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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Xia,_Shang,_and_Zhou_dynasties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xia,_Shang,_and_Zhou_dynasties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xia,_Shang,_and_Zhou_dynasties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warring_States_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warring_States_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Warring States period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warring_States_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Han_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Han_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Han dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Han_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sui_dynasty_and_Tang_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sui_dynasty_and_Tang_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Sui dynasty and Tang dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sui_dynasty_and_Tang_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Song_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Song_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Song dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Song_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yuan_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yuan_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Yuan dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yuan_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ming_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ming_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Ming dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ming_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qing_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qing_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Qing dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qing_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People's_Republic_of_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People's_Republic_of_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>People's Republic of China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People's_Republic_of_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhist_caves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhist_caves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Buddhist caves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_caves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_historical_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_historical_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Other historical sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_historical_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Night_market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Night_market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Night market</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Night_market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administrative divisions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_township-level_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_township-level_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Other township-level divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_township-level_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Historical divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dunhuang</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Dunhuang" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA" title="دونهوانغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دونهوانغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82" title="দুনহুয়াং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দুনহুয়াং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tun-h%C3%B4ng-chh%C4%AB" title="Tun-hông-chhī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tun-hông-chhī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Дуньхуан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дуньхуан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Дунхуан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дунхуан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཏུན་ཧོང་གྲོང་ཁྱེར། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཏུན་ཧོང་གྲོང་ཁྱེར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dunhuang" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dunhuang" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuang_(lungsod_sa_Pangmasang_Republika_sa_T%C5%9Bina,_Gansu_Sheng,_lat_40,17,_long_94,68)" title="Dunhuang (lungsod sa Pangmasang Republika sa Tśina, Gansu Sheng, lat 40,17, long 94,68) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Dunhuang (lungsod sa Pangmasang Republika sa Tśina, Gansu Sheng, lat 40,17, long 94,68)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tun-chuang" title="Tun-chuang – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tun-chuang" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dunhuang" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dunhuang" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dunhuang" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunh%C5%ADango" title="Dunhŭango – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dunhŭango" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dunhuang" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="دون‌هوانگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دون‌هوانگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dunhuang" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Dunhuang" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%91%94%ED%99%A9%EC%8B%9C" title="둔황시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="둔황시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="दूनहुआंग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दूनहुआंग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dunhuang" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dunhuang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dunhuang" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Dunhuang" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="დუნჰუანგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დუნჰუანგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Дунхуан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дунхуан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dunhuang" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Dunhuang" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuangas" title="Dunhuangas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dunhuangas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunhuang" title="Tunhuang – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tunhuang" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Dunhuang" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC" title="دونهوانج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دونهوانج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%ADng-hu%C3%B2ng" title="Dŭng-huòng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dŭng-huòng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Dunhuang" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dunhuang" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C%E5%B8%82" title="敦煌市 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="敦煌市" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dunhuang" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunxuan" title="Dunxuan – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dunxuan" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D8%A4%D9%86%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A2%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ڈؤنہوآنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ڈؤنہوآنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dunhuang" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dunhuang" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Дуньхуан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дуньхуан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Dunhuang" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dunhuang" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dunhuang" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dunhuang" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dunhuang" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dunhuang" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Дуньхуан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дуньхуан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="دونہوانگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دونہوانگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCnxuang_Shehiri" title="Dünxuang Shehiri – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Dünxuang Shehiri" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4n_Ho%C3%A0ng" title="Đôn Hoàng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đôn Hoàng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dunhuang" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C%E5%B8%82" title="敦煌市 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="敦煌市" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C" title="敦煌 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="敦煌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C%E5%B8%82" title="敦煌市 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="敦煌市" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dunhuang&params=40_08_28_N_94_39_50_E_type:adm3rd_region:CN-62"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°08′28″N</span> <span class="longitude">94°39′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.14111°N 94.66389°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.14111; 94.66389</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dunhuang (disambiguation)">Dunhuang (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">County-level city in Gansu, China</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Dunhuang</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="zh">敦煌市</div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Tunhwang</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/County-level_city" title="County-level city">County-level city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mondsichelsee-03.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Dunhuang"><img alt="Dunhuang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mondsichelsee-03.JPG/250px-Mondsichelsee-03.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mondsichelsee-03.JPG/375px-Mondsichelsee-03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mondsichelsee-03.JPG/500px-Mondsichelsee-03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Dunhuang</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_of_Dunhuang_within_Gansu_(China).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Dunhuang City (red) in Jiuquan City (yellow) and Gansu"><img alt="Dunhuang City (red) in Jiuquan City (yellow) and Gansu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Location_of_Dunhuang_within_Gansu_%28China%29.png/250px-Location_of_Dunhuang_within_Gansu_%28China%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Location_of_Dunhuang_within_Gansu_%28China%29.png/375px-Location_of_Dunhuang_within_Gansu_%28China%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Location_of_Dunhuang_within_Gansu_%28China%29.png/500px-Location_of_Dunhuang_within_Gansu_%28China%29.png 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="650" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Dunhuang City (red) in Jiuquan City (yellow) and Gansu</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Gansu_rel_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dunhuang is located in Gansu"><img alt="Dunhuang is located in Gansu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/China_Gansu_rel_location_map.svg/250px-China_Gansu_rel_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/China_Gansu_rel_location_map.svg/375px-China_Gansu_rel_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/China_Gansu_rel_location_map.svg/500px-China_Gansu_rel_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="789" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:26.971%;left:15.171%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dunhuang"><img alt="Dunhuang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Dunhuang</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Gansu</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Gansu</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dunhuang is located in China"><img alt="Dunhuang is located in China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1968" data-file-height="1567" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.398%;left:35.515%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dunhuang"><img alt="Dunhuang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Dunhuang</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Dunhuang (China)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of China</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates (Dunhuang municipal government): <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dunhuang&params=40_08_28_N_94_39_50_E_type:adm3rd_region:CN-62"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°08′28″N</span> <span class="longitude">94°39′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.14111°N 94.66389°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.14111; 94.66389</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">Prefecture-level city</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jiuquan" title="Jiuquan">Jiuquan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Municipal seat</th><td class="infobox-data">Shazhou