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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Logistics</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Logistics" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Logistics" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" 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open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Logistics Management" redirects here. For the magazine, see <a href="/wiki/Logistics_Management_(magazine)" title="Logistics Management (magazine)">Logistics Management (magazine)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Logistics_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Logistics (disambiguation)">Logistics (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cite_check plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITE">citations</a> that do not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">verify</a> the text. The reason given is: section – The definition of logistics lacks references so it may be inaccurate Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Logistics&action=edit">check for citation inaccuracies</a>. (November 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Logistics is the part of <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_management" title="Supply chain management">supply chain management</a> that deals with the efficient forward and reverse flow of goods, services, and related information from the point of origin to the <a href="/wiki/Consumption_(economics)" title="Consumption (economics)">point of consumption</a> according to the needs of customers.<a href="#cite_note-Ghiani_2004-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kozlenkovam2015-3">[3]</a> Logistics management is a component that holds the <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chain</a> together.<a href="#cite_note-Kozlenkovam2015-3">[3]</a> The resources managed in logistics may include tangible goods such as materials, equipment, and supplies, as well as food and other consumable items. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warehouse_in_New_Jersey_where_trucks_deliver_granite_slabs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Warehouse_in_New_Jersey_where_trucks_deliver_granite_slabs.jpg/220px-Warehouse_in_New_Jersey_where_trucks_deliver_granite_slabs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Warehouse_in_New_Jersey_where_trucks_deliver_granite_slabs.jpg/330px-Warehouse_in_New_Jersey_where_trucks_deliver_granite_slabs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Warehouse_in_New_Jersey_where_trucks_deliver_granite_slabs.jpg/440px-Warehouse_in_New_Jersey_where_trucks_deliver_granite_slabs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="648"></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Warehouse" title="Warehouse">warehouse</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Jersey" title="South Jersey">South Jersey</a>, a U.S. <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast epicenter</a> for logistics and warehouse construction outside <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, where trucks deliver slabs of <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a><a href="#cite_note-SouthJerseyEastCoastLogisticsEpicenter-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">military logistics</a>, it is concerned with maintaining army supply lines with food, armaments, ammunition, and spare parts apart from the transportation of troops themselves. Meanwhile, civil logistics deals with acquiring, moving, and storing raw materials, semi-finished goods, and finished goods. For organisations that provide garbage collection, mail deliveries, public utilities, and after-sales services, logistical problems must be addressed.<a href="#cite_note-Ghiani_2004-2">[2]</a> Logistics deals with the movements of materials or products from one facility to another; it does not include material flow within the production or assembly plants, such as <a href="/wiki/Production_planning" title="Production planning">production planning</a> or <a href="/wiki/Single-machine_scheduling" title="Single-machine scheduling">single-machine scheduling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ghiani_2004-2">[2]</a> Logistics occupies a significant amount of the operational cost of an organisation or country. Logistical costs of organizations in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> incurred about 11% of the United States national <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) as of 1997. In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, logistics costs were 8.8% to 11.5% of GDP as of 1993.<a href="#cite_note-Ghiani_2004-2">[2]</a> Dedicated <a href="/wiki/Simulation_software" title="Simulation software">simulation software</a> can model, analyze, visualize, and optimize logistics' complexity. Minimizing resource use is a common motivation in all logistics fields. A professional working in logistics management is called a logistician. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Nomenclature">1 Nomenclature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Definition">2 Definition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Logistics_activities">3 Logistics activities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Seven_R's">4 Seven R's</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Military_logistics">5 Military logistics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Business_logistics">6 Business logistics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Nodes_of_a_distribution_network">6.1 Nodes of a distribution network</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Logistic_families_and_metrics">6.2 Logistic families and metrics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Handling_and_order_processing">6.3 Handling and order processing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Transportation">6.4 Transportation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Configuration_and_management">6.5 Configuration and management</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Warehouse_management_system_and_control">6.6 Warehouse management system and control</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Logistics_outsourcing">6.7 Logistics outsourcing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Horizontal_alliances_between_logistics_service_providers">6.8 Horizontal alliances between logistics service providers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Logistics_automation">7 Logistics automation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Logistics:_profession_and_organizations">8 Logistics: profession and organizations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Logistics_museums">8.1 Logistics museums</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#References">10 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Further_reading">11 Further reading</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Logistics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern_warehouse_with_pallet_rack_storage_system.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Modern_warehouse_with_pallet_rack_storage_system.jpg/220px-Modern_warehouse_with_pallet_rack_storage_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1870"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 171px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Modern_warehouse_with_pallet_rack_storage_system.jpg/220px-Modern_warehouse_with_pallet_rack_storage_system.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="171" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Modern_warehouse_with_pallet_rack_storage_system.jpg/330px-Modern_warehouse_with_pallet_rack_storage_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Modern_warehouse_with_pallet_rack_storage_system.jpg/440px-Modern_warehouse_with_pallet_rack_storage_system.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A warehouse implementing a pallet rack storage system</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Logistics_Specialist_aboard_USS_George_H.W._Bush.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Logistics_Specialist_aboard_USS_George_H.W._Bush.jpg/220px-Logistics_Specialist_aboard_USS_George_H.W._Bush.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Logistics_Specialist_aboard_USS_George_H.W._Bush.jpg/220px-Logistics_Specialist_aboard_USS_George_H.W._Bush.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Logistics_Specialist_aboard_USS_George_H.W._Bush.jpg/330px-Logistics_Specialist_aboard_USS_George_H.W._Bush.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Logistics_Specialist_aboard_USS_George_H.W._Bush.jpg/440px-Logistics_Specialist_aboard_USS_George_H.W._Bush.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Logistics_specialist" title="Logistics specialist">logistics specialist</a> inventories supplies in a storeroom aboard the aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_George_H.W._Bush" title="USS George H.W. Bush">USS George H. W. Bush</a> during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> in October 2011.