pursued legally."<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> In a public appearance on 19 June, he expressed his support for the declared winner Ahmadinejad. He accused foreign powers—including Britain, Israel and the United States—of helping foment protest against the election results.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> In particular, he singled out Britain, perceiving the country as the "most evil" of its enemies.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> He said that the Iranian people would respond with an "iron fist" if Western powers meddle in Iran's internal affairs.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> In response to reformist gains in the 2015–2016 election cycle, Khamenei lamented the loss of conservative clerics from the Assembly of Experts and suggested changes to the law by which the Guardian Council vets candidates may be needed because it is currently too difficult for the Guardian Council to vet so large a number of candidates.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Iran" title="Science and technology in Iran">Science and technology in Iran</a></div> Ali Khamenei has been supportive of scientific progress in Iran. He was among the first Islamic clerics to allow <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem cell research">stem cell research</a> and <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_cloning" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapeutic cloning">therapeutic cloning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> In 2004, Khamenei said that the country's progress is dependent on investment in the field of science and technology. He also said that attaching a high status to scholars and scientists in society would help talents to flourish and science and technology to become domesticated, thus ensuring the country's progress and development.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">Foreign relations of Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali_Khamenei_and_Vladimir_Putin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ali_Khamenei_and_Vladimir_Putin.jpg/220px-Ali_Khamenei_and_Vladimir_Putin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ali_Khamenei_and_Vladimir_Putin.jpg/330px-Ali_Khamenei_and_Vladimir_Putin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ali_Khamenei_and_Vladimir_Putin.jpg/440px-Ali_Khamenei_and_Vladimir_Putin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Khamenei in meeting with Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, 23 November 2015</figcaption></figure> Khamenei has "direct responsibility" for foreign policy, which "cannot be conducted without his direct involvement and approval". He has a foreign policy team independent of the president's "which includes two former foreign ministers" and "can at any time of his choosing inject himself into the process and 'correct' a flawed policy or decision."<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> His foreign policy is said to steer a course that avoids either confrontation or accommodation with the West.<a href="#cite_note-Sadjad-64">[63]</a> Khamenei condemned the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen</a> and compared Saudi Arabia to Israel.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> Khamenei also condemned the <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_persecution_in_Myanmar_(2016%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohingya persecution in Myanmar (2016–present)">persecution of Rohingya Muslims</a> in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> and called Myanmar's de facto leader and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> laureate <a href="/wiki/Aung_Sang_Suu_Kyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aung Sang Suu Kyi">Aung Sang Suu Kyi</a> a "brutal woman".<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a> criticized Khamenei for his refusal to condemn the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">human rights abuses against the Uyghurs</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> He condemned UAE as useless on several occasions.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beliefs_about_the_United_States_and_its_foreign_policy">Beliefs about the United States and its foreign policy</h3></div> The United States and Iran have had no formal diplomatic relations since the <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a> of 1980 when US embassy was taken over and US diplomats were taken prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-Ekmanis-3-1-20-197">[196]</a> According to study by Karim Sadjadpour, speeches by Khamenei regularly mention the principle of resolute opposition to the United States;<a href="#cite_note-Sadjad-64">[63]</a> and according to <a href="/wiki/Karim_Sadjadpour" title="Karim Sadjadpour">Karim Sadjadpour</a> he has "resisted Rafsanjani's attempts to find a <a href="/wiki/Modus_vivendi" title="Modus vivendi">modus vivendi</a> with the United States",<a href="#cite_note-Sadjad-64">[63]</a> and once told reformist president <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khatami" title="Mohammad Khatami">Mohammad Khatami</a> that "we need the United States as an enemy".<a href="#cite_note-Filkins-iran-5-18-2020-81">[80]</a> On 4 June 2006, Khamenei said that Iran would disrupt energy shipments from the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> region, where about 20% of the world's daily supply of oil passes from the Persian Gulf through the Strait of Hormuz very close to Iran's coast,<a href="#cite_note-USEIA-198">[197]</a> should the country come under attack from the US, insisting that Tehran will not give up its right to produce nuclear fuel. On 14 September 2007, on the 1st Friday prayer of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>, Khamenei, who asserts that the United States is the main cause of insecurity in Iraq, predicted that <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and American officials would one day be tried in an international <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal court</a> to be held "accountable" for the US-led <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">invasion of Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali_Khamenei_met_with_Xi_Jinping_in_Tehran_2016_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ali_Khamenei_met_with_Xi_Jinping_in_Tehran_2016_%283%29.jpg/220px-Ali_Khamenei_met_with_Xi_Jinping_in_Tehran_2016_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ali_Khamenei_met_with_Xi_Jinping_in_Tehran_2016_%283%29.jpg/330px-Ali_Khamenei_met_with_Xi_Jinping_in_Tehran_2016_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ali_Khamenei_met_with_Xi_Jinping_in_Tehran_2016_%283%29.jpg/440px-Ali_Khamenei_met_with_Xi_Jinping_in_Tehran_2016_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Khamenei meeting with his counterpart <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a>, China's <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a>, 23 January 2016</figcaption></figure> On 21 March 2009, a day after US President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> advocated a "new beginning" in diplomatic relations between the two countries, Khamenei said a change of US "words" was not enough and added: "We will watch and we will judge (the new US administration) ... You change, our behavior will change." He rejected US foreign policy since the Islamic revolution, insisted the United States is "hated in the world" and should end its interference in other countries.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> Khamenei criticized the <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">NATO-led military intervention in Libya</a>. On 21 March 2011, Khamenei accused the West of " coming after Libyan oil". He also stressed that "Iran utterly condemns the behavior of the Libyan government against its people, the killings and pressure on people, and the bombing of its cities... but it (also) condemns the military action in Libya".<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> Khamenei stated that he support sending mediators rather than bombing the country.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> In June 2011, Khamenei accused the United States government of terrorism and rejected the American <a href="/wiki/Definition_of_terrorism" title="Definition of terrorism">definition of terrorism</a>; he was quoted as saying, "The U.S. and the European governments that follow it describe Palestinian combatant groups who fight for the liberation of their land as terrorists."<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> In June 2012, Khamenei warned Western governments that the mounting sanctions on the country would only deepen the Iranians' hatred of the West.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> In October 2014, Khamenei said the U.S. and the U.K. created ISIS as a tool to fight Iran and "create insecurity" in the region.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swedish_PM_Stefan_L%C3%B6fven_meeting_Iranian_Supreme_Leader_Ali_Khamenei_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Swedish_PM_Stefan_L%C3%B6fven_meeting_Iranian_Supreme_Leader_Ali_Khamenei_04.jpg/220px-Swedish_PM_Stefan_L%C3%B6fven_meeting_Iranian_Supreme_Leader_Ali_Khamenei_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Swedish_PM_Stefan_L%C3%B6fven_meeting_Iranian_Supreme_Leader_Ali_Khamenei_04.jpg/330px-Swedish_PM_Stefan_L%C3%B6fven_meeting_Iranian_Supreme_Leader_Ali_Khamenei_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Swedish_PM_Stefan_L%C3%B6fven_meeting_Iranian_Supreme_Leader_Ali_Khamenei_04.jpg/440px-Swedish_PM_Stefan_L%C3%B6fven_meeting_Iranian_Supreme_Leader_Ali_Khamenei_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Khamenei with former Swedish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Stefan_L%C3%B6fven" title="Stefan Löfven">Stefan Löfven</a>, 11 February 2017</figcaption></figure> On 19 July 2015, while speaking at a mosque in Tehran, Khamenei said to his supporters that the policies of the United States in the region were "180 degrees" opposed to Iran's political and religious movement.<a href="#cite_note-msn.com-206">[205]</a> The speech was punctuated by chants of "Death to America" and "Death to Israel". Khamenei said in regards to the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">2015 nuclear deal</a> that "Even after this deal, our policy towards the arrogant U.S. will not change."<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> said that if the comments reflected policy, it was "very disturbing", and "very troubling".<a href="#cite_note-msn.com-206">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> On 24 June 2019, the United States imposed sanctions on Khamenei with the signing of <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13876" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Order 13876">Executive Order 13876</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> In March 2020, Khamenei warned against a United States offer of aid to fight <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> because it could be a way to hurt Iran by further spreading the disease. He also suggested the US had developed a special variety of the virus "based on Iranian genetic information they have gathered", although he provided no evidence for the theory.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> Khamenei explained, "There are enemies who are demons, and there are enemies who are humans, and they help one another."<a href="#cite_note-Filkins-iran-5-18-2020-81">[80]</a> In February 2024, it was announced that <a href="/wiki/Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Meta Platforms</a> had removed Khamenei's <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> accounts, citing repeated violations of its Dangerous Organizations & Individuals policy.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> In March 2022, Khamenei accused the United States of creating the conflict surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Condemnation_of_11_September_attacks">Condemnation of 11 September attacks</h3></div> After the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, Khamenei condemned the act and the attackers, and called for a condemnation of terrorist activities all over the world but warned strongly against a military intervention in Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-218">[217]</a> He is quoted as saying, "Mass killings of human beings are catastrophic acts which are condemned wherever they may happen and whoever the perpetrators and the victims may be."<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-218">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zionism_and_Israel">Zionism and Israel</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sixth_International_Conference_in_Support_of_the_Palestinian_Intifada,_Tehran_(12).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sixth_International_Conference_in_Support_of_the_Palestinian_Intifada%2C_Tehran_%2812%29.jpg/220px-Sixth_International_Conference_in_Support_of_the_Palestinian_Intifada%2C_Tehran_%2812%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sixth_International_Conference_in_Support_of_the_Palestinian_Intifada%2C_Tehran_%2812%29.jpg/330px-Sixth_International_Conference_in_Support_of_the_Palestinian_Intifada%2C_Tehran_%2812%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sixth_International_Conference_in_Support_of_the_Palestinian_Intifada%2C_Tehran_%2812%29.jpg/440px-Sixth_International_Conference_in_Support_of_the_Palestinian_Intifada%2C_Tehran_%2812%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Sixth International Conference in Support of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Palestinian Intifada</a>, Tehran, 2017</figcaption></figure> Khamenei is an opponent of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>, and has been criticized for making threats against Israel and for <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic">antisemitic</a> rhetoric.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> On 15 December 2000, Khamenei called Israel a "cancerous tumor of a state" that "should be removed from the region"<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> and in 2013 called Israel a "rabid dog",<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> as well as in 2014 during the <a href="/wiki/2014_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Israel–Gaza conflict">Gaza war</a>,<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> for what he called attacking innocent people.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> In 2014, a <a href="/wiki/Tweet_(Twitter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tweet (Twitter)">tweet</a> from an account attributed to Khamenei, claimed that there was no cure for Israel but its destruction.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> In a September 2008 sermon for <a href="/wiki/Friday_prayers" class="mw-redirect" title="Friday prayers">Friday prayers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, Khamenei stated that "it is incorrect, irrational, pointless and nonsense to say that we are friends of Israeli people",<a href="#cite_note-LaTimes-231">[230]</a> because he believed that the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Palestine">occupation</a> is done by means of them. "[U]surpation of houses, lands, and business [of Palestinian people] are carried out using these people. They are the background actors of Zionist elements," said Khamenei in his speech. "[W]e have no problem with Jews and Christians ... we have problem with the usurpers of Palestine land," he added.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> Also, he said that he had raised the issue "to spell an end to any debates".<a href="#cite_note-LaTimes-231">[230]</a> In 2013, Khamenei accused France of "kneeling" before Israel, while saying that Israel was led by people unworthy of the "title human".<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> Nevertheless, according to anti-regime change activist <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Edalat" title="Abbas Edalat">Abbas Edalat</a>, in 2005, Khamenei responded to a remark by then-President Ahmadinejad which had been <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_and_Israel#Translation" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel">widely translated</a> as saying that the "regime occupying Jerusalem should be wiped off the map" by saying that "the <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Islamic Republic</a> has never threatened and will never threaten any country."<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> In a September 2009 sermon, Khamenei was quoted as saying that "the Zionist cancer is gnawing into the lives of Islamic nations."<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> In another report of the same speech, he stated that "we will support and help any nations, any groups fighting against the Zionist regime across the world, and we are not afraid of declaring this."<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> Khamenei instead proposed that "Palestinian refugees should return and Muslims, Christians and Jews could choose a government for themselves, excluding immigrant Jews," adding, "No one will allow a bunch of thugs, lechers and outcasts from London, America and Moscow to rule over the Palestinians."<a href="#cite_note-archives.cnn.com-237">[236]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pro-government_Syrians_demonstration_in_Damascus_after_US_missile_strike_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pro-government_Syrians_demonstration_in_Damascus_after_US_missile_strike_06.jpg/220px-Pro-government_Syrians_demonstration_in_Damascus_after_US_missile_strike_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pro-government_Syrians_demonstration_in_Damascus_after_US_missile_strike_06.jpg/330px-Pro-government_Syrians_demonstration_in_Damascus_after_US_missile_strike_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pro-government_Syrians_demonstration_in_Damascus_after_US_missile_strike_06.jpg/440px-Pro-government_Syrians_demonstration_in_Damascus_after_US_missile_strike_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>Pro-government <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrians</a> with portraits of <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a>, and Khamenei, April 2018</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali_Khamenei_%26_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan_in_Tehran,_7_September_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ali_Khamenei_%26_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan_in_Tehran%2C_7_September_2018.jpg/220px-Ali_Khamenei_%26_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan_in_Tehran%2C_7_September_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ali_Khamenei_%26_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan_in_Tehran%2C_7_September_2018.jpg/330px-Ali_Khamenei_%26_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan_in_Tehran%2C_7_September_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ali_Khamenei_%26_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan_in_Tehran%2C_7_September_2018.jpg/440px-Ali_Khamenei_%26_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan_in_Tehran%2C_7_September_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1666" /></a><figcaption>Khamenei with Turkish President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> in Tehran, 7 September 2018</figcaption></figure> On 10 September 2015, in a speech about <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> after <a href="/wiki/Iran_nuclear_deal_framework" title="Iran nuclear deal framework">agreement</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">nuclear program of Iran</a>, Khamenei made a remark "<a href="/wiki/Israel_won%27t_exist_in_25_years" title="Israel won't exist in 25 years">Israel will not exist in 25 years</a>".<a href="#cite_note-al-monitor-238">[237]</a> For the first time, the remark was published in Khamenei's official website and his <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> This statement was reported as voted as the best and most important among Khamenei's statements in 2015 by an online poll conducted by his official website.<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> On 21 February 2017, at the 6th International Conference in Support of the Palestinian Intifada, Khamenei regarded the withdrawal of Israel from south Lebanon in 2000 and from Gaza in 2005 as two major achievements so far.<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> Also, he advised the Islamic countries to refrain from "useless" crises and differences and instead concentrate on the issue of <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>, which he regarded as the core issue of Islam. He added: "Otherwise, the potentials and capabilities of the nations will go to waste in the face of vain struggles, which would provide opportunities for the Zionist regime to become even stronger."<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] In September 2020, Khamenei condemned the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement">peace agreement</a> between Israel and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> and charged UAE with betraying the Islamic world, the Arab countries and Palestine. He stated that the normalization will be only temporary, but the UAE will forever have to bear the shame regarding the deal.<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> In October 2023, Khamenei praised the <a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas attack on Israel">Hamas attack on Israel</a>, but denied Iran's involvement.