Town</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-xzqhdh_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xzqhdh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">31,200 km<sup>2</sup> (12,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,142 m (3,747 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2020)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">185,231</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">5.9/km<sup>2</sup> (15/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B8" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+8">UTC+8</a> (<a href="/wiki/China_standard_time" class="mw-redirect" title="China standard time">CST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_postal_codes_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of postal codes in China">Postal Code</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">736200</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dunhuang.gov.cn/">www<wbr />.dunhuang<wbr />.gov<wbr />.cn</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Dunhuang</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunhuang_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Dunhuang_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/90px-Dunhuang_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Dunhuang_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/135px-Dunhuang_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Dunhuang_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/180px-Dunhuang_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="378" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">"Dunhuang" in Chinese characters</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:敦煌">敦煌</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_postal_romanization" title="Chinese postal romanization">Postal</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tunhwang</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">"Blazing Beacon"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Dūnhuáng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tun<sup>1</sup>-huang<sup>2</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[twə́n.xwǎŋ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/02\/Dun1huang2.ogg\/Dun1huang2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Dun1huang2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Dun1huang2.ogg/Dun1huang2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Dun1huang2.ogg" title="File:Dun1huang2.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Deon<sup>1</sup>-wong<sup>4</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[tɵn˥.wɔŋ˩]</a></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Dunhuang</b> (<span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/02\/Dun1huang2.ogg\/Dun1huang2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Dun1huang2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Dun1huang2.ogg/Dun1huang2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">listen</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Dun1huang2.ogg" title="File:Dun1huang2.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/County-level_city" title="County-level city">county-level city</a> in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western China</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/2010_Chinese_census" title="2010 Chinese census">2010 Chinese census</a>, the city has a population of 186,027,<sup id="cite_ref-xzqhdh_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xzqhdh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though 2019 estimates put the city's population at about 191,800.<sup id="cite_ref-2019_Econ_Social_Dev_Stat_Report_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2019_Econ_Social_Dev_Stat_Report-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sachu (Dunhuang) was a major stop on the ancient <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> and is best known for the nearby <a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a>. </p><p>Dunhuang is situated in an <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oasis</a> containing <a href="/wiki/Crescent_Lake_(Dunhuang)" title="Crescent Lake (Dunhuang)">Crescent Lake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singing_Sand_Dunes_(Dunhuang)" title="Singing Sand Dunes (Dunhuang)">Mingsha Shan</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%B3%B4%E6%B2%99%E5%B1%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:鳴沙山">鳴沙山</a>, meaning "Singing-Sand Mountain"), named after the sound of the wind whipping off the dunes, the <a href="/wiki/Singing_sand" title="Singing sand">singing sand</a> phenomenon. Dunhuang commands a strategic position at the crossroads of the ancient Southern <a href="/wiki/Silk_Route" class="mw-redirect" title="Silk Route">Silk Route</a> and the main road leading from India via <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cable_and_French_1943,_p._41_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cable_and_French_1943,_p._41-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also controls the entrance to the narrow <a href="/wiki/Hexi_Corridor" title="Hexi Corridor">Hexi Corridor</a>, which leads straight to the heart of the north Chinese plains and the ancient capitals of <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> (today known as Xi'an) and <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Administratively, the county-level city of Dunhuang is part of the <a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">prefecture-level city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jiuquan" title="Jiuquan">Jiuquan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-govdh_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govdh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, the city and/or its surrounding region has also been known by the names <b>Shazhou</b> (prefecture of sand) or <b>Guazhou</b> (prefecture of melons).<sup id="cite_ref-Cable_and_French_1943,_p._41_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cable_and_French_1943,_p._41-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the modern era, the two alternative names have been assigned respectively to <i>Shazhou zhen</i> (Shazhou town) which serves as Dunhuang's seat of government, and to the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Guazhou_County" title="Guazhou County">Guazhou County</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunhuang&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of derivations of the name <i>Dunhuang</i> have been suggested by scholars:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ol><li>Giles 1892: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">墩煌</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Dūnhuáng</i></span> ‘artificial mound, tumulus, beacon mound, square block of stone or wood’ + ‘blazing, bright, luminous’.</li> <li>Mathews (1931) 1944: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">敦煌</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Tūnhuáng</i></span>, now usually <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Dūnhuáng</i></span> ‘regard as important, to esteem; honest, sincere, generous’ + ‘a great blaze; luminous, glittering’.</li> <li>McGraw-Hill 1963: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">敦煌</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Dūnhuáng</i></span> (‘honest + shining’).</li> <li>Jáo and Demieville 1971 (French, <i>Airs de Touen-houang</i>): <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">燉煌</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Dùn</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">tūn</i></span>) <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">huáng</i></span> ‘noise of burning’ + ‘great blaze’ [per Mathews].</li> <li>Lín Yǚtáng 1972: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">墩(煌)</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Dūn</i></span>(<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">huáng</i></span>) ‘small mound (+ shining)’ or <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">燉(煌)</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Dùn</i></span>(<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">huáng</i></span>) ‘to shimmer (+ shining)’.</li> <li>Kāngxī 1716: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">燉煌</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Tún huáng</i></span>, also <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">敦煌</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Tūn huáng</i></span> [<i>t</i>=<i>t’</i>].</li> <li>Mair 1977, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s c. 150 <i><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a></i> refers to Dunhuang as Greek <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Θροανα</span></span> (Throana), possibly from Iranian <i>Druvana</i> meaning something like "fortress for tax collecting."</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunhuang&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xia,_Shang,_and_Zhou_dynasties"><span id="Xia.2C_Shang.2C_and_Zhou_dynasties"></span>Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunhuang&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Summer_Vacation_2007,_263,_Watchtower_In_The_Morning_Light,_Dunhuang,_Gansu_Province.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Summer_Vacation_2007%2C_263%2C_Watchtower_In_The_Morning_Light%2C_Dunhuang%2C_Gansu_Province.jpg/220px-Summer_Vacation_2007%2C_263%2C_Watchtower_In_The_Morning_Light%2C_Dunhuang%2C_Gansu_Province.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Summer_Vacation_2007%2C_263%2C_Watchtower_In_The_Morning_Light%2C_Dunhuang%2C_Gansu_Province.jpg/330px-Summer_Vacation_2007%2C_263%2C_Watchtower_In_The_Morning_Light%2C_Dunhuang%2C_Gansu_Province.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Summer_Vacation_2007%2C_263%2C_Watchtower_In_The_Morning_Light%2C_Dunhuang%2C_Gansu_Province.jpg/440px-Summer_Vacation_2007%2C_263%2C_Watchtower_In_The_Morning_Light%2C_Dunhuang%2C_Gansu_Province.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2561" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of a <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (202 BC – 220 AD) Chinese <a href="/wiki/Watchtower" title="Watchtower">watchtower</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Rammed_earth" title="Rammed earth">rammed earth</a> at Dunhuang.</figcaption></figure> <p>There is evidence of habitation in the area as early as 2,000 BC, possibly by people recorded as the <a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a> in Chinese history. According to <a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zhuan" title="Zuo Zhuan">Zuo Zhuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of the Later Han</a>, the Dunhuang region was a part of the ancient Guazhou, which was known for its production of melons.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its name was also mentioned in relation to the homeland of the <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i>. Some have argued that this may refer to the unrelated <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">toponym</a> <a href="/wiki/Dunhong" title="Dunhong">Dunhong</a> – the archaeologist Lin Meicun has also suggested that <i>Dunhuan</i> may be a Chinese name for the <a href="/wiki/Tukhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Tukhara">Tukhara</a>, a people widely believed to be a Central Asian offshoot of the Yuezhi.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warring_States_period"><a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunhuang&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Warring States period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Warring States period, the inhabitants of Dunhuang included the Dayuezhi people, Wusun people, and Saizhong people (Chinese name for Scythians). As Dayuezhi became stronger, it absorbed the Qiang tribes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Han_dynasty"><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunhuang&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Han dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the third century BC, the area became dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>, but came under Chinese rule during the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> after <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu</a> <a href="/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Xiongnu_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Han–Xiongnu War">defeated the Xiongnu in 121 BC</a>. </p><p> Dunhuang was one of the four frontier <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrison</a> towns (along with <a href="/wiki/Jiuquan" title="Jiuquan">Jiuquan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhangye" title="Zhangye">Zhangye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wuwei,_Gansu" title="Wuwei, Gansu">Wuwei</a>) established by the Emperor Wu after the defeat of the Xiongnu, and the Chinese built fortifications at Dunhuang and sent settlers there. The name Dunhuang, meaning "Blazing Beacon", refers to the beacons lit to warn of attacks by marauding nomadic tribes. Dunhuang Commandery was probably established shortly after 104 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Located in the western end of the <a href="/wiki/Hexi_Corridor" title="Hexi Corridor">Hexi Corridor</a> near the historic junction of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Silk_Road" title="Northern Silk Road">Northern</a> and Southern <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Roads</a>, Dunhuang was a town of military importance.