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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Linguistic_situation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_situation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Linguistic situation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coming_of_Proto-Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coming_of_Proto-Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Coming of Proto-Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coming_of_Proto-Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reconstruction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reconstruction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonant_clusters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonant_clusters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Consonant clusters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonant_clusters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexicon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexicon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lexicon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexicon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatolian_loanwords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatolian_loanwords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Anatolian loanwords</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatolian_loanwords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_substratum_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_substratum_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other substratum theories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_substratum_theories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other substratum theories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_substratum_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Minoan_substratum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minoan_substratum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Minoan substratum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minoan_substratum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tyrrhenian_substratum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tyrrhenian_substratum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Tyrrhenian substratum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tyrrhenian_substratum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kartvelian_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kartvelian_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Kartvelian theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kartvelian_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغات ما قبل اليونانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات ما قبل اليونانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustratu_prehel%C3%A9nicu" title="Sustratu prehelénicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sustratu prehelénicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Предгръцки езици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Предгръцки езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%85%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Προελληνικό υπόστρωμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Προελληνικό υπόστρωμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrato_prehel%C3%A9nico" title="Substrato prehelénico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Substrato prehelénico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زبان پیشایونانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان پیشایونانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9hell%C3%A9nique_A" title="Préhellénique A – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Préhellénique A" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substratum_Pra-Yunani" title="Substratum Pra-Yunani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Substratum Pra-Yunani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrato_preellenico" title="Substrato preellenico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Substrato preellenico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preg%C3%B6r%C3%B6g_szubsztr%C3%A1tum" title="Pregörög szubsztrátum – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pregörög szubsztrátum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Предгрчки супстрат – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Предгрчки супстрат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Grieks" title="Pre-Grieks – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pre-Grieks" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Догреческий субстрат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Догреческий субстрат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Догрецький субстрат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Догрецький субстрат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD%E5%BA%95%E5%B1%82" title="希腊语底层 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="希腊语底层" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q965052#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extinct language of prehistoric Greece</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek language</a>.</div> <p>The <b>pre-Greek substrate</b> (or <b>substratum</b>) consists of the unknown pre-Greek language or languages (either <a href="/wiki/Pre-Indo-European_languages" title="Pre-Indo-European languages">Pre-Indo-European</a> or other Indo-European languages) spoken in <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Greece">prehistoric Greece</a> prior to the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek language</a> in the region <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3200–2200 BC</span>, during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Helladic" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Helladic">Early Helladic</a> period. About 1,000 words of Greek vocabulary cannot be adequately explained as derivatives from Proto-Greek or <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a>, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)" title="Stratum (linguistics)">substratum</a> hypothesis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuhoux2007a220–222_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuhoux2007a220–222-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes201447–48"Our_knowledge_of_Indo-European_has_expanded_so_much,_especially_in_the_last_thirty_years_(notably_because_of_the_laryngeal_theory)_that_in_some_cases_we_can_say_almost_with_certainty_that_an_Indo-European_reconstruction_is_impossible._[...]_In_my_EDG,_I_marked_with_>PG<_all_words_which,_in_my_view,_were_of_Pre-Greek_origin._I_found_1106_words."_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes201447–48"Our_knowledge_of_Indo-European_has_expanded_so_much,_especially_in_the_last_thirty_years_(notably_because_of_the_laryngeal_theory)_that_in_some_cases_we_can_say_almost_with_certainty_that_an_Indo-European_reconstruction_is_impossible._[...]_In_my_EDG,_I_marked_with_>PG<_all_words_which,_in_my_view,_were_of_Pre-Greek_origin._I_found_1106_words."-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to scholars, Ancient Greek was likely influenced by two types of substrates: one Indo-European, probably an unknown Anatolian language that has been called "Parnassian", and one or several non-Indo-European languages that pre-date the coming of Greeks to the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes20141,_45_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes20141,_45-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest20078_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest20078-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Greek_substrate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistic_situation">Linguistic situation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Greek_substrate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Linguistic situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based upon toponymic and lexical evidence, it is generally assumed that one or several languages were once spoken in both the Greek peninsula and western <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> before <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a> and the attested <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a>) became predominant in the region. Various explanations for this phenomenon have been given by scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One substrate language, whose influence is observable on Ancient Greek and Anatolian languages, is taken by a number of scholars to be an Indo-European language related to the Anatolian Luwian language,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest20078_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest20078-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to be responsible for the widespread place-names ending in <i>-ssa</i> and <i>-nda</i> in western Asia Minor, and <i>-ssos</i> and <i>-nthos</i> in mainland Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenfrew1998253–254_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenfrew1998253–254-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelberg200652_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelberg200652-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest20078_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest20078-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the name of the mount <a href="/wiki/Mount_Parnassus" title="Mount Parnassus"><i>Parnassos</i></a> in Greece has been interpreted as the Luwian <i>parna-</i> ('house') attached to the possessive suffix <i>-ssa-</i>. Both Hittite and Luwian texts also attest a place-name <i>Parnassa</i>, which could be related.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest20078_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest20078-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philologist <a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">Martin L. West</a> has proposed to name this unattested Anatolian language "Parnassian", and has argued for "a parallel movement down from <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> by a branch of the same people as entered Anatolia, the people who were to appear 1,500 years later as the <a href="/wiki/Luwians" title="Luwians">Luwians</a>". From the distribution of the names, it appears that this language was spoken during the <a href="/wiki/Helladic_chronology" title="Helladic chronology">Early Helladic II</a> period, which began around 2800 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest20078_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest20078-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, since many clusters of sounds are possible in both pre-Greek and Indo-European, it is difficult in most cases to distinguish between possible "Parnassian" loanwords and shared pre-Indo-European substrate words. For instance, terms like <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τολύπη</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">tolúpē</i></span>; 'clew, ball of wool ready for spinning') show typical pre-Greek features while being related to Anatolian words (in this case Luwian and Hittite <span title="Hittite-language text"><i lang="hit-Latn">taluppa/i-</i></span> 'lump, clod') with no other attested Indo-European cognate, suggesting that they were borrowed from the same probably non-Indo-European source. Some scholars have thus proposed that at least part of the pre-Greek substrate was brought to Greece by <a href="/wiki/Pre%E2%80%93Indo-European_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre–Indo-European languages">pre-Indo-European</a> settlers from Asia Minor, and that we should distinguish between different layers of loanwords coming successively or concurrently from different families of languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurnée197235_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurnée197235-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes20093_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes20093-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMihaylova201280–81_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMihaylova201280–81-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the correlations between Anatolian and Greek placenames may be a strong indication of a common early phase of Indo-European – possibly Anatolian – influence in the area,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenfrew1998253–254,_256–257_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenfrew1998253–254,_256–257-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some pre-Greek loanwords still remain incompatible with Indo-European phonology while showing certain recurrent patterns that set them apart from other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarcía-Ramón2004999–1000_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcía-Ramón2004999–1000-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This likely indicates that "one language, or a group of closely related dialects or languages" was the source of another, possibly earlier, layer of pre-Indo-European loanwords in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes20141,_45_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes20141,_45-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the few words of secure Anatolian origin, most are cultural items or commodities which are likely the result of commercial exchange, not of a substratum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009xv_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009xv-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the relevant vocabulary can also be explained as linguistic exchange between Greek and Anatolian languages across the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> without necessarily originating from a change of language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes20093_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes20093-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHajnalPosch20091–21_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajnalPosch20091–21-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coming_of_Proto-Greek">Coming of Proto-Greek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Greek_substrate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Coming of Proto-Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto.Greek.Area.220.1900.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Proto.Greek.Area.220.1900.svg/220px-Proto.Greek.Area.220.1900.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Proto.Greek.Area.220.1900.svg/330px-Proto.Greek.Area.220.1900.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Proto.Greek.Area.220.1900.svg/440px-Proto.Greek.Area.220.1900.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Proto-Greek area of settlement (2200/2100–1900 BC) suggested by Katona (2000), Sakellariou (2016, 1980, 1975) and Phylaktopoulos (1975).