</figcaption></figure> The term <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/logistics#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:logistics">logistics</a> is attested in English from 1846, and is from French: logistique, where it was either coined or popularized by <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Armed_Forces" title="Swiss Armed Forces">Swiss military</a> officer and writer <a href="/wiki/Antoine-Henri_Jomini" title="Antoine-Henri Jomini">Antoine-Henri Jomini</a>, who defined it in his Summary of the Art of War (Précis de l'Art de la Guerre). The term appears in the 1830 edition, then titled Analytic Table (Tableau Analytique),<a href="#cite_note-Jomini1830-4">[4]</a> and Jomini explains that it is derived from <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/logis#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:logis">logis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'lodgings' (cognate to English <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lodge#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:lodge">lodge</a>), in the terms <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%A9chal_des_logis" title="Maréchal des logis">maréchal des logis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'marshall of lodgings' and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: major-général des logis, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'major-general of lodging': <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Autrefois les officiers de l’état-major se nommaient: maréchal des logis, major-général des logis; de là est venu le terme de logistique, qu’on emploie pour désigner ce qui se rapporte aux marches d’une armée. Formerly the officers of the general staff were named: marshall of lodgings, major-general of lodgings; from there came the term of logistics [logistique], which we employ to designate those who are in charge of the functioning of an army.</blockquote> The term is credited to Jomini, and the term and its etymology criticized by <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_de_Chambray" class="extiw" title="fr:Georges de Chambray">Georges de Chambray</a> in 1832, writing:<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Logistique: Ce mot me paraît être tout-à-fait nouveau, car je ne l'avais encore vu nulle part dans la littérature militaire. … il paraît le faire dériver du mot logis, étymologie singulière … Logistic: This word appears to me to be completely new, as I have not yet seen it anywhere in military literature. … he appears to derive it from the word lodgings [logis], a peculiar etymology …</blockquote> Chambray also notes that the term logistique was present in the <a href="/wiki/Dictionnaire_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Dictionnaire de l'Académie française">Dictionnaire de l'Académie française</a> as a synonym for <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra</a>. The French word: logistique is a <a href="/wiki/Homonym" title="Homonym">homonym</a> of the existing mathematical term, from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: λογῐστῐκός, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: logistikós, a traditional division of <a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Greek mathematics</a>; the mathematical term is presumably the origin of the term logistic in <a href="/wiki/Logistic_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Logistic growth">logistic growth</a> and related terms. Some sources give this instead as the source of logistics,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> either ignorant of Jomini's statement that it was derived from logis, or dubious and instead believing it was in fact of Greek origin, or influenced by the existing term of Greek origin. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Logistics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Jomini originally defined logistics as:<a href="#cite_note-Jomini1830-4">[4]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... l'art de bien ordonner les marches d'une armée, de bien combiner l'ordre des troupes dans les colonnes, les tems [temps] de leur départ, leur itinéraire, les moyens de communications nécessaires pour assurer leur arrivée à point nommé ... ... the art of well-ordering the functionings of an army, of well combining the order of troops in columns, the times of their departure, their itinerary, the means of communication necessary to assure their arrival at a named point ... </blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> defines logistics as "the branch of <a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">military science</a> relating to procuring, maintaining and transporting material, personnel and facilities". However, the <a href="/wiki/New_Oxford_American_Dictionary" title="New Oxford American Dictionary">New Oxford American Dictionary</a> defines logistics as "the detailed coordination of a complex operation involving many people, facilities, or supplies", and the Oxford Dictionary on-line defines it as "the detailed organization and implementation of a complex operation".<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> As such, logistics is commonly seen as a branch of engineering that creates "people systems" rather than "machine systems". According to the Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (previously the Council of Logistics Management),<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> logistics is the process of planning, implementing and controlling procedures for the efficient and effective transportation and storage of goods including services and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to customer requirements and includes inbound, outbound, internal and external movements.<a href="#cite_note-CSCMP_glossary-9">[9]</a> Academics and practitioners traditionally refer to the terms <a href="/wiki/Operations_management" title="Operations management">operations</a> or <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">production</a> management when referring to physical transformations taking place in a single business location (factory, restaurant or even bank clerking) and reserve the term logistics for activities related to distribution, that is, moving products on the territory. Managing a distribution center is seen, therefore, as pertaining to the realm of logistics since, while in theory, the products made by a factory are ready for consumption they still need to be moved along the distribution network according to some logic, and the distribution center aggregates and processes orders coming from different areas of the territory. That being said, from a modeling perspective, there are similarities between <a href="/wiki/Operations_management" title="Operations management">operations management</a> and logistics, and companies sometimes use hybrid professionals, with for example a "Director of Operations" or a "Logistics Officer" working on similar problems. Furthermore, the term "<a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_management" title="Supply chain management">supply chain management</a>" originally referred to, among other issues, having an integrated vision of both production and logistics from point of origin to point of production.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> All these terms may suffer from <a href="/wiki/Semantic_change" title="Semantic change">semantic change</a> as a side effect of advertising. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Logistics_activities">Logistics activities</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Logistics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Logistics activities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Logistics&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (January 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thermal-oxidizer-logistics.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Thermal-oxidizer-logistics.jpg/220px-Thermal-oxidizer-logistics.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1226" data-file-height="692"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Thermal-oxidizer-logistics.jpg/220px-Thermal-oxidizer-logistics.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Thermal-oxidizer-logistics.jpg/330px-Thermal-oxidizer-logistics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Thermal-oxidizer-logistics.jpg/440px-Thermal-oxidizer-logistics.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Loading of a <a href="/wiki/Thermal_oxidizer" title="Thermal oxidizer">thermal oxidizer</a> in preparation for its transport to a manufacturing plant</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAF_Delivers_Aid_to_Flood_Hit_Pakistan_MOD_45151688.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/RAF_Delivers_Aid_to_Flood_Hit_Pakistan_MOD_45151688.jpg/220px-RAF_Delivers_Aid_to_Flood_Hit_Pakistan_MOD_45151688.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1844"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 135px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/RAF_Delivers_Aid_to_Flood_Hit_Pakistan_MOD_45151688.jpg/220px-RAF_Delivers_Aid_to_Flood_Hit_Pakistan_MOD_45151688.