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>"The Great Wall was extended to Dunhuang, and a line of fortified beacon towers stretched westwards into the desert. By the second century AD Dunhuang had a population of more than 76,000 and was a key supply base for caravans that passed through the city: those setting out for the arduous trek across the desert loaded up with water and food supplies, and others arriving from the west gratefully looked upon the mirage-like sight of Dunhuang's walls, which signified safety and comfort. Dunhuang prospered on the heavy flow of traffic. The first Buddhist caves in the Dunhuang area were hewn in 353."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sui_dynasty_and_Tang_dynasty"><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunhuang&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sui dynasty and Tang dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Horse_Temple,_Dunhuang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/White_Horse_Temple%2C_Dunhuang.jpg/220px-White_Horse_Temple%2C_Dunhuang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/White_Horse_Temple%2C_Dunhuang.jpg/330px-White_Horse_Temple%2C_Dunhuang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/White_Horse_Temple%2C_Dunhuang.jpg/440px-White_Horse_Temple%2C_Dunhuang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Pagoda,_Dunhuang" title="White Horse Pagoda, Dunhuang">White Horse Pagoda, Dunhuang</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a> (581–618) and <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> (618–907) dynasties, it was the main stop of communication between ancient China and the rest of the world and a major hub of commerce of the Silk Road. Dunhuang was the intersection city of all three main silk routes (north, central, south) during this time. </p><p>From the West also came early <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> monks, who had arrived in China by the first century AD, and a sizable Buddhist community eventually developed in Dunhuang. The caves carved out by the monks, originally used for meditation, developed into a place of worship and pilgrimage called the <a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a> or "<i>Caves of a Thousand Buddhas.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of Christian, Jewish, and <a href="/wiki/Manichaean" class="mw-redirect" title="Manichaean">Manichaean</a> artifacts have also been found in the caves (see for example <a href="/wiki/Jingjiao_Documents" title="Jingjiao Documents">Jingjiao Documents</a>), testimony to the wide variety of people who made their way along the Silk Road. </p><p>During the time of the <a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Gao" title="Li Gao">Li Gao</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Western_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Western Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Western Liang</a> here in 400 AD. In 405 the capital of the Western Liang was moved from Dunhuang to <a href="/wiki/Jiuquan" title="Jiuquan">Jiuquan</a>. In 421 the Western Liang was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Liang" title="Northern Liang">Northern Liang</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunhuang2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Dunhuang2.JPG/150px-Dunhuang2.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Dunhuang2.JPG/225px-Dunhuang2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Dunhuang2.JPG/300px-Dunhuang2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang period</a> (618–907) Buddhist sutra fragment from Dunhuang</figcaption></figure> <p>As a frontier town, Dunhuang was fought over and occupied at various times by non-Han people. After the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> it came under the rule of various nomadic tribes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> during <a href="/wiki/Northern_Liang" title="Northern Liang">Northern Liang</a> and the Turkic <a href="/wiki/Tuoba" title="Tuoba">Tuoba</a> during <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetans</a> occupied Dunhuang when the <a href="/wiki/Tang_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang Empire">Tang Empire</a> became weakened considerably after the <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="An Lushan Rebellion">An Lushan Rebellion</a>; and even though it was later returned to Tang rule, it was under quasi-autonomous rule by the local general <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yichao" title="Zhang Yichao">Zhang Yichao</a>, who expelled the Tibetans in 848. After the fall of Tang, Zhang's family formed the Kingdom of Golden Mountain in 910,<sup id="cite_ref-chronology_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronology-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in 911 it came under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uighurs</a>. The Zhangs were succeeded by the Cao family, who formed alliances with the Uighurs and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Song_dynasty"><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunhuang&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Song dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, Dunhuang fell outside the Chinese borders. In 1036 the <a href="/wiki/Tangut_people" title="Tangut people">Tanguts</a> who founded the <a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a> dynasty captured Dunhuang.<sup id="cite_ref-chronology_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronology-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the reconquest of 848 to about 1036 (i.e. era of the <a href="/wiki/Guiyi_Circuit" title="Guiyi Circuit">Guiyi Circuit</a>), Dunhuang was a multicultural <a href="/wiki/Entrepot" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepot">entrepot</a> that contained one of the largest ethnic <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdian</a> communities in China following the An Lushan Rebellion. The Sogdians were <a href="/wiki/Sinification" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinification">Sinified</a> to some extent and were bilingual in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a>, and wrote their documents in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>, but horizontally from left to right instead of right to left in vertical lines, as Chinese was normally written at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yuan_dynasty"><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunhuang&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Yuan dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dunhuang was conquered in 1227 by the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>, and became part of the Mongol Empire in the wake of <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>'s conquest of China under the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ming_dynasty"><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunhuang&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ming dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Ming dynasty, China became a major sea power, conducting several voyages of exploration with sea routes for trade and cultural exchanges. Dunhuang went into a steep decline after the Chinese trade with the outside world became dominated by southern sea-routes, and the Silk Road was officially abandoned during the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>. It was occupied again by the Tibetans c. 1516, and also came under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a> in the early sixteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-historic_places_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historic_places-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qing_dynasty"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunhuang&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Qing dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dunhuang was retaken by China two centuries later c. 1715 during the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, and the present-day city of Dunhuang was established east of the ruined old city in 1725.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People's_Republic_of_China"><span id="People.27s_Republic_of_China"></span><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunhuang&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: People's Republic of China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1988, Dunhuang was elevated from county to county-level city status.<sup id="cite_ref-xzqhdh_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xzqhdh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 31, 1995, <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a> and Dunhuang became sister cities.<sup id="cite_ref-turpanprefecture_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turpanprefecture-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DunhuangHistorisierendeTanzauff%C3%BChrung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/DunhuangHistorisierendeTanzauff%C3%BChrung.jpg/220px-DunhuangHistorisierendeTanzauff%C3%BChrung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/DunhuangHistorisierendeTanzauff%C3%BChrung.jpg/330px-DunhuangHistorisierendeTanzauff%C3%BChrung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/DunhuangHistorisierendeTanzauff%C3%BChrung.jpg/440px-DunhuangHistorisierendeTanzauff%C3%BChrung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_dance" title="Dunhuang dance">Dunhuang dance</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Today, the site is an important <a href="/wiki/Tourist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourist">tourist</a> attraction and the subject of an ongoing archaeological project. A large number of <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscripts</a> and artifacts retrieved at Dunhuang have been digitized and made publicly available via the <a href="/wiki/International_Dunhuang_Project" title="International Dunhuang Project">International Dunhuang Project</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-idp_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idp-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spreading <a href="/wiki/Kumtag_Desert" title="Kumtag Desert">Kumtag Desert</a>, the result of long-standing <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a> of the surrounding land, has reached the edges of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011 satellite images showing huge structures in the desert near Dunhuang surfaced online and caused a brief media stir.<sup id="cite_ref-MSNBC_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSNBC-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunhuang&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhist_caves">Buddhist caves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunhuang&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Buddhist caves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a></div> <p>A number of Buddhist cave sites are located in the Dunhuang area, the most important of these is the <a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a> which is located 25 km (16 mi) southeast of Dunhuang. There are 735 caves in Mogao, and the caves in Mogao are particularly noted for their Buddhist art,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the hoard of manuscripts, the <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_manuscripts" title="Dunhuang manuscripts">Dunhuang manuscripts</a>, found hidden in a sealed-up cave. Many of these caves were covered with murals and contain many Buddhist statues. Discoveries continue to be found in the caves, including excerpts from a Christian <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> dating to the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous smaller Buddhist cave sites are located in the region, including the <a href="/wiki/Western_Thousand_Buddha_Caves" title="Western Thousand Buddha Caves">Western Thousand Buddha Caves</a>, the Eastern Thousands Buddha Caves, and the Five Temple site. The <a href="/wiki/Yulin_Caves" title="Yulin Caves">Yulin Caves</a> are located further east in <a href="/wiki/Guazhou_County" title="Guazhou County">Guazhou County</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_historical_sites">Other historical sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunhuang&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other historical sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mondsichelsee.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mondsichelsee.JPG/220px-Mondsichelsee.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mondsichelsee.JPG/330px-Mondsichelsee.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mondsichelsee.JPG/440px-Mondsichelsee.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Crescent Lake</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crescent_Lake_(Dunhuang)" title="Crescent Lake (Dunhuang)">Crescent Lake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singing_Sand_Dunes_(Dunhuang)" title="Singing Sand Dunes (Dunhuang)">Singing Sand Dunes</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Yumen_Pass" title="Yumen Pass">Yumen Pass</a>, built in 111 BC, located 90 km (56 mi) northwest of Dunhuang in the Gobi desert.