</figcaption></figure> <p>Estimates for the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek language</a> into prehistoric Greece have changed over the course of the 20th century. Since the decipherment of <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a>, searches were made "for earlier breaks in the continuity of the material record that might represent the 'coming of the Greeks<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2000104_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2000104-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of scholars date the coming of Proto-Greek to the transition from <a href="/wiki/Helladic_chronology" title="Helladic chronology">Early Helladic</a> II to Early Helladic III (c. 2400−2200/2100 BC),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the diversification into a southern and a northern group beginning by approximately 1700 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been criticized by John E. Coleman, who argues that this estimate is based on stratigraphic discontinuities at <a href="/wiki/Lerna" title="Lerna">Lerna</a> that other archaeological excavations in Greece suggested were the product of chronological gaps or separate deposit-sequencing instead of cultural changes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2000106−107_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2000106−107-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coleman estimates that the entry of Proto-Greek speakers into the Greek peninsula occurred during the late 4th millennium BC <span class="nowrap">(c. 3200 BC)</span> with pre-Greek spoken by the inhabitants of the Late Neolithic II period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2000139ff_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2000139ff-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reconstruction">Reconstruction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Greek_substrate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although no written texts exist or have been identified as pre-Greek, the <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a> have been partially reconstructed from the many words borrowed into Greek; such words often show a type of variation not found in inherited Indo-European Greek terms, and certain recurrent patterns that can be used to identify pre-Greek elements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes20141_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes20141-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonology">Phonology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Greek_substrate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowels">Vowels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Greek_substrate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pre-Greek language had a simple <a href="/wiki/Vowel_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel system">vowel system</a>, with either three or five monophthongs. This system consisted of either /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span>/, /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e</span>/, /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span>/, /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span>/, /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span>/, or most likely just /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span>/, /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span>/, /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span>/, in which /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span>/ varied between /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span>/~/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e</span>/~/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span>/ as a result of palatalization for /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e</span>/ and labialization for /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span>/. </p><p>Additionally, it had at least one diphthong (/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">au</span>/), and it may also have had /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ou</span>/, although this is also often explained as the sequence -<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">arʷ</span>- adapted in Greek as -<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ουρ</span></span>-, since /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ou</span>/ is often seen with an /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">r</span>/.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes20146–10_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes20146–10-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonants">Consonants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Greek_substrate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The phonology of pre-Greek likely featured a series of both <a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labialized</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a> consonants, as indicated by <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> inscriptions in <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a>. These features were found not only in <a href="/wiki/Stop_(consonant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop (consonant)">stops</a>, but in <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">resonants</a> as well (presumably including even the rare modified approximants /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">jʷ</span>/ and /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">wʲ</span>/), which was different from Indo-European languages at the time and is generally considered a rare feature characteristic of pre-Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes20146–10_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes20146–10-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is, however, unlikely that <a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">voicing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">consonantal aspiration</a> were distinctive features, as pre-Greek loanwords in Greek vary freely between plain, voiced and aspirated stops (e.g. <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀσφάραγος/ἀσπάραγος</span></span>, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">aspháragos/aspáragos</i></span></i>, 'asparagus').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes20146–10_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes20146–10-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The observation of such variants for a particular word is often a strong indication of substrate-derived etymology. </p><p>Furthermore, while the existence of word-initial <a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">approximants</a> /w/ and /j/ can be safely inferred from common motifs in inherited words (e.g. the ἰα‑ from *ja- in <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἴαμβος</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἰάσων</span></span>) or even retained in early and dialectal forms (e.g. *wa- in the cases of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄναξ-ϝάναξ</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ὀαξός-ϝαξός</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὑάκινθος-ϝάκινθος</span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Rough_breathing" title="Rough breathing">word-initial aspiration</a> probably did not exist, with /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">h</span>/ considered by Beekes a non-native phoneme in pre-Greek. </p><p>The initial consonant <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σ-</span></span> /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s</span>/ or /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">z</span>/ is very common in pre-Greek and characteristic when it shows up as an <i>s</i>-mobile. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Consonant phonemes of Pre-Greek as posited by Beekes (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes20146–10_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes20146–10-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">palatal</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">labial</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">palatal</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">labial</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">labial</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">palatal</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">labial</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʲ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʷ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʲ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʷ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʲ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʷ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">mʲ</span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">mʷ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">nʲ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">nʷ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sʲ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sʷ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">rʲ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">rʷ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">lʲ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">lʷ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">jʷ</span>) </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">wʲ</span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonant_clusters">Consonant clusters</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Greek_substrate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Consonant clusters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain characteristic <a href="/wiki/Consonant_clusters" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonant clusters">consonant clusters</a> associated with pre-Greek phonology as reflected in words inherited into Greek, as listed by Beekes according to their frequency in the PIE language:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes20146–10_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes20146–10-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not possible in PIE </p> <ul><li>-<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κχ</span></span>- /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kkʰ</span>/, not possible in PIE, only in pre-Greek (but rare)</li> <li>-<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πφ</span></span>- /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ppʰ</span>/, not possible in PIE, though still very rare in pre-Greek</li> <li>-<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τθ</span></span>- /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ttʰ</span>/, not possible in PIE, common in pre-Greek</li></ul> <p>Rare in PIE </p> <ul><li>-<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">βδ</span></span>- /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">bd</span>/, rare in PIE, not as much in pre-Greek</li> <li>-<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γδ</span></span>- /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">gd</span>/, rare in PIE, not in pre-Greek</li> <li>-<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">δν</span></span>- /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dn</span>/, rare in PIE, not in pre-Greek</li> <li>-<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ρκν</span></span>- /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">rkn</span>/, very rare overall and found only in pre-Greek loans</li> <li>-<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σβ</span></span>- /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sb</span>/, very rare and problematic identification in PIE, common in pre-Greek probably from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*-sgʷ-</span></li> <li>-<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σγ</span></span>- /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sg</span>/, rare in PIE, common in pre-Greek perhaps from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*-tʲg-</span></li> <li>non word-initial -<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σκ</span></span>- /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sk</span>/ and -<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">στ</span></span>- /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">st</span>/, rare in PIE, somehow common in pre-Greek derivative words</li> <li>-<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">χμ</span></span>- /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʰm</span>/ and -<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">χν</span></span>- /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʰn</span>/, rare in PIE, sometimes in substrate words</li> <li>word-initial <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ψ</span></span>- /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ps</span>/, extremely common in pre-Greek loans (most words beginning with <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ψ</span></span>- being such)</li></ul> <p>Possible in PIE </p> <ul><li>-<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γν</span></span>- /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">gn</span>/, not as rare in both PIE and pre-Greek</li> <li>-<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κτ</span></span>- /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kt</span>/, common in PIE but in pre-Greek also with variants -<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">χθ</span></span>-, -<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">χτ</span></span>- etc.</li> <li>-<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μν</span></span>- /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">mn</span>/, common in PIE and also in many pre-Greek words</li> <li>-<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ρδ</span></span>- /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">rd</span>/, possible in PIE, also found in some pre-Greek words</li> <li>-<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ρν</span></span>- /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">rn</span>/, when pre-Greek usually also with variants -<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ρδ</span></span>- and -<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">νδ</span></span>-</li> <li>-<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">στλ</span></span>- /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">stl</span>/, possible in PIE but more common in substrate words</li> <li>-<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">φθ</span></span>- /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʰtʰ</span>/, possible in PIE but also common in pre-Greek loans</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lexicon">Lexicon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Greek_substrate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lexicon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various categories of words have been suggested to be pre-Greek (or "Aegean") loanwords:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenfrew1998pp._244–245_(see_Tables_1_and_2_for_all_loanwords_except_personal_names,_toponyms_and_theonyms)_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenfrew1998pp._244–245_(see_Tables_1_and_2_for_all_loanwords_except_personal_names,_toponyms_and_theonyms)-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Anatomy</b>: <ul><li>αὐχήν, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">aukhḗn</i></span>,</i> 'neck';</li> <li>λαιμός, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">laimós</i></span></i>, 'neck, throat';</li> <li>ῥίς, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">rhī́s</i></span></i>, 'nose, snout';</li> <li>σιαγών, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">siagṓn</i></span></i>, 'jaw, jawbone';</li> <li>σπόνδυλος/σφόνδυλος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">spóndylos/sphóndylos</i></span></i>, 'vertebra';</li> <li>σφάκελος/σφάκηλος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">sphákelos/sphákēlos</i></span></i>, 'middle finger';</li> <li>ἰχώρ, <i>ikhṓr, '<a href="/wiki/Ichor" title="Ichor">Ichor</a>'.</i></li></ul></li> <li><b>Animals</b>: <ul><li>αἴλουρος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">aílouros</i></span></i>, 'cat';</li> <li>ἀράχνη, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Arachne" title="Arachne">arákhnē</a></i></span></i>, 'spider';</li> <li>βόλινθος/βόνασσος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">bólinthos/bónassos</i></span></i>, 'wild ox';</li> <li>κάνθαρος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kantharos" title="Kantharos">kántharos</a></i></span></i>, 'beetle';</li> <li>κῆτος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Cetus_(mythology)" title="Cetus (mythology)">kêtos</a></i></span></i>, 'whale, sea monster';</li> <li>πελεκῖνος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pelekînos</i></span></i>, 'pelican';</li> <li>σμίνθος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hamaxitus#Apollo_Smintheus" title="Hamaxitus">smínthos</a></i></span></i>, 'mouse'.