<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> He condemned Israel's <a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israel–Hamas war">bombing of the Gaza Strip</a> in retaliation for the Hamas attack and accused Israel of committing <a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(21st_century)#Israel/Palestine" title="Genocides in history (21st century)">genocide</a> against the Palestinian people in Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Holocaust_denial">Holocaust denial</h4></div> A 2006 speech of Khamenei contains the phrase that was translated into English as "the myth of the massacre of Jews". In a 2013 interview, Iran's then-Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Javad_Zarif" class="mw-redirect" title="Javad Zarif">Javad Zarif</a> said Khamenei had been mistranslated and his comments were taken out of context.<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a> Zarif added: "I have spoken to the [supreme] leader on this issue, he rejects and condemns the killing of innocent people. No, the Holocaust is not a myth."<a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a> On 21 March 2014, Khamenei said that "the Holocaust is an event whose reality is uncertain and if it has happened, it's uncertain how it has happened". Additionally, because of the potential legal consequences in some countries, he commented: "No one in European countries dares to speak about [the] Holocaust." He also said that in the West "speaking about [the] Holocaust and expressing doubts about it is considered to be a great sin."<a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a> On <a href="/wiki/International_Holocaust_Remembrance_Day" title="International Holocaust Remembrance Day">Holocaust Memorial Day</a>, 27 January 2016, Khamenei posted a Holocaust-denying video on his official website. In the video (drawing on the March 2014 speech),<a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a> lasting about three minutes, the video features images of Holocaust deniers <a href="/wiki/Roger_Garaudy" title="Roger Garaudy">Roger Garaudy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Faurisson" title="Robert Faurisson">Robert Faurisson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Irving" title="David Irving">David Irving</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> In December 2019, Khamenei praised Garaudy (a convert to Islam) and said that Garaudy's conviction for Holocaust denial violated <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> In 2020, Khamenei tweeted asking "Why is it a crime to raise doubts about the Holocaust ... while insulting the Prophet (PBUH) is allowed?"<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</h4></div> Journalist <a href="/wiki/Yair_Rosenberg" title="Yair Rosenberg">Yair Rosenberg</a> argues that statements by Khamenei purporting to attack "Zionism" are following an antisemitic tradition of avoiding censorship by using "Zionism" as a <a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">dog whistle</a> for "Jews". For example, an 8 June 2022 statement <a href="/wiki/Tweet_(Twitter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tweet (Twitter)">tweeted</a> by Khamenei reads: "The Zionists have always been a plague, even before establishing the fraudulent Zionist regime. Even then, Zionist capitalists were a plague for the whole world." According to Rosenberg, it makes more sense (although it is just as slanderous) if "Zionists" is replaced by "Jews".<a href="#cite_note-Rosenberg-twitter-2022-256">[255]</a> The Zionist movement was not founded until the late 19th century, and thus Zionists are not likely to "have always been a plague". Other accusations of antisemitism have come from Victoria Coates and Ellie Cohanim, who observe his Holocaust denial and find his "nine-point plan" to "wipe" Israel "off the face of the earth" uncomfortably reminiscent of Hitler's <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>;<a href="#cite_note-COATES-2021-257">[256]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>, who quote Khamenei's attack on the 2020 <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement">Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement</a>: "The nation of Palestine is under various, severe pressures. Then, the <a href="/wiki/UAE" class="mw-redirect" title="UAE">UAE</a> acts in agreement with the Israelis & filthy Zionist agents of the U.S. —such as the Jewish member of Trump's family— with utmost cruelty against the interests of the World of Islam."<a href="#cite_note-FRANTZMAN-JP-2020-258">[257]</a> They argue that "filthy Zionist agents", "the Jewish member of Trump's family" (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Jared_Kushner" title="Jared Kushner">Jared Kushner</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Ivanka_Trump" title="Ivanka Trump">Ivanka Trump</a>), and "cruel" are all words channeling "antisemitic tropes and dog whistles".<a href="#cite_note-FRANTZMAN-JP-2020-258">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Open_letters">Open letters</h4></div> Khameni has written several open letters. <a href="/wiki/To_the_Youth_in_Europe_and_North_America" title="To the Youth in Europe and North America">To the Youth in Europe and North America</a> was written on 21 January 2015. Khameni wrote a second letter to the students enrolled at U.S. universities on 30 May 2024. While describing Israel's actions as "genocide and apartheid", Khamenei asked the students to continue their protests against what he called "brutal Zionist regime".<a href="#cite_note-newsweek-259">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a> In his letter, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei expressed empathy and solidarity with the students protesting against Israel's attacks in Gaza. He referred to these students as a “branch of the Resistance Front” and predicted their victory with the "permission of God".<a href="#cite_note-News18-262">[261]</a> Khamenei also runs a fund raising campaign for victims of conflicts in Gaza and Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_rights,_freedoms,_protests,_and_Islamic_law">Human rights, freedoms, protests, and Islamic law</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran">Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran</a></div> Critics have accused Khamenei of overseeing the assassination of as many as 160 exiled defectors worldwide, the heavy-handed repression of protesters, the killings of tens of thousands of members of the M.E.K. (<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Mujahedin of Iran">People's Mujahedin of Iran</a>) paramilitary group, and of making dissident writers and intellectuals in Iran "a special target" of repression, among other infractions of human rights.<a href="#cite_note-Filkins-iran-5-18-2020-81">[80]</a> However, Khamenei himself has insisted human rights are a fundamental principle underlying Islamic teachings that precedes Western concern for human rights by many centuries. He has attacked Western powers who have criticized the rights record of the Islamic Republic for hypocrisy, saying that these countries economically oppress people in <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> countries and support despots and dictators. In response to Western complaints of human rights abuses in Iran he has stated that the American administration has committed many crimes and is therefore not fit to judge the Islamic Republic.<a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protests_during_leadership">Protests during leadership</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Iranian_protests" title="2019–2020 Iranian protests">2019–2020 Iranian protests</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mahshahr_massacre" title="Mahshahr massacre">Mahshahr massacre</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ukraine_International_Airlines_Flight_752_protests" title="Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests">Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests</a>; <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests" title="2011–2012 Iranian protests">2011–2012 Iranian protests</a>; <a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Iranian_protests" title="2017–2018 Iranian protests">2017–2018 Iranian protests</a>; <a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Iranian_general_strikes_and_protests" title="2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests">2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests</a>; <a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election_protests" title="2009 Iranian presidential election protests">2009 Iranian presidential election protests</a>; <a href="/wiki/Iran_student_protests,_July_1999" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran student protests, July 1999">Iran student protests, July 1999</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Mahsa_Amini_protests" title="Mahsa Amini protests">Mahsa Amini protests</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amir_Kabir_University_uprising_September_2022_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Amir_Kabir_University_uprising_September_2022_%283%29.jpg/220px-Amir_Kabir_University_uprising_September_2022_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Amir_Kabir_University_uprising_September_2022_%283%29.jpg/330px-Amir_Kabir_University_uprising_September_2022_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Amir_Kabir_University_uprising_September_2022_%283%29.jpg/440px-Amir_Kabir_University_uprising_September_2022_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mahsa_Amini_protests" title="Mahsa Amini protests">Mahsa Amini protests</a> in Tehran, 20 September 2022</figcaption></figure> There have been several major protests during Khamenei's reign, including the 1994 Qazvin Protests where according to <a href="/wiki/Al-Arabiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Arabiya">Al-Arabiya</a> around 40 people were killed and over 400 were injured,<a href="#cite_note-english.alarabiya.net-34">[33]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Iran_student_protests,_July_1999" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran student protests, July 1999">1999 Iranian student protests</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election_protests" title="2009 Iranian presidential election protests">2009 Iranian presidential election protests</a>, when protesters chanted "death to the dictator",<a href="#cite_note-linkday.ir-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-36">[35]</a> and ripped down pictures of Khamenei,<a href="#cite_note-cnn.com-37">[36]</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Iranian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–12 Iranian protests">2011–12 Iranian protests</a> and <a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Iranian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2017–18 Iranian protests">2017–18 Iranian protests</a>, among others. In 2016, Khamenei, who outlined the elections guidelines "in line with Article 110 of <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Iran's Constitution</a>", asked to maximize the amount of transparency in elections in Iran, using modern technologies.<a href="#cite_note-tehrantimes.com-265">[264]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Mahshahr_massacre" title="Mahshahr massacre">Mahshahr massacre</a>, protests expanded against "government corruption, failing institutions, lack of freedoms and the repressive rule of Iran's supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei".<a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Iranian_general_strikes_and_protests" title="2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests">2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests</a>, Khameini demanded punishment for those "who disrupt economic security". According to <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>, the remarks were "clearly intended to send a message to Iranians who may plan more demonstrations".<a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Iranian_protests" title="2019–2020 Iranian protests">2019–2020 Iranian protests</a>, Khamenei met with various officials and cabinet members, saying "he would hold the assembled officials responsible for the consequences of the protests if they didn't immediately stop them." According to an official, Khamenei "made clear the demonstrations required a forceful response" and that "rioters should be crushed".<a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Ukraine_International_Airlines_Flight_752_protests" title="Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests">Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests</a>, thousands of protesters demanded Khamenei's resignation.<a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minorities">Minorities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Religion in Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Persecution of Baháʼís</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> is the largest religious minority in Iran, with around 300,000 members (8,000,000 members worldwide) and is officially considered a dangerous cult by the Iranian government. It is banned in Iran and several other countries.<a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a> Khamenei has approved new legislation against Baháʼís in Iran and lessen their influence abroad.<a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a> According to a letter from the Chairman of the Command Headquarters of the Armed Forces in Iran addressed to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_(Iran)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Information (Iran)">Ministry of Information</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Revolutionary Guard</a>, and the Police Force, Khamenei has also ordered the Command Headquarters to identify people who adhere to the Baháʼí Faith and to monitor their activities and gather any and all information about the members of the Baháʼí Faith. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_the_press">Relationship with the press</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iran" title="Mass media in Iran">Mass media in Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_leader_Ali_Khamenei_meeting_with_the_air_force_commanders_and_personnel_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Supreme_leader_Ali_Khamenei_meeting_with_the_air_force_commanders_and_personnel_%284%29.jpg/220px-Supreme_leader_Ali_Khamenei_meeting_with_the_air_force_commanders_and_personnel_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Supreme_leader_Ali_Khamenei_meeting_with_the_air_force_commanders_and_personnel_%284%29.jpg/330px-Supreme_leader_Ali_Khamenei_meeting_with_the_air_force_commanders_and_personnel_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Supreme_leader_Ali_Khamenei_meeting_with_the_air_force_commanders_and_personnel_%284%29.jpg/440px-Supreme_leader_Ali_Khamenei_meeting_with_the_air_force_commanders_and_personnel_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Khamenei speaking to Iranian Air Force personnel, 6 February 2016</figcaption></figure> In 2000, he was listed by the <a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists" title="Committee to Protect Journalists">Committee to Protect Journalists</a> as "one of the top ten enemies of the press and freedom of expression",<a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a> and was named to the <a href="/wiki/Time_100" title="Time 100">Time 100</a> in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a> Opposition journalists <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zeidabadi" title="Ahmad Zeidabadi">Ahmad Zeidabadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Sazegara" title="Mohsen Sazegara">Mohsen Sazegara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Nourizad" title="Mohammad Nourizad">Mohammad Nourizad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Ganji" title="Akbar Ganji">Akbar Ganji</a> were arrested and investigated<a href="#cite_note-274">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a> for spreading critical articles containing unproven charges against Khamenei's policies as the leader and some organizations.<a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a> According to Iran's Press Law "spreading rumors and lies and distorts the words of others" is not allowed.<a href="#cite_note-Iran's_Press_Law-280">[279]</a> Also, according to the law, "spreading libel against officials, institutions, organizations and individuals in the country or insulting legal or real persons who are lawfully respected, even by means of pictures or caricatures" is not allowed.<a href="#cite_note-Iran's_Press_Law-280">[279]</a> In 2000, Ali Khamenei sent a letter to the Iranian parliament forbidding the legislature from debating a revision of the Iranian press law to allow more freedom. (The law had been used "to close more than 20 independent newspapers" from 1997 to 2000.) He wrote: "The present press law has prevented this big plague. The draft bill is not legitimate and in the interests of the system and the revolution."<a href="#cite_note-bbc-punch-up-6-8-2000-157">[156]</a> His was called a use of "extra-legislative power" by reformists and opposition groups.<a href="#cite_note-281">[280]</a> but Speaker of Parliament Mehdi Karroubi reminded "deputies that the constitution contained 'elements of the absolute rule of the supreme clerical leader'".<a href="#cite_note-bbc-punch-up-6-8-2000-157">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kayhan" title="Kayhan">Kayhan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republican_(newspaper)" title="Islamic Republican (newspaper)">Jomhuri-ye Eslami</a> are two newspapers published under the management of Khamenei. Among his controversial actions were his rejection of a bill presented by the Iranian parliament in 2000 that aimed to reform the country's press law, and the disqualification of thousands of parliamentary candidates for the <a href="/wiki/2004_Iranian_legislative_election" title="2004 Iranian legislative election">2004 Iranian legislative election</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a> he appointed.<a href="#cite_note-BBCNewsProfile-16">[15]</a> In 2012, 2013, and 2014, <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> selected Khamenei as the 21st, 23rd, and 19th most powerful person in the world, respectively, in the list of The World's Most Powerful People.<a href="#cite_note-282">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trials_of_people_for_insulting_Khamenei">Trials of people for insulting Khamenei</h3></div> Several journalists, bloggers, and other individuals were put on trial in Iran for insulting the Supreme Leader, often in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy_law_in_Iran" title="Blasphemy law in Iran">blasphemy</a> charges.<a href="#cite_note-State_Department2015-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-State_Department-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a> In 1996, <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Maroufi" title="Abbas Maroufi">Abbas Maroufi</a> was sentenced to 35 lashes and six months imprisonment for spreading lies and insulting Khamenei. Maroufi was also banned from working as a journalist and his literary monthly Gardoon was closed. Maroufi had compared Khamenei to former Shah of Iran <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Reza_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Reza Pahlavi">Mohammed Reza Pahlavi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a> In 2005, an Iranian was jailed for two years for insulting Khamenei and Imam Khomeini while being cleared of insulting the prophet.<a href="#cite_note-285">[284]</a> In 2009, Iranian blogger <a href="/wiki/Omid_Reza_Mir_Sayafi" title="Omid Reza Mir Sayafi">Omid Reza Mir Sayafi</a>, who was arrested for insulting Khamenei in an internet post, died while in custody in <a href="/wiki/Evin_Prison" title="Evin Prison">Evin Prison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-286">[285]</a> In 2010, opposition activist Ahmad Gabel was sentenced to 20 months in jail for insulting Khamenei, as well as 3 additional years for possessing a satellite receiver, a 3-year exile and a fine.<a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a> In 2014, eight men, including a Briton, were sentenced to 19 to 20 years for insulting Khamenei and other charges relating to Facebook comments.<a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a> In 2017, Sina Dehghan was sentenced to death for insulting the prophet, with an additional 16-month sentence for insulting Khamenei in a messaging application.<a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_and_queer_rights">Women's and queer rights</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali_Khamenei_in_Rahian-e_Noor023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ali_Khamenei_in_Rahian-e_Noor023.jpg/220px-Ali_Khamenei_in_Rahian-e_Noor023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ali_Khamenei_in_Rahian-e_Noor023.jpg/330px-Ali_Khamenei_in_Rahian-e_Noor023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ali_Khamenei_in_Rahian-e_Noor023.jpg/440px-Ali_Khamenei_in_Rahian-e_Noor023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1894" data-file-height="1262" /></a><figcaption>Iranian women with portraits of Khamenei, 2014</figcaption></figure> In July 2007, Khamenei criticized <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_movement_in_Iran" title="Women's rights movement in Iran">Iranian women's rights activists</a> and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). He said: "In our country ... some activist women, and some men, have been trying to play with Islamic rules to match international conventions related to women. This is wrong." Khamenei made these comments two days after Iranian women's rights activist <a href="/wiki/Delaram_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Delaram Ali">Delaram Ali</a> was sentenced to 34 months of jail and ten lashes by Iran's judiciary.