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Yang_Pass" title="Yang Pass">Yang Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Pagoda,_Dunhuang" title="White Horse Pagoda, Dunhuang">White Horse Pagoda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunhuang_Limes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dunhuang Limes (page does not exist)">Dunhuang Limes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunhuang&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>in Hecang Fortress (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">河仓城</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Hécāngchéng</span></i>), located about 11 km (6.8 mi) northeast of the Western-Han-era <a href="/wiki/Yumen_Pass" title="Yumen Pass">Yumen Pass</a>, were built during the <a href="/wiki/Western_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han">Western Han</a> (202 BC – 9 AD) and significantly rebuilt during the <a href="/wiki/Western_Jin" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Jin">Western Jin</a> (280–316 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_County_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunhuang County Museum">Dunhuang County Museum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Night_market">Night market</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunhuang&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Night market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Free_market_in_Dunhuang_in_1991.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Free_market_in_Dunhuang_in_1991.jpg/220px-Free_market_in_Dunhuang_in_1991.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Free_market_in_Dunhuang_in_1991.jpg/330px-Free_market_in_Dunhuang_in_1991.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Free_market_in_Dunhuang_in_1991.jpg/440px-Free_market_in_Dunhuang_in_1991.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>Market in Dunhuang in 1991</figcaption></figure> <p>Dunhuang Night Market is a <a href="/wiki/Night_market" title="Night market">night market</a> held on the main thoroughfare, Dong Dajie, in the city centre of Dunhuang, popular with tourists during the summer months. Many souvenir items are sold, including such typical items as <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a>, jewelry, scrolls, hangings, small sculptures, leather shows puppets, coins, Tibetan horns and Buddha statues.<sup id="cite_ref-Witness_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witness-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sizable number of <a href="/wiki/Minorities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Minorities of China">members of China's ethnic minorities</a> engage in business at these markets. A <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> dessert or sweet is also sold, consisting of a large, sweet <a href="/wiki/Confection" class="mw-redirect" title="Confection">confection</a> made with <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dried_fruit" title="Dried fruit">dried fruit</a>, sliced into the portion desired by the customer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunhuang&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunhuang&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dunhuang has a <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate#Cold_desert_climates" title="Desert climate">cool arid climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> <i>BWk</i>), with an annual total precipitation of 67 mm (2.64 in), the majority of which occurs in summer; precipitation occurs only in trace amounts and quickly evaporates.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winters are long and freezing, with a 24-hour average temperature of −8.3 °C (17.1 °F) in January, while summers are hot, with a July average of 24.6 °C (76.3 °F); the annual mean is 9.48 °C (49.1 °F). The <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Diurnal temperature variation">diurnal temperature variation</a> averages 16.1 °C (29.0 °F) annually. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 69% in March to 82% in October, the city receives 3,258 hours of bright sunshine annually, making it one of the sunniest nationwide. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gansu_Dunhuang_Solar_Park" title="Gansu Dunhuang Solar Park">Gansu Dunhuang Solar Park</a> was built in the southwest suburbs of the city to harvest the abundant solar energy. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Dunhuang, elevation 1,139 m (3,737 ft), (1991–2020 normals) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.8<br />(30.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0<br />(42.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3<br />(57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.4<br />(72.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7<br />(81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.9<br />(89.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.5<br />(92.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3<br />(90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3<br />(81.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3<br />(48.7) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6<br />(33.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.1<br />(17.4) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.1<br />(28.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9<br />(42.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7<br />(56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1<br />(75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8<br />(78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2<br />(48.6) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2<br />(34.2) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.3<br />(20.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.4<br />(50.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9A9AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.2<br />(6.4) </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.0<br />(15.8) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.5<br />(29.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5<br />(41.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7<br />(51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7<br />(60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9<br />(60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7<br />(49.5) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5<br />(34.7) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.0<br />(23.0) </td> <td style="background: #A6A6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.9<br />(10.6) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2.9<br />(37.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2<br />(0.05) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(0.02) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1<br />(0.08) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(0.13) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7<br />(0.22) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7<br />(0.34) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2<br />(0.44) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9<br />(0.23) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7<br />(0.11) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9<br />(0.04) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1<br />(0.04) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4<br />(0.06) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">44.6<br />(1.76) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4 </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9 </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1 </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7 </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9 </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">22 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2 </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2 </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #3030FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">54 </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39 </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33 </td> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42 </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45 </td> <td style="background: #4343FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49 </td> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">42 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">221.9 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">220.9 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">265.1 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">288.1 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">328.3 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">321.6 </td> <td style="background: #F2F215; color:#000000;" class="notheme">317.9 </td> <td style="background: #F1F113; color:#000000;" class="notheme">315.0 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">294.9 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">283.8 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">231.7 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">209.9 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,299.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFFF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF84; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFBD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF99; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">75 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration" title="China Meteorological Administration">China Meteorological Administration</a><sup id="cite_ref-cma_graphical_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cma_graphical-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CMA_old_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMA_old-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunhuang&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2020, Dunhuang administers nine <a href="/wiki/Towns_of_China" title="Towns of China">towns</a> and one other <a href="/wiki/Township-level_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Township-level division">township-level division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2020_Statistical_Division_Codes_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020_Statistical_Division_Codes-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These township-level divisions then administer 56 <a href="/wiki/Village-level_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Village-level division">village-level divisions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-govdh_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govdh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Towns">Towns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunhuang&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city's nine towns are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qili,_Dunhuang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qili, Dunhuang (page does not exist)">Qili</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E9%95%87_(%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C%E5%B8%82)" class="extiw" title="zh:七里镇 (敦煌市)">zh</a>]</span> (七里镇), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shazhou,_Dunhuang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shazhou, Dunhuang (page does not exist)">Shazhou</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%B7%9E%E9%95%87_(%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C%E5%B8%82)" class="extiw" title="zh:沙州镇 (敦煌市)">zh</a>]</span> (沙州镇), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzhou,_Dunhuang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suzhou, Dunhuang (page does not exist)">Suzhou</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%83%E5%B7%9E%E9%95%87" class="extiw" title="zh:肃州镇">zh</a>]</span> (肃州镇), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogao,_Dunhuang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mogao, Dunhuang (page does not exist)">Mogao</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E9%AB%98%E9%95%87" class="extiw" title="zh:莫高镇">zh</a>]</span> (莫高镇), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhuanqukou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhuanqukou (page does not exist)">Zhuanqukou</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E6%B8%A0%E5%8F%A3%E9%95%87" class="extiw" title="zh:转渠口镇">zh</a>]</span> (转渠口镇), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangguan,_Dunhuang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yangguan, Dunhuang (page does not exist)">Yangguan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%B3%E5%85%B3%E9%95%87" class="extiw" title="zh:阳关镇">zh</a>]</span> (阳关镇), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yueyaquan,_Dunhuang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yueyaquan, Dunhuang (page does not exist)">Yueyaquan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E7%89%99%E6%B3%89%E9%95%87" class="extiw" title="zh:月牙泉镇">zh</a>]</span> (月牙泉镇), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guojiabu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guojiabu (page does not exist)">Guojiabu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%AD%E5%AE%B6%E5%A0%A1%E9%95%87" class="extiw" title="zh:郭家堡镇">zh</a>]</span> (郭家堡镇), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huangqu,_Dunhuang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huangqu, Dunhuang (page does not exist)">Huangqu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%B8%A0%E9%95%87" class="extiw" title="zh:黄渠镇">zh</a>]</span> (黄渠镇).