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/RAF_Delivers_Aid_to_Flood_Hit_Pakistan_MOD_45151688.jpg/330px-RAF_Delivers_Aid_to_Flood_Hit_Pakistan_MOD_45151688.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/RAF_Delivers_Aid_to_Flood_Hit_Pakistan_MOD_45151688.jpg/440px-RAF_Delivers_Aid_to_Flood_Hit_Pakistan_MOD_45151688.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Forklift" title="Forklift">forklift</a> truck loads a pallet of humanitarian aid to <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> on board a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-17_Globemaster_III" title="Boeing C-17 Globemaster III">C-17</a> aircraft following <a href="/wiki/2010_Pakistan_floods" title="2010 Pakistan floods">devastating floods</a> in the country in August 2010.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punainen_Risti_logistiikkakeskus_Kalkku_(61).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Punainen_Risti_logistiikkakeskus_Kalkku_%2861%29.jpg/220px-Punainen_Risti_logistiikkakeskus_Kalkku_%2861%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2408" data-file-height="1802"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Punainen_Risti_logistiikkakeskus_Kalkku_%2861%29.jpg/220px-Punainen_Risti_logistiikkakeskus_Kalkku_%2861%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Punainen_Risti_logistiikkakeskus_Kalkku_%2861%29.jpg/330px-Punainen_Risti_logistiikkakeskus_Kalkku_%2861%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Punainen_Risti_logistiikkakeskus_Kalkku_%2861%29.jpg/440px-Punainen_Risti_logistiikkakeskus_Kalkku_%2861%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Logistics Centre of the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Red_Cross" title="Finnish Red Cross">Finnish Red Cross</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> Logistical activities can be divided into three main areas: order processing, inventory management, and freight transportation. Traditionally, order processing was a time-consuming activity that could take up to 70% of the order-cycle time. However, with new technologies such as bar code scanning, computers, and network connection, customer orders can quickly reach the seller in no time, and the availability of stocks can be checked in real time. The purpose of having an inventory is to reduce the overall logistical cost while improving service to customers. Having a stockpile of finished goods beforehand can reduce the frequency of transportation to and from the customers and cope with the randomness of customer demands. However, maintaining an inventory requires capital investment in finished goods and maintaining a warehouse. Storage and order picking occupy most of the warehouse maintenance cost. Freight transportation forms a vital part of logistics and allows access to broad markets as goods can be transported to hundreds or thousands of kilometers away. Freight transportation accounts for two-thirds of logistical costs and significantly impacts customer service. Transportation policies and warehouse management are closely intertwined.<a href="#cite_note-Ghiani_2004-2">[2]</a> The rise of commercial transactions through the internet gives rise to the need for "e-logistics". Compared to traditional logistics, e-logistics handles parcels valued at less than a hundred US dollars to customers scattered at various destinations worldwide. In e-logistics, customers' demands come in waves when compared to traditional logistics, where the demand is consistent.<a href="#cite_note-Ghiani_2004-2">[2]</a> Inbound logistics is one of the primary logistics processes concentrating on purchasing and arranging the inbound movement of materials, parts, or unfinished inventory from suppliers to manufacturing or assembly plants, warehouses, or retail stores. Outbound logistics is the process related to the storage and movement of the final product. The related information flows from the end of the production line to the end user. Given the services performed by logisticians, the main fields of logistics can be broken down as follows: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li>Procurement logistics</li> <li>Distribution logistics</li> <li>After-sales logistics</li> <li>Disposal logistics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_logistics" title="Reverse logistics">Reverse logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_logistics" title="Green logistics">Green logistics</a></li> <li>Global logistics</li> <li>Domestics logistics</li> <li>Concierge service</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliability,_availability,_and_maintainability" class="mw-redirect" title="Reliability, availability, and maintainability">Reliability, availability, and maintainability</a></li> <li>Asset control logistics</li> <li>Point-of-sale material logistics</li> <li>Emergency logistics</li> <li>Production logistics</li> <li>Construction logistics</li> <li>Capital project logistics</li> <li>Digital logistics</li> <li>Humanitarian logistics</li></ul> </div> Procurement logistics consists of <a href="/wiki/Market_research" title="Market research">market research</a>, requirements planning, make-or-buy decisions, supplier management, ordering, and order control. The targets in procurement logistics might be contradictory: maximizing efficiency by concentrating on core competencies, outsourcing while maintaining the company's autonomy, or minimizing procurement costs while maximizing security within the supply process. Advance logistics consists of the activities required to set up or establish a plan for logistics activities to occur. Global logistics is technically the process of managing the "flow" of goods through a supply chain from its place of production to other parts of the world. This often requires an intermodal transport system via ocean, air, rail, and truck. The effectiveness of global logistics is measured in the <a href="/wiki/Logistics_Performance_Index" title="Logistics Performance Index">Logistics Performance Index</a>. Distribution logistics has, as its main task, the delivery of the finished products to the customer. It consists of order processing, warehousing, and transportation. Distribution logistics is necessary because production time, place, and quantity differ with the time, place, and quantity of consumption.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Disposal logistics has the main function of reducing logistics cost(s) and enhancing service(s) related to the disposal of waste produced during a business's operation. Reverse logistics denotes all those reusing products and materials operations. The reverse logistics process includes the management and the sale of surpluses, as well as products being returned to vendors from buyers. It is "the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient, cost-effective flow of raw materials, in-process inventory, finished goods, and related information from the point of consumption to the point of origin to recapture value or proper disposal."<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> More precisely, reverse logistics moves goods from their typical final destination to capture value or proper disposal. The opposite of reverse logistics is forward logistics. 'Green logistics describes all attempts to measure and minimize the ecological impact of logistics activities, including all activities of the forward and reverse flows. This can be achieved through <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_freight_transport" title="Intermodal freight transport">intermodal freight transport</a>, path optimization, vehicle saturation, and <a href="/wiki/City_logistics" class="mw-redirect" title="City logistics">city logistics</a>. RAM logistics (see also <a href="/wiki/Logistic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Logistic engineering">Logistic engineering</a>) combines both business logistics and military logistics since it concerns highly complicated technological systems for which <a href="/wiki/Reliability_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reliability (engineering)">reliability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Availability" title="Availability">availability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maintainability" title="Maintainability">maintainability</a> are essential, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Weapon_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapon system">weapon system</a> and military supercomputers. Asset control logistics: companies in the retail channels, both organized retailers and suppliers, often deploy assets required for the display, preservation, and promotion of their products. Some examples are refrigerators, stands, display monitors, seasonal equipment, poster stands & frames. <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_Logistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarian Logistics">Emergency logistics</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_Logistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarian Logistics">humanitarian logistics</a>) is a term used by the logistics, supply chain, and manufacturing industries to denote specific time-critical modes of transport used to move goods rapidly in the event of an emergency.