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Architecture and building materials</b>: <ul><li>ἄργῐλλος/ἄργῑλος/ἄργῐλλα, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">árgillos/árgīlos/árgilla</i></span></i>, 'white clay, argil';</li> <li>καλύβη/καλυβός/κολυβός, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">kalýbē/kalybós/kolybós</i></span></i>, 'hut, cabin';</li> <li>λαβύρινθος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Labyrinth#Etymology" title="Labyrinth">labýrinthos</a></i></span></i>, 'labyrinth';</li> <li>πέτρα, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pétrā</i></span></i>, 'stone (as building material)';</li> <li>πλίνθος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">plínthos</i></span></i>, 'brick';</li> <li>πύργος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pýrgos</i></span></i>, '<a href="/wiki/Tower" title="Tower">tower</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>Geography and topography</b>: <ul><li>ἄμβων/ἄμβη, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">ámbōn/ámbē</i></span></i>, 'crest of a hill', 'raised edge or protuberance';<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMihaylova201280–81_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMihaylova201280–81-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>κρημνός, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">krēmnós</i></span></i>, 'edge of a trench, cliff';</li> <li>κορυφή, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">koruphḗ</i></span></i>, 'mountain top';</li> <li>ὄχθη, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">ókhthē</i></span></i>, 'riverbank';</li> <li>σπέος/σπεῖος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">spéos/speîos</i></span></i>, 'cave, cavern';</li> <li>χαράδρα/χαράδρη, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">kharádra/kharádrē</i></span></i>, 'torrent, riverbed, gorge';</li></ul></li> <li><b>Maritime vocabulary</b>: <ul><li>ἄκατος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">ákatos</i></span></i>, 'small dinghy, skiff'.</li> <li>θάλασσα, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Thalassa" title="Thalassa">thálassa</a></i></span></i>, 'sea'.</li> <li>θάλαμος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">thálamos</i></span></i>, 'an inner room or chamber', 'the lowest, darkest part of the ship', 'the hold';<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMihaylova201280–81_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMihaylova201280–81-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>θίς, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">thī́s</i></span></i>, 'heap of sand, beach, shore, sand at the bottom of the sea';</li> <li>κυβερνάω, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">kybernáō</i></span></i>, 'to steer, to be a steerman'.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Metals and metallurgy</b>: <ul><li>κασσίτερος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">kassíteros</i></span></i>, 'tin';</li> <li>μόλυβδος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">mólybdos</i></span></i>, 'lead';</li> <li>σίδηρος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">sídēros</i></span></i>, 'iron';</li> <li>τάγχουρος/τάγχαρας/ἄγχουρος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">tánkhouros/tánkharas/ánkhouros</i></span></i>, 'gold';</li> <li>χαλκός, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">chalkós</i></span></i>, 'copper'.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Musical instruments</b>: <ul><li>κίθαρις, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">kítharis</i></span></i>, 'zither';</li> <li>λύρα, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">lýra</i></span></i>, '<a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyre</a>';</li> <li>σάλπιγξ, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Salpinx" title="Salpinx">sálpinx</a></i></span></i>, 'trumpet';</li> <li>σύριγξ, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Syrinx" title="Syrinx">sýrinx</a></i></span></i>, 'flute';</li> <li>φόρμιγξ, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Phorminx" title="Phorminx">phórminx</a></i></span></i>, 'lyre'.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Mythological characters</b>: <ul><li>Ἀχιλλεύς/Ἀχιλεύς, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Akhilleús/Akhileús</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009xvii,_183_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009xvii,_183-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Δαναός, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Danaós</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Danaus" title="Danaus">Danaus</a>;</li> <li>Κάδμος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Kádmos</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a>;</li> <li>Ὀδυσσεύς, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Odysseús</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes20091048_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes20091048-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ῥαδάμανθυς, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Rhadámanthys</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Rhadamanthus" title="Rhadamanthus">Rhadamanthus</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Plants</b>: <ul><li>ἄμπελος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ampelos" title="Ampelos">ámpelos</a></i></span></i>, 'vine';</li> <li>ἀψίνθιον, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">apsínthion</i></span></i>, 'wormwood' or '<a href="/wiki/Absinthe" title="Absinthe">absinthe</a>';</li> <li>ἐλαία, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">elaía</i></span></i>, 'olive tree';</li> <li>κισσός, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">kissós</i></span></i>, 'ivy';</li> <li>κολοκύνθη/κολοκύνθα/κολοκύνθος/κολοκύντη, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">kolokýnthē/kolokýntha/kolokýnthos/kolokýntē</i></span></i>, 'bottle gourd';</li> <li>κυπάρισσος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Cyparissus" title="Cyparissus">kypárissos</a></i></span></i>, 'cypress';</li> <li>μίνθη, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Minthe" title="Minthe">mínthē</a></i></span></i>, '<a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>'</li> <li>σταφυλή, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Staphylus" title="Staphylus">staphylḗ</a></i></span></i>, 'grape';</li> <li>σῦκον/τῦκον, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">sŷkon/tŷkon</i></span></i>, 'fig'.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Social practices and institutions</b>: <ul><li>ἅμιλλα, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">hámilla</i></span></i>, 'contest, trial, sporting activity';</li> <li>ἀτέμβω, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">atémbō</i></span></i>, 'maltreat' or 'to be bereft or cheated of a thing';<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMihaylova201280–81_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMihaylova201280–81-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>ϝάναξ/ἄναξ, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">wánax/<a href="/wiki/Anax" title="Anax">ánax</a></i></span></i>, 'lord, king';</li> <li>θίασος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">thíasos</i></span></i>, '<a href="/wiki/Thiasus" title="Thiasus">thiasus</a>, Bacchic revel';</li> <li>τύραννος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tyrant#Etymology" title="Tyrant">týrannos</a></i></span></i>, 'absolute ruler'.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Theonyms</b>: <ul><li>Ἀπόλλων, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Apóllōn</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes20031–21_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes20031–21-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014160_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014160-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ἄρης, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Arēs</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014160_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014160-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ἄρτεμις, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Ártemis</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014160_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014160-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ἀσκληπιός, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Asklēpiós</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014161_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014161-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ἀθήνη, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Athḗnē</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014160_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014160-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ἄτλας, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Átlās</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014161_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014161-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Διόνῡσος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Diónȳsos</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014161_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014161-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ἑρμῆς, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Hermês</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014162_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014162-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ἥφαιστος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Hḗphaistos</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009527_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009527-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014162_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014162-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ἰαπετός, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Īapetós</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Iapetus" title="Iapetus">Iapetus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014162_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014162-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>Tools related to agricultural activities</b>: <ul><li>δίκελλα, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">díkella</i></span></i>, 'adze, pickaxe';</li> <li>κάμαξ, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">kámax</i></span></i>, 'vine pole';</li> <li>μάκελλα, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">mákella</i></span></i>, 'mattock, pick';</li> <li>χαλινός, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">khalīnós</i></span></i>, 'bridle, rein'.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Toponyms/placenames</b>: <ul><li>-νθ-, <i>-nth-</i> (e.g. Κόρινθος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Kórinthos</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a>; Ζάκυνθος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Zákynthos</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Zakynthos" title="Zakynthos">Zakynthos</a>);</li> <li>-σσ-, <i>-ss-</i> (e.g. Παρνασσός, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Parnassós</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Parnassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Parnassus">Parnassus</a>);</li> <li>-ττ-, <i>-tt-</i> (e.g. Ἀττική, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Attikḗ</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a>; Ὑμηττός, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Hymēttós</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Hymettus" title="Hymettus">Hymettus</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenfrew1998241,_253–254_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenfrew1998241,_253–254-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>region names e.g. Ἀχαΐα, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Achaíā</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Achaea_(ancient_region)" title="Achaea (ancient region)">Achaea</a>; Λακωνία, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Lakōníā</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Laconia" title="Laconia">Laconia</a>; Μαγνησία, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Magnēsíā</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Magnesia" title="Ancient Magnesia">Magnesia</a>;</li> <li>city names e.g. Δωδώνη, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Dōdṓnē</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a>; Κνωσσός, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Knōssós</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a>; Κυδωνία, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Kydōníā</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Kydonia" title="Kydonia">Cydonia</a>;</li> <li>isles e.g. Κρήτη, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Krḗtē</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>; Νάξος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Náxos</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Naxos" title="Naxos">Naxos</a>;</li> <li>mountain names e.g.Ὄλυμπος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Ólympos</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Olympus</a>; Πίνδος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Píndos</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Pindus" title="Pindus">Pindus</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronym" title="Hydronym">hydronyms</a> e.g. Ἀχελῷος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Akhelôios</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Achelous_River" title="Achelous River">Achelous</a>; Γέλας, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Gélās</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Gela_(river)" title="Gela (river)">Gela</a>; Ἰλισός, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Īlīsós</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Ilisos" title="Ilisos">Ilisos</a>;</li> <li>other geographical features e.g. Σούνιον, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Soúnion</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Sounion" title="Sounion">Sounion</a>;</li> <li>mythological locations e.g. Ἠλύσιον, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Ēlýsion</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Elysium" title="Elysium">Elysium</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Use of domestic species</b>: <ul><li>ἔλαιον, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">élaion</i></span></i>, 'olive oil';</li> <li>λήκυθος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Lekythos" title="Lekythos">lḗkythos</a></i></span></i>, 'oil-flask';</li> <li>κάνθων, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">kánthōn</i></span></i>, 'pack-ass';</li> <li>στέμφυλον, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">stémphylon</i></span></i>, 'mass of olives from which the oil has been pressed, mass of pressed grapes'.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Weapons and armor</b>: <ul><li>θώραξ, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">thṓrax</i></span></i>, 'corselet';</li> <li>μάστιξ, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">mástīx</i></span></i>, 'whip';</li> <li>ὑσσός, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">hyssós</i></span></i>, 'javelin'.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Weaving</b>: <ul><li>ἀρύβαλλος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">arýballos</i></span></i>, 'purse';</li> <li>βρόχος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">brókhos</i></span></i>, 'slip knot, mesh';</li> <li>ἠλακάτη, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">ēlakátē</i></span></i>, 'spindle';</li> <li>μύρινθος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">mýrinthos</i></span></i>, 'cord'.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatolian_loanwords">Anatolian loanwords</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Greek_substrate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Anatolian loanwords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatolian_type_pottery,_depas_cup,_2300%E2%80%932200_BC,_AM_Syros,_180143.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Anatolian_type_pottery%2C_depas_cup%2C_2300%E2%80%932200_BC%2C_AM_Syros%2C_180143.jpg/220px-Anatolian_type_pottery%2C_depas_cup%2C_2300%E2%80%932200_BC%2C_AM_Syros%2C_180143.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Anatolian_type_pottery%2C_depas_cup%2C_2300%E2%80%932200_BC%2C_AM_Syros%2C_180143.jpg/330px-Anatolian_type_pottery%2C_depas_cup%2C_2300%E2%80%932200_BC%2C_AM_Syros%2C_180143.