<sup id="cite_ref-2020_Statistical_Division_Codes_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020_Statistical_Division_Codes-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_township-level_divisions">Other township-level divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunhuang&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other township-level divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city's sole other township-level division is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qinghai_Petroleum_Authority_Life_Base&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qinghai Petroleum Authority Life Base (page does not exist)">Qinghai Petroleum Authority Life Base</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E6%B5%B7%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B1%80%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E5%9F%BA%E5%9C%B0" class="extiw" title="zh:青海石油管理局生活基地">zh</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-2020_Statistical_Division_Codes_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020_Statistical_Division_Codes-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_divisions">Historical divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunhuang&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Historical divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to 2015, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guojiabu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guojiabu (page does not exist)">Guojiabu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%AD%E5%AE%B6%E5%A0%A1%E9%95%87" class="extiw" title="zh:郭家堡镇">zh</a>]</span> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huangqu,_Dunhuang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huangqu, Dunhuang (page does not exist)">Huangqu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%B8%A0%E9%95%87" class="extiw" title="zh:黄渠镇">zh</a>]</span> were administered as townships.<sup id="cite_ref-xzqhdh_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xzqhdh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to 2019, the city administered <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guoying_Dunhuang_Farm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guoying Dunhuang Farm (page does not exist)">Guoying Dunhuang Farm</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E8%90%A5%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C%E5%86%9C%E5%9C%BA" class="extiw" title="zh:国营敦煌农场">zh</a>]</span> as a township-level division.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yueyaquan,_Dunhuang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yueyaquan, Dunhuang (page does not exist)">Yueyaquan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E7%89%99%E6%B3%89%E9%95%87" class="extiw" title="zh:月牙泉镇">zh</a>]</span> was formed from Yangjiaqiao Township (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">杨家桥乡</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-xzqhdh_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xzqhdh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunhuang&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2019 city estimates put Dunhuang's population at about 191,800.<sup id="cite_ref-2019_Econ_Social_Dev_Stat_Report_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2019_Econ_Social_Dev_Stat_Report-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/2010_Chinese_census" title="2010 Chinese census">2010 Chinese census</a>, Dunhuang has a population of 186,027, down slightly from the 187,578 recorded in the <a href="/wiki/2000_Chinese_census" title="2000 Chinese census">2000 Chinese census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-xzqhdh_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xzqhdh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, the city had an estimated population of 125,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-xzqhdh_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xzqhdh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dunhuang has an <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> rate of 69.45% as of 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-2019_Econ_Social_Dev_Stat_Report_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2019_Econ_Social_Dev_Stat_Report-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, the city had a <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a> of 9.87‰, and a <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">death rate</a> of 5.69‰, giving it a <a href="/wiki/Rate_of_natural_increase" title="Rate of natural increase">rate of natural increase</a> of 3.15‰.<sup id="cite_ref-2019_Econ_Social_Dev_Stat_Report_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2019_Econ_Social_Dev_Stat_Report-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>97.8% of the city's population is ethnically <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>, with the remaining 2.2% being 27 <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_China" title="Ethnic minorities in China">ethnic minorities</a>, including ethnic <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monguor_people" title="Monguor people">Monguor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dongxiangs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongxiangs">Dongxiang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yugur" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugur">Yugur</a> populations.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2019, the annual <a href="/wiki/Per_capita" title="Per capita">per capita</a> <a href="/wiki/Disposable_Income" class="mw-redirect" title="Disposable Income">disposable income</a> of urban residents was ¥36,215, and the annual per capita disposable income of rural residents was ¥18,852.<sup id="cite_ref-2019_Econ_Social_Dev_Stat_Report_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2019_Econ_Social_Dev_Stat_Report-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunhuang&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2019, Dunhuang has a <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> of ¥8.178 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-2019_Econ_Social_Dev_Stat_Report_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2019_Econ_Social_Dev_Stat_Report-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The value of the city's <a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">primary sector</a> totaled ¥0.994 billion, its <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">secondary sector</a> totaled ¥1.872 billion, and its <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">tertiary sector</a> totaled ¥5.312 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-2019_Econ_Social_Dev_Stat_Report_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2019_Econ_Social_Dev_Stat_Report-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2020, Dunhuang has a <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> of ¥7.778 billion. The value of the city's <a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">primary sector</a> totaled ¥1.082 billion, its <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">secondary sector</a> totaled ¥1.752 billion, and its <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">tertiary sector</a> totaled ¥4.943 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunhuang&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunhuang-Bahnhof.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dunhuang-Bahnhof.JPG/220px-Dunhuang-Bahnhof.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dunhuang-Bahnhof.JPG/330px-Dunhuang-Bahnhof.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dunhuang-Bahnhof.JPG/440px-Dunhuang-Bahnhof.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2672" data-file-height="1891" /></a><figcaption>Dunhuang train station</figcaption></figure> <p>Dunhuang is served by <a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_215" title="China National Highway 215">China National Highway 215</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_Mogao_International_Airport" title="Dunhuang Mogao International Airport">Dunhuang Mogao International Airport</a>. </p><p>A railway branch known as the <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_railway" title="Dunhuang railway">Dunhuang railway</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Liudun_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Liudun Railway">Liudun Railway</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">柳敦铁路</span></span>), constructed in 2004–2006, connects Dunhuang with the Liugou Station on the <a href="/wiki/Lanzhou%E2%80%93Xinjiang_railway" title="Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway">Lanzhou-Xinjiang railway</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Guazhou_County" title="Guazhou County">Guazhou County</a>). There is regular passenger service on the line, with overnight trains from Dunhuang to <a href="/wiki/Lanzhou" title="Lanzhou">Lanzhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dunhuang Station is located northeast of town, near the airport. </p><p>The railway from Dunhuang was extended south into <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>, connecting Dunhuang to Subei, Mahai and <a href="/wiki/Yinmaxia_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinmaxia Railway Station">Yinmaxia</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Golmud" title="Golmud">Golmud</a>) on the <a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_railway" title="Qinghai–Tibet railway">Qingzang railway</a>. The central section of this railway opened on 18 December 2019 completing the through route.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunhuang&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_hares" title="Three hares">Three hares</a> (as a decorative <a href="/wiki/Motif_(visual_arts)" title="Motif (visual arts)">motif</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_National_Historical_and_Cultural_Sites_(Gansu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major National Historical and Cultural Sites (Gansu)">Major National Historical and Cultural Sites (Gansu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadrakalpikasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhadrakalpikasutra">Bhadrakalpikasutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_Star_Chart" title="Dunhuang Star Chart">Dunhuang Star Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurel_Stein" title="Aurel Stein">Aurel Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogao caves">Mogao caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Pelliot" title="Paul Pelliot">Paul Pelliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangguan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangguan">Yangguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueyaquan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yueyaquan">Yueyaquan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunhuang&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sand_dunes_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Singing Sand Dunes on the eastern edge of the Kumtag Desert near Dunhuang."><img alt="The Singing Sand Dunes on the eastern edge of the Kumtag Desert near Dunhuang." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sand_dunes_%281%29.jpg/320px-Sand_dunes_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sand_dunes_%281%29.jpg/480px-Sand_dunes_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sand_dunes_%281%29.jpg/640px-Sand_dunes_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Singing_Sand_Dunes_(Dunhuang)" title="Singing Sand Dunes (Dunhuang)">Singing Sand Dunes</a> on the eastern edge of the <a href="/wiki/Kumtag_Desert" title="Kumtag Desert">Kumtag Desert</a> near Dunhuang.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20060424083413.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sculpture in Dunhuang, after a mural in Mogao Caves, depicting an Apsara playing the pipa behind her back (反弹琵琶伎乐天)."><img alt="Sculpture in Dunhuang, after a mural in Mogao Caves, depicting an Apsara playing the pipa behind her back (反弹琵琶伎乐天)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/20060424083413.jpg/320px-20060424083413.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/20060424083413.jpg/480px-20060424083413.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/20060424083413.jpg/640px-20060424083413.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="1020" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sculpture in Dunhuang, after a mural in <a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a>, depicting an <a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsara</a> playing the <a href="/wiki/Pipa" title="Pipa">pipa</a> behind her back (<span lang="zh-Hans">反弹琵琶伎乐天</span>).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunhuang_airport_9573.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Dunhuang Airport"><img alt="Dunhuang Airport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Dunhuang_airport_9573.JPG/320px-Dunhuang_airport_9573.JPG" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Dunhuang_airport_9573.JPG/480px-Dunhuang_airport_9573.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Dunhuang_airport_9573.JPG/640px-Dunhuang_airport_9573.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunhuang Airport">Dunhuang Airport</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunhuang_grottoes_(Mogao_cave).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mogao Caves, a.k.a. Dunhuang Grottoes."><img alt="Mogao Caves, a.k.a. Dunhuang Grottoes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Dunhuang_grottoes_%28Mogao_cave%29.jpg/320px-Dunhuang_grottoes_%28Mogao_cave%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Dunhuang_grottoes_%28Mogao_cave%29.jpg/480px-Dunhuang_grottoes_%28Mogao_cave%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Dunhuang_grottoes_%28Mogao_cave%29.jpg/640px-Dunhuang_grottoes_%28Mogao_cave%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mogao Caves, a.k.a. Dunhuang Grottoes.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Gobi_desert_near_Donghuan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lonely monuments in the desert near Donghuan"><img alt="Lonely monuments in the desert near Donghuan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/The_Gobi_desert_near_Donghuan.jpg/320px-The_Gobi_desert_near_Donghuan.