<a href="#cite_note-Cozzolino-13">[13]</a> The reason for enlisting emergency logistics services could be a production delay or anticipated production delay, or an urgent need for specialized equipment to prevent events such as aircraft being grounded (also known as "<a href="/wiki/Aircraft_on_ground" title="Aircraft on ground">aircraft on ground</a>"—AOG), ships being delayed, or telecommunications failure. Humanitarian logistics involves governments, the military, <a href="/wiki/Aid_agency" title="Aid agency">aid agencies</a>, donors, non-governmental organizations, and emergency logistics services are typically sourced from a specialist provider.<a href="#cite_note-Cozzolino-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The term production logistics describes logistic processes within a value-adding system (ex, a factory or a mine). Production logistics aims to ensure that each machine and workstation receives the right product in the correct quantity and quality at the right time. The concern is with production, testing, transportation, storage, and supply. Production logistics can operate in existing as well as new plants. Since manufacturing in an existing plant is a constantly changing process, machines are exchanged and new ones added, which allows for improving the production logistics system accordingly.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Production logistics provides the means to achieve customer response and capital efficiency. Production logistics becomes more important with decreasing batch sizes. In many industries (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_industry" title="Telecommunications industry">mobile phones</a>), the short-term goal is a batch size of one, allowing even a single customer's demand to be fulfilled efficiently. <a href="/wiki/Track_and_trace" title="Track and trace">Track and tracing</a>, which is an essential part of production logistics due to product safety and reliability issues, is also gaining importance, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">automotive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medical_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical industry">medical</a> industries. Construction logistics has been employed by civilizations for thousands of years as the various human civilizations tried to build the best possible works of construction for living and protection. Now, construction logistics has emerged as a vital part of construction. In the past few years, construction logistics has emerged as a different field of knowledge and study within supply chain management and logistics. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Seven_R's">Seven R's</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Logistics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Seven R's" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> The Seven R's is a popular concept used to enforce best practices in logistics management which consists of the following:<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <ul><li>Right product (including the right information about it)</li> <li>(At) right quantity</li> <li>Right time</li> <li>Right condition</li> <li>Right place</li> <li>(to) the right customer</li> <li>(with the) right (financial) resources</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion with: Graphical representation of Seven R's. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Logistics&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (November 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Military_logistics">Military logistics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Logistics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Military logistics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Military logistics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_mule_column_of_the_2nd_Punjabi_Regiment_carries_supplies_to_the_front_line,_Burma,_1944._IND3423.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/A_mule_column_of_the_2nd_Punjabi_Regiment_carries_supplies_to_the_front_line%2C_Burma%2C_1944._IND3423.jpg/220px-A_mule_column_of_the_2nd_Punjabi_Regiment_carries_supplies_to_the_front_line%2C_Burma%2C_1944._IND3423.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="564"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/A_mule_column_of_the_2nd_Punjabi_Regiment_carries_supplies_to_the_front_line%2C_Burma%2C_1944._IND3423.jpg/220px-A_mule_column_of_the_2nd_Punjabi_Regiment_carries_supplies_to_the_front_line%2C_Burma%2C_1944._IND3423.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/A_mule_column_of_the_2nd_Punjabi_Regiment_carries_supplies_to_the_front_line%2C_Burma%2C_1944._IND3423.jpg/330px-A_mule_column_of_the_2nd_Punjabi_Regiment_carries_supplies_to_the_front_line%2C_Burma%2C_1944._IND3423.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/A_mule_column_of_the_2nd_Punjabi_Regiment_carries_supplies_to_the_front_line%2C_Burma%2C_1944._IND3423.jpg/440px-A_mule_column_of_the_2nd_Punjabi_Regiment_carries_supplies_to_the_front_line%2C_Burma%2C_1944._IND3423.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Regiment_(Pakistan)" title="Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)">Punjab Regiment</a> using mules for transporting cargo in <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Animals have been used for logistical transport throughout history; the <a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Roman army</a> preferred mules over donkeys for cargo transport.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></figcaption></figure> In military science, maintaining one's supply lines while disrupting those of the enemy is a crucial—some would say the most crucial—element of <a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">military strategy</a>, since an armed force without resources and transportation is defenseless. The historical leaders <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a> are considered to have been logistical geniuses: Alexander's expedition benefited considerably from his meticulous attention to the provisioning of his army,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Hannibal is credited to have "taught logistics" to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> and the success of the Anglo-Portuguese army in the <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsula War">Peninsula War</a> was due to the effectiveness of Wellington's supply system, despite the numerical disadvantage.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The defeat of the British in the <a href="/wiki/American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">American War of Independence</a> and the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">African theater</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> are attributed by some scholars to logistical failures.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Militaries have a significant need for logistics solutions and so have developed advanced implementations. <a href="/wiki/Integrated_logistics_support" title="Integrated logistics support">Integrated logistics support</a> (ILS) is a discipline used in military industries to ensure an easily supportable system with a robust customer service (logistic) concept at the lowest cost and in line with (often high) reliability, availability, maintainability, and other requirements, as defined for the project. In <a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">military logistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logistics_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Logistics Officer">Logistics Officers</a> manage how and when to move resources to the places they are needed. <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_management" title="Supply chain management">Supply chain management</a> in military logistics often deals with a number of variables in predicting cost, deterioration, <a href="/wiki/Consumables" title="Consumables">consumption</a>, and future demand. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a>' categorical <a href="/wiki/Classes_of_supply" title="Classes of supply">supply classification</a> was developed in such a way that categories of supply with similar consumption variables are grouped together for planning purposes. For instance, peacetime consumption of ammunition and fuel will be considerably lower than wartime consumption of these items, whereas other classes of supply such as subsistence and clothing have a relatively consistent consumption rate regardless of war or peace. Some classes of supply have a linear demand relationship: as more troops are added, more supply items are needed; or as more equipment is used, more fuel and ammunition are consumed. Other classes of supply must consider a third variable besides usage and quantity: time. As equipment ages, more and more <a href="/wiki/Spare_part" title="Spare part">repair parts</a> are needed over time, even when usage and quantity stay consistent. By recording and analyzing these trends over time and applying them to future scenarios, the <a href="/wiki/US_Naval_Advance_Bases" title="US Naval Advance Bases">US Armed Forces</a> can accurately supply troops with the items necessary at the precise moment they are needed.