<a href="#cite_note-290">[289]</a> Khamenei advocates the Islamic practice of <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">Hijab</a>. He believes that hijab is aimed at honoring women. To the Western objection to the compulsory hijab in Iran, he responds by pointing out the compulsory unveiling in certain Western countries and obstacles created for veiled Muslim women who want to enter universities. He further argues that women in the West have lost their honor by pointing out a perceived high rate of sexual violence in the West as well as the widespread exploitation of female sexual appeal for commercial purposes.<a href="#cite_note-291">[290]</a> Khamenei believes in <a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation_in_Iran" title="Sex segregation in Iran">gender segregation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-292">[291]</a> Khamenei also believes that <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist">Zionist</a> plot with the purpose to "corrupt the role of women in society".<a href="#cite_note-The_Independent-293">[292]</a> On LGBT issues, Khamenei said: "Today, homosexuality is a major problem in the Western world. They [Western nations], however ignore it. But the reality is that homosexuality has become a serious challenge, pain and unsolvable problem for the intellectuals in the West."<a href="#cite_note-294">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3></div> Khamenei is married to Mansoureh Khojasteh Bagherzadeh, with whom he has six children; four sons (<a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Khamenei" title="Mostafa Khamenei">Mostafa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mojtaba_Khamenei" title="Mojtaba Khamenei">Mojtaba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masoud_Khamenei" title="Masoud Khamenei">Masoud</a>, and Meysam) and two daughters (Boshra and Hoda).<a href="#cite_note-295">[294]</a> One of his sons, Mojtaba, married a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Gholam-Ali_Haddad-Adel" title="Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel">Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-usip-296">[295]</a> His eldest son, Mostafa, is married to a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Azizollah_Khoshvaght" title="Azizollah Khoshvaght">Azizollah Khoshvaght</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[296]</a> Another son, Masoud, is married to the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Kharazi" title="Mohsen Kharazi">Mohsen Kharazi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-298">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[298]</a> He has three brothers, including <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khamenei" title="Mohammad Khamenei">Mohammad Khamenei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadi_Khamenei" title="Hadi Khamenei">Hadi Khamenei</a>. One of his four sisters, <a href="/wiki/Badri_Khamenei" title="Badri Khamenei">Badri Hosseini Khamenei</a> (wife of dissident <a href="/wiki/Ali_Tehrani" title="Ali Tehrani">Ali Tehrani</a>), fled into exile in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-300">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home">Home</h3></div> As Supreme Leader, Khamenei moved to a house in Central Tehran on Palestine Street. A compound grew around it that now contains around fifty buildings. Around 500 people are employed at this "Beit Rahbari compound" according to The Telegraph, and "many recruited from the military and security services".<a href="#cite_note-TelegraphTait-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[301]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifestyle">Lifestyle</h3></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Khalaji" title="Mehdi Khalaji">Mehdi Khalaji</a>, an Iran expert at the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Institute_for_Near_East_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Institute for Near East Policy">Washington Institute for Near East Policy</a>, Khamenei has a decent life "without it being luxurious".<a href="#cite_note-303">[302]</a> Robert Tait of <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a> commented that Khamenei is "renowned for a spartan lifestyle."<a href="#cite_note-TelegraphTait-119">[118]</a> Dexter Filkins describes Khamenei as presenting himself "as an ascetic, dressing and eating simply".<a href="#cite_note-Filkins-iran-5-18-2020-81">[80]</a> In an interview with a women's magazine, his wife declared that "we do not have decorations, in the usual sense. Years ago, we freed ourselves from these things."<a href="#cite_note-Filkins-iran-5-18-2020-81">[80]</a> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Mother_Nature_Network" title="Mother Nature Network">Mother Nature Network</a> reported that Khamenei has been seen riding around in a <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> car and published a picture of him exiting one.<a href="#cite_note-304">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[304]</a> Khamenei, often seen as stern, enjoys poetry, <a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">gardening</a>, and once smoked a pipe—unusual for a cleric. Despite his absolute power, he leads a modest life, rarely leaving Iran, and has been pictured happily tending his garden with a simple plastic <a href="/wiki/Watering_can" title="Watering can">watering can</a>.<a href="#cite_note-306">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> Khamenei's health has been called into question. In January 2007, rumors spread of his illness or death after he had not been seen in public for some weeks and had not appeared as he traditionally does at celebrations for <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a>. Khamenei issued a statement declaring that "enemies of the Islamic system fabricated various rumors about death and health to demoralize the Iranian nation", but according to the author <a href="/wiki/Hooman_Majd" title="Hooman Majd">Hooman Majd</a>, he appeared to be "visibly weak" in photos released with the statement.<a href="#cite_note-307">[306]</a> On 9 September 2014, Khamenei underwent <a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">prostate</a> surgery in what his doctors described in state news media as a "routine operation".<a href="#cite_note-308">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[308]</a> According to a report by <a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a>, Western intelligence sources said Khamenei has <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-310">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[310]</a> In September 2022, it was reported that Khamenei had undergone surgery for <a href="/wiki/Bowel_obstruction" title="Bowel obstruction">bowel obstruction</a> and had to cancel a number of meetings.<a href="#cite_note-312">[311]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature_and_art">Literature and art</h2></div> Khamenei has supported revising Farsi words and adding new words such as rayansphere instead of cyber space‌ and changing word radio to radian and using televisan instead of television.<a href="#cite_note-313">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[314]</a> In late 1996, following a fatwa by Khamenei stating that music education corrupts the minds of young children and is against Islam, many music schools were closed and music instruction to children under the age of 16 was banned by public establishments (although private instruction continued).<a href="#cite_note-Yadegari-159">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-صدا_و_سیمای_جمهوری_اسلامی_ایران-158">[157]</a> Khamenei has stated that "poetry must be the vanguard of the caravan of the [Islamic] revolution... [T]hrough the arts and literature, the revolution can be exported more easily and honestly."<a href="#cite_note-FDD-316">[315]</a> It has been suggested (by Dexter Filkins) that this might explain his interest in banning books, prohibiting newspapers and imprisoning artists.<a href="#cite_note-Filkins-iran-5-18-2020-81">[80]</a> He has expressed interest in studying novels and stories since childhood and studied various novels of the world. He was "fascinated by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>" in his youth.<a href="#cite_note-317">[316]</a> He praised the works of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Sholokhov" title="Mikhail Sholokhov">Mikhail Sholokhov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Nikolayevich_Tolstoy" title="Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy">Alexei Tolstoy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-318">[317]</a> <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Michel_Z%C3%A9vaco" title="Michel Zévaco">Michel Zévaco</a>. He said that <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Les Misérables">Les Misérables</a> "is the best novel that has been written in history". He explained: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I've read The Divine Comedy. I have read Amir Arsalan. I have also read A Thousand and One Nights ... [But] Les Misérables is a miracle in the novel writing world... I have repeatedly said, go read Les Misérables once. This Les Misérables is a book of sociology, a book of history, a book of criticism, divine book, a book of love and feeling.<a href="#cite_note-FA-319">[318]</a></blockquote> Khamenei suggested reading <a href="/wiki/The_Grapes_of_Wrath" title="The Grapes of Wrath">The Grapes of Wrath</a> to "an audience of writers and artists" and <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a> to the high-level state managers as he thought it shed light on the history of the United States. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Isn't this the government that massacred the original native inhabitants of the land of America? That wiped out the <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indians</a>? ... Today, one of the most tragic works of art is Uncle Tom's Cabin ... This book still lives after almost 200 years.<a href="#cite_note-FA-319">[318]</a></blockquote> Khamenei is fluent in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> in addition to his native languages, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-320">[319]</a> He has translated several books into Persian from Arabic, including the works of the Egyptian Islamic theoretician <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-321">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[321]</a> When it comes to <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a> he used to participate in literary associations along with known poets and used to critique poems.<a href="#cite_note-cgie-7">[7]</a> Writing some poems himself, he chose the pseudonym Amin for himself.<a href="#cite_note-cgie-7">[7]</a> In the field of <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, he is known to have a good <a href="/wiki/Singing_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Singing voice">singing voice</a> and plays the <a href="/wiki/Tar_(string_instrument)" title="Tar (string instrument)">tar</a>, a traditional Iranian stringed instrument.<a href="#cite_note-323">[322]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_diplomacy">Public diplomacy</h2></div> In February 2011, Ali Khamenei supported the Egyptian uprising against their government, describing it as <a href="/wiki/Islamic_awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic awakening">Islamic awakening</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>. Trying to communicate with <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arab people</a>, he addressed <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revolution of 2011">Egypt's protesters</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> even though his native language is <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>. He introduced himself as "your brother in religion", while praising the "explosion of sacred anger".<a href="#cite_note-324">[323]</a> Later in "Islamic Awakening" conferences held in Tehran, Khamenei praised the Muslim youths of <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> for what he described as Islamic awakening. He also paralleled these events with <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic revolution">Islamic revolution</a> in Iran during his Nowruz oration in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-325">[324]</a> Major protests against the Iranian regime also broke out throughout Iran in 2011, and they became known as the <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Iranian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–12 Iranian protests">2011–12 Iranian protests</a>. Khamenei wrote an <a href="/wiki/Open_letter_to_American_students_by_Khamenei" class="mw-redirect" title="Open letter to American students by Khamenei">open letter to American students</a> in 2024, which garnered a harsh US reaction. In the letter he described US students protesting against Israel as a new branch of the <a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance" title="Axis of Resistance">Axis of Resistance</a> and called on American students to familiarize themselves with the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-326">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-327">[326]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei_bibliography" title="Ali Khamenei bibliography">Ali Khamenei bibliography</a></div> <ul><li>Four main books of <a href="/wiki/Rijal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rijal">Rijal</a><a href="#cite_note-cgie-7">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Outline_of_Islamic_Thought_in_the_Quran" title="An Outline of Islamic Thought in the Quran">An Outline of Islamic Thought in the Quran</a><a href="#cite_note-cgie-7">[7]</a></li> <li>Honest leader<a href="#cite_note-cgie-7">[7]</a></li> <li>Discourse on Patience<a href="#cite_note-328">[327]</a> (translation by Sayyid Hussein Alamdar available online)<a href="#cite_note-329">[328]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a>: Manifestation of the Islamic Spirit, Two Contemporary Muslim Views<a href="#cite_note-330">[329]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-871031-20-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-871031-20-6">1-871031-20-6</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090618081641/http://www.khamenei.de/books/iqbal.htm">Iqbal, the Poet-Philosopher of Islamic Resurgence</a> is one of the "Two Contemporary Muslim Views", the other one is <a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a>'s.</li></ul></li> <li>Replies to Inquiries about the Practical Laws of Islam<a href="#cite_note-331">[330]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/964-472-000-8" title="Special:BookSources/964-472-000-8">964-472-000-8</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305000901/http://www.islam-pure.de/imam/books/ajvab.pdf">PDF version</a>)</li> <li>Lessons from the Nahjul-Balaghah<a href="#cite_note-332">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[332]</a></li> <li>Human Rights in Islam</li> <li>The Charter of Freedom<a href="#cite_note-334">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[335]</a></li> <li>Essence of Tawhid: Denial of Servitude but to God<a href="#cite_note-337">[336]</a></li></ul> Translations from Arabic: <ul><li>Future in the realm of Islam<a href="#cite_note-cgie-7">[7]</a></li></ul> Collections: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_250_Years_Old_Person" title="A 250 Years Old Person">A 250 Years Old Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_(2011_book)" title="Palestine (2011 book)">Palestine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghadir_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/19px-Ghadir_logo.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/29px-Ghadir_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/38px-Ghadir_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Shia_Islam" title="Portal:Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khamenei_family" title="Khamenei family">Khamenei family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motto_of_years_in_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Motto of years in Islamic Republic of Iran">Motto of years in Islamic Republic of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government" title="Islamic Government">Islamic Government</a> (book by Khomeini)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Kazim_Khurasani" title="Muhammad Kazim Khurasani">Muhammad Kazim Khurasani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Husayn_Tehrani" title="Mirza Husayn Tehrani">Mirza Husayn Tehrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_Mazandarani" title="Abdallah Mazandarani">Abdallah Mazandarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ali_Aqa_Tabrizi" title="Mirza Ali Aqa Tabrizi">Mirza Ali Aqa Tabrizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Sayyed_Mohammad_Tabatabai" title="Mirza Sayyed Mohammad Tabatabai">Mirza Sayyed Mohammad Tabatabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Abdollah_Behbahani" title="Seyyed Abdollah Behbahani">Seyyed Abdollah Behbahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazlullah_Nouri" title="Fazlullah Nouri">Fazlullah Nouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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Al-Monitor. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/11/iran-green-climate-change-khamenei.html">the original</a> on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Khamenei+says+Iran+must+go+green+%E2%80%93+Al-Monitor%3A+the+Pulse+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Al-Monitor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2015%2F11%2Firan-green-climate-change-khamenei.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Louis_Charbonneau_and_Parisa_Hafezi-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Louis_Charbonneau_and_Parisa_Hafezi_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Louis_Charbonneau_and_Parisa_Hafezi_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_Charbonneau_and_Parisa_Hafezi2014" class="citation web cs1">Louis Charbonneau and Parisa Hafezi (16 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-nuclear-missiles-idUSBREA4E11V20140516">"Exclusive: Iran pursues ballistic missile work, complicating nuclear talks"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170731230530/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-nuclear-missiles-idUSBREA4E11V20140516">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Iran+pursues+ballistic+missile+work%2C+complicating+nuclear+talks&rft.date=2014-05-16&rft.au=Louis+Charbonneau+and+Parisa+Hafezi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-iran-nuclear-missiles-idUSBREA4E11V20140516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-en.iranwire.com-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-en.iranwire.com_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-en.iranwire.com_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.iranwire.com/features/5272/">"IranWire – Asking for a Miracle: Khamenei's Economic Plan"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307035444/https://en.iranwire.com/features/5272/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IranWire+%E2%80%93+Asking+for+a+Miracle%3A+Khamenei%27s+Economic+Plan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.iranwire.com%2Ffeatures%2F5272%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801000839/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/05/khamenei-plans-increase-iran-population.html">"Khamenei outlines 14-point plan to increase population"</a>. 22 May 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/05/khamenei-plans-increase-iran-population.html">the original</a> on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Khamenei+outlines+14-point+plan+to+increase+population&rft.date=2014-05-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2014%2F05%2Fkhamenei-plans-increase-iran-population.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.payvand.com/news/06/jul/1055.html">"Iran: Executive, legislative branch officials endorse privatization plan"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170105175931/http://www.payvand.com/news/06/jul/1055.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+Executive%2C+legislative+branch+officials+endorse+privatization+plan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.payvand.com%2Fnews%2F06%2Fjul%2F1055.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/14/rafsanjani-breaks-taboo-over-selection-of-irans-next-supreme-leader">"Rafsanjani breaks taboo over selection of Iran's next supreme leader"</a>. The Guardian. 14 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161218132154/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/14/rafsanjani-breaks-taboo-over-selection-of-irans-next-supreme-leader">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Rafsanjani+breaks+taboo+over+selection+of+Iran%27s+next+supreme+leader&rft.date=2015-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fdec%2F14%2Frafsanjani-breaks-taboo-over-selection-of-irans-next-supreme-leader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/may/24/iran">"Iran reverses ban on reformist candidates"</a>. The Guardian. 24 May 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221144045/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/may/24/iran">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Iran+reverses+ban+on+reformist+candidates&rft.date=2005-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2005%2Fmay%2F24%2Firan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-english.alarabiya.net-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-english.alarabiya.net_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-english.alarabiya.net_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.alarabiya.net/en/perspective/features/2016/12/06/The-Basij-Mostazafan-A-culture-of-martyrdom-and-death.html">"The Basij Mostazafan – A culture of martyrdom and death"</a>. Al Arabiya. 6 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161207015759/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/perspective/features/2016/12/06/The-Basij-Mostazafan-A-culture-of-martyrdom-and-death.