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.mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Trade_beads" title="Special:EditPage/Trade beads">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Trade+beads%22">"Trade beads"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Trade+beads%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Trade+beads%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Trade+beads%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Trade+beads%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Trade+beads%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wichita_trade_beads_1740_ohs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Wichita_trade_beads_1740_ohs.jpg/220px-Wichita_trade_beads_1740_ohs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Wichita_trade_beads_1740_ohs.jpg/330px-Wichita_trade_beads_1740_ohs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Wichita_trade_beads_1740_ohs.jpg/440px-Wichita_trade_beads_1740_ohs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption>Trade beads from ca. 1740, found in a <a href="/wiki/Wichita_people" title="Wichita people">Wichita</a> village site in present-day <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kijik_Trade_Beads.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Kijik_Trade_Beads.jpg/220px-Kijik_Trade_Beads.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Kijik_Trade_Beads.jpg/330px-Kijik_Trade_Beads.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Kijik_Trade_Beads.jpg/440px-Kijik_Trade_Beads.jpg 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="148" /></a><figcaption>Nineteenth-century European trade beads found in Alaska</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spruce_root_hat,_Chugash_-_Ethol%C3%A9n_collection,_Museum_of_Cultures_(Helsinki)_-_DSC04923.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Spruce_root_hat%2C_Chugash_-_Ethol%C3%A9n_collection%2C_Museum_of_Cultures_%28Helsinki%29_-_DSC04923.JPG/220px-Spruce_root_hat%2C_Chugash_-_Ethol%C3%A9n_collection%2C_Museum_of_Cultures_%28Helsinki%29_-_DSC04923.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Spruce_root_hat%2C_Chugash_-_Ethol%C3%A9n_collection%2C_Museum_of_Cultures_%28Helsinki%29_-_DSC04923.JPG/330px-Spruce_root_hat%2C_Chugash_-_Ethol%C3%A9n_collection%2C_Museum_of_Cultures_%28Helsinki%29_-_DSC04923.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Spruce_root_hat%2C_Chugash_-_Ethol%C3%A9n_collection%2C_Museum_of_Cultures_%28Helsinki%29_-_DSC04923.JPG/440px-Spruce_root_hat%2C_Chugash_-_Ethol%C3%A9n_collection%2C_Museum_of_Cultures_%28Helsinki%29_-_DSC04923.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chugach" title="Chugach">Chugach</a> woven spruce-root hat</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Trade beads</b> are beads that were used as a medium of barter within and amongst communities. They are considered to be one of the earliest forms of trade between members of the human race. It has also been surmised that bead trading was one of the reasons why humans developed language.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slave_beads">Slave beads</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_beads&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Slave beads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In sixteenth-century continental North America, trade beads (sometimes called <b>aggry</b> and <b>slave beads</b>) were decorative <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> <a href="/wiki/Bead" title="Bead">beads</a> used as a <a href="/wiki/Token_money" title="Token money">token money</a> to exchange for <a href="/wiki/Good_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Good (economics)">goods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">services</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a> (hence the name). The beads were integrated in <a href="/wiki/Native_American_jewelry" title="Native American jewelry">Native American jewelry</a> using various <a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">beadwork</a> techniques. Trade beads were also used by early Europeans to purchase African resources,<sup id="cite_ref-vaam_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vaam-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including slaves in the African <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">slave trade</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aggry_beads" title="Aggry beads">Aggry beads</a> are a particular type of decorated glass bead from <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>. The practice continued until the early twentieth century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_beads&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Made to ease the passage of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> explorers and then traders mainly across the <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> continent, the beads were made throughout Europe although the <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venetians</a> dominated production. Archaeologists documented in 2022 that beads manufactured in Europe continued to accompany exploration of Africa using Indigenous routes into the interior as recently as the late nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trade beads are also found in the United States and Canada, and throughout Latin America. The bead designs were varied.<sup id="cite_ref-vaam_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vaam-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North American Indians sought beads of particular color, size, and form.<sup id="cite_ref-aofi_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aofi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The frequency of archaeological discovery of each type indicates their popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-aofi_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aofi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large blue beads were favoured early in the trade although details of when European trade with native American Indians began remains elusive.<sup id="cite_ref-indlan_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indlan-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was reported in February 2022 that Venetian glass trade beads had been found at three prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Eskimo" title="Eskimo">Eskimo</a> sites in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, including Punyik Point. Uninhabited today, and located a mile from the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Divide" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Divide">Continental Divide</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Brooks_Range" title="Brooks Range">Brooks Range</a>, the area was on ancient trade routes from the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>. From their creation in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, researchers believe the likely route these artifacts traveled was across <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> and finally over the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a>, making this discovery "the first documented instance of the presence of indubitable European materials in prehistoric sites in the western hemisphere as the result of overland transport across the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_continent" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian continent">Eurasian continent</a>." After <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a> materials found near the beads, archaeologists estimated their arrival on the continent to sometime between 1440 and 1480, predating <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dating and provenance has been challenged by other researchers who point out that such beads were not made in Venice until the mid-sixteenth century and that an early-seventeenth-century French origin is possible.