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> History has shown that good logistical planning creates a lean and efficient fighting force. The lack thereof can lead to a clunky, slow, and ill-equipped force with too much or too little supply. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Business_logistics">Business logistics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Logistics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Business logistics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allentown_Project_042.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Allentown_Project_042.jpg/220px-Allentown_Project_042.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Allentown_Project_042.jpg/220px-Allentown_Project_042.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Allentown_Project_042.jpg/330px-Allentown_Project_042.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Allentown_Project_042.jpg/440px-Allentown_Project_042.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Forklift" title="Forklift">forklift</a> operator stacking warehouse of goods on pallets in <a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown, Pennsylvania</a>, in April 2004</figcaption></figure> One definition of business logistics speaks of "having the right item in the right quantity at the right time at the right place for the right price in the right condition to the right customer".<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Business logistics incorporates all <a href="/wiki/Industry_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry sector">industry sectors</a> and aims to manage the fruition of <a href="/wiki/Project_life_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Project life cycle">project life cycles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chains</a>, and resultant efficiencies. The term business logistics has evolved since the 1960s<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> due to the increasing complexity of supplying businesses with materials and shipping out products in an increasingly globalized supply chain, leading to a call for professionals called supply chain logisticians. In business, logistics may have either an internal focus (inbound logistics) or an external focus (outbound logistics), covering the flow and storage of materials from point of origin to point of consumption, a key factor in <a href="/wiki/Supply-chain_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Supply-chain management">supply-chain management</a>. The main functions of a qualified logistician include <a href="/wiki/Field_inventory_management" title="Field inventory management">inventory management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purchasing" title="Purchasing">purchasing</a>, transportation, <a href="/wiki/Warehousing" class="mw-redirect" title="Warehousing">warehousing</a>, consultation, and the organizing and <a href="/wiki/Planning" title="Planning">planning</a> of these activities. Logisticians combine professional knowledge of each of these functions to coordinate resources in an organization. There are two fundamentally different forms of logistics: one optimizes a steady flow of material through a network of transport links and storage nodes, while the other coordinates a <a href="/wiki/Sequence" title="Sequence">sequence</a> of resources to carry out some <a href="/wiki/Project" title="Project">project</a>, such as restructuring a warehouse. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nodes_of_a_distribution_network">Nodes of a distribution network</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Logistics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nodes of a distribution network" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A distribution network would require several intermediaries to bring consumer or industrial goods from manufacturers to a user. Intermediaries would markup the costs of the products during distribution, but benefit users by providing lower transportation costs than the manufacturers. The number of intermediaries required for the distribution network depends upon the types of goods being distributed. For example, consumer goods such as cosmetics and handicrafts may not require any intermediaries as they can be sold door-to-door or can be obtained from local flea markets. For industrial goods such as raw materials and equipment, intermediaries are not needed because manufacturers can sell a large number of goods to a user. Generally, there are three types of intermediaries, namely: agent/broker, wholesaler, and retailer.<a href="#cite_note-Ghiani_2004-2">[2]</a> The nodes of a distribution network include: <ul><li>Factories where products are manufactured or assembled</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Warehouse" title="Warehouse">depot</a> or deposit, a standard type of warehouse for storing merchandise (high level of inventory)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distribution_centers" class="mw-redirect" title="Distribution centers">Distribution centers</a> for <a href="/wiki/Order_processing" title="Order processing">order processing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Order_fulfillment" title="Order fulfillment">order fulfillment</a> (lower level of inventory) and also for receiving returning items from clients. Typically, distribution centers are way stations for products to be disbursed further down the supply chain. They usually do not ship inventory directly to customers, whereas fulfillment centers do.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Transit points for <a href="/wiki/Cross-docking" title="Cross-docking">cross-docking</a> activities, which consist of reassembling cargo units based on deliveries scheduled (only moving merchandise)</li> <li>Traditional "<a href="/wiki/Mom-and-pop" class="mw-redirect" title="Mom-and-pop">mom-and-pop</a>" retail stores, modern supermarkets, <a href="/wiki/Hypermarkets" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypermarkets">hypermarkets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Discount_store" title="Discount store">discount stores</a> or also voluntary chains, <a href="/wiki/Consumers%27_co-operative" title="Consumers' co-operative">consumers' co-operatives</a>, groups of consumers with <a href="/wiki/Collective_buying_power" title="Collective buying power">collective buying power</a>. Note that <a href="/wiki/Subsidiaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsidiaries">subsidiaries</a> will be mostly owned by another company and <a href="/wiki/Franchisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Franchisers">franchisers</a>, although using other company brands, actually own the point of sale.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logistic_families_and_metrics">Logistic families and metrics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Logistics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Logistic families and metrics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A logistic family is a set of products that share a common characteristic: weight and volumetric characteristics, physical storing needs (temperature, radiation, etc.), handling needs, order frequency, package size, etc. The following metrics may be used by the company to organize its products in different families:<a href="#cite_note-RuPe-25">[25]</a> <ul><li>Physical metrics used to evaluate inventory systems include stocking capacity, selectivity, superficial use, volumetric use, transport capacity, transport capacity use.</li> <li>Monetary metrics used include space holding costs, such as building, shelving, and services, and handling costs, such as people, handling machinery, energy, and maintenance.</li></ul> Other metrics may present themselves in both physical or monetary form, such as the standard <a href="/wiki/Inventory_turnover" title="Inventory turnover">inventory turnover</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handling_and_order_processing">Handling and order processing</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Logistics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Handling and order processing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unit_Load_Device_003.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Unit_Load_Device_003.JPG/220px-Unit_Load_Device_003.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 110px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Unit_Load_Device_003.JPG/220px-Unit_Load_Device_003.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="110" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Unit_Load_Device_003.JPG/330px-Unit_Load_Device_003.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Unit_Load_Device_003.JPG/440px-Unit_Load_Device_003.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Unit_load" title="Unit load">Unit loads</a>, which serve a protective function, for transportation of luggage at the airport</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Unit_loads" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit loads">Unit loads</a> are combinations of individual items which are moved by handling systems, usually employing a <a href="/wiki/Pallet" title="Pallet">pallet</a> of normed dimensions.