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Basij+Mostazafan+%E2%80%93+A+culture+of+martyrdom+and+death&rft.pub=Al+Arabiya&rft.date=2016-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fen%2Fperspective%2Ffeatures%2F2016%2F12%2F06%2FThe-Basij-Mostazafan-A-culture-of-martyrdom-and-death.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-linkday.ir-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-linkday.ir_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-linkday.ir_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011225034/http://www.linkday.ir/%DA%AF%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1-6-%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1-1360.html">"Khamenei was the victim of an attempted assassination"</a>. LinkDay. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linkday.ir/گزارشی-از-ماجرای-ترور-6-تیر-1360.html">the original</a> on 11 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LinkDay&rft.atitle=Khamenei+was+the+victim+of+an+attempted+assassination&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linkday.ir%2F%DA%AF%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1-6-%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1-1360.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/28/world/middleeast/28iran.html">"Police Are Said to Have Killed 10 in Iran Protests"</a>. The New York Times. 28 December 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100205184518/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/28/world/middleeast/28iran.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Police+Are+Said+to+Have+Killed+10+in+Iran+Protests&rft.date=2009-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F12%2F28%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F28iran.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn.com-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cnn.com_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnn.com_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/12/27/iran.protests/index.html">"Several killed, 300 arrested in Tehran protests"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091231034802/http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/12/27/iran.protests/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Several+killed%2C+300+arrested+in+Tehran+protests&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2009%2FWORLD%2Fmeast%2F12%2F27%2Firan.protests%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-State_Department2015-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-State_Department2015_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-State_Department2015_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/253135.pdf">"IRAN 2015 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_States_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="United States State Department">United States State Department</a>. <q>During the year the government arrested students, journalists, lawyers, political activists, women's activists, artists, and members of religious minorities; charged many with crimes such as "propaganda against the system" and "insulting the supreme leader;" and treated such cases as national security trials (see sections 1.a. through 1.e.; section 6, Women; and section 7.a.).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IRAN+2015+HUMAN+RIGHTS+REPORT&rft.pub=United+States+State+Department&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F253135.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-State_Department-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-State_Department_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-State_Department_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/265708.pdf">"IRAN 2016 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_States_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="United States State Department">United States State Department</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IRAN+2016+HUMAN+RIGHTS+REPORT&rft.pub=United+States+State+Department&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F265708.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-leader-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leader_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-leader_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leader.ir/langs/en/index.php?p=bio">"The Office of the Leader, Seyyed Ali Khamenei"</a>. Leader. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090618152141/http://www.leader.ir/langs/EN/index.php?p=bio">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Office+of+the+Leader%2C+Seyyed+Ali+Khamenei&rft.pub=Leader&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leader.ir%2Flangs%2Fen%2Findex.php%3Fp%3Dbio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130620012223/http://www.hashemirafsanjani.ir/content/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C"><bdi lang="fa">پیام تسلیت هاشمی به آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای/ اعلام برنامه وزرای کشاورزی و نیرو به هاشمی</bdi></a> (in Persian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hashemirafsanjani.ir/content/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C">the original</a> on 20 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA+%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C+%D8%A8%D9%87+%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%2F+%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87+%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C+%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C+%D9%88+%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88+%D8%A8%D9%87+%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C&rft.au=Akbar+Hashemi+Rafsanjani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hashemirafsanjani.ir%2Fcontent%2F%25D9%25BE%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA-%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B4%25D9%2585%25DB%258C-%25D8%25A8%25D9%2587-%25D8%25A2%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA%25E2%2580%258C%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D9%2587-%25D8%25AE%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D9%2587%25E2%2580%258C%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%2587-%25D9%2588%25D8%25B2%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C-%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A7%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B2%25DB%258C-%25D9%2588-%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588-%25D8%25A8%25D9%2587-%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B4%25D9%2585%25DB%258C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Eternal Iran, in 1721. Patrick Clawson, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-6276-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-6276-6">1-4039-6276-6</a>, p.5. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Robin Wright, The Last Great Revolution: Turmoil and Transformation in Iran, Alfred A. Knopf, 2000 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baharnews.ir/news/72857/بيوگرافي-خواهر-متوفي-رهبر-انقلاب">"بیوگرافی خواهر متوفی رهبر انقلاب"</a>. baharnews.ir (in Persian). Bahar News. 23 March 2015. 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IRIN. 25 May 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=26910">the original</a> on 14 August 2007. Retrieved 19 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Azeris+unhappy+at+being+the+butt+of+national+jokes&rft.date=2006-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irinnews.org%2Freport.aspx%3Freportid%3D26910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20050423084348/http://atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/FI28Ak01.html">"Iran at sea over Azerbaijan"</a>. Asia Times. 28 September 2004. Archived from the original on 23 April 2005. Retrieved 19 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+Times&rft.atitle=Iran+at+sea+over+Azerbaijan&rft.date=2004-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atimes.com%2Fatimes%2FMiddle_East%2FFI28Ak01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) Another ethnic Azeri is Rahim Safavi, the overall commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) and the most important military-security official in the country. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajd2009" class="citation news cs1">Majd, Hooman (19 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100116225338/http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2009-02-19/change-comes-to-iran">"Change Comes to Iran"</a>. The Daily Beast. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2009-02-19/change-comes-to-iran/">the original</a> on 16 January 2010. Retrieved 20 February 2009. <q>Ali Khamenei, ..., while ethnically Turkic is also half Yazdi, but he seems not to have inherited the timidity gene from his mother.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=Change+Comes+to+Iran&rft.date=2009-02-19&rft.aulast=Majd&rft.aufirst=Hooman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fblogs-and-stories%2F2009-02-19%2Fchange-comes-to-iran%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnaj_News" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anaj News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anaj.ir/News/15322/6-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%8C-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C-%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87/"><bdi lang="fa">6 مرداد، سالروزسفر تاریخی رهبر معظم انقلاب به رشت</bdi></a> (in Persian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150729031158/http://www.anaj.ir/News/15322/6-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%8C-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C-%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=6+%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%8C+%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C+%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%A8%D9%87+%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA&rft.au=Anaj+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanaj.ir%2FNews%2F15322%2F6-%25D9%2585%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25D8%258C-%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25B2%25D8%25B3%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25AE%25DB%258C-%25D8%25B1%25D9%2587%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1-%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B8%25D9%2585-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%2582%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8-%25D8%25A8%25D9%2587-%25D8%25B4%25D9%2587%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AE%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D9%2587%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120803073513/http://www.irdc.ir/fa/content/1024+4734/default.aspx">"(broken)"</a>. 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Retrieved 26 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=German+court+implicates+Iran+leaders+in+%2792+killings&rft.date=1997-04-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2FWORLD%2F9704%2F10%2Fgermany.iran%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306054342/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5h9W4be39jKC2qUnAvPByF2rZZmkA">"Germany Deports Iranian jailed for 1992 murders"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5h9W4be39jKC2qUnAvPByF2rZZmkA">the original</a> on 6 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Germany+Deports+Iranian+jailed+for+1992+murders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafp.google.com%2Farticle%2FALeqM5h9W4be39jKC2qUnAvPByF2rZZmkA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140404194641/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/pp121507a.shtml">"Iran: Terrorist Freed in Germany Is Welcomed By Tehran"</a>. Eurasia Net. 14 December 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/pp121507a.shtml">the original</a> on 4 April 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eurasia+Net&rft.atitle=Iran%3A+Terrorist+Freed+in+Germany+Is+Welcomed+By+Tehran&rft.date=2007-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurasianet.org%2Fdepartments%2Finsight%2Farticles%2Fpp121507a.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stalbertgazette.com-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stalbertgazette.com_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stalbertgazette.com_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131217073724/http://www.stalbertgazette.com/article/GB/20110420/CP01/304209937/-1/sag0806/iranian-lawmakers-warn-ahmadinejad-to-back-intelligence-chief-as%26template%3DcpArt">"Iranian lawmakers warn Ahmadinejad to accept intelligence chief as political feud deepens"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stalbertgazette.com/article/GB/20110420/CP01/304209937/-1/sag0806/iranian-lawmakers-warn-ahmadinejad-to-back-intelligence-chief-as&template=cpArt">the original</a> on 17 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iranian+lawmakers+warn+Ahmadinejad+to+accept+intelligence+chief+as+political+feud+deepens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stalbertgazette.com%2Farticle%2FGB%2F20110420%2FCP01%2F304209937%2F-1%2Fsag0806%2Firanian-lawmakers-warn-ahmadinejad-to-back-intelligence-chief-as%26template%3DcpArt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8168202.stm">"Middle East – Iranian vice-president 'sacked'"</a>. 25 July 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090725100558/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8168202.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Middle+East+%E2%80%93+Iranian+vice-president+%27sacked%27&rft.date=2009-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F8168202.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbulletin.net/news/172530/irans-rouhani-warned-against-opposing-supreme-leader">"Iran's Rouhani warned against opposing supreme leader – World Bulletin"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624153935/http://www.worldbulletin.net/news/172530/irans-rouhani-warned-against-opposing-supreme-leader">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran%27s+Rouhani+warned+against+opposing+supreme+leader+%E2%80%93+World+Bulletin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbulletin.net%2Fnews%2F172530%2Firans-rouhani-warned-against-opposing-supreme-leader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattair2015" class="citation book cs1">Mattair, Thomas R. (2015). Global Security Watch--Iran: A Reference Handbook. 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Raja News (in Persian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228190334/http://www.rajanews.com/news/214008">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Raja+News&rft.atitle=Witnesses+narrate+the+attempt+of+Rafsanjani+to+pass+the+suggestion+of+%27leadership+council%27&rft.date=2015-06-07&rft.aulast=Mohammad&rft.aufirst=Mahboubi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rajanews.com%2Fnews%2F214008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fars-1-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fars-1_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fars-1_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhani" class="citation news cs1">Khani, Elahe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.farsnews.com/printable.php?nn=13901004001427">"Why are the attacks are towards the leadership?"</a>. Borhan. Fars News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170917170647/http://www.farsnews.com/printable.php?nn=13901004001427">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Borhan&rft.atitle=Why+are+the+attacks+are+towards+the+leadership%3F&rft.aulast=Khani&rft.aufirst=Elahe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.farsnews.com%2Fprintable.php%3Fnn%3D13901004001427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani1989" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (4 June 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130620012317/http://www.hashemirafsanjani.ir/content/%DA%86%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%88%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%9F-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3"><bdi lang="fa">چرا آیت الله خامنه ای وصیت امام را خواند؟/ پیشنهاد رهبری آیت الله گلپایگانی از سوی جامعه مدرسین</bdi></a>. بازسازی و سازندگی (in Persian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hashemirafsanjani.ir/content/%DA%86%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%88%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%9F-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3">the original</a> on 20 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C+%D9%88+%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C&rft.atitle=%DA%86%D8%B1%D8%A7+%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87+%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D9%88%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%B1%D8%A7+%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%9F%2F+%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C+%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C+%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C+%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87+%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86&rft.date=1989-06-04&rft.au=Akbar+Hashemi+Rafsanjani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hashemirafsanjani.ir%2Fcontent%2F%25DA%2586%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25A2%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D9%2587-%25D8%25AE%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D9%2587-%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C-%25D9%2588%25D8%25B5%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585-%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25AE%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF%25D8%259F-%25D9%25BE%25DB%258C%25D8%25B4%25D9%2586%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25B1%25D9%2587%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C-%25D8%25A2%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D9%2587-%25DA%25AF%25D9%2584%25D9%25BE%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25DA%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2-%25D8%25B3%25D9%2588%25DB%258C-%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9%25D9%2587-%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206014905/http://www.khobreganrahbari.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=76">"خبرگان رهبری – رييس مجمع تشخيص مصلحت نظام: از مهمترين پيشرفت‌هاي واقعي انقلاب اسلامي، تأسيس سازماني براي ولايت فقيه بود[ايلنا]"</a>. Khobreganrahbari.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khobreganrahbari.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=76">the original</a> on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C+%E2%80%93+%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B3+%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9+%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B5+%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AA+%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%3A+%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D9%85%D9%87%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86+%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%8C+%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3+%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A+%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A+%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA+%D9%81%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%87+%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%5B%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%26%2393%3B&rft.pub=Khobreganrahbari.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khobreganrahbari.com%2Fmodules.php%3Fname%3DNews%26file%3Darticle%26sid%3D76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326084140/http://www.iran57.com/Rafsanjani%20T%20dar%20sal%2068%20mokhalef%20rahbarie%20fardi%27%20Ilna%2016%20Azar%201385.doc">"هاشمي رفسنجاني: در سال 68 مهمترين مخالفت با رهبري يك فرد را، خود مقام معظم رهبري داشتند"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iran57.com/Rafsanjani%20T%20dar%20sal%2068%20mokhalef%20rahbarie%20fardi%27%20Ilna%2016%20Azar%201385.doc">the original</a> on 26 March 2009. 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href="https://baghdad-times.net/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%88%d9%84%d9%89-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%ac%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%b1/">"الاستقالة الأولى في تاريخ المرجعية.. مرجع ديني يقدم استقالته من التصدي لمنصب المرجع"</a>. baghdad-times.net. 29 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=baghdad-times.net&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9..+%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B9+%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A+%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%8A+%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B9&rft.date=2022-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbaghdad-times.net%2F%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25a7%25d8%25b3%25d8%25aa%25d9%2582%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25a9-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25a3%25d9%2588%25d9%2584%25d9%2589-%25d9%2581%25d9%258a-%25d8%25aa%25d8%25a7%25d8%25b1%25d9%258a%25d8%25ae-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d9%2585%25d8%25b1%25d8%25ac%25d8%25b9%25d9%258a%25d8%25a9-%25d9%2585%25d8%25b1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160811194954/http://english.khamenei.ir/news/609/Leader-Meets-President-Cabinet-Members">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leader+Meets+President%2C+Cabinet+Members&rft.date=2004-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.khamenei.ir%2Fnews%2F609%2FLeader-Meets-President-Cabinet-Members&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leader.ir/en/content/12197/Supreme-Leader-Meets-with-President-Rouhani-and-Cabinet-Members">"Supreme Leader Meets with President Rouhani and Cabinet Members"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160806170220/http://www.leader.ir/en/content/12197/Supreme-Leader-Meets-with-President-Rouhani-and-Cabinet-Members">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Supreme+Leader+Meets+with+President+Rouhani+and+Cabinet+Members&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leader.ir%2Fen%2Fcontent%2F12197%2FSupreme-Leader-Meets-with-President-Rouhani-and-Cabinet-Members&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.khamenei.ir/news/2101/Leader-meets-with-President-and-Cabinet-members">"Leader meets with President and Cabinet members"</a>. 