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/The_Gobi_desert_near_Donghuan.jpg/480px-The_Gobi_desert_near_Donghuan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/The_Gobi_desert_near_Donghuan.jpg/640px-The_Gobi_desert_near_Donghuan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lonely monuments in the desert near Donghuan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 423.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 421.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Han_Dynasty_Granary_west_of_Dunhuang.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rammed earth ruins of a granary"><img alt="Rammed earth ruins of a granary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Han_Dynasty_Granary_west_of_Dunhuang.jpg/632px-Han_Dynasty_Granary_west_of_Dunhuang.jpg" decoding="async" width="422" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Han_Dynasty_Granary_west_of_Dunhuang.jpg/948px-Han_Dynasty_Granary_west_of_Dunhuang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Han_Dynasty_Granary_west_of_Dunhuang.jpg/1264px-Han_Dynasty_Granary_west_of_Dunhuang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4519" data-file-height="1717" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rammed_earth" title="Rammed earth">Rammed earth</a> ruins of a <a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">granary</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunhuang&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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.cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xzqh.org/html/show/gs/30392.html"><bdi lang="zh">敦煌市历史沿革</bdi></a> [Dunhuang City Historical Development]. <i>xzqh.org</i> (in Chinese). 2016-06-27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804030425/http://www.xzqh.org/html/show/gs/30392.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=xzqh.org&rft.atitle=%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C%E5%B8%82%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E6%B2%BF%E9%9D%A9&rft.date=2016-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xzqh.org%2Fhtml%2Fshow%2Fgs%2F30392.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunhuang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jiuquan.gov.cn//jiuquan/c100027/202106/1450cc786f0c4fbe8fdf3e44bf44a092.shtml">"酒泉市第七次全国人口普查公报"</a> (in Chinese). Government of Jiuquan. 2021-06-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E9%85%92%E6%B3%89%E5%B8%82%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%A5&rft.pub=Government+of+Jiuquan&rft.date=2021-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jiuquan.gov.cn%2F%2Fjiuquan%2Fc100027%2F202106%2F1450cc786f0c4fbe8fdf3e44bf44a092.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunhuang" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2019_Econ_Social_Dev_Stat_Report-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2019_Econ_Social_Dev_Stat_Report_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2019_Econ_Social_Dev_Stat_Report_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2019_Econ_Social_Dev_Stat_Report_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2019_Econ_Social_Dev_Stat_Report_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2019_Econ_Social_Dev_Stat_Report_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2019_Econ_Social_Dev_Stat_Report_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2019_Econ_Social_Dev_Stat_Report_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dunhuang.gov.cn/userfiles/files/20200514/6372505429974754495565141.PDF"><bdi lang="zh">敦煌市 2019 年国民经济和社会发展统计公报</bdi></a> [Dunhuang 2019 Economic and Social Development Statistical Report] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Chinese). Dunhuang People's Government. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210402203951/http://www.dunhuang.gov.cn/userfiles/files/20200514/6372505429974754495565141.PDF">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C%E5%B8%82+2019+%E5%B9%B4%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%92%8C%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%A5&rft.pub=Dunhuang+People%27s+Government&rft.date=2019&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dunhuang.gov.cn%2Fuserfiles%2Ffiles%2F20200514%2F6372505429974754495565141.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunhuang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cable_and_French_1943,_p._41-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cable_and_French_1943,_p._41_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cable_and_French_1943,_p._41_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cable and French (1943), p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lovell (2006), pp. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-govdh-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-govdh_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-govdh_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dunhuang.gov.cn/lidunhuang/dunhuanggaikuang/20170104/23262264245475.htm"><bdi lang="zh">行政区划</bdi></a> [Administrative Divisions] (in Chinese (China)). Dunhuang People's Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210402202437/http://www.dunhuang.gov.cn/lidunhuang/dunhuanggaikuang/20170104/23262264245475.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92&rft.pub=Dunhuang+People%27s+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dunhuang.gov.cn%2Flidunhuang%2Fdunhuanggaikuang%2F20170104%2F23262264245475.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunhuang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"5". <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8"><i>Book of the Later Han</i></a>. <q>古瓜州，出美瓜。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5&rft.btitle=Book+of+the+Later+Han&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikisource.org%2Fzh-hans%2F%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25BC%25A2%25E6%259B%25B8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunhuang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lin Meicun (1998 ), <i>The Western Regions of the Han–Tang Dynasties and the Chinese Civilization</i> [Chinese language only], Beijing, Wenwu Chubanshe, pp. 64–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hulsewé, A. F. P. (1979). China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC – AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty. Leiden, E. Brill, . pp.75–76 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-05884-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-05884-2">90-04-05884-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill (2015), Vol. I, pp. 137–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonavia (2004), p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia, by <a href="/wiki/Frances_Wood" title="Frances Wood">Frances Wood</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chronology-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chronology_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chronology_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192350/http://www.silk-road.com/dunhuang/dhhistory.html">"Dunhuang Studies – Chronology and History"</a>. <i>Silkroad Foundation</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silk-road.com/dunhuang/dhhistory.html">the original</a> on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Silkroad+Foundation&rft.atitle=Dunhuang+Studies+%E2%80%93+Chronology+and+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.silk-road.com%2Fdunhuang%2Fdhhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunhuang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Galambos, Imre (2015), "She Association Circulars from Dunhuang", in Antje Richter, <i>A History of Chinese Letters and Epistolary Culture</i>, Brill: Leiden, Boston, pp 853–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historic_places-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-historic_places_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Pepper1996" class="citation book cs1">Tim Pepper (1996). Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=voerPYsAB5wC&pg=PA239"><i>Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 239–241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1884964046" title="Special:BookSources/978-1884964046"><bdi>978-1884964046</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+and+Oceania%3A+International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places&rft.pages=239-241&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1884964046&rft.au=Tim+Pepper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvoerPYsAB5wC%26pg%3DPA239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunhuang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitfield,_RoderickSusan_WhitfieldNeville_Agnew2000" class="citation book cs1">Whitfield, Roderick; <a href="/wiki/Susan_Whitfield" title="Susan Whitfield">Susan Whitfield</a>; Neville Agnew (2000). <i>Cave Temples of Dunhuang: Art and History on the Silk Road</i>. The British Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7123-4697-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7123-4697-X"><bdi>0-7123-4697-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cave+Temples+of+Dunhuang%3A+Art+and+History+on+the+Silk+Road&rft.pub=The+British+Library.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7123-4697-X&rft.au=Whitfield%2C+Roderick&rft.au=Susan+Whitfield&rft.au=Neville+Agnew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunhuang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turpanprefecture-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-turpanprefecture_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"> <bdi lang="zh">吐鲁番地区志</bdi>. p. 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%90%90%E9%B2%81%E7%95%AA%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E5%BF%97&rft.pages=64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunhuang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-idp-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-idp_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720084858/http://idp.bl.uk/">"The International Dunhuang Project"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Dunhuang_Project" title="International Dunhuang Project">International Dunhuang Project</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idp.bl.uk/">the original</a> on 2011-07-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+International+Dunhuang+Project&rft.pub=International+Dunhuang+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fidp.bl.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunhuang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFP-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AFP_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gAYNxnFFAPXYSNp-cSSgFpNsVh5A">"<i>Ancient Chinese town on front lines of desertification battle</i>, AFP, Nov 20, 2007"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Chinese+town+on+front+lines+of+desertification+battle%2C+AFP%2C+Nov+20%2C+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafp.google.com%2Farticle%2FALeqM5gAYNxnFFAPXYSNp-cSSgFpNsVh5A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunhuang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSNBC-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MSNBC_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolchover2011" class="citation web cs1">Wolchover, Natalie (16 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/45323827">"<i>Odd patterns in Chinese desert? Spy satellite targets.</i>"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Odd+patterns+in+Chinese+desert%3F+Spy+satellite+targets.&rft.date=2011-11-16&rft.aulast=Wolchover&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F45323827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunhuang" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunhuang Mogao caves art museum</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.people.cn/english/200006/20/eng20000620_43468.html">"Syrian Language "Holy Bible" Discovered in Dunhuang Grottoes"</a>. <i>en.people.cn</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.people.cn&rft.atitle=Syrian+Language+%22Holy+Bible%22+Discovered+in+Dunhuang+Grottoes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.people.cn%2Fenglish%2F200006%2F20%2Feng20000620_43468.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunhuang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wang Xudang, Li <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zuixiong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zuixiong (page does not exist)">Zuixiong</a>, and Zhang Lu (2010). "Condition, Conservation, and Reinforcement of the Yumen Pass and Hecang Earthen Ruins Near Dunhuang", in Neville Agnew (ed), <i>Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Conservation of Grotto Sites, Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang, People's Republic of China, June 28 – July 3, 2004</i>, 351–357. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute, J. Paul Getty Trust. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-013-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-013-1">978-1-60606-013-1</a>, pp 351–352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Witness-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Witness_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>China</i>. Eye Witness Travel Guides. p. 494.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China&rft.pages=494&rft.pub=Eye+Witness+Travel+Guides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunhuang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.travelchinaguide.com/climate/dunhuang.htm">"Dunhuang Climate − Best time to visit"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dunhuang+Climate+%E2%88%92+Best+time+to+visit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelchinaguide.com%2Fclimate%2Fdunhuang.