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Handling systems include: trans-pallet handlers, counterweight handler, retractable mast handler, bilateral handlers, trilateral handlers, <a href="/wiki/Automated_Guided_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated Guided Vehicle">AGV</a> and other handlers. Storage systems include: pile stocking, cell <a href="/wiki/Pallet_racking" title="Pallet racking">racks</a> (either static or movable), cantilever racks and gravity racks.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_processing" title="Order processing">Order processing</a> is a sequential process involving: processing withdrawal list, picking (selective removal of items from loading units), sorting (assembling items based on the destination), package formation (weighting, labeling, and packing), order consolidation (gathering packages into loading units for transportation, control and <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_lading" title="Bill of lading">bill of lading</a>).<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_picking" class="mw-redirect" title="Order picking">Picking</a> can be both manual or automated. Manual picking can be both man-to-goods, i.e. operator using a cart or conveyor belt, or goods-to-man, i.e. the operator benefiting from the presence of a mini-load <a href="/wiki/Automated_storage_and_retrieval_system" title="Automated storage and retrieval system">ASRS</a>, vertical or <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_carousel" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal carousel">horizontal carousel</a> or from an Automatic Vertical Storage System (AVSS). Automatic picking is done either with <a href="/wiki/Order_picking#Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Order picking">dispensers</a> or depalletizing robots. <a href="/wiki/Sorting#Physical_sorting_processes" title="Sorting">Sorting</a> can be done manually through carts or conveyor belts, or automatically through <a href="/wiki/Tilt_Tray_Sorter" class="mw-redirect" title="Tilt Tray Sorter">sorters</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Logistics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Transportation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">Cargo</a></div> Consolidating small shipments into large shipments can help to save transportation costs. There are three methods to do this: facility consolidation, multi-stop consolidation, and temporal consolidation. Facility consolidation uses the <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Economics of scale">economics of scale</a> by transporting small shipments over short distances and large shipments over long distances. Multi-stop consolidation makes multiple stops to consolidate small shipments in the case of <a href="/wiki/Less-than-truckload_shipping" title="Less-than-truckload shipping">less-than-truckload shipping</a>. Temporal consolidation adjusts the shipping schedules forwards or backward so as to make a single large shipment rather than several small shipments over time.<a href="#cite_note-Ghiani_2004-2">[2]</a> Cargo can be consolidated into pallets or containers. There are five basic modes of transport, namely, ship, rail, truck, air, and pipeline operated by different <a href="/wiki/Common_carrier" title="Common carrier">carrier</a>. These shipping methods can be combined in various ways such as <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_freight_transport" title="Intermodal freight transport">intermodal transport</a> (no handling), <a href="/wiki/Multimodal_transport" title="Multimodal transport">multimodal transport</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Combined_transport" title="Combined transport">combined transport</a> (minimal road transport). A shipper chooses a carrier by taking into account the total cost of shipment and transit time. Air is the most expensive type of transport, followed by truck, rail, pipeline, and ship.<a href="#cite_note-Ghiani_2004-2">[2]</a> Cargo can be organized in different <a href="/wiki/Shipment_categories" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipment categories">shipment categories</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unit_loads" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit loads">Unit loads</a> are usually assembled into higher standardized units such as: <a href="/wiki/ISO_containers" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO containers">ISO containers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swap_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Swap bodies">swap bodies</a> or <a href="/wiki/Semi-trailers" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-trailers">semi-trailers</a>. Especially for very long distances, product transportation will likely benefit from using different transportation means: When moving cargo, typical constraints are maximum weight and <a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">volume</a>. Operators involved in transportation include: all train, road vehicles, boats, airplanes companies, <a href="/wiki/Couriers" class="mw-redirect" title="Couriers">couriers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freight_forwarders" class="mw-redirect" title="Freight forwarders">freight forwarders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multi-modal_transport_operators" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-modal transport operators">multi-modal transport operators</a>. Merchandise being transported internationally is usually subject to the <a href="/wiki/Incoterms" title="Incoterms">Incoterms</a> standards issued by the <a href="/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="International Chamber of Commerce">International Chamber of Commerce</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Configuration_and_management">Configuration and management</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Logistics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Configuration and management" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Push-Back-Rack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Push-Back-Rack.jpg/220px-Push-Back-Rack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="294"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 185px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Push-Back-Rack.jpg/220px-Push-Back-Rack.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="185" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Push-Back-Rack.jpg/330px-Push-Back-Rack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Push-Back-Rack.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/FIFO_and_LIFO_accounting" title="FIFO and LIFO accounting">LIFO</a> rack system for storage of motorcycles</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Airline_hub-1995.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Airline_hub-1995.svg/220px-Airline_hub-1995.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="175"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 94px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Airline_hub-1995.svg/220px-Airline_hub-1995.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="94" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Airline_hub-1995.svg/330px-Airline_hub-1995.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Airline_hub-1995.svg/440px-Airline_hub-1995.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>In this particular airline logistic network, <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a> serves as a network <a href="/wiki/Hub_and_spoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Hub and spoke">hub</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern U.S.</a></figcaption></figure> In the logistics business, a logistical system is designed at a minimum cost based on the expected customer service level. As the service improves, the number of sales also increased. As service is further improved, more sales are captured from competing providers. Further increase in customer service levels after these only increases sales marginally.<a href="#cite_note-Ghiani_2004-2">[2]</a> Similarly to production systems, logistic systems need to be properly configured and managed. Actually a number of methodologies have been directly borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Operations_management" title="Operations management">operations management</a> such as using <a href="/wiki/Economic_Order_Quantity" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Order Quantity">Economic Order Quantity</a> models for managing inventory in the nodes of the network.