14 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011232708/http://english.khamenei.ir/news/2101/Leader-meets-with-President-and-Cabinet-members">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leader+meets+with+President+and+Cabinet+members&rft.date=2015-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.khamenei.ir%2Fnews%2F2101%2FLeader-meets-with-President-and-Cabinet-members&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.khamenei.ir/news/3976/Ayatollah-Khamenei-Judiciary-Should-Pursue-Violated-Rights-of">"Ayatollah Khamenei: Judiciary Should Pursue Violated Rights of Iranian Nation at the International Level"</a>. 2 July 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160811132355/http://english.khamenei.ir/news/3976/Ayatollah-Khamenei-Judiciary-Should-Pursue-Violated-Rights-of">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ayatollah+Khamenei%3A+Judiciary+Should+Pursue+Violated+Rights+of+Iranian+Nation+at+the+International+Level&rft.date=2016-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.khamenei.ir%2Fnews%2F3976%2FAyatollah-Khamenei-Judiciary-Should-Pursue-Violated-Rights-of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/iran-leader-ayatollah-ali-khamenei-warns-of-western-schemes-as-new-mps-meet-2823307/">"Iran's leader Khamenei warns of Western 'schemes' as new MPs meet"</a>. 28 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160701173441/http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/iran-leader-ayatollah-ali-khamenei-warns-of-western-schemes-as-new-mps-meet-2823307/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran%27s+leader+Khamenei+warns+of+Western+%27schemes%27+as+new+MPs+meet&rft.date=2016-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fworld%2Fworld-news%2Firan-leader-ayatollah-ali-khamenei-warns-of-western-schemes-as-new-mps-meet-2823307%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link 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Retrieved 5 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tehran+switches+gear+in+its+relationship+with+Tripoli+after+Qaddafi%27s+death&rft.date=2011-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alarabiya.net%2Farticles%2F2011%2F10%2F22%2F173060.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612192558/http://imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=4105">"Glimpses from the Life of Ayatullah al-Uzma Sayyid Ali Khamenei"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=4105">the original</a> on 12 June 2010. 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The New York Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/21/world/middleeast/iran-revolutionary-guards-leader.html">the original</a> on 7 May 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+Supreme+Leader+Replaces+Head+of+Revolutionary+Guards&rft.date=2019-04-22&rft.aulast=Gladstone&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F04%2F21%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Firan-revolutionary-guards-leader.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240611154832/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-leader-names-hardline-cleric-new-judiciary-head-2021-07-01/">"Iran names hardline cleric as top judge amid calls for probe into past abuses"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-leader-names-hardline-cleric-new-judiciary-head-2021-07-01/">the original</a> on 11 June 2024. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.khamenei.ir/news/9399/Appointment-of-Brigadier-General-Ahmad-Reza-Radan-as-Commander-in-Chief">the original</a> on 9 July 2024. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1400/07/07/2580870/پیمان-جبلی-رئیس-سازمان-صداوسیما-شد-سوابق-و-تحصیلات">the original</a> on 9 July 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C+%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3+%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7+%D8%B4%D8%AF+%2B+%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82+%D9%88+%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B5%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tasnimnews.com%2Ffa%2Fnews%2F1400%2F07%2F07%2F2580870%2F%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%B4%D8%AF-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B5%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Erdbrink, Thomas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/29/world/middleeast/irans-supreme-leader-shakes-up-military-command.html">Iran's Supreme Leader Shakes Up Military Command</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170927053128/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/29/world/middleeast/irans-supreme-leader-shakes-up-military-command.html">Archived</a> 27 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, 28 June 2016. 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Encounter Books. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594034794" title="Special:BookSources/9781594034794"><bdi>9781594034794</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Night%3A+Iran+Under+the+Khomeinist+Revolution&rft.pages=235&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Encounter+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781594034794&rft.au=Amir+Taheri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/iran-blog/2012/apr/05/iran-khamenei-poetry-festival">"To Iran's supreme leader Khamenei, with love and squalor"</a>. the Guardian. 5 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=To+Iran%27s+supreme+leader+Khamenei%2C+with+love+and+squalor&rft.date=2012-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2Firan-blog%2F2012%2Fapr%2F05%2Firan-khamenei-poetry-festival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/khamenei-will-see-sanctions-him-direct-challenge-revolution">"Khamenei Will See Sanctions on Him as a Direct Challenge to the Revolution"</a>. 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The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010025420/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-nuclear-deal-ayatollah-khamenei-says-hostile-policies-towards-arrogant-america-will-not-change-10398733.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Iran+nuclear+deal%3A+Ayatollah+Khamenei+says+hostile+policies+towards+%27arrogant%27+America+will+not+change&rft.date=2015-07-18&rft.au=Tom+Brooks-Pollock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Firan-nuclear-deal-ayatollah-khamenei-says-hostile-policies-towards-arrogant-america-will-not-change-10398733.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/kerry-says-iran-vow-defy-u-very-disturbing-070223527.html">"Kerry says Iran vow to defy U.S. is 'very disturbing'"</a>. 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Forbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010024410/https://www.forbes.com/powerful-people/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=The+72+Who+Rule+The+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fpowerful-people%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pri.org/stories/2012-01-15/aide-ahmadinejad-sentenced-year-jail-insulting-khamenei">"Aide to Ahmadinejad sentenced to a year in jail for insulting Khamenei"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160921042637/http://www.pri.org/stories/2012-01-15/aide-ahmadinejad-sentenced-year-jail-insulting-khamenei">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aide+to+Ahmadinejad+sentenced+to+a+year+in+jail+for+insulting+Khamenei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pri.org%2Fstories%2F2012-01-15%2Faide-ahmadinejad-sentenced-year-jail-insulting-khamenei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/1996/01/28/journalist-gets-35-lashes-jail-for-insulting-ayatollah/">"Journalist Gets 35 Lashes, Jail For Insulting Ayatollah"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago 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class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011063332/https://books.google.com/books?id=ociVMJ_xotwC&pg=PA56">Archived</a> 11 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Human Rights Watch, 2005, page 56 </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/03/19/iran.blogger.dead/">Blogger jailed in Iran is dead, lawyer says</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010204225/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/03/19/iran.blogger.dead/">Archived</a> 10 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, CNN, 19 March 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gulfnews.com/news/mena/iran/activist-sentenced-to-jail-exile-and-fine-in-iran-1.731582">Activist sentenced 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiofarda.com/Article/2007/07/04/o1_khamenei-critisiz.html">the original</a> on 13 November 2007. Retrieved 19 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1+%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4+%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D8%AA%D8%BA%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B1+%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiofarda.com%2FArticle%2F2007%2F07%2F04%2Fo1_khamenei-critisiz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=3416">"بیانات در دیدار دانشجویان دانشگاه‌های استان یزد (Address to the Students of Universities in Yazd Province)"</a>. Official Website for Khamenei Speeches and Works. 3 January 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150908010137/http://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=3416">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AC%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86+%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%AF+%28Address+to+the+Students+of+Universities+in+Yazd+Province%29&rft.pub=Official+Website+for+Khamenei+Speeches+and+Works&rft.date=2008-01-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffarsi.khamenei.ir%2Fspeech-content%3Fid%3D3416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140301173310/http://isa-global-dialogue.net/backlash-gender-segregation-in-iranian-universities/">"Backlash: Gender Segregation in Iranian Universities"</a>. 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The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170831074026/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-supreme-leader-ayatollah-khamenei-gender-equality-women-zionist-plot-society-role-islamic-a7641041.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+Supreme+Leader+claims+gender+equality+is+%27Zionist+plot%27+aiming+to+corrupt+role+of+women+in+society&rft.date=2017-03-21&rft.au=Lizzie+Dearden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Firan-supreme-leader-ayatollah-khamenei-gender-equality-women-zionist-plot-society-role-islamic-a7641041.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071118164001/http://www.khamenei.ir/FA/Speech/detail.jsp?id=860413A">"بيانات رهبر معظم انقلاب اسلامى در ديدار گروه كثيرى از زنان نخبه در آستانهى سالروز ميلاد حضرت زهراى اطهر (سلاماللَّهعليها)"</a>. 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Seratnews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150128205002/http://www.seratnews.ir/fa/news/35284/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85-%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2015. 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United States Institute of Peace. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130823181417/http://iranprimer.usip.org/resource/irans-political-elite">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran%27s+Political+Elite&rft.pub=United+States+Institute+of+Peace&rft.date=2010-10-11&rft.au=Mehrzad+Boroujerdi&rft.au=Kourosh+Rahimkhani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firanprimer.usip.org%2Fresource%2Firans-political-elite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/69401/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85-%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C">Knowing the sons of Iran's supreme leader</a> mashreghnews.ir Retrieved 18 November 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aghigh.ir/fa/news/30858/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D9%87%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87-%D9%BE%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%87%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B4">Seyyed Masoud Khamenei, beside his father-in-law (Seyyed Mohsen Kharazi) – Portrait</a> aghigh.ir Retrieved 23 November 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tebyan.net/newindex.aspx?pid=934&articleid=692876">Seyyed Masoud Khamenei, with his father-in-law --Seyyed Mohasen Kharazi</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] tebyan.net Retrieved 9 December 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/27/niece-iran-supreme-leader-protests-farideh-moradkhani">"Niece of Iran's supreme leader calls on other countries to cut ties with regime"</a>. the Guardian. 27 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Niece+of+Iran%27s+supreme+leader+calls+on+other+countries+to+cut+ties+with+regime&rft.date=2022-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fnov%2F27%2Fniece-iran-supreme-leader-protests-farideh-moradkhani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorger" class="citation news cs1">Borger, Julian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/22/mojtaba-khamenei-iran-protest">"Mojtaba Khamenei: gatekeeper to Iran's supreme leader"</a>. 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Payvand.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140220032135/http://www.payvand.com/news/12/nov/1174.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Frugality+of+Iran%27s+Supreme+Leader&rft.pub=Payvand.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.payvand.com%2Fnews%2F12%2Fnov%2F1174.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnn.com/green-tech/transportation/blogs/irans-bmw-dealer-has-friends-high-places">"Iran's car market is opening up"</a>. MNN – Mother Nature Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001952/http://www.mnn.com/green-tech/transportation/blogs/irans-bmw-dealer-has-friends-high-places">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MNN+%E2%80%93+Mother+Nature+Network&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+car+market+is+opening+up&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mnn.com%2Fgreen-tech%2Ftransportation%2Fblogs%2Firans-bmw-dealer-has-friends-high-places&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.alarabiya.net/business/2013/05/04/Iran-s-Ayatollah-Khamenei-embroiled-in-BMW-dealership-row">"Iran's Ayatollah Khamenei embroiled in BMW dealership row"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Iran%27s+%27unremarkable%27+supreme+leader+Ayatollah+Khamenei&rft.date=2011-08-04&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-14362281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> Majd, Hooman, The Ayatollah Begs to Differ: The Paradox of Modern Iran, by Hooman Majd, Doubleday, 2008, p. 61 </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/09/world/middleeast/irans-ayatollah-khamenei-has-prostate-surgery.html">Iran's Top Leader Undergoes Prostate Surgery</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160724080213/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/09/world/middleeast/irans-ayatollah-khamenei-has-prostate-surgery.html">Archived</a> 24 July 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Retrieved 8 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discourse+on+Patience&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islam-pure.de%2Fimam%2Fbooks%2Fpatiance.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhameneiShariatiSharīʻatī1991" class="citation book cs1">Khamenei, Ali; Shariati, Ali; Sharīʻatī, ʻalī (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ivogAAAACAAJ">Iqbal: Manifestation of the Islamic ...</a> ABC International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-871031-20-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-871031-20-1"><bdi>978-1-871031-20-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iqbal%3A+Manifestation+of+the+Islamic+...&rft.pub=ABC+International&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-871031-20-1&rft.aulast=Khamenei&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft.au=Shariati%2C+Ali&rft.au=Shar%C4%AB%CA%BBat%C4%AB%2C+%CA%BBal%C4%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DivogAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1vAMAQAACAAJ">Replies to Inquiries about the ...</a> 1997. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-964-472-000-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-964-472-000-0"><bdi>978-964-472-000-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Replies+to+Inquiries+about+the+...&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-964-472-000-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1vAMAQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhamenei1984" class="citation book cs1">Khamenei, Seyyed Ali (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GOHKHAAACAAJ">Lessons from the Nahjul-Balaghah</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lessons+from+the+Nahjul-Balaghah&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Khamenei&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGOHKHAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511213647/http://www.al-shia.com/html/eng/books/lesson-from-nahjul-balaqeh/index.htm">Lessons from the Nahjul Balagah</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090618191107/http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=4458">"The Charter of Freedom || Imam Reza (A.S.) Network"</a>. Imam Reza. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=4458">the original</a> on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Charter+of+Freedom+%26%23124%3B%26%23124%3B+Imam+Reza+%28A.S.%29+Network&rft.pub=Imam+Reza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imamreza.net%2Feng%2Fimamreza.php%3Fid%3D4458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090618091735/http://www.khamenei.de/books/charterfree.htm">"The Charter of Freedom"</a>. Khamenei.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khamenei.de/books/charterfree.htm">the original</a> on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Charter+of+Freedom&rft.pub=Khamenei.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khamenei.de%2Fbooks%2Fcharterfree.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070104051353/http://www.irib.ir/occasions/Rahbar/charter%20of%20freedom.htm">"Great Ayatollah Sayyed Ali Khamenei"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.irib.ir/occasions/Rahbar/charter%20of%20freedom.htm">the original</a> on 4 January 2007. Retrieved 19 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Ayatollah+Sayyed+Ali+Khamenei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.irib.ir%2Foccasions%2FRahbar%2Fcharter%2520of%2520freedom.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235439/http://www.khamenei.de/books/tawhid.htm">"Tawhid"</a>. 3 March 2016. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tawhid&rft.date=2016-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khamenei.de%2Fbooks%2Ftawhid.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: سید علی حسینی خامنه‌ای, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: Ali Hoseyni Xāmene’i, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">[ʔæˈliː hosejˈniː xɒːmeneˈʔiː]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/32\/Fa-%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C.ogg\/Fa-%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fa-\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u06cc.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/32/Fa-%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C.ogg/Fa-%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Fa-%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C.ogg" title="File:Fa-علی خامنه ای.ogg">ⓘ</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadiki2014" class="citation book cs1">Sadiki, Larbi (2014). Routledge Handbook of the Arab Spring: Rethinking Democratization. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-65004-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-65004-1"><bdi>978-1-317-65004-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+the+Arab+Spring%3A+Rethinking+Democratization&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-65004-1&rft.aulast=Sadiki&rft.aufirst=Larbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Ali Khamenei at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ali_Khamenei" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Ali Khamenei">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Ali_Khamenei" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Ali Khamenei">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" class="extiw" title="q:Ali Khamenei">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Ali_Khamenei" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Ali Khamenei">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57336" class="extiw" title="d:Q57336">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Official</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.khamenei.ir/">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leader.ir/">The Office of the Supreme Leader of Iran</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/khamenei_ir">Official English-language Twitter account</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Photo</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tarikhirani.ir/fa/news/3/bodyView/5184/0/%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1.