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunhuang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cma_graphical-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cma_graphical_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html"><bdi lang="zh">中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data</bdi></a> (in Simplified Chinese). <a href="/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration" title="China Meteorological Administration">China Meteorological Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%94%E8%B1%A1%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%BD%91+%E2%80%93+WeatherBk+Data&rft.pub=China+Meteorological+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.cma.cn%2Fdata%2FweatherBk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunhuang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps">"Experience Template" <bdi lang="zh">中国气象数据网</bdi></a> (in Simplified Chinese). <a href="/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration" title="China Meteorological Administration">China Meteorological Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Experience+Template+%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%94%E8%B1%A1%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%BD%91&rft.pub=China+Meteorological+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexperience.arcgis.com%2Ftemplate%2Fe724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55%2Fpage%2F%25E7%25BA%25AF%25E8%25A1%25A8%25E6%25A0%25BC%25E7%25BB%259F%25E8%25AE%25A1-%28%25E5%25AF%25B9%25E6%25AF%25948110%25E5%258F%2598%25E5%258C%2596%29%2F%3Forg%3DUQmaps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunhuang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMA_old-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CMA_old_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055035/http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3"><bdi lang="zh">中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration" title="China Meteorological Administration">China Meteorological Administration</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3">the original</a> on 2013-09-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%B0%E9%9D%A2%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2%E7%AB%99%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E5%80%BC%E6%9C%88%E5%80%BC%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E9%9B%86%EF%BC%881971%EF%BC%8D2000%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89&rft.pub=China+Meteorological+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold-cdc.cma.gov.cn%2Fshuju%2Fsearch1.jsp%3Fdsid%3DSURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES%26tpcat%3DSURF%26type%3Dtable%26pageid%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunhuang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2020_Statistical_Division_Codes-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2020_Statistical_Division_Codes_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020_Statistical_Division_Codes_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020_Statistical_Division_Codes_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2020/62/09/620982.html"><bdi lang="zh">2020年统计用区划代码</bdi></a> [2020 Statistical Division Codes] (in Chinese). <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of China</a>. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210402200108/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2020/62/09/620982.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020%E5%B9%B4%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E7%94%A8%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+China&rft.date=2020&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Ftjsj%2Ftjbz%2Ftjyqhdmhcxhfdm%2F2020%2F62%2F09%2F620982.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunhuang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2018/62/09/620982.html"><bdi lang="zh">2018年统计用区划代码</bdi></a> [2018 Statistical Division Codes] (in Chinese). <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of China</a>. 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2018%E5%B9%B4%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E7%94%A8%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+China&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Ftjsj%2Ftjbz%2Ftjyqhdmhcxhfdm%2F2018%2F62%2F09%2F620982.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunhuang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dunhuang.gov.cn/lidunhuang/dunhuanggaikuang/20170104/232716509cb721.htm"><bdi lang="zh">人口民族</bdi></a> [Population and Ethnicity] (in Chinese). Dunhuang People's Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210402203137/http://www.dunhuang.gov.cn/lidunhuang/dunhuanggaikuang/20170104/232716509cb721.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F&rft.pub=Dunhuang+People%27s+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dunhuang.gov.cn%2Flidunhuang%2Fdunhuanggaikuang%2F20170104%2F232716509cb721.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunhuang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.dunhuang.gov.cn/userfiles/files/20210428/6375522292497513408525165.pdf">http://www.dunhuang.gov.cn/userfiles/files/20210428/6375522292497513408525165.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211203045107/http://www.dunhuang.gov.cn/userfiles/files/20210428/6375522292497513408525165.pdf">Archived</a> 2021-12-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qq.ip138.com/train/gansu/DunHuang.htm">"敦煌列车时刻表敦煌火车时刻表 www.ip138.com"</a>. <i>qq.ip138.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=qq.ip138.com&rft.atitle=%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C%E5%88%97%E8%BD%A6%E6%97%B6%E5%88%BB%E8%A1%A8+%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C%E7%81%AB%E8%BD%A6%E6%97%B6%E5%88%BB%E8%A1%A8+www.ip138.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqq.ip138.com%2Ftrain%2Fgansu%2FDunHuang.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunhuang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriginshaw2019" class="citation web cs1">Briginshaw, David (18 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.railjournal.com/infrastructure/dunhuang-railway-in-northwest-china-completed/">"Dunhuang railway in northwest China completed"</a>. <i>International Railway Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Railway+Journal&rft.atitle=Dunhuang+railway+in+northwest+China+completed&rft.date=2019-12-18&rft.aulast=Briginshaw&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.railjournal.com%2Finfrastructure%2Fdunhuang-railway-in-northwest-china-completed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADunhuang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunhuang&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Baumer, Christoph. 2000. <i>Southern Silk Road: In the Footsteps of Sir Aurel Stein and Sven Hedin</i>. White Orchid Books. Bangkok.</li> <li>Beal, Samuel. 1884. <i>Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, by Hiuen Tsiang.</i> 2 vols. Trans. by Samuel Beal. London. Reprint: Delhi. Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. 1969.</li> <li>Beal, Samuel. 1911. <i>The Life of Hiuen-Tsiang by the Shaman Hwui Li, with an Introduction containing an account of the Works of I-Tsing</i>. Trans. by Samuel Beal. London. 1911. Reprint: Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi. 1973.</li> <li>Bonavia, Judy (2004): The Silk Road From Xi'an to Kashgar. Judy Bonavia – revised by Christoph Baumer. 2004. Odyssey Publications.</li> <li>Cable, Mildred and Francesca French (1943): <i>The Gobi Desert</i>. London. Landsborough Publications.</li> <li>Galambos, Imre (2015), "She Association Circulars from Dunhuang", in Antje Richter, <i>A History of Chinese Letters and Epistolary Culture</i>, Brill: Leiden, Boston, pp 853–77.</li> <li>Hill, John E. 2004. <i>The Peoples of the West from the Weilue</i> 魏略 <i>by Yu Huan</i> 魚豢<i>: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE.</i> Draft annotated English translation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html">Weilue: The Peoples of the West</a></li> <li>Hulsewé, A. F. P. and Loewe, M. A. N. 1979. <i>China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC – AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty</i>. E. J. Brill, Leiden.</li> <li>Legge, James. Trans. and ed. 1886. A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms: being an account by the Chinese monk Fâ-hsien of his travels in India and Ceylon (AD 399–414) in search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline. Reprint: Dover Publications, New York. 1965.</li> <li>Lok, Wai-ying. (2012). The significance of Dunhuang iconography from the perspective of Buddhist philosophy: a study mainly based on Cave 45 (PDF) (PhD Dissertation). The University of Hong Kong.</li> <li>Lovell, Julia (2006). <i>The Great Wall : China against the World. 1000 BC — AD 2000</i>. Atlantic Books, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84354-215-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84354-215-5">978-1-84354-215-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Mair" title="Victor H. Mair">Mair, Victor</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=44747">Greeks in ancient Central Asia: the Ionians</a>. <a href="/wiki/Language_Log" title="Language Log">Language Log</a>, 20 October 2019.</li> <li>Skrine, C. P. (1926). <i>Chinese Central Asia</i>. Methuen, London. Reprint: Barnes & Noble, New York. 1971. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-416-60750-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-416-60750-0">0-416-60750-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurel_M._Stein" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurel M. Stein">Stein, Aurel M.</a> 1907. <i>Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan</i>, 2 vols. Clarendon Press. Oxford. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/">National Institute of Informatics / Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books – Digital Silk Road Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurel_M._Stein" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurel M. Stein">Stein, Aurel M.</a> 1921. <i>Serindia: Detailed report of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China</i>, 5 vols. London & Oxford. Clarendon Press. Reprint: Delhi. Motilal Banarsidass. 1980. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/">National Institute of Informatics / Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books – Digital Silk Road Project</a></li> <li>Watson, Burton (1993). <i>Records of the Grand Historian of China. Han Dynasty II</i>. (Revised Edition). New York, Columbia University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-08167-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-08167-7">0-231-08167-7</a></li> <li>Watters, Thomas (1904–1905). <i>On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India</i>. London. Royal Asiatic Society. Reprint: 1973.</li> <li>Zheng, Binglin (鄭炳林), and Guoxiang Gao (高國祥). <i>Dunhuang Mogaoku bainian tulu: Boxihe Dunhuang tulu</i> (敦煌莫高窟百年圖錄 : 伯希和敦煌圖錄). Lanzhou Shi: Gansu renmin chubanshe, 2008. ISBN 978-7226036280</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunhuang&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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href="/wiki/Jingyuan_County,_Gansu" title="Jingyuan County, Gansu">Jingyuan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huining_County" title="Huining County">Huining County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingtai_County" title="Jingtai County">Jingtai County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Tianshui" title="Tianshui">Tianshui</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qinzhou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Qinzhou District">Qinzhou District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiji_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Maiji District">Maiji District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingshui_County" title="Qingshui County">Qingshui County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin%27an_County" title="Qin'an County">Qin'an County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangu_County" title="Gangu County">Gangu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wushan_County,_Gansu" title="Wushan County, Gansu">Wushan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiachuan_Hui_Autonomous_County" title="Zhangjiachuan Hui Autonomous County">Zhangjiachuan County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Wuwei,_Gansu" title="Wuwei, Gansu">Wuwei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liangzhou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Liangzhou District">Liangzhou District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minqin_County" title="Minqin County">Minqin County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulang_County" title="Gulang County">Gulang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhu_Tibetan_Autonomous_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County">Tianzhu County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Zhangye" title="Zhangye">Zhangye</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganzhou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganzhou District">Ganzhou District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minle_County" title="Minle County">Minle County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linze_County" title="Linze County">Linze County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaotai_County" title="Gaotai County">Gaotai County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandan_County" title="Shandan County">Shandan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Yugur_Autonomous_County" title="Sunan Yugur Autonomous County">Sunan