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Distribution_resource_planning" title="Distribution resource planning">Distribution resource planning</a> (DRP) is similar to <a href="/wiki/Material_requirements_planning" title="Material requirements planning">MRP</a>, except that it does not concern activities inside the nodes of the network but planning distribution when moving goods through the links of the network. Traditionally in logistics, configuration may be at the level of the warehouse (<a href="/wiki/Node_(graph_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Node (graph theory)">node</a>) or at level of the distribution system (<a href="/wiki/Flow_network" title="Flow network">network</a>). Regarding a single warehouse, besides the issue of designing and building the warehouse, configuration means solving a number of interrelated technical-economic problems: dimensioning <a href="/wiki/Pallet_racking" title="Pallet racking">rack</a> cells, choosing a <a href="/wiki/Palletizer" title="Palletizer">palletizing</a> method (manual or through <a href="/wiki/Robots" class="mw-redirect" title="Robots">robots</a>), rack dimensioning and design, number of racks, number and typology of retrieval systems (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Crane_(machine)#Stacker" title="Crane (machine)">stacker cranes</a>). Some important constraints have to be satisfied: fork and load beams resistance to <a href="/wiki/Bending" title="Bending">bending</a> and proper placement of <a href="/wiki/Fire_sprinkler" title="Fire sprinkler">sprinklers</a>. Although <a href="/wiki/Order_picking" class="mw-redirect" title="Order picking">picking</a> is more of a tactical planning decision than a configuration problem, it is important to take it into account when deciding the layout of the racks inside the warehouse and buying tools such as handlers and motorized carts since once those decisions are taken they will work as constraints when managing the warehouse, the same reasoning for <a href="/wiki/Sorting#Physical_sorting_processes" title="Sorting">sorting</a> when designing the conveyor system or installing automatic <a href="/wiki/Order_picking#Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Order picking">dispensers</a>. Configuration at the level of the distribution system concerns primarily the problem of <a href="/wiki/Location_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Location (geography)">location</a> of the nodes in geographic space and distribution of <a href="/wiki/Productive_capacity" title="Productive capacity">capacity</a> among the nodes. The first may be referred to as <a href="/wiki/Optimal_facility_location" title="Optimal facility location">facility location</a> (with the special case of <a href="/wiki/Site_selection" title="Site selection">site selection</a>) while the latter to as capacity allocation. The problem of outsourcing typically arises at this level: the nodes of a <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chain</a> are very rarely owned by a single enterprise. Distribution networks can be characterized by numbers of levels, namely the number of intermediary nodes between <a href="/wiki/Vendor_(supply_chain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vendor (supply chain)">supplier</a> and consumer: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_store_delivery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Direct store delivery (page does not exist)">Direct store delivery</a>, i.e. zero levels</li> <li>One level network: central warehouse</li> <li>Two level network: central and peripheral warehouses</li></ul> This distinction is more useful for modeling purposes, but it relates also to a tactical decision regarding <a href="/wiki/Safety_stocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety stocks">safety stocks</a>: considering a two-level network, if safety inventory is kept only in peripheral warehouses then it is called a dependent system (from suppliers), if safety inventory is distributed among central and peripheral warehouses it is called an independent system (from suppliers).<a href="#cite_note-RuPe-25">[25]</a> Transportation from producer to the second level is called primary transportation, from the second level to a consumer is called secondary transportation. Although configuring a distribution network from zero is possible, logisticians usually have to deal with restructuring existing networks due to presence of an array of factors: changing demand, product or process innovation, opportunities for outsourcing, change of government policy toward <a href="/wiki/Trade_barriers" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade barriers">trade barriers</a>, innovation in transportation means (both <a href="/wiki/Vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicles">vehicles</a> or <a href="/wiki/Thoroughfares" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoroughfares">thoroughfares</a>), the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Regulations" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulations">regulations</a> (notably those regarding pollution) and availability of ICT supporting systems, such as <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planning" title="Enterprise resource planning">ERP</a> or <a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">e-commerce</a>. Once a logistic system is configured, management, meaning tactical decisions, takes place, once again, at the level of the warehouse and of the distribution network. Decisions have to be made under a set of <a href="/wiki/Constraint_(mathematics)" title="Constraint (mathematics)">constraints</a>: internal, such as using the available infrastructure, or external, such as complying with the given product <a href="/wiki/Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">shelf lifes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">expiration dates</a>. At the warehouse level, the logistician must decide how to distribute merchandise over the racks. Three basic situations are traditionally considered: shared storage, dedicated storage (rack space reserved for specific merchandise) and class-based storage (class meaning merchandise organized in different areas according to their access index). <a href="/wiki/Order_picking" class="mw-redirect" title="Order picking">Picking</a> efficiency varies greatly depending on the situation.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-28">[28]</a> For a man to goods situation, a distinction is carried out between high-level picking (vertical component significant) and low-level picking (vertical component insignificant). A number of tactical decisions regarding picking must be made: <ul><li>Routing path: standard alternatives include transversal routing, return routing, midpoint routing, and largest gap return routing</li> <li>Replenishment method: standard alternatives include equal space supply for each product class and equal time supply for each product class.</li> <li>Picking logic: order picking vs batch picking</li></ul> At the level of the distribution network, tactical decisions involve mainly <a href="/wiki/Inventory_control" title="Inventory control">inventory control</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delivery_(commerce)" title="Delivery (commerce)">delivery</a> path optimization. Note that the logistician may be required to manage the <a href="/wiki/Reverse_logistics" title="Reverse logistics">reverse flow</a> along with the forward flow. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warehouse_management_system_and_control">Warehouse management system and control</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Logistics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Warehouse management system and control" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Warehouse_management_system" title="Warehouse management system">Warehouse management systems</a> (WMS) can differ significantly from <a href="/wiki/Warehouse_control_system" title="Warehouse control system">warehouse control systems</a> (WCS), although there is some overlap in functionality. A WMS plans a weekly activity forecast based on such factors as statistics and <a href="/wiki/Trend_estimation" class="mw-redirect" title="Trend estimation">trends</a>, whereas a WCS acts like a floor supervisor, working in real-time to get the job done by the most effective means. For example, a WMS can tell the system that it is going to need five of <a href="/wiki/Stock-keeping_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock-keeping unit">stock-keeping unit</a> (SKU) A and five of SKU B hours in advance, but by the time it acts, other considerations may have come into play or there could be a logjam on a conveyor. A WCS can prevent that problem by working in real-time and adapting to the situation by making a last-minute decision based on current activity and operational status. Working <a href="/wiki/Synergistically" class="mw-redirect" title="Synergistically">synergistically</a>, WMS and WCS can resolve these issues and maximize <a href="/wiki/Economic_efficiency" title="Economic efficiency">efficiency</a> for companies that rely on the effective operation of their warehouse or distribution center.<a href="#cite_note-sdcexec-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logistics_outsourcing">Logistics outsourcing</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Logistics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Logistics outsourcing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Logistics outsourcing involves a relationship between a company and an LSP (logistic service provider), which, compared with basic logistics services, has more customized offerings, encompasses a broad number of service activities, is characterized by a long-term orientation, and thus has a strategic nature.