%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8.%D8%AF%D8%B1.%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%87%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C.%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF.html">Pictures in Iran-Iraq War</a>, tarikhirani.ir</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.khamenei.ir//index.php?option%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D781%26Itemid%3D4/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_mhasgallery%26Itemid%3D33">Ali Khamenei gallery in Khamenei's website</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li></ul> <dl><dt>Media</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?2079">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1527919/">Ali Khamenei</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3018932.stm">"Profile: Ayatollah Ali Khamenei"</a>. BBC News. 17 June 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Ayatollah+Ali+Khamenei&rft.date=2009-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2F3018932.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Khamenei" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/topics/person/ali-khamenei.html">Ali Khamenei</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/ayatollah-ali-khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57336#P3106" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/topic/Ali_Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/k/ali_khamenei/index.html">Ali Khamenei</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Videos</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110204053450/http://farsi.khamenei.ir/video-index">Video Archive of Ayatollah Khamenei</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irannegah.com/Video.aspx?id=423">Ayatollah Khamenei in the city of Ardabil reading different poems in Azerbaijani language about Imam Hussein and events in Karbala.</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New office </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_and_Armed_Forces_Logistics_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Defence and Armed Forces Logistics (Iran)">Deputy Minister of National Defence for Revolutionary Affairs</a> 1979–1980 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Office oblished </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Ali_Rajai" title="Mohammad-Ali Rajai">Mohammad-Ali Rajai</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President of Iran</a> 1981–1989 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani">Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New office </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chairperson of the <a href="/wiki/Expediency_Discernment_Council" title="Expediency Discernment Council">Expediency Discernment Council</a> 1988–1989 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader of Iran</a> 1989–present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Incumbent </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Iranian_Armed_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Iranian Armed Forces">Commander-in-Chief of the Iranian Armed Forces</a> 1989–present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Incumbent </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fereydoun_Kian" title="Fereydoun Kian">Fereydoun Kian</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Supervisor of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a> 1979–1980 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Duzduzani" title="Abbas Duzduzani">Abbas Duzduzani</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Javad_Bahonar" title="Mohammad-Javad Bahonar">Mohammad-Javad Bahonar</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Secretary-General of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republican_Party" title="Islamic Republican Party">Islamic Republican Party</a> 1981–1987 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Party dissolved </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Ali_Rajai" title="Mohammad-Ali Rajai">Mohammad-Ali Rajai</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republican_Party" title="Islamic Republican Party">Islamic Republican Party</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President of Iran</a> <a href="/wiki/October_1981_Iranian_presidential_election" title="October 1981 Iranian presidential election">October 1981</a> <a href="/wiki/1985_Iranian_presidential_election" title="1985 Iranian presidential election">1985</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;">Religious titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hussein-Ali_Montazeri" title="Hussein-Ali Montazeri">Hussein-Ali Montazeri</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Tehran%27s_Friday_Prayer_Imams" title="List of Tehran's Friday Prayer Imams">Tehran's Friday Prayer Imam</a> 1980–present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Incumbent </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New office </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> President of the Encyclopedia Islamica Foundation 1983–present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Incumbent </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Iranian_presidential_election" title="1985 Iranian presidential election">1985 Iranian presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statement_of_14_Political_Activists" title="Statement of 14 Political Activists">Statement of 14 Political Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13876" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Order 13876">Executive Order 13876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahsa_Amini_protests" title="Mahsa Amini protests">Mahsa Amini protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei%27s_fatwa_against_nuclear_weapons" title="Ali Khamenei's fatwa against nuclear weapons">Fatwa against nuclear weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Islamic clerics in politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Slogan_of_the_Year" title="Iran Slogan of the Year">Iran Slogan of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Phase_of_the_Revolution" title="Second Phase of the Revolution">Second Phase of the Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation_in_Iran" title="Sex segregation in Iran">Sex segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamenei%27s_8-Article_Command_to_the_Chiefs_of_Branches" title="Khamenei's 8-Article Command to the Chiefs of Branches">8-Article Command to the Chiefs of Branches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books and messages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_250_Years_Old_Person" title="A 250 Years Old Person">A 250 Years Old Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Outline_of_Islamic_Thought_in_the_Quran" title="An Outline of Islamic Thought in the Quran">An Outline of Islamic Thought in the Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_main_books_of_Biographical-Evaluation" title="Four main books of Biographical-Evaluation">Four main books of Biographical-Evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghena_(book)" title="Ghena (book)">Ghena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_(2011_book)" title="Palestine (2011 book)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhe-Tawhid,_Nafye_Obudiate_GheireKhoda" title="Ruhe-Tawhid, Nafye Obudiate GheireKhoda">Ruhe-Tawhid, Nafye Obudiate GheireKhoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharh-e_Esm_(book)" title="Sharh-e Esm (book)">Sharh-e Esm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatwa_of_Ali_Khamenei_against_insulting_revered_Sunni_figures" title="Fatwa of Ali Khamenei against insulting revered Sunni figures">Fatwa against insulting revered Sunni figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_the_Youth_in_Europe_and_North_America" title="To the Youth in Europe and North America">To the Youth in Europe and North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_the_Youth_in_Western_Countries" title="To the Youth in Western Countries">To the Youth in Western Countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khamenei_family" title="Khamenei family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mansoureh_Khojasteh_Bagherzadeh" title="Mansoureh Khojasteh Bagherzadeh">Mansoureh Khojasteh Bagherzadeh</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Khamenei" title="Mostafa Khamenei">Mostafa</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojtaba_Khamenei" title="Mojtaba Khamenei">Mojtaba</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoud_Khamenei" title="Masoud Khamenei">Masoud</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javad_Khamenei" title="Javad Khamenei">Javad</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khamenei" title="Mohammad Khamenei">Mohammad</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadi_Khamenei" title="Hadi Khamenei">Hadi</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badri_Khamenei" title="Badri Khamenei">Badri</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Tehrani" title="Ali Tehrani">Ali Tehrani</a> (brother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farideh_Moradkhani" title="Farideh Moradkhani">Farideh Moradkhani</a> (niece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Moradkhani" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmoud Moradkhani">Mahmoud Moradkhani</a> (nephew)</li> <li>Co-fathers-in-law:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azizollah_Khoshvaght" title="Azizollah Khoshvaght">Azizollah Khoshvaght</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gholam-Ali_Haddad-Adel" title="Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel">Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Kharazi" title="Mohsen Kharazi">Mohsen Kharazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mohammadi_Golpayegani" title="Mohammad Mohammadi Golpayegani">Mohammad Mohammadi Golpayegani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ali_Khamenei" title="Category:Ali Khamenei">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Current_heads_of_state_of_republics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_republics" title="Template:Heads of state of republics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_republics" title="Template talk:Heads of state of republics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_republics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of republics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Current_heads_of_state_of_republics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of current heads of state and government">Current heads of state of republics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria"><img alt="Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abdelmadjid_Tebboune" title="Abdelmadjid Tebboune">Abdelmadjid Tebboune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola"><img alt="Angola" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/15px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/30px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Louren%C3%A7o" title="João Lourenço">João Lourenço</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin"><img alt="Benin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/15px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/30px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Talon" title="Patrice Talon">Patrice Talon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana"><img alt="Botswana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/15px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/30px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Duma_Boko" title="Duma Boko">Duma Boko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso"><img alt="Burkina Faso" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/15px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/30px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Traor%C3%A9" title="Ibrahim Traoré">Ibrahim Traoré</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi"><img alt="Burundi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/15px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/30px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89variste_Ndayishimiye" title="Évariste Ndayishimiye">Évariste Ndayishimiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon"><img alt="Cameroon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/15px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Biya" title="Paul Biya">Paul Biya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde"><img alt="Cape Verde" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/15px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Maria_Neves" title="José Maria Neves">José Maria Neves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic"><img alt="Central African Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Faustin-Archange_Touad%C3%A9ra" title="Faustin-Archange Touadéra">Faustin-Archange Touadéra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad"><img alt="Chad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/15px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/30px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mahamat_D%C3%A9by" title="Mahamat Déby">Mahamat Déby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros"><img alt="Comoros" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Azali_Assoumani" title="Azali Assoumani">Azali Assoumani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Félix Tshisekedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Denis Sassou Nguesso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti"><img alt="Djibouti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/15px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/30px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Isma%C3%AFl_Omar_Guelleh" title="Ismaïl Omar Guelleh">Ismaïl Omar Guelleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/15px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/30px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Abdel Fattah el-Sisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea"><img alt="Equatorial Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/15px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/30px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo">Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea"><img alt="Eritrea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/15px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/30px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Isaias_Afwerki" title="Isaias Afwerki">Isaias Afwerki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"><img alt="Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Taye_Atske_Selassie" title="Taye Atske Selassie">Taye Atske Selassie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon"><img alt="Gabon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/15px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/30px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Brice_Clotaire_Oligui_Nguema" class="mw-redirect" title="Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema">Brice Oligui</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia"><img alt="The Gambia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/15px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/30px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Adama_Barrow" title="Adama Barrow">Adama Barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nana_Akufo-Addo" title="Nana Akufo-Addo">Nana Akufo-Addo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea"><img alt="Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/15px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/30px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mamady_Doumbouya" title="Mamady Doumbouya">Mamady Doumbouya</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau"><img alt="Guinea-Bissau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/15px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/30px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Umaro_Sissoco_Embal%C3%B3" title="Umaro Sissoco Embaló">Umaro Sissoco Embaló</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast"><img alt="Ivory Coast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/15px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/30px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alassane_Ouattara" title="Alassane Ouattara">Alassane Ouattara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya"><img alt="Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/15px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/William_Ruto" title="William Ruto">William Ruto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia"><img alt="Liberia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Boakai" title="Joseph Boakai">Joseph Boakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya"><img alt="Libya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/15px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/30px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_al-Menfi" title="Mohamed al-Menfi">Mohamed al-Menfi</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar"><img alt="Madagascar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/15px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/30px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Andry_Rajoelina" title="Andry Rajoelina">Andry Rajoelina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi"><img alt="Malawi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/15px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/30px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Chakwera" title="Lazarus Chakwera">Lazarus Chakwera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali"><img alt="Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/15px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Assimi_Go%C3%AFta" title="Assimi Goïta">Assimi Goïta</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania"><img alt="Mauritania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Ghazouani" title="Mohamed Ould Ghazouani">Mohamed Ould Ghazouani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius"><img alt="Mauritius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/15px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Prithvirajsing_Roopun" title="Prithvirajsing Roopun">Prithvirajsing Roopun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique"><img alt="Mozambique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/15px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Filipe_Nyusi" title="Filipe Nyusi">Filipe Nyusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia"><img alt="Namibia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nangolo_Mbumba" title="Nangolo Mbumba">Nangolo Mbumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger"><img alt="Niger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/15px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/23px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/30px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abdourahamane_Tchiani" title="Abdourahamane Tchiani">Abdourahamane Tchiani</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bola_Tinubu" title="Bola Tinubu">Bola Tinubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda"><img alt="Rwanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/15px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/30px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Paul Kagame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic"><img alt="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Brahim_Ghali" title="Brahim Ghali">Brahim Ghali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe"><img alt="São Tomé and Príncipe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/15px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/23px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/30px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Vila_Nova" title="Carlos Vila Nova">Carlos Vila Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/15px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/30px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bassirou_Diomaye_Faye" title="Bassirou Diomaye Faye">Bassirou Diomaye Faye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles"><img alt="Seychelles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/15px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/30px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wavel_Ramkalawan" title="Wavel Ramkalawan">Wavel Ramkalawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone"><img alt="Sierra Leone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/15px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Maada_Bio" title="Julius Maada Bio">Julius Maada Bio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland"><img alt="Somaliland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Muse_Bihi_Abdi" title="Muse Bihi Abdi">Muse Bihi Abdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud" title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud">Hassan Sheikh Mohamud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan"><img alt="South Sudan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="570" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Salva_Kiir_Mayardit" title="Salva Kiir Mayardit">Salva Kiir Mayardit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan"><img alt="Sudan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Sovereignty_Council" title="Transitional Sovereignty Council">Transitional Sovereignty Council</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania"><img alt="Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Samia_Suluhu_Hassan" title="Samia Suluhu Hassan">Samia Suluhu Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo"><img