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Anatolian_type_pottery%2C_depas_cup%2C_2300%E2%80%932200_BC%2C_AM_Syros%2C_180143.jpg/440px-Anatolian_type_pottery%2C_depas_cup%2C_2300%E2%80%932200_BC%2C_AM_Syros%2C_180143.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3306" data-file-height="4959" /></a><figcaption>Anatolian-style <i>depas</i> cup, 23rd century BC; its name is believed to be a Luwian loanword</figcaption></figure> <p>Possible Anatolian or "Parnassian" loanwords include:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHajnalPosch20091–21_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajnalPosch20091–21-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Ἀπόλλων, <i>Apóllōn</i> (Doric: <i>Apéllōn</i>, Cypriot: <i>Apeílōn</i>), from *<i>Apeljōn</i>, as in <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a> <i>Appaliunaš</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes20031–21_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes20031–21-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>δέπας, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">dépas</i></span></i> 'cup; pot, vessel', Mycenaean <i>di-pa</i>, related to <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a> <i>ti-pa-s</i> 'sky; bowl, cup' (cf. Hittite <i>nēpis</i> 'sky; cup');</li> <li>ἐλέφας, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">eléphās</i></span></i> '<a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>', related to Hittite <i>laḫpa</i> (itself from Mesopotamia; cf. <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a> <i>ʾlp</i>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a> <i>ꜣbw</i>);</li> <li>κύανος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">kýanos</i></span></i> '<a href="/wiki/Cyan#Etymology_and_terminology" title="Cyan">dark blue glaze; enamel</a>', related to Hittite <i>kuwannan-</i> 'copper ore; azurite' (ultimately from <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> <i>kù-an</i>);</li> <li>κύμβαχος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">kýmbachos</i></span></i> 'helmet', related to Hittite <i>kupaḫi</i> 'headgear';</li> <li>κύμβαλον, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">kýmbalon</i></span></i> 'cymbal', related to Hittite <i>ḫuḫupal</i> 'wooden percussion instrument';</li> <li>μόλυβδος, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">mólybdos</i></span></i> 'lead', Mycenaean <i>mo-ri-wo-do</i>, from *<i>morkʷ-io-</i> 'dark', as in <a href="/wiki/Lydian_language" title="Lydian language">Lydian</a> <i>mariwda(ś)-k</i> '<a href="/wiki/Lydian_religion#Mariwdas" title="Lydian religion">the dark ones</a>';</li> <li>ὄβρυζα, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">óbryza</i></span></i> 'vessel for refining gold', related to Hittite <i>ḫuprušḫi</i> 'vessel';</li> <li>τολύπη, <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">tolýpē</i></span></i> 'ball of wool', related to Hittite <i>taluppa</i> 'lump'/'clod' (or <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Cuneiform Luwian</a> <i>taluppa/i</i>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_substratum_theories">Other substratum theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Greek_substrate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other substratum theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are other substrate proposals. Some <a href="/wiki/Fringe_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Fringe theories">fringe theories</a> ranging from the mild (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a>) to the extreme (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Turkic">Proto-Turkic</a>) have been proposed but have not been adopted by the broader academic community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minoan_substratum">Minoan substratum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Greek_substrate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Minoan substratum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a> proposed a <a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eteocretan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eteocretan">Eteocretan</a>) substratum, based on an assumption of widespread Minoan colonisation of the Aegean, policed by a Minoan <a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">thalassocracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGere2006112_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGere2006112-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raymond A. Brown, after listing a number of words of pre-Greek origin from <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, suggests a relation between Minoan, Eteocretan, <a href="/wiki/Lemnian_language" title="Lemnian language">Lemnian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgian</a>), and Tyrsenian, inventing the name "Aegeo-Asianic" for the proposed language family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1985289_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1985289-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, many Minoan loanwords found in Mycenaean Greek (e.g., words for architecture, metals and metallurgy, music, use of domestic species, social institutions, weapons, weaving) may be the result of socio-cultural and economic interactions between the Minoans and Mycenaeans during the Bronze Age, and may therefore be part of a linguistic <a href="/wiki/Adstrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Adstrate">adstrate</a> in Greek rather than a substrate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenfrew1998239–264_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenfrew1998239–264-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tyrrhenian_substratum">Tyrrhenian substratum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Greek_substrate&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tyrrhenian substratum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a>/Etruscan substratum was proposed on the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Lemnian_language#Lemnos_Stele" title="Lemnian language">Lemnos funerary stele</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone2007786_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone2007786-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> four pottery sherds inscribed in Etruscan that were found in 1885 at Ephestia in <a href="/wiki/Lemnos" title="Lemnos">Lemnos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone2007786_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone2007786-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the Lemnos funerary stele was written in a form of <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">ancient Etruscan</a>, which suggested that the author had emigrated from Etruria in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, rather than the Greek sphere, and the <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homeric tradition</a> makes no mention of a <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenians" title="Tyrrhenians">Tyrrhenian</a> presence on Lemnos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone2007787_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone2007787-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If Etruscan was spoken in Greece, it must have been effectively a <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a>, with no significant relationship to or interaction with speakers of pre-Greek or ancient Greek, since, in the words of <a href="/wiki/Carlo_De_Simone_(linguist)" title="Carlo De Simone (linguist)">Carlo De Simone</a>, there are no Etruscan words that can be "etymologically traced back to a single, common ancestral form with a Greek equivalent".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone2007787_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone2007787-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kartvelian_theory">Kartvelian theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Greek_substrate&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Kartvelian theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1979, Edzard J. Furnée proposed a theory by which a pre-Greek substrate is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurnée1979_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurnée1979-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Greek_substrate&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camunic_language" title="Camunic language">Camunic language</a> (probably Raetic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymian_language" title="Elymian language">Elymian language</a> (probably Indo-European)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot" class="mw-redirect" title="Eteocypriot">Eteocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartian_language" title="Urartian language">Urartian language</a></li> <li>(?) <a href="/wiki/Kassite_language" title="Kassite language">Kassite language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Picene_language" title="North Picene language">North Picene language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Sardinian_language" title="Paleo-Sardinian language">Paleo-Sardinian language</a> (also called Paleosardinian, Protosardic, <a href="/wiki/Nuraghe" title="Nuraghe">Nuraghic</a> language)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicanian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicanian language">Sicanian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicel_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicel language">Sicel language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Substrates_of_other_Indo-European_languages">Substrates of other Indo-European languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Greek_substrate&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Substrates of other Indo-European languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Germanic substrate hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Goidelic substrate hypothesis">Goidelic substrate hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_European_hydronymy" title="Old European hydronymy">Old European hydronymy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substratum_in_Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit">Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Greek_substrate&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuhoux2007a220–222-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuhoux2007a220–222_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuhoux2007a">Duhoux 2007a</a>, pp. 220–222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes201447–48"Our_knowledge_of_Indo-European_has_expanded_so_much,_especially_in_the_last_thirty_years_(notably_because_of_the_laryngeal_theory)_that_in_some_cases_we_can_say_almost_with_certainty_that_an_Indo-European_reconstruction_is_impossible._[...]_In_my_EDG,_I_marked_with_>PG<_all_words_which,_in_my_view,_were_of_Pre-Greek_origin._I_found_1106_words."-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes201447–48"Our_knowledge_of_Indo-European_has_expanded_so_much,_especially_in_the_last_thirty_years_(notably_because_of_the_laryngeal_theory)_that_in_some_cases_we_can_say_almost_with_certainty_that_an_Indo-European_reconstruction_is_impossible._[...]_In_my_EDG,_I_marked_with_>PG<_all_words_which,_in_my_view,_were_of_Pre-Greek_origin._I_found_1106_words."_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeekes2014">Beekes 2014</a>, pp. 47–48, "Our knowledge of Indo-European has expanded so much, especially in the last thirty years (notably because of the laryngeal theory) that in some cases we can say almost with certainty that an Indo-European reconstruction is impossible. [...] In my EDG, I marked with >PG< all words which, in my view, were of Pre-Greek origin. I found 1106 words.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes20141,_45-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes20141,_45_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes20141,_45_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeekes2014">Beekes 2014</a>, pp. 1, 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest20078-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest20078_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest20078_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest20078_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest20078_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest20078_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWest2007">West 2007</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFurnée1972">Furnée 1972</a>, p. 35; <a href="#CITEREFRenfrew1998">Renfrew 1998</a>, pp. 253–254; <a href="#CITEREFFinkelberg2006">Finkelberg 2006</a>, p. 52; <a href="#CITEREFWest2007">West 2007</a>, p. 8; <a href="#CITEREFBeekes2009">Beekes 2009</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Leonard_R._Palmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard R. Palmer">Leonard R. Palmer</a>, go so far as to suggest that the language of <a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a> might be Luwian, though other Anatolian interpretations have also been offered.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERenfrew1998253–254-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenfrew1998253–254_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRenfrew1998">Renfrew 1998</a>, pp. 253–254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelberg200652-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelberg200652_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinkelberg2006">Finkelberg 2006</a>, p. 52: "As we have seen, the suffixes <i>-nth-</i> and <i>-ss–</i>, which a hundred years ago gave rise to the hypothesis of the non-Indo-European pre-Hellenic substratum, can now be accounted for as typically Anatolian or, to be more precise, Luwian."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurnée197235-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurnée197235_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFurnée1972">Furnée 1972</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes20093-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes20093_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes20093_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeekes2009">Beekes 2009</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMihaylova201280–81-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMihaylova201280–81_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMihaylova201280–81_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMihaylova201280–81_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMihaylova201280–81_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMihaylova2012">Mihaylova 2012</a>, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERenfrew1998253–254,_256–257-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenfrew1998253–254,_256–257_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRenfrew1998">Renfrew 1998</a>, pp. 253–254, 256–257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcía-Ramón2004999–1000-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarcía-Ramón2004999–1000_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarcía-Ramón2004">García-Ramón 2004</a>, pp. 999–1000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009xv-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009xv_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeekes2009">Beekes 2009</a>, p. xv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajnalPosch20091–21-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHajnalPosch20091–21_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHajnalPosch20091–21_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHajnalPosch2009">Hajnal & Posch 2009</a>, pp. 1–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2000104-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2000104_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeman2000">Coleman 2000</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeier-Brügger2017">Meier-Brügger 2017</a>, p. 697; citing Strunk 85−98, Panagl 99−103, and Lindner 105−108 in <a href="#CITEREFBammesbergerVennemann2003">Bammesberger & Vennemann 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHajnal2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hajnal, Ivo (2007). "Die Vorgeschichte der griechischen Dialekte: ein methodischer Rück- und Ausblick". In Hajnal, Ivo; Stefan, Barbara (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2382692"><i>Die altgriechischen Dialekte. Wesen und Werden</i></a> (in German). Innsbruck, Austria: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck. p. 136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+Vorgeschichte+der+griechischen+Dialekte%3A+ein+methodischer+R%C3%BCck-+und+Ausblick&rft.btitle=Die+altgriechischen+Dialekte.