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Outsourcing does not have to be complete externalization to an LSP, but can also be partial: <ul><li>A single contract for supplying a specific service on occasion</li> <li>Creation of a <a href="/wiki/Corporate_spin-off" title="Corporate spin-off">spin-off</a></li> <li>Creation of a <a href="/wiki/Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">joint venture</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Third-party_logistics" title="Third-party logistics">Third-party logistics</a> (3PL) involves using external organizations to execute logistics activities that have traditionally been performed within an organization itself.<a href="#cite_note-Bazio.-32">[32]</a> According to this definition, third-party logistics includes any form of outsourcing of logistics activities previously performed in house. For example, if a company with its own <a href="/wiki/Warehouse" title="Warehouse">warehousing facilities</a> decides to employ external transportation, this would be an example of third-party logistics. Logistics is an emerging business area in many countries. External 3PL providers have evolved from merely providing logistics capabilities to becoming real orchestrators of supply chains that create and sustain a competitive advantage, thus bringing about new levels of logistics outsourcing.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The concept of a fourth-party logistics (4PL) provider was first defined by Andersen Consulting (now <a href="/wiki/Accenture" title="Accenture">Accenture</a>) as an integrator that assembles the resources, planning capabilities, and technology of its own organization and other organizations to design, build, and run comprehensive supply chain solutions. Whereas a third-party logistics (3PL) service provider targets a single function, a 4PL targets management of the entire process. Some have described a 4PL as a general contractor that manages other 3PLs, truckers, forwarders, custom house agents, and others, essentially taking responsibility of a complete process for the customer. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horizontal_alliances_between_logistics_service_providers">Horizontal alliances between logistics service providers</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Logistics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Horizontal alliances between logistics service providers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Horizontal <a href="/wiki/Business_alliance" title="Business alliance">business alliances</a> often occur between logistics service providers, i.e., the cooperation between two or more logistics companies that are potentially competing.<a href="#cite_note-rauewieland-34">[34]</a> In a horizontal alliance, these partners can benefit twofold. On one hand, they can "access tangible resources which are directly exploitable". In this example extending common transportation networks, their warehouse infrastructure and the ability to provide more complex service packages can be achieved by combining resources. On the other hand, partners can "access intangible resources, which are not directly exploitable". This typically includes know-how and information and, in turn, innovation.<a href="#cite_note-rauewieland-34">[34]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Logistics_automation">Logistics automation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Logistics&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Logistics automation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Logistics_automation" title="Logistics automation">Logistics automation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Automated_Storage_and_Retrieval_System_-_Defense_Visual_Information_Center_%C2%B7_DD-ST-96-00253.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Automated_Storage_and_Retrieval_System_-_Defense_Visual_Information_Center_%C2%B7_DD-ST-96-00253.JPEG/220px-Automated_Storage_and_Retrieval_System_-_Defense_Visual_Information_Center_%C2%B7_DD-ST-96-00253.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1979" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 334px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Automated_Storage_and_Retrieval_System_-_Defense_Visual_Information_Center_%C2%B7_DD-ST-96-00253.JPEG/220px-Automated_Storage_and_Retrieval_System_-_Defense_Visual_Information_Center_%C2%B7_DD-ST-96-00253.JPEG" data-width="220" data-height="334" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Automated_Storage_and_Retrieval_System_-_Defense_Visual_Information_Center_%C2%B7_DD-ST-96-00253.JPEG/330px-Automated_Storage_and_Retrieval_System_-_Defense_Visual_Information_Center_%C2%B7_DD-ST-96-00253.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Automated_Storage_and_Retrieval_System_-_Defense_Visual_Information_Center_%C2%B7_DD-ST-96-00253.JPEG/440px-Automated_Storage_and_Retrieval_System_-_Defense_Visual_Information_Center_%C2%B7_DD-ST-96-00253.JPEG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Automated_storage_and_retrieval_system" title="Automated storage and retrieval system">automated storage and retrieval system</a> used by both the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">U.S. military</a> at <a href="/wiki/March_Air_Reserve_Base" title="March Air Reserve Base">March Air Reserve Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Riverside_County,_California" title="Riverside County, California">Riverside County, California</a>, in December 1995</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Logistics_automation" title="Logistics automation">Logistics automation</a> is the application of computer software or <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automated</a> machinery to improve the efficiency of logistics operations. This typically refers to operations within a warehouse or distribution center with broader tasks undertaken by <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_engineering" title="Supply chain engineering">supply chain engineering</a> systems and <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planning" title="Enterprise resource planning">enterprise resource planning</a> systems. Industrial machinery can typically identify products through either <a href="/wiki/Barcode" title="Barcode">barcode</a> or <a href="/wiki/RFID" class="mw-redirect" title="RFID">RFID</a> technologies. Information in traditional bar codes is stored as a sequence of black and white bars varying in width, which when read by laser is translated into a digital sequence, which according to fixed rules can be converted into a decimal number or other data. Sometimes information in a bar code can be transmitted through radio frequency, more typically radio transmission is used in RFID tags. An RFID tag is a card containing a memory chip and an antenna that transmits signals to a reader. RFID may be found on merchandise, animals, vehicles, and people as well. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Logistics:_profession_and_organizations">Logistics: profession and organizations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Logistics&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Logistics: profession and organizations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> A logistician is a professional logistics practitioner. Professional logisticians are often certified by professional associations. One can either work in a pure logistics company, such as a shipping line, airport, or <a href="/wiki/Freight_forwarder" title="Freight forwarder">freight forwarder</a>, or within the logistics department of a company. However, as mentioned above, logistics is a broad field, encompassing procurement, production, distribution, and disposal activities. Hence, career perspectives are broad as well. A new trend[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">as of?</a>] in the industry is the 4PL, or fourth-party logistics, firms, consulting companies offering logistics services. Some universities and academic institutions train students as logisticians, offering undergraduate and postgraduate programs. A university with a primary focus on logistics is <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BChne_Logistics_University" title="Kühne Logistics University">Kühne Logistics University</a> in Hamburg, Germany. It is non-profit and supported by Kühne-Foundation of the logistics entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Michael_K%C3%BChne" class="mw-redirect" title="Klaus Michael Kühne">Klaus Michael Kühne</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Logistics_and_Transport" title="Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport">Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport</a> (CILT), established in the United Kingdom in 1919, received a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Charter">Royal Charter</a> in 1