alt="Togo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9" title="Faure Gnassingbé">Faure Gnassingbé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia"><img alt="Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kais_Saied" title="Kais Saied">Kais Saied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda"><img alt="Uganda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/15px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/30px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Yoweri Museveni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia"><img alt="Zambia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hakainde_Hichilema" title="Hakainde Hichilema">Hakainde Hichilema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe"><img alt="Zimbabwe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia"><img alt="Abkhazia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Aslan_Bzhania" title="Aslan Bzhania">Aslan Bzhania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vahagn_Khachaturyan" title="Vahagn Khachaturyan">Vahagn Khachaturyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"><img alt="Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh"><img alt="Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shahabuddin" title="Mohammed Shahabuddin">Mohammed Shahabuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor"><img alt="East Timor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/15px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/30px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta" title="José Ramos-Horta">José Ramos-Horta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili" title="Salome Zourabichvili">Salome Zourabichvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Droupadi_Murmu" title="Droupadi Murmu">Droupadi Murmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto" title="Prabowo Subianto">Prabowo Subianto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Latif_Rashid" title="Abdul Latif Rashid">Abdul Latif Rashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/15px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/23px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/30px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Herzog" title="Isaac Herzog">Isaac Herzog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev" title="Kassym-Jomart Tokayev">Kassym-Jomart Tokayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan"><img alt="Kyrgyzstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sadyr_Japarov" title="Sadyr Japarov">Sadyr Japarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos"><img alt="Laos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/15px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/30px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Thongloun_Sisoulith" title="Thongloun Sisoulith">Thongloun Sisoulith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/15px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Najib_Mikati" title="Najib Mikati">Najib Mikati</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives"><img alt="Maldives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/15px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/30px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Muizzu" title="Mohamed Muizzu">Mohamed Muizzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia"><img alt="Mongolia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ukhnaagiin_Kh%C3%BCrels%C3%BCkh" title="Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh">Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar"><img alt="Myanmar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/15px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/30px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Min_Aung_Hlaing" title="Min Aung Hlaing">Min Aung Hlaing</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal"><img alt="Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/15px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/30px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ram_Chandra_Poudel" title="Ram Chandra Poudel">Ram Chandra Poudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea"><img alt="North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari" title="Asif Ali Zardari">Asif Ali Zardari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine"><img alt="State of Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/15px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/30px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore"><img alt="Singapore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/15px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/30px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tharman_Shanmugaratnam" title="Tharman Shanmugaratnam">Tharman Shanmugaratnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yoon_Suk_Yeol" title="Yoon Suk Yeol">Yoon Suk Yeol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia"><img alt="South Ossetia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Gagloev" title="Alan Gagloev">Alan Gagloev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/15px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Anura_Kumara_Dissanayake" title="Anura Kumara Dissanayake">Anura Kumara Dissanayake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lai_Ching-te" title="Lai Ching-te">Lai Ching-te</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan"><img alt="Tajikistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Emomali_Rahmon" title="Emomali Rahmon">Emomali Rahmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan"><img alt="Turkmenistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Serdar_Berdimuhamedow" title="Serdar Berdimuhamedow">Serdar Berdimuhamedow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan"><img alt="Uzbekistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Shavkat_Mirziyoyev" title="Shavkat Mirziyoyev">Shavkat Mirziyoyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/15px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/L%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_C%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Lương Cường">Lương Cường</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen"><img alt="Yemen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/15px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/30px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rashad_al-Alimi" title="Rashad al-Alimi">Rashad al-Alimi</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bajram_Begaj" title="Bajram Begaj">Bajram Begaj</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Van_der_Bellen" title="Alexander Van der Bellen">Alexander Van der Bellen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/15px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Denis_Be%C4%87irovi%C4%87" title="Denis Bećirović">Denis Bećirović</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljka_Cvijanovi%C4%87" title="Željka Cvijanović">Željka Cvijanović</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Kom%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Željko Komšić">Željko Komšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rumen_Radev" title="Rumen Radev">Rumen Radev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Zoran_Milanovi%C4%87" title="Zoran Milanović">Zoran Milanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/15px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Christodoulides" title="Nikos Christodoulides">Nikos Christodoulides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Petr_Pavel" title="Petr Pavel">Petr Pavel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alar_Karis" title="Alar Karis">Alar Karis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stubb" title="Alexander Stubb">Alexander Stubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/15px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/30px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Katerina_Sakellaropoulou" title="Katerina Sakellaropoulou">Katerina Sakellaropoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/15px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tam%C3%A1s_Sulyok" title="Tamás Sulyok">Tamás Sulyok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland"><img alt="Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Halla_T%C3%B3masd%C3%B3ttir" title="Halla Tómasdóttir">Halla Tómasdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Higgins" title="Michael D. Higgins">Michael D. Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Mattarella" title="Sergio Mattarella">Sergio Mattarella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo"><img alt="Kosovo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/15px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vjosa_Osmani" title="Vjosa Osmani">Vjosa Osmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Edgars_Rink%C4%93vi%C4%8Ds" title="Edgars Rinkēvičs">Edgars Rinkēvičs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gitanas_Naus%C4%97da" title="Gitanas Nausėda">Gitanas Nausėda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta"><img alt="Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/15px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/30px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Myriam_Spiteri_Debono" title="Myriam Spiteri Debono">Myriam Spiteri Debono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova"><img alt="Moldova" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/15px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/30px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Maia_Sandu" title="Maia Sandu">Maia Sandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro"><img alt="Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/15px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/30px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jakov_Milatovi%C4%87" title="Jakov Milatović">Jakov Milatović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/15px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gordana_Siljanovska-Davkova" title="Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova">Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus"><img alt="Northern Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ersin_Tatar" title="Ersin Tatar">Ersin Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Duda" title="Andrzej Duda">Andrzej Duda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/15px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/30px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Rebelo_de_Sousa" title="Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa">Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Iohannis" title="Klaus Iohannis">Klaus Iohannis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino"><img alt="San Marino" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/15px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/23px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/30px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Francesca_Civerchia" title="Francesca Civerchia">Francesca Civerchia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalibor_Riccardi" title="Dalibor Riccardi">Dalibor Riccardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Vu%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Aleksandar Vučić">Aleksandar Vučić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pellegrini" title="Peter Pellegrini">Peter Pellegrini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nata%C5%A1a_Pirc_Musar" title="Nataša Pirc Musar">Nataša Pirc Musar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Viola_Amherd" title="Viola Amherd">Viola Amherd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karin_Keller-Sutter" title="Karin Keller-Sutter">Karin Keller-Sutter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Parmelin" title="Guy Parmelin">Guy Parmelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ignazio_Cassis" title="Ignazio Cassis">Ignazio Cassis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_R%C3%B6sti" title="Albert Rösti">Albert Rösti</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Baume-Schneider" title="Élisabeth Baume-Schneider">Élisabeth Baume-Schneider</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beat_Jans" title="Beat Jans">Beat Jans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria"><img alt="Transnistria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vadim_Krasnoselsky" title="Vadim Krasnoselsky">Vadim Krasnoselsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados"><img alt="Barbados" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/15px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/23px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/30px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Mason" title="Sandra Mason">Sandra Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"><img alt="Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/15px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/30px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Chaves_Robles" title="Rodrigo Chaves Robles">Rodrigo Chaves Robles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba"><img alt="Cuba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/15px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel" title="Miguel Díaz-Canel">Miguel Díaz-Canel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica"><img alt="Dominica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/15px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/30px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sylvanie_Burton" title="Sylvanie Burton">Sylvanie Burton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic"><img alt="Dominican Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Luis_Abinader" title="Luis Abinader">Luis Abinader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador"><img alt="El Salvador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/15px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/30px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nayib_Bukele" title="Nayib Bukele">Nayib Bukele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala"><img alt="Guatemala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/15px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/30px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Ar%C3%A9valo" title="Bernardo Arévalo">Bernardo Arévalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti"><img alt="Haiti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/15px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/30px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Presidential_Council" title="Transitional Presidential Council">Transitional Presidential Council</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras"><img alt="Honduras" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/15px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/30px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Xiomara_Castro" title="Xiomara Castro">Xiomara Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/15px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Sheinbaum" title="Claudia Sheinbaum">Claudia Sheinbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua"><img alt="Nicaragua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/15px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/30px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ortega" title="Daniel Ortega">Daniel Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama"><img alt="Panama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/15px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/30px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Mulino" title="José Raúl Mulino">José Raúl Mulino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago"><img alt="Trinidad and Tobago" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/15px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/30px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Christine_Kangaloo" title="Christine Kangaloo">Christine Kangaloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/15px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/30px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Javier Milei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia"><img alt="Bolivia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Luis_Arce" title="Luis Arce">Luis Arce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/15px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/30px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/15px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/30px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Boric" title="Gabriel Boric">Gabriel Boric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Petro" title="Gustavo Petro">Gustavo Petro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador"><img alt="Ecuador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Noboa" title="Daniel Noboa">Daniel Noboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana"><img alt="Guyana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/15px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/30px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Irfaan_Ali" title="Irfaan Ali">Irfaan Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay"><img alt="Paraguay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/15px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/30px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Santiago Peña">Santiago Peña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><img alt="Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/15px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/30px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dina_Boluarte" title="Dina Boluarte">Dina Boluarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname"><img alt="Suriname" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/15px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/23px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/30px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chan_Santokhi" title="Chan Santokhi">Chan Santokhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay"><img alt="Uruguay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/15px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/30px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Luis_Lacalle_Pou" title="Luis Lacalle Pou">Luis Lacalle Pou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/15px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/30px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji"><img alt="Fiji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/15px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/23px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/30px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Naiqama_Lalabalavu" title="Naiqama Lalabalavu">Naiqama Lalabalavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati"><img alt="Kiribati" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/15px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Taneti_Maamau" title="Taneti Maamau">Taneti Maamau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands"><img alt="Marshall Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hilda_Heine" title="Hilda Heine">Hilda Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia"><img alt="Federated States of Micronesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Simina" title="Wesley Simina">Wesley Simina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru"><img alt="Nauru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/15px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/30px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/David_Adeang" title="David Adeang">David Adeang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau"><img alt="Palau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/15px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/30px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Surangel_Whipps_Jr." title="Surangel Whipps Jr.">Surangel Whipps Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa"><img alt="Samoa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/15px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/30px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tuimaleali%CA%BBifano_Va%CA%BBaleto%CA%BBa_Sualauvi_II" title="Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II">Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu"><img alt="Vanuatu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/15px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nikenike_Vurobaravu" title="Nikenike Vurobaravu">Nikenike Vurobaravu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Current_Commanders_of_Iranian_Armed_Forces" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iranian_military_commanders" title="Template:Iranian military commanders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iranian_military_commanders" title="Template talk:Iranian military commanders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian_military_commanders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian military commanders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Current_Commanders_of_Iranian_Armed_Forces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> Current Commanders of <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Iranian Armed Forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Iranian_Armed_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Iranian Armed Forces">Commander-in-Chief</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ali Khamenei</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_Armed_Forces_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="General Staff of Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran">General Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Bagheri_(Iranian_commander)" title="Mohammad Bagheri (Iranian commander)">Mohammad Bagheri</a> <ul><li>Chief of Staff</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdolrahim_Mousavi" title="Abdolrahim