+Wesen+und+Werden&rft.place=Innsbruck%2C+Austria&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Institut+f%C3%BCr+Sprachen+und+Literaturen+der+Universit%C3%A4t+Innsbruck&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Hajnal&rft.aufirst=Ivo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2382692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span> Akten des Kolloquiums, Freie Universität Berlin, 19.–22. September 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1997" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Jonathan M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F4Am6gcP0GsC&pg=PA160"><i>Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78999-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78999-8"><bdi>978-0-521-78999-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Identity+in+Greek+Antiquity&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-78999-8&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF4Am6gcP0GsC%26pg%3DPA160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodard2008" class="citation book cs1">Woodard, Roger D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aPEENAEp938C&q=north%20versus%20south&pg=PA52"><i>The Ancient Languages of Europe</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46932-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46932-6"><bdi>978-1-139-46932-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Languages+of+Europe&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-139-46932-6&rft.aulast=Woodard&rft.aufirst=Roger+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaPEENAEp938C%26q%3Dnorth%2520versus%2520south%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorrocks2010" class="citation book cs1">Horrocks, Geoffrey (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BwHPKIUXKGsC&q=east%20greek&pg=PA19"><i>Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. <span class="nowrap">19–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1892-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1892-0"><bdi>978-1-4443-1892-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek%3A+A+History+of+the+Language+and+its+Speakers&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-1892-0&rft.aulast=Horrocks&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBwHPKIUXKGsC%26q%3Deast%2520greek%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2008" class="citation journal cs1">Parker, Holt N. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40205757">"The Linguistic Case for the Aiolian Migration Reconsidered"</a>. <i>Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens</i>. <b>77</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/American_School_of_Classical_Studies_at_Athens" title="American School of Classical Studies at Athens">American School of Classical Studies at Athens</a>: <span class="nowrap">443–</span>444. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2972%2Fhesp.77.3.431">10.2972/hesp.77.3.431</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-098X">0018-098X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40205757">40205757</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161497388">161497388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hesperia%3A+The+Journal+of+the+American+School+of+Classical+Studies+at+Athens&rft.atitle=The+Linguistic+Case+for+the+Aiolian+Migration+Reconsidered&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E443-%3C%2Fspan%3E444&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=0018-098X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161497388%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40205757%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2972%2Fhesp.77.3.431&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Holt+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40205757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A comprehensive overview is in J. T. Hooker's <i>Mycenaean Greece</i> (<a href="#CITEREFHooker1976">Hooker 1976</a>, Chapter 2: "Before the Mycenaean Age", pp. 11–33 and passim); for a different hypothesis excluding massive migrations and favoring an autochthonous scenario, see Colin Renfrew's "Problems in the General Correlation of Archaeological and Linguistic Strata in Prehistoric Greece: The Model of Autochthonous Origin" (<a href="#CITEREFRenfrew1973">Renfrew 1973</a>, pp. 263–276, especially p. 267) in <i>Bronze Age Migrations</i> by R. A. Crossland and A. Birchall, eds. (1973).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2000106−107-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2000106−107_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeman2000">Coleman 2000</a>, pp. 106−107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2000139ff-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2000139ff_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeman2000">Coleman 2000</a>, p. 139ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes20141-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes20141_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeekes2014">Beekes 2014</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes20146–10-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes20146–10_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes20146–10_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes20146–10_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes20146–10_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes20146–10_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeekes2014">Beekes 2014</a>, pp. 6–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERenfrew1998pp._244–245_(see_Tables_1_and_2_for_all_loanwords_except_personal_names,_toponyms_and_theonyms)-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenfrew1998pp._244–245_(see_Tables_1_and_2_for_all_loanwords_except_personal_names,_toponyms_and_theonyms)_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRenfrew1998">Renfrew 1998</a>, pp. 244–245 (see Tables 1 and 2 for all loanwords except personal names, toponyms and theonyms).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeekes2014">Beekes 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">If the substratum is actually Indo-European, <i>pyrgos</i> as well as <i><a href="/wiki/Pergamos" class="mw-redirect" title="Pergamos">Pergamos</a></i> might be connected to <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE59.html"><i>*bhergh-</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015064110/http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE59.html">Archived</a> 2008-10-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009xvii,_183-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009xvii,_183_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeekes2009">Beekes 2009</a>, pp. xvii, 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes20091048-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes20091048_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeekes2009">Beekes 2009</a>, p. 1048.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes20031–21-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes20031–21_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes20031–21_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeekes2003">Beekes 2003</a>, pp. 1–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014160-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014160_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014160_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014160_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014160_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeekes2014">Beekes 2014</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014161-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014161_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014161_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014161_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeekes2014">Beekes 2014</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014162-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014162_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014162_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2014162_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeekes2014">Beekes 2014</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009527-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009527_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeekes2009">Beekes 2009</a>, p. 527.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERenfrew1998241,_253–254-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenfrew1998241,_253–254_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRenfrew1998">Renfrew 1998</a>, pp. 241, 253–254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGere2006112-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGere2006112_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGere2006">Gere 2006</a>, p. 112: "Arthur Evans would live to repent of his suggestion to the British School that they reopen the excavations at Mycenae. He had expected that his theory of Minoan dominance over the mainland would be borne out, but instead he encountered stout resistance... Evans could never bring himself to believe any story except that of Minoan colonisation of the mainland from the beginning to the end of Mycenaean history."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1985289-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1985289_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1985">Brown 1985</a>, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERenfrew1998239–264-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenfrew1998239–264_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRenfrew1998">Renfrew 1998</a>, pp. 239–264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone2007786-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone2007786_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone2007786_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Simone2007">De Simone 2007</a>, p. 786.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone2007787-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone2007787_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone2007787_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Simone2007">De Simone 2007</a>, p. 787.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurnée1979-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurnée1979_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFurnée1979">Furnée 1979</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Greek_substrate&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBammesbergerVennemann2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bammesberger, Alfred; Vennemann, Theo, eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_VxiAAAAMAAJ"><i>Languages in Prehistoric Europe</i></a> (in German). Heidelberg: Universitatsverlag Winter GmBH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8253-1449-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8253-1449-1"><bdi>978-3-8253-1449-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+in+Prehistoric+Europe&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pub=Universitatsverlag+Winter+GmBH&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-8253-1449-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_VxiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeekes2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">Beekes, Robert S. P.</a> (2003). "The Origin of Apollo". <i>Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions</i>. <b>3</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1569212031960384">10.1163/1569212031960384</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Religions&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+Apollo&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1569212031960384&rft.aulast=Beekes&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeekes2009" class="citation book cs1">Beekes, Robert S. P. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wffLMgEACAAJ"><i>Etymological Dictionary of Greek</i></a>. Leiden and Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17418-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17418-4"><bdi>978-90-04-17418-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Greek&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17418-4&rft.aulast=Beekes&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwffLMgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeekes2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">Beekes, Robert S. P.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bomIBAAAQBAJ"><i>Pre-Greek Phonology, Morphology, Lexicon</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004279445" title="Special:BookSources/9789004279445"><bdi>9789004279445</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pre-Greek+Phonology%2C+Morphology%2C+Lexicon&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789004279445&rft.aulast=Beekes&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbomIBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1985" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Raymond A. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TcgcAQAAIAAJ"><i>Evidence for Pre-Greek Speech on Crete from Greek Alphabetic Sources</i></a>. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789025608767" title="Special:BookSources/9789025608767"><bdi>9789025608767</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evidence+for+Pre-Greek+Speech+on+Crete+from+Greek+Alphabetic+Sources&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Adolf+M.+Hakkert&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9789025608767&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTcgcAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman2000" class="citation journal cs1">Coleman, John E. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4908240">"An Archaeological Scenario for the "Coming of the Greeks" ca. 3200 B.C."</a> <i>The Journal of Indo-European Studies</i>. <b>28</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">101–</span>153.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Indo-European+Studies&rft.atitle=An+Archaeological+Scenario+for+the+%22Coming+of+the+Greeks%22+ca.+3200+B.C.&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E153&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4908240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemiraj2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shaban_Demiraj" title="Shaban Demiraj">Demiraj, Shaban</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aXIbAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Origin of the Albanians: Linguistically Investigated</i></a>. Tirana: Academy of Sciences of Albania. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99943-817-1-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-99943-817-1-5"><bdi>978-99943-817-1-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+the+Albanians%3A+Linguistically+Investigated&rft.place=Tirana&rft.pub=Academy+of+Sciences+of+Albania&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-99943-817-1-5&rft.aulast=Demiraj&rft.aufirst=Shaban&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaXIbAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Simone2007" class="citation book cs1">De Simone, C. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WJbd0m6YaFkC">"9 Greek and Etruscan"</a>. In Christidis, A.-F.; Arapopoulou, Maria; Chritē, Maria (eds.). <i>A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">786–</span>791. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83307-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83307-3"><bdi>978-0-521-83307-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9+Greek+and+Etruscan&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Greek%3A+From+the+Beginnings+to+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E786-%3C%2Fspan%3E791&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83307-3&rft.aulast=De+Simone&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWJbd0m6YaFkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuhoux2007a" class="citation book cs1">Duhoux, Y. (2007a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WJbd0m6YaFkC">"8 Greek and pre-Greek Languages: Introduction"</a>. In Christidis, A.