<sup id="cite_ref-LiveScience_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiveScience-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The production of slave (trade) beads became so popular that literally tons of these beads were used for this purpose. Beads were used as ballast in slave/trade ships for the outbound trip. The beads and other trade items were exchanged for human cargo as well as <a href="/wiki/Ivory_trade" title="Ivory trade">ivory</a>, gold, and other goods desired in Europe and around the world. The beads traded were not of a set design, but were produced according to demand.<sup id="cite_ref-vaam_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vaam-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Millefiori" title="Millefiori">Millefiori</a> (thousand flower) beads from <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, Italy were one of the most commonly traded beads, and are commonly known as "African trade beads." They were produced by creating flowers or stripes from glass canes, that were then cut and moulded onto a core of solid color.<sup id="cite_ref-vaam_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vaam-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beads such as the <a href="/wiki/Kiffa_beads" title="Kiffa beads">kiffa beads</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> are thought to have resulted from women creating powdered glass beads to mimic the appearance of millefiori beads. </p><p>The success of this form of currency can largely be attributed to the work required to produce them locally (i.e. scarcity) and salability across space. The ease of production of these beads using methods employed by European artisans enabled exploitation via a speculative attack on this West African monetary system.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">Glassmaking</a> was not common in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-vaam_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vaam-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Africans often used beads for currency<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and wealth storage, and social status could be easily determined by the quality, quantity and style of <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewellery</a> worn. This created a high demand for trade beads in Africa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_beads&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPagel2015" class="citation web cs1">Pagel, Mark (24 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Live Science<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=livescience.com&rft.atitle=European+beads+found+in+Alaska+predate+Columbus%2C+controversial+study+claims&rft.date=2021-02-11&rft.aulast=Geggel&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2Fblue-glass-beads-predate-columbus-in-alaska.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+beads" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair2021" class="citation journal cs1">Blair, Elliot H. (July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-antiquity/article/abs/reconsidering-the-precolumbian-presence-of-venetian-glass-beads-in-alaska/AA4A54ADE2EB416A447EBB6A12EC7831">"Reconsidering the Precolumbian Presence of Venetian Glass Beads in Alaska"</a>. <i>American Antiquity</i>. <b>86</b> (3): 638–642. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Faaq.2021.38">10.1017/aaq.2021.38</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7316">0002-7316</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236162517">236162517</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Reconsidering+the+Precolumbian+Presence+of+Venetian+Glass+Beads+in+Alaska&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=638-642&rft.date=2021-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236162517%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0002-7316&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Faaq.2021.38&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Elliot+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Famerican-antiquity%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Freconsidering-the-precolumbian-presence-of-venetian-glass-beads-in-alaska%2FAA4A54ADE2EB416A447EBB6A12EC7831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+beads" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmmous2018" class="citation book cs1">Ammous, Saifedean (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://saifedean.com/thebitcoinstandard/"><i>The Bitcoin Standard</i></a>. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1119473862" title="Special:BookSources/978-1119473862"><bdi>978-1119473862</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bitcoin+Standard&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Inc.&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1119473862&rft.aulast=Ammous&rft.aufirst=Saifedean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsaifedean.com%2Fthebitcoinstandard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+beads" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Bead_Chest2014" class="citation web cs1">The Bead Chest (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebeadchest.com/pages/history-of-african-beads">"A Timeline History of African Beads"</a>. <i>The Bead Chest</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bead+Chest&rft.atitle=A+Timeline+History+of+African+Beads&rft.date=2014&rft.au=The+Bead+Chest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebeadchest.com%2Fpages%2Fhistory-of-african-beads&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+beads" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_beads&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O125990/beads-unknown/">"Trade Beads"</a>. <i>History, Periods & Styles</i>. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History%2C+Periods+%26+Styles&rft.atitle=Trade+Beads&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.vam.ac.uk%2Fitem%2FO125990%2Fbeads-unknown%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+beads" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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Mesoamerica & N. Andes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa bean</a> (Mesoamerica)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koku" title="Koku">Koku</a> (rice)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manilla_(money)" title="Manilla (money)">Manilla</a> (W. Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quachtli" title="Quachtli">Quachtli</a> (cotton cloth)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">Salt</a> (Roman world)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekel" title="Shekel">Shekel</a> (barley)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_money" title="Shell money">Shells</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trade bead</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Water buffalo</a> (SE Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cow</a> (Hindu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">Camel</a> (Arabia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a> (Tibet, China)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Representative_money" title="Representative money">Representative money</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bimetallism" title="Bimetallism">Bimetallism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_certificate_(United_States)" title="Gold certificate (United States)">Gold certificates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/32px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" 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title="Central bank digital currency">Central bank digital currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">Chattel/movable property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheque" title="Cheque">Cheque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearing_(finance)" title="Clearing (finance)">Clearing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheque_clearing" title="Cheque clearing">Cheque clearing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">Clay token</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposit_(finance)" title="Deposit (finance)">Deposit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deposit_account" title="Deposit account">Deposit account</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_tender" title="Legal tender">Legal tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notary" title="Notary">Notary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possession_(law)" title="Possession (law)">Possession</a></li> <li><a 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currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_currency" title="Complementary currency">Complementary currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectoral_currency" title="Sectoral currency">Sectoral currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-based_currency" title="Time-based currency">Time-based currency</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Beadwork" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/Chevron_bead" title="Chevron bead">Chevron beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_bead_making" title="Glass bead making">Glass bead making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faturan" title="Faturan">Faturan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_pipe" title="Hair pipe">Hair pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heishe" title="Heishe">Heishe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiffa_beads" title="Kiffa beads">Kiffa beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_beads" title="Love beads">Love beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millefiori" title="Millefiori">Millefiori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murano_beads" title="Murano beads">Murano beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_cut_beads" title="Peranakan cut beads">Peranakan cut beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_glass_beads" title="Powder glass beads">Powder glass beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_bead" title="Seed bead">Seed beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequin" title="Sequin">Sequins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_bead" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade bead">Trade beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wampum" title="Wampum">Wampum</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Comanche_ration_bag_1880_OHS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Comanche_ration_bag_1880_OHS.jpg/80px-Comanche_ration_bag_1880_OHS.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Comanche_ration_bag_1880_OHS.jpg/120px-Comanche_ration_bag_1880_OHS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Comanche_ration_bag_1880_OHS.jpg/160px-Comanche_ration_bag_1880_OHS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques<br /> and tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bead_crochet" title="Bead crochet">Bead crochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bead_embroidery" title="Bead embroidery">Bead embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bead_stringing" title="Bead stringing">Bead stringing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bead_weaving" title="Bead weaving">Bead weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brick_stitch" title="Brick stitch">Brick stitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyote_stitch" title="Peyote stitch">Peyote stitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-angle_weave" title="Right-angle weave">Right-angle weave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_stitch" title="Square stitch">Square stitch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bead artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Aitson" title="Richard Aitson">Richard Aitson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Amerman" title="Marcus Amerman">Marcus Amerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Berry_(artist)" title="Martha Berry (artist)">Martha Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipeta" title="Chipeta">Chipeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Growing_Thunder_Fogarty" title="Joyce Growing Thunder Fogarty">Joyce Growing Thunder Fogarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juanita_Growing_Thunder_Fogarty" title="Juanita Growing Thunder Fogarty">Juanita Growing Thunder Fogarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teri_Greeves" title="Teri Greeves">Teri Greeves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maude_Kegg" title="Maude Kegg">Maude Kegg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dentalium_shell" title="Dentalium shell">Dentalium shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quillwork" title="Quillwork">Quillwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_beaded_slippers" title="Peranakan beaded slippers">Peranakan beaded slippers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_tail_wire" title="Tiger tail wire">Tiger tail wire</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bead_Game" title="Bead Game">Bead Game</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_beads&oldid=1241370204">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_beads&oldid=1241370204</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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