County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Pingliang" title="Pingliang">Pingliang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongtong_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongtong District">Kongtong District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huating,_Gansu" title="Huating, Gansu">Huating</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingchuan_County" title="Jingchuan County">Jingchuan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingtai_County" title="Lingtai County">Lingtai County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongxin_County" title="Chongxin County">Chongxin County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuanglang_County" title="Zhuanglang County">Zhuanglang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingning_County,_Gansu" title="Jingning County, Gansu">Jingning County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Jiuquan" title="Jiuquan">Jiuquan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzhou District">Suzhou District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yumen_City" title="Yumen City">Yumen</a> city</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dunhuang</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinta_County" title="Jinta County">Jinta County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guazhou_County" title="Guazhou County">Guazhou County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subei_Mongol_Autonomous_County" title="Subei Mongol Autonomous County">Subei County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksai_Kazakh_Autonomous_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksai Kazakh Autonomous County">Aksai County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Qingyang,_Gansu" title="Qingyang, Gansu">Qingyang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xifeng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Xifeng District">Xifeng District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingcheng_County" title="Qingcheng County">Qingcheng County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huan_County" title="Huan County">Huan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huachi_County" title="Huachi County">Huachi County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heshui_County" title="Heshui County">Heshui County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengning_County" title="Zhengning County">Zhengning County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ning_County" title="Ning County">Ning County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenyuan_County,_Gansu" title="Zhenyuan County, Gansu">Zhenyuan County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Dingxi" title="Dingxi">Dingxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anding_District,_Dingxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Anding District, Dingxi">Anding District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongwei_County" title="Tongwei County">Tongwei County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lintao_County" title="Lintao County">Lintao County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_County" title="Zhang County">Zhang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_County" title="Min County">Min County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weiyuan_County,_Gansu" title="Weiyuan County, Gansu">Weiyuan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longxi_County" title="Longxi County">Longxi County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Longnan" title="Longnan">Longnan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wudu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Wudu District">Wudu District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_County" title="Cheng County">Cheng County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchang_County" title="Tanchang County">Tanchang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_County" title="Kang County">Kang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_County,_Gansu" title="Wen County, Gansu">Wen County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xihe_County" title="Xihe County">Xihe County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_County,_Gansu" title="Li County, Gansu">Li County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liangdang_County" title="Liangdang County">Liangdang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_County" title="Hui County">Hui County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_prefectures_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous prefectures of China">Autonomous <br /> prefectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Linxia_Hui_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture">Linxia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linxia_City" title="Linxia City">Linxia</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linxia_County" title="Linxia County">Linxia County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangle_County" title="Kangle County">Kangle County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongjing_County" title="Yongjing County">Yongjing County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanghe_County" title="Guanghe County">Guanghe County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezheng_County" title="Hezheng County">Hezheng County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongxiang_Autonomous_County" title="Dongxiang Autonomous County">Dongxiang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jishishan_Bonan,_Dongxiang_and_Salar_Autonomous_County" title="Jishishan Bonan, Dongxiang and Salar Autonomous County">Jishishan County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Gannan_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Gannan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezuo" title="Hezuo">Hezuo</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lintan_County" title="Lintan County">Lintan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon%C3%AA_County" title="Jonê County">Jonê County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhugqu_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhugqu County">Zhugqu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%AAwo_County" title="Têwo County">Têwo County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqu_County" title="Maqu County">Maqu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luqu_County" title="Luqu County">Luqu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiahe_County" title="Xiahe County">Xiahe County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Largest_cities_in_GansuSource:_China_Urban_Construction_Statistical_Yearbook_2018_Urban_Population_and_Urban_Temporary_Population" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Most_populous_cities_in_Gansu" title="Template:Most populous cities in Gansu"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Most_populous_cities_in_Gansu" title="Template talk:Most populous cities in Gansu"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Most_populous_cities_in_Gansu" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Most populous cities in Gansu"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Largest_cities_in_GansuSource:_China_Urban_Construction_Statistical_Yearbook_2018_Urban_Population_and_Urban_Temporary_Population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Largest cities in Gansu<br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;font-size:90%;">Source: <i>China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018</i> Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>Rank </th> <th> </th> <th>Pop.</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%85%B0%E5%B7%9E%E7%9A%8B%E5%85%B0%E5%B1%B1201905.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lanzhou"><img alt="Lanzhou" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%E5%85%B0%E5%B7%9E%E7%9A%8B%E5%85%B0%E5%B1%B1201905.jpg/120px-%E5%85%B0%E5%B7%9E%E7%9A%8B%E5%85%B0%E5%B1%B1201905.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%E5%85%B0%E5%B7%9E%E7%9A%8B%E5%85%B0%E5%B1%B1201905.jpg/180px-%E5%85%B0%E5%B7%9E%E7%9A%8B%E5%85%B0%E5%B1%B1201905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%E5%85%B0%E5%B7%9E%E7%9A%8B%E5%85%B0%E5%B1%B1201905.jpg/240px-%E5%85%B0%E5%B7%9E%E7%9A%8B%E5%85%B0%E5%B1%B1201905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Lanzhou" title="Lanzhou">Lanzhou</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%B8%9F%E7%9E%B0%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tianshui"><img alt="Tianshui" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%E9%B8%9F%E7%9E%B0%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg/120px-%E9%B8%9F%E7%9E%B0%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%E9%B8%9F%E7%9E%B0%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg/180px-%E9%B8%9F%E7%9E%B0%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%E9%B8%9F%E7%9E%B0%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg/240px-%E9%B8%9F%E7%9E%B0%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="810" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Tianshui" title="Tianshui">Tianshui</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lanzhou" title="Lanzhou">Lanzhou</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,460,700</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Qingyang,_Gansu" title="Qingyang, Gansu">Qingyang</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">207,700 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%99%BD%E9%93%B6%E5%B8%82%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%8E%E5%8C%BA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baiyin"><img alt="Baiyin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%E7%99%BD%E9%93%B6%E5%B8%82%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%8E%E5%8C%BA.jpg/120px-%E7%99%BD%E9%93%B6%E5%B8%82%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%8E%E5%8C%BA.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%E7%99%BD%E9%93%B6%E5%B8%82%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%8E%E5%8C%BA.jpg/180px-%E7%99%BD%E9%93%B6%E5%B8%82%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%8E%E5%8C%BA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%E7%99%BD%E9%93%B6%E5%B8%82%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%8E%E5%8C%BA.jpg/240px-%E7%99%BD%E9%93%B6%E5%B8%82%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%8E%E5%8C%BA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4656" data-file-height="3492" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Baiyin" title="Baiyin">Baiyin</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jiuquan-01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Jiuquan"><img alt="Jiuquan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Jiuquan-01.JPG/120px-Jiuquan-01.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Jiuquan-01.JPG/180px-Jiuquan-01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Jiuquan-01.JPG/240px-Jiuquan-01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="1935" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Jiuquan" title="Jiuquan">Jiuquan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tianshui" title="Tianshui">Tianshui</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">696,600</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jinchang" title="Jinchang">Jinchang</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">171,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Baiyin" title="Baiyin">Baiyin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">406,500</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Longnan" title="Longnan">Longnan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">168,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jiuquan" title="Jiuquan">Jiuquan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">389,100</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dunhuang</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">120,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wuwei,_Gansu" title="Wuwei, Gansu">Wuwei</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">339,000</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Huating,_Gansu" title="Huating, Gansu">Huating</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">89,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pingliang" title="Pingliang">Pingliang</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">300,000</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yumen_City" title="Yumen City">Yumen</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">77,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zhangye" title="Zhangye">Zhangye</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">270,300</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hezuo" title="Hezuo">Hezuo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">72,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Linxia_City" title="Linxia City">Linxia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">245,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jiayuguan_City" title="Jiayuguan City">Jiayuguan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">231,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dingxi" title="Dingxi">Dingxi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">209,200 </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1278691/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwdfyhx8WVGKKGcJC8Qv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4061210-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr96042661">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119630224">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119630224">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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