-F.; Arapopoulou, Maria; Chritē, Maria (eds.). <i>A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">220–</span>222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521833073" title="Special:BookSources/9780521833073"><bdi>9780521833073</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8+Greek+and+pre-Greek+Languages%3A+Introduction&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Greek%3A+From+the+Beginnings+to+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E220-%3C%2Fspan%3E222&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780521833073&rft.aulast=Duhoux&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWJbd0m6YaFkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelberg2006" class="citation book cs1">Finkelberg, Margalit (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H-q2UQZ5XzAC"><i>Greeks and Pre-Greeks: Aegean Prehistory and Greek Heroic Tradition</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85216-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85216-6"><bdi>978-0-521-85216-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greeks+and+Pre-Greeks%3A+Aegean+Prehistory+and+Greek+Heroic+Tradition&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85216-6&rft.aulast=Finkelberg&rft.aufirst=Margalit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH-q2UQZ5XzAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurnée1972" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Furnée, Edzard J. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diewichtigstenko0000furn"><i>Die Wichtigsten Konsonantischen Erscheinungen Des Vorgriechischen: Mit Einem Appendix Über Den Vokalismus</i></a> (in German). The Hague: Mouton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Wichtigsten+Konsonantischen+Erscheinungen+Des+Vorgriechischen%3A+Mit+Einem+Appendix+%C3%9Cber+Den+Vokalismus&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pub=Mouton&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Furn%C3%A9e&rft.aufirst=Edzard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiewichtigstenko0000furn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurnée1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Furnée, Edzard Johan (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yumpu.com/de/document/view/7706656/vorgriechisch-kartvelisches"><i>Vorgriechisch-Kartvelisches</i></a> (in German). Leuven: Editions Peeters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2801701149" title="Special:BookSources/2801701149"><bdi>2801701149</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vorgriechisch-Kartvelisches&rft.place=Leuven&rft.pub=Editions+Peeters&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=2801701149&rft.aulast=Furn%C3%A9e&rft.aufirst=Edzard+Johan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yumpu.com%2Fde%2Fdocument%2Fview%2F7706656%2Fvorgriechisch-kartvelisches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcía-Ramón2004" class="citation book cs1">García-Ramón, José Luís (2004). "Greece, Languages". In Cancik, Hubert; Schneider, Helmut (eds.). <i>Brill's New Pauly, Vol. 5</i>. Leiden: Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greece%2C+Languages&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+New+Pauly%2C+Vol.+5&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa-Ram%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Lu%C3%ADs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGere2006" class="citation book cs1">Gere, Cathy (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tombofagamemnonc00gere"><i>The Tomb of Agamemnon</i></a></span>. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02170-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02170-9"><bdi>978-0-674-02170-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tomb+of+Agamemnon&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02170-9&rft.aulast=Gere&rft.aufirst=Cathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftombofagamemnonc00gere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHajnalPosch2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hajnal, Ivo; Posch, Claudia (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1822403">"Graeco-Anatolian Contacts in the Mycenaean Period"</a>. <i>Sprachwissenschaft Innsbruck Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sprachwissenschaft+Innsbruck+Institut+f%C3%BCr+Sprachen+und+Literaturen&rft.atitle=Graeco-Anatolian+Contacts+in+the+Mycenaean+Period&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Hajnal&rft.aufirst=Ivo&rft.au=Posch%2C+Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1822403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooker1976" class="citation book cs1">Hooker, John (1976). <i>Mycenaean Greece</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-8379-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-8379-1"><bdi>978-0-7100-8379-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mycenaean+Greece&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-7100-8379-1&rft.aulast=Hooker&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeier-Brügger2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Meier-Br%C3%BCgger" title="Michael Meier-Brügger">Meier-Brügger, Michael</a> (2017). "The Lexicon of Greek". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QgA3DwAAQBAJ"><i>Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics</i></a>. Vol. 1. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-054243-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-054243-1"><bdi>978-3-11-054243-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Lexicon+of+Greek&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Comparative+and+Historical+Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-11-054243-1&rft.aulast=Meier-Br%C3%BCgger&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQgA3DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMihaylova2012" class="citation book cs1">Mihaylova, Biliana (2012). "The Pre-Greek Substratum Revisited". In Hejl, Christina Løye; Jacquet, Janus Bahs; Heide, Marie; Whitehead, Benedicte Nielsen; Olsen, Birgit Anette (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fachtagung.ku.dk/Konferencebog.pdf"><i>Etymology and the European Lexicon</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Copenhagen: Roots of Europe (University of Copenhagen). pp. <span class="nowrap">80–</span>81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Pre-Greek+Substratum+Revisited&rft.btitle=Etymology+and+the+European+Lexicon&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.pub=Roots+of+Europe+%28University+of+Copenhagen%29&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Mihaylova&rft.aufirst=Biliana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffachtagung.ku.dk%2FKonferencebog.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrel1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Orel" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Orel">Orel, Vladimir E.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yJQYAQAAIAAJ"><i>Albanian Etymological Dictionary</i></a>. Leiden and Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11024-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11024-3"><bdi>978-90-04-11024-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albanian+Etymological+Dictionary&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11024-3&rft.aulast=Orel&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyJQYAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenfrew1973" class="citation book cs1">Renfrew, Colin (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MUkbAAAAYAAJ">"Problems in the General Correlation of Archaeological and Linguistic Strata in Prehistoric Greece: The Model of Autochthonous Origin"</a>. In Crossland, R. A.; Birchall, Ann (eds.). <i>Bronze Age Migrations in the Aegean; Archaeological and Linguistic Problems in Greek Prehistory: Proceedings of the first International Colloquium on Aegean Prehistory, Sheffield</i>. London: Gerald Duckworth and Company Limited. pp. <span class="nowrap">263–</span>276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-0580-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-0580-6"><bdi>978-0-7156-0580-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Problems+in+the+General+Correlation+of+Archaeological+and+Linguistic+Strata+in+Prehistoric+Greece%3A+The+Model+of+Autochthonous+Origin&rft.btitle=Bronze+Age+Migrations+in+the+Aegean%3B+Archaeological+and+Linguistic+Problems+in+Greek+Prehistory%3A+Proceedings+of+the+first+International+Colloquium+on+Aegean+Prehistory%2C+Sheffield&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E263-%3C%2Fspan%3E276&rft.pub=Gerald+Duckworth+and+Company+Limited&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-7156-0580-6&rft.aulast=Renfrew&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMUkbAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenfrew1998" class="citation journal cs1">Renfrew, Colin (1998). "Word of Minos: The Minoan Contribution to Mycenaean Greek and the Linguistic Geography of the Bronze Age Aegean". <i>Cambridge Archaeological Journal</i>. <b>8</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">239–</span>264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0959774300001852">10.1017/S0959774300001852</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162191366">162191366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Archaeological+Journal&rft.atitle=Word+of+Minos%3A+The+Minoan+Contribution+to+Mycenaean+Greek+and+the+Linguistic+Geography+of+the+Bronze+Age+Aegean&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E239-%3C%2Fspan%3E264&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0959774300001852&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162191366%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Renfrew&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, Martin L.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC"><i>Indo-European Poetry and Myth</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928075-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928075-9"><bdi>978-0-19-928075-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Poetry+and+Myth&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928075-9&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Martin+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZXrJA_5LKlYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Greek_substrate&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek_substrate_bibliography" title="Pre-Greek substrate bibliography">Pre-Greek substrate bibliography</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcía_Trabazo2022" class="citation web cs1">García Trabazo, José Virgilio (2022-07-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195389661/obo-9780195389661-0381.xml">"Greek and Anatolian"</a>. <i>Oxford Bibliographies: Your Research Starts Here</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195389661-0381">10.1093/obo/9780195389661-0381</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538966-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538966-1"><bdi>978-0-19-538966-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Bibliographies%3A+Your+Research+Starts+Here&rft.atitle=Greek+and+Anatolian&rft.date=2022-07-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195389661-0381&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538966-1&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa+Trabazo&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Virgilio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fdisplay%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780195389661%2Fobo-9780195389661-0381.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTardivo2021" class="citation journal cs1">Tardivo, Giampaolo (2021-08-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psyjournals.ru/en/journals/langt/archive/2021_n2/Tardivo">"People, Sounds and the Environment. The Aegean-Daghestani Connection"</a>. <i>Language and Text</i>. <b>8</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">4–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17759%2Flangt.2021080201">10.17759/langt.2021080201</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2312-2757">2312-2757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+and+Text&rft.atitle=People%2C+Sounds+and+the+Environment.+The+Aegean-Daghestani+Connection&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2021-08-02&rft.eissn=2312-2757&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17759%2Flangt.2021080201&rft.aulast=Tardivo&rft.aufirst=Giampaolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsyjournals.ru%2Fen%2Fjournals%2Flangt%2Farchive%2F2021_n2%2FTardivo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBianconi2021" class="citation book cs1">Bianconi, Michele, ed. (2021-06-29). <i>Linguistic and Cultural Interactions between Greece and Anatolia</i>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004461598" title="Special:BookSources/9789004461598"><bdi>9789004461598</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistic+and+Cultural+Interactions+between+Greece+and+Anatolia&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2021-06-29&rft.isbn=9789004461598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBianconi2021" class="citation book cs1">Bianconi, Michele (2021-06-29). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"There and Back Again": A Hundred Years of Graeco-Anatolian Comparative Studies". <i>Linguistic and Cultural Interactions between Greece and Anatolia</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">8–</span>39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004461598_003">10.1163/9789004461598_003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004461598" title="Special:BookSources/9789004461598"><bdi>9789004461598</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22There+and+Back+Again%22%3A+A+Hundred+Years+of+Graeco-Anatolian+Comparative+Studies&rft.btitle=Linguistic+and+Cultural+Interactions+between+Greece+and+Anatolia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2021-06-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004461598_003&rft.isbn=9789004461598&rft.aulast=Bianconi&rft.aufirst=Michele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOreshko2018" class="citation journal cs1">Oreshko, Rostislav (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826/jlr-2018-161-209">"Anatolian linguistic influences in Early Greek (1500–800 BC)? Critical observations against sociolinguistic and areal background"</a>. <i>Journal of Language Relationship</i>. <b>16</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">93–</span>118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fjlr-2018-161-209">10.31826/jlr-2018-161-209</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2219-4029">2219-4029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language+Relationship&rft.atitle=Anatolian+linguistic+influences+in+Early+Greek+%281500%E2%80%93800+BC%29%3F+Critical+observations+against+sociolinguistic+and+areal+background&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&rft.date=2018&rft.eissn=2219-4029&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2Fjlr-2018-161-209&rft.aulast=Oreshko&rft.aufirst=Rostislav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.31826%2Fjlr-2018-161-209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon2018" class="citation book cs1">Simon, Zsolt (2018). "Anatolian influences on Greek". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/14263837"><i>Change, continuity, and connectivity: North-eastern Mediterranean at the turn of the Bronze Age and in the early Iron Age</i></a>. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. <span class="nowrap">376–</span>418. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-10969-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-10969-7"><bdi>978-3-447-10969-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anatolian+influences+on+Greek&rft.btitle=Change%2C+continuity%2C+and+connectivity%3A+North-eastern+Mediterranean+at+the+turn+of+the+Bronze+Age+and+in+the+early+Iron+Age&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E376-%3C%2Fspan%3E418&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-447-10969-7&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Zsolt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F14263837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanjal2018" class="citation book cs1">Hanjal, Ivo (2018-06-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1822403">"Graeco-Anatolian contacts in the Mycenaean period"</a>. <i>Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics</i>. Vol. 3. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. <span class="nowrap">2037–</span>2055. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110542431" title="Special:BookSources/9783110542431"><bdi>9783110542431</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Graeco-Anatolian+contacts+in+the+Mycenaean+period&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Comparative+and+Historical+Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2037-%3C%2Fspan%3E2055&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2018-06-11&rft.isbn=9783110542431&rft.aulast=Hanjal&rft.aufirst=Ivo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1822403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick2016" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick, John (2016-03-07). "Pre-Greek languages". <i>The Oxford Classical Dictionary</i> (5th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.5318">10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.5318</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5"><bdi>978-0-19-938113-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pre-Greek+languages&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.edition=5th&rft.date=2016-03-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.5318&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938113-5&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomagno2014" class="citation journal cs1">Romagno, Domenica (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.studiesaggilinguistici.it/ssl/article/view/135/142">"The Greek-Anatolian area in the 2nd millennium BC: between language contact, Indo-European inheritance and typologically natural tendencies"</a>. <i>Studi e Saggi Linguistici</i>. <b>53</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">429–</span>446. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2281-9142">2281-9142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studi+e+Saggi+Linguistici&rft.atitle=The+Greek-Anatolian+area+in+the+2nd+millennium+BC%3A+between+language+contact%2C+Indo-European+inheritance+and+typologically+natural+tendencies&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E429-%3C%2Fspan%3E446&rft.date=2014&rft.eissn=2281-9142&rft.aulast=Romagno&rft.aufirst=Domenica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.studiesaggilinguistici.it%2Fssl%2Farticle%2Fview%2F135%2F142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanjal2014" class="citation book cs1">Hanjal, Ivo (2014). "Die griechisch-anatolischen Sprachkontakte zur Bronzezeit – Sprachbund oder loser Sprachkontakt?". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11347686"><i>Strategies of translation: Language contact and poetic language</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">105–</span>116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788862277266" title="Special:BookSources/9788862277266"><bdi>9788862277266</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+griechisch-anatolischen+Sprachkontakte+zur+Bronzezeit+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BSprachbund+oder+loser+Sprachkontakt%3F&rft.btitle=Strategies+of+translation%3A+Language+contact+and+poetic+language&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9788862277266&rft.aulast=Hanjal&rft.aufirst=Ivo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F11347686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose2014" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Sarah (2014-10-22). "Greek and Anatolian languages". <i>Encyclopedia of ancient Greek language and linguistics</i>. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">27–</span>31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22597-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22597-8"><bdi>978-90-04-22597-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greek+and+Anatolian+languages&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+ancient+Greek+language+and+linguistics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2014-10-22&rft.isbn=978-90-04-22597-8&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcía_Ramón2011" class="citation book cs1">García Ramón, José Luis (2011). "Sprachen in Kontakt im Griechenland und Kleinasien im 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr.". <i>Historische Mehrsprachigkeit</i>. Shaker. pp. <span class="nowrap">23–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8322-9888-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8322-9888-3"><bdi>978-3-8322-9888-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sprachen+in+Kontakt+im+Griechenland+und+Kleinasien+im+2.+Jahrtausend+v.+Chr.&rft.btitle=Historische+Mehrsprachigkeit&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.pub=Shaker&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-8322-9888-3&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa+Ram%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Luis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrijver2011" class="citation book cs1">Schrijver, Peter (2011). "La langue hattique et sa pertinence possible pour les contacts linguistiques préhistoriques en Europe occidentale". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1819598"><i>Contacts linguistiques dans l'Occident méditerranéen antique</i></a>. Casa de Velázquez. pp. <span class="nowrap">241–</span>255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788496820616" title="Special:BookSources/9788496820616"><bdi>9788496820616</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+langue+hattique+et+sa+pertinence+possible+pour+les+contacts+linguistiques+pr%C3%A9historiques+en+Europe+occidentale&rft.btitle=Contacts+linguistiques+dans+l%27Occident+m%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9en+antique&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E241-%3C%2Fspan%3E255&rft.pub=Casa+de+Vel%C3%A1zquez&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9788496820616&rft.aulast=Schrijver&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1819598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerhasselt2011" class="citation journal cs1">Verhasselt, Gertjan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lesetudesclassiques.be/index.php/lec/article/view/25">"The Pre-Greek linguistic substratum. A critical assessment of recent theories"</a>. <i>Les Études Classiques</i>. <b>79</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">257–</span>283.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Les+%C3%89tudes+Classiques&rft.atitle=The+Pre-Greek+linguistic+substratum.+A+critical+assessment+of+recent+theories&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E257-%3C%2Fspan%3E283&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Verhasselt&rft.aufirst=Gertjan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flesetudesclassiques.be%2Findex.php%2Flec%2Farticle%2Fview%2F25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins2010" class="citation book cs1">Hawkins, Shane (2010-03-12). "Greek and the languages of Asia Minor to the classical period". <i>A Companion to the Ancient Greek Language</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">213–</span>227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444317398.ch15">10.1002/9781444317398.ch15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444317398" title="Special:BookSources/9781444317398"><bdi>9781444317398</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greek+and+the+languages+of+Asia+Minor+to+the+classical+period&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Ancient+Greek+Language&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E213-%3C%2Fspan%3E227&rft.date=2010-03-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444317398.ch15&rft.isbn=9781444317398&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=Shane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelgado2008" class="citation journal cs1">Delgado, José Miguel Jiménez (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170304114204/http://www.estudiosclasicos.org/wp-content/uploads/133.pdf">"Préstamos anatolios en griego antiguo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Estudios Clásicos</i>. <b>133</b>: <span class="nowrap">7–</span>32. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.estudiosclasicos.org/wp-content/uploads/133.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Estudios+Cl%C3%A1sicos&rft.atitle=Pr%C3%A9stamos+anatolios+en+griego+antiguo&rft.volume=133&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Delgado&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Miguel+Jim%C3%A9nez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.estudiosclasicos.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F133.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeekes2007" class="citation journal cs1">Beekes, Robert Stephen Paul (2007). "Pre-Greek". <i>Glotta</i>. <b>83</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">13–</span>17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13109%2Fglot.2007.83.14.13">10.13109/glot.2007.83.14.13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-1298">0017-1298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glotta&rft.atitle=Pre-Greek&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13109%2Fglot.2007.83.14.13&rft.issn=0017-1298&rft.aulast=Beekes&rft.aufirst=Robert+Stephen+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuhoux2007" class="citation book cs1">Duhoux, Yves (2007). "Pre-Greek Languages: Indirect Evidence". In Christidis, A.-F. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WJbd0m6YaFkC"><i>A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity</i></a>. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">223–</span>228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83307-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83307-3"><bdi>978-0-521-83307-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pre-Greek+Languages%3A+Indirect+Evidence&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Greek%3A+From+the+Beginnings+to+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E223-%3C%2Fspan%3E228&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83307-3&rft.aulast=Duhoux&rft.aufirst=Yves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWJbd0m6YaFkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvanov_Georgiev1966" class="citation journal cs1">Ivanov Georgiev, Vladimir (1966). "Was stellt die Pelasgertheorie dar?". <i>Lingua</i> (16): <span class="nowrap">263–</span>273. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-3841">0024-3841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lingua&rft.atitle=Was+stellt+die+Pelasgertheorie+dar%3F&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E263-%3C%2Fspan%3E273&rft.date=1966&rft.issn=0024-3841&rft.aulast=Ivanov+Georgiev&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHester1965" class="citation journal cs1">Hester, D. A. (1965). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Pelasgian"—A new Indo-European language?". <i>Lingua</i>. <b>13</b> (13): <span class="nowrap">335–</span>384. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0024-3841%2864%2990035-X">10.1016/0024-3841(64)90035-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-3841">0024-3841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lingua&rft.atitle=%22Pelasgian%22%E2%80%94A+new+Indo-European+language%3F&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E335-%3C%2Fspan%3E384&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0024-3841%2864%2990035-X&rft.issn=0024-3841&rft.aulast=Hester&rft.aufirst=D.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeattie1963" class="citation journal cs1">Beattie, A.J. (1963). "Before Greek Alfred Heubeck: Praegraeca: sprachliche Untersuchungen zum vorgriechischindogermanischen Substrat. (Erlanger Forschungen, Reihe A, Band 12.) Pp. 90. Erlangen: Universitätsbibliothek, 1961. Paper". <i>The Classical Review</i>. <b>13</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">177–</span>178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0009840x00215370">10.1017/s0009840x00215370</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163062347">163062347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Review&rft.atitle=Before+Greek+Alfred+Heubeck%3A+Praegraeca%3A+sprachliche+Untersuchungen+zum+vorgriechischindogermanischen+Substrat.+%28Erlanger+Forschungen%2C+Reihe+A%2C+Band+12.%29+Pp.+90.+Erlangen%3A+Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek%2C+1961.+Paper&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E177-%3C%2Fspan%3E178&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0009840x00215370&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163062347%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeubeck1961" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Heubeck, Alfred (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5I0bAAAAIAAJ"><i>Praegraeca: sprachliche Untersuchungen zum vorgriechisch-indogermanischen Substrat</i></a> (in German). Erlangen: Universitätsbund Erlangen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Praegraeca%3A+sprachliche+Untersuchungen+zum+vorgriechisch-indogermanischen+Substrat&rft.place=Erlangen&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4tsbund+Erlangen&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Heubeck&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5I0bAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKretschmer1940" class="citation journal cs1">Kretschmer, Paul (1940). "Die vorgriechischen Sprach- und Volksschichten". <i>Glotta</i>. <b>28</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">231–</span>278. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-1298">0017-1298</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40265554">40265554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glotta&rft.atitle=Die+vorgriechischen+Sprach-+und+Volksschichten&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E231-%3C%2Fspan%3E278&rft.date=1940&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40265554%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0017-1298&rft.aulast=Kretschmer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKretschmer1896" class="citation book cs1">Kretschmer, Paul (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/einleitungindieg00kret"><i>Einleitung in die Geschichte der griechischen Sprache</i></a>. Göttingen, Vandenhoech.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einleitung+in+die+Geschichte+der+griechischen+Sprache&rft.pub=G%C3%B6ttingen%2C+Vandenhoech&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Kretschmer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feinleitungindieg00kret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Greek_substrate&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeekes2010" class="citation web cs1">Beekes, Roberts S. P. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionaries.brillonline.com/greek">"Etymological Dictionary of Greek: The Pre-Greek Loanwords in Greek"</a>. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Greek%3A+The+Pre-Greek+Loanwords+in+Greek&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Beekes&rft.aufirst=Roberts+S.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionaries.brillonline.com%2Fgreek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Greek+substrate" class="Z3988"></span> (N.B.: Click the "Pre-Greek loanwords in Greek" tab found below the introductory text.)