Mousavi">Abdolrahim Mousavi</a> <ul><li>Commander-in-Chief</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kioumars_Heydari" title="Kioumars Heydari">Kioumars Heydari</a> <ul><li>Ground Force</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alireza_Sabahifard" title="Alireza Sabahifard">Alireza Sabahifard</a> <ul><li>Air Defense</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Vahedi" title="Hamid Vahedi">Hamid Vahedi</a> <ul><li>Air Force</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahram_Irani" title="Shahram Irani">Shahram Irani</a> <ul><li>Navy</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Revolutionary Guards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Salami" title="Hossein Salami">Hossein Salami</a> <ul><li>Commander-in-Chief</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Pakpour" title="Mohammad Pakpour">Mohammad Pakpour</a> <ul><li>Ground Force</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gholamreza_Soleimani" title="Gholamreza Soleimani">Gholamreza Soleimani</a> <ul><li>Basij</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmail_Qaani" title="Esmail Qaani">Esmail Qaani</a> <ul><li>Quds Force</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Ali_Hajizadeh" title="Amir Ali Hajizadeh">Amir Ali Hajizadeh</a> <ul><li>Aerospace Force</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alireza_Tangsiri" title="Alireza Tangsiri">Alireza Tangsiri</a> <ul><li>Navy</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Force_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Law Enforcement Force of Islamic Republic of Iran">Police</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad-Reza_Radan" title="Ahmad-Reza Radan">Ahmad-Reza Radan</a> <ul><li>Commander</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iranian_generals" title="Category:Iranian generals">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commanders-in-Chief_of_the_Iranian_Armed_Forces" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commanders-in-Chief_of_the_Iranian_Armed_Forces" title="Template:Commanders-in-Chief of the Iranian Armed Forces"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commanders-in-Chief_of_the_Iranian_Armed_Forces" title="Template talk:Commanders-in-Chief of the Iranian Armed Forces"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commanders-in-Chief_of_the_Iranian_Armed_Forces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commanders-in-Chief of the Iranian Armed Forces"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commanders-in-Chief_of_the_Iranian_Armed_Forces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Iranian_Armed_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Iranian Armed Forces">Commanders-in-Chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Iranian Armed Forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mozaffar_ad-Din_Shah_Qajar" title="Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar">Mozaffar ad-Din Shah</a> (1906–07)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Shah_Qajar" title="Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar">Mohammad Ali Shah</a> (1907–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Reza_Khan_Azod-ol-Molk" title="Ali Reza Khan Azod-ol-Molk">Ali Reza Khan</a> (1909–10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolqasem_Naser_ol-Molk" title="Abolqasem Naser ol-Molk">Abolqasem Khan</a> (1910–14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Qajar" title="Ahmad Shah Qajar">Ahmad Shah</a> (1914–25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Khan</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Pahlavi Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah</a> (1925–41)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Shah</a> (1941–52)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mosaddegh</a> (1952–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Shah</a> (1953–79)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Islamic Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolhassan_Banisadr" title="Abolhassan Banisadr">Banisadr</a> (1980–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a> (1981–89)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khamenei</a> (1989–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>Italics indicate interim officeholder</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism" title="Template:Islamism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamism" title="Template talk:Islamism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism_in_Iran" title="Islamic fundamentalism in Iran">Shia Islamism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_governance" title="Islamic governance">Islamic governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_monarchy" title="Islamic monarchy">Islamic monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamistan" title="Islamistan">Islamistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge" title="Islamization of knowledge">of knowledge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_model" title="Turkish model">Turkish model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Socio-political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir_Britain" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain">in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir_in_Central_Asia" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir in Central Asia">in Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Defenders_Front" title="Islamic Defenders Front">Islamic Defenders Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt">in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">in Syria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">Political parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Justice_Party_(Egypt)" title="Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)">Freedom and Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Algeria_Alliance" title="Green Algeria Alliance">Green Algeria Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennahda" title="Ennahda">Ennahda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Constitutional_Movement" title="Islamic Constitutional Movement">Hadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Salvation_Front" title="Islamic Salvation Front">Islamic Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami">Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan">Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat-e_Islami" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamiat-e Islami">Jamiat-e Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Construction_Party" title="Justice and Construction Party">Justice and Construction Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Morocco)" title="Justice and Development Party (Morocco)">Justice and Development Party (Morocco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_Party_(Sudan)" title="National Congress Party (Sudan)">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iraqi_Alliance" title="National Iraqi Alliance">National Iraqi Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Islamic_Party" title="Malaysian Islamic Party">Malaysian Islamic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperous_Justice_Party" title="Prosperous Justice Party">Prosperous Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Wefaq" title="Al Wefaq">Al Wefaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_Party" title="Welfare Party">Welfare Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_Alliance" title="Fatah Alliance">Fatah Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Law_Coalition" title="State of Law Coalition">State of Law Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Action_Front" title="Islamic Action Front">Islamic Action Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_List" title="United Arab List">United Arab List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" title="Houthi movement">Ansar Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Islamic modernism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Political leaders</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani">Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad" title="Qazi Hussain Ahmad">Qazi Hussain Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rached_Ghannouchi" title="Rached Ghannouchi">Rached Ghannouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safwat_Hegazi" title="Safwat Hegazi">Safwat Hegazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alija_Izetbegovi%C4%87" title="Alija Izetbegović">Alija Izetbegović</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_Ali_Hasani_Nadwi" title="Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi">Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Nabhani" title="Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani">Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ramadan" title="Tariq Ramadan">Tariq Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Abu_Rashta" title="Ata Abu Rashta">Ata Abu Rashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navvab_Safavi" title="Navvab Safavi">Navvab Safavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Bongo" title="Omar Bongo">Omar Bongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Shariatullah" title="Haji Shariatullah">Haji Shariatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Turabi" title="Hassan al-Turabi">Hassan al-Turabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizieq_Shihab" title="Rizieq Shihab">Rizieq Shihab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Salafi_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholastic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties#Salafist" title="List of Islamic political parties">Political</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Asalah" title="Al Asalah">Al Asalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_Party" title="Authenticity Party">Authenticity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Islah_(Yemen)" title="Al-Islah (Yemen)">Al-Islah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nour_Party" title="Al-Nour Party">Al-Nour Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_Bloc" title="Islamist Bloc">Islamist Bloc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Party" title="People Party">People Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Kashgar_Party" title="Young Kashgar Party">Young Kashgar Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Prominent_Salafi_scholars_by_country" title="Salafi movement">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqbil_bin_Hadi_al-Wadi%27i" title="Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i">Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safar_al-Hawali" title="Safar al-Hawali">Safar al-Hawali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabee_al-Madkhali" title="Rabee al-Madkhali">Rabee al-Madkhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Al-Munajjid" title="Muhammad Al-Munajjid">Muhammad Al-Munajjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Naik" title="Zakir Naik">Zakir Naik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_al-Ouda" title="Salman al-Ouda">Salman al-Ouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Tamimi" title="Ali al-Tamimi">Ali al-Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism" title="International propagation of Salafism">International propagation of Salafism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Islamic religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi%E2%80%93Sufi_relations" title="Salafi–Sufi relations">Salafi–Sufi relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Militant_Islamism/Jihadism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Militant Islamism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Militant Islamism based in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Militant Islamism in the Middle East">MENA region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Egyptian Islamic Jihad">Egyptian Islamic Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam" title="Fatah al-Islam">Fatah al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in South Asia">South Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">al-Shabaab</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">in the Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">in North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Azzam" title="Abdullah Yusuf Azzam">Abdullah Yusuf Azzam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhtar_Mansour" title="Akhtar Mansour">Akhtar Mansour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juhayman_al-Otaybi" title="Juhayman al-Otaybi">Juhayman al-Otaybi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Abdel-Rahman" title="Omar Abdel-Rahman">Omar Abdel-Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam" title="The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam">Reconstruction (Iqbal, 1930s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Hadith_of_Ruhullah_Khomeini" title="Forty Hadith of Ruhullah Khomeini">Forty Hadith (Khomeini, 1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_State_and_Government_in_Islam" title="The Principles of State and Government in Islam"> Principles (Asad, 1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestones_(book)" title="Milestones (book)">Milestones (Qutb, 1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government" title="Islamic Government">Islamic Government (Khomeini, 1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Declaration" title="Islamic Declaration">Islamic Declaration (Izetbegović, 1969-1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Book_(Gaddafi)" title="The Green Book (Gaddafi)"> The Green Book (Gaddafi, 1975)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Historical events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_in_Pakistan" title="Islamization in Pakistan">Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Arab_and_Islamic_Congress" title="Popular Arab and Islamic Congress">Popular Arab and Islamic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_Campaign" title="Faith Campaign">Faith Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islamic response to modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_and_Islamic_terrorism_in_the_Balkans" title="Islamism and Islamic terrorism in the Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Islamism in the Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_Sudan" title="Islamism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islamism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">Political Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Islam in <a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Islam in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism_in_North_Africa" title="Template:Islamism in North Africa">North Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="ECO_leaders" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Current_ECO_Leaders" title="Template:Current ECO Leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Current_ECO_Leaders" title="Template talk:Current ECO Leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Current_ECO_Leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Current ECO Leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ECO_leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">ECO</a> leaders</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan"><img alt="Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a> (de facto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"><img alt="Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev" title="Kassym-Jomart Tokayev">Kassym-Jomart Tokayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan"><img alt="Kyrgyzstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sadyr_Japarov" title="Sadyr Japarov">Sadyr Japarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Shehbaz_Sharif" title="Shehbaz Sharif">Shehbaz Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan"><img alt="Tajikistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Emomali_Rahmon" title="Emomali Rahmon">Emomali Rahmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan"><img alt="Turkmenistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Serdar_Berdimuhamedow" title="Serdar Berdimuhamedow">Serdar Berdimuhamedow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan"><img alt="Uzbekistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Shavkat_Mirziyoyev" title="Shavkat Mirziyoyev">Shavkat Mirziyoyev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_of_OPEC_member_states" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_OPEC_member_states" title="Template:Heads of state of OPEC member states"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_OPEC_member_states" title="Template talk:Heads of state of OPEC member states"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_OPEC_member_states" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of OPEC member states"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_of_OPEC_member_states" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Heads of state</a> of <a href="/wiki/OPEC#Membership" title="OPEC">OPEC member states</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdelmadjid_Tebboune" title="Abdelmadjid Tebboune">Tebboune</a> (Algeria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Louren%C3%A7o" title="João Lourenço">Lourenço</a> (Angola)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo">Obiang</a> (Equatorial Guinea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brice_Clotaire_Oligui_Nguema" class="mw-redirect" title="Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema">Oligui</a> (Gabon)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khamenei</a> (Iran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Latif_Rashid" title="Abdul Latif Rashid">Rashid</a> (Iraq)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishal_Al-Ahmad_Al-Jaber_Al-Sabah" title="Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah">Mishal</a> (Kuwait)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_al-Menfi" title="Mohamed al-Menfi">al-Menfi</a> (Libya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bola_Tinubu" title="Bola Tinubu">Tinubu</a> (Nigeria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Sassou Nguesso</a> (Republic of the Congo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Salman of Saudi Arabia">Salman</a> (Saudi Arabia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan" title="Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan">Mohamed</a> (United Arab Emirates)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Maduro</a> (Venezuela)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_Iran_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Iran" title="Template:Presidents of Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Iran" title="Template talk:Presidents of Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_Iran_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">Presidents of Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Iran" title="List of presidents of Iran">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolhassan_Banisadr" title="Abolhassan Banisadr">Abolhassan Banisadr</a> (1980–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Ali_Rajai" title="Mohammad-Ali Rajai">Mohammad-Ali Rajai</a> (1981)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ali Khamenei</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_Rafsanjani" title="Akbar Rafsanjani">Akbar Rafsanjani</a> (1989–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khatami" title="Mohammad Khatami">Mohammad Khatami</a> (1997–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a> (2005–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani" title="Hassan Rouhani">Hassan Rouhani</a> (2013–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Raisi" title="Ebrahim Raisi">Ebrahim Raisi</a> (2021–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mokhber" title="Mohammad Mokhber">Mohammad Mokhber</a> (acting, 2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoud_Pezeshkian" title="Masoud Pezeshkian">Masoud Pezeshkian</a> (2024–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57336#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57336#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57336#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120183893">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000409520950">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/79181869">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/303285140">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/289128629">3</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/9372164191768418740005">4</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/5151159248493004870003">5</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/224756/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpdPXY3Jd3CB67QWmpHG3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119247143">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87935094">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14430828m">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14430828m">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000603090&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000101600&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000101601&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5613376">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p235058548">Netherlands</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p093083033">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90156096">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000281178&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/c9prmc6w5rdcjn4">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810692651005606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007599060805171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14657129">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" 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