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_language" title="Template:Greek language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_language" title="Template talk:Greek language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Greek_language161" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origin and genealogy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pre-Greek substrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek" title="History of Greek">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2900</span>–1600 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span>–1100 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–300 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span>–AD 330)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 330</span>–1453)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> (since 1453)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Central <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>East <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>West <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li>Northwest <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_Doric_Greek" title="Achaean Doric Greek">Achaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Hellenistic Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Misthi,_Cappadocia#Misthiotica_dialect" title="Misthi, Cappadocia">Misthiotika</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Greek" title="Cretan Greek">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himariote_dialect" title="Himariote dialect">Himariote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Greek_dialect" title="Istanbul Greek dialect">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiot_Greek" title="Italiot Greek">Italiot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_Greek" title="Calabrian Greek">Greco/Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_language" title="Griko language">Griko/Apulian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maniots#Maniot_dialect" title="Maniots">Maniot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariupol_Greek" title="Mariupol Greek">Mariupolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-Greek language">Romano-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Australian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Australian dialect">Greco-Australian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_accent" title="Ancient Greek accent">accent</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_Ancient_Greek_in_teaching" title="Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in teaching">teaching</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Standard Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grammar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar" title="Ancient Greek grammar">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_grammar" title="Koine Greek grammar">Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_grammar" title="Modern Greek grammar">Standard Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Greek" title="Cyrillization of Greek">Cyrillization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Romanization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promotion and study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Foundation_for_Culture" title="Hellenic Foundation for Culture">Hellenic Foundation for Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Greek_Language" title="Center for the Greek Language">Center for the Greek Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Language_and_Speech_Processing" title="Institute for Language and Speech Processing">Institute for Language and Speech Processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eteocretan_language" title="Eteocretan language">Eteocretan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language_question" title="Greek language question">Greek language question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_exonyms" title="Greek exonyms">Exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_morphemes_used_in_English" title="List of Greek morphemes used in English">Morphemes in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">Terms of endearment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_phrases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greek phrases">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan language</a></li> <li><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%97%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Παγκόσμια Ημέρα Ελληνικής Γλώσσας">Greek Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_language" title="Trojan language">Trojan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Ancient_Greek_dictionaries" title="Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries">Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Language_families_of_Eurasia513" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eurasian_languages" title="Template:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eurasian_languages" title="Template talk:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Language_families_of_Eurasia513" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Language families</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iberian_language" title="Iberian language">Iberian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tartessian_language" title="Tartessian language">Tartessian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Corsican_language" title="Paleo-Corsican language">Paleo-Corsican</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Sardinian_language" title="Paleo-Sardinian language">Paleo-Sardinian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camunic_language" title="Camunic language">Camunic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(ancient_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (ancient language)">Ligurian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/North_Picene_language" title="North Picene language">North Picene</a></i> ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rutuli" title="Rutuli">Rutulian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sicanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicanian">Sicanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eteocretan_language" title="Eteocretan language">Eteocretan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">West Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gutian_language" title="Gutian language">Gutian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaskian_language" title="Kaskian language">Kaskian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kassite_language" title="Kassite language">Kassite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harappan_language" title="Harappan language">Harappan</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Asia" title="Languages of East Asia">East Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> rim</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinelese_language" title="Sentinelese language">Sentinelese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="&quot;Paleosiberian&quot;63" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Paleosiberian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleosiberian languages">Paleosiberian</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rouran_language" title="Rouran language">Rouran</a></i> ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu_language" title="Xiongnu language">Xiongnu</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alarodian_languages" title="Alarodian languages">Alarodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borean_languages" title="Borean languages">Borean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nostratic_languages" title="Nostratic languages">Nostratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Caucasian_languages" title="Dené–Caucasian languages">Dené–Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasiatic_languages" title="Eurasiatic languages">Eurasiatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené–Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravido-Korean_languages" title="Dravido-Korean languages">Dravido-Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamo-Dravidian_languages" title="Elamo-Dravidian languages">Elamo-Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-Caucasian_languages" title="Ibero-Caucasian languages">Ibero-Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_languages" title="Indo-Pacific languages">Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Semitic_languages" title="Indo-Semitic languages">Indo-Semitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Uralic_languages" title="Indo-Uralic languages">Indo-Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasuk_languages" title="Karasuk languages">Karasuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbi%E2%80%93Mongolic_languages" title="Serbi–Mongolic languages">Serbi–Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_languages" title="Pontic languages">Pontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural-Altaic_languages" title="Ural-Altaic languages">Ural-Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralo-Siberian_languages" title="Uralo-Siberian languages">Uralo-Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic%E2%80%93Yukaghir_languages" title="Uralic–Yukaghir languages">Uralic–Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo%E2%80%93Uralic_languages" title="Eskimo–Uralic languages">Eskimo–Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan%E2%80%93Amuric_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Arunachal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Siangic_languages" title="Greater Siangic languages">Greater Siangic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Southeast_Asian_languages" title="Classification of Southeast Asian languages">East and Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andamanese_languages" title="Andamanese languages">Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austric_languages" title="Austric languages">Austric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Tai_languages" title="Austro-Tai languages">Austro-Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian%E2%80%93Ongan_languages" title="Austronesian–Ongan languages">Austronesian–Ongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_languages" title="East Asian languages">East Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Austronesian_languages" title="Sino-Austronesian languages">Sino-Austronesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)" title="Stratum (linguistics)">Substrata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_(Semitic)_languages" title="Atlantic (Semitic) languages">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Celtic">Pre-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Pre-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Goidelic substrate hypothesis">Pre-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pre-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasconic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Vasconic substrate hypothesis">Vasconic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substratum_in_Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit">Pre-Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Finno-Ugric_substrate" title="Pre-Finno-Ugric substrate">Pre-Finno-Ugric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Laplandic_languages" title="Paleo-Laplandic languages">Paleo-Laplandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Euphratean_language" title="Proto-Euphratean language">Proto-Euphratean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families in <i>italics</i> have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in <b>bold</b>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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<span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>15 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b978bcf59-kpjzl","wgBackendResponseTime":157,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.104","walltime":"1.286","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9249,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":238892,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5978,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":11,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":173035,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1111.333 1 -total"," 20.91% 232.434 150 Template:Lang"," 20.49% 227.746 35 Template:Cite_book"," 14.84% 164.913 58 Template:Sfn"," 13.07% 145.203 1 Template:Reflist"," 8.72% 96.905 1 Template:Greek_language"," 8.22% 91.321 2 Template:Navbox"," 6.83% 75.879 65 Template:IPA"," 6.14% 68.266 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.37% 59.682 15 Template:Cite_journal"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.750","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23810904,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBammesbergerVennemann2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeattie1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeekes2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeekes2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeekes2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeekes2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeekes2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBianconi2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChadwick2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColeman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Simone2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelgado2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemiraj2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuhoux2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuhoux2007a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkelberg2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFurnée1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFurnée1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcía-Ramón2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcía_Ramón2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcía_Trabazo2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGere2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHajnal2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHajnalPosch2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanjal2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanjal2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawkins2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHester1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeubeck1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHooker1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorrocks2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvanov_Georgiev1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKretschmer1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKretschmer1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeier-Brügger2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMihaylova2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrel1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOreshko2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenfrew1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenfrew1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomagno2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRose2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchrijver2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTardivo2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerhasselt2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodard2008\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 35,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 2,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Eurasian languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Greek language\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 9,\n [\"IPA\"] = 65,\n [\"IPA link\"] = 8,\n [\"IPAlink\"] = 2,\n [\"Lang\"] = 150,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 58,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 11,\n [\"Snd\"] = 3,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-868759585b-9vwnp","timestamp":"20250214114323","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Pre-Greek substrate","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pre-Greek_substrate","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q965052","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q965052","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-08-01T18:05:01Z","dateModified":"2025-02-03T23:51:22Z","headline":"unknown pre-Indo-European language(s) spoken in prehistoric Greece before the coming of the Proto-Greek language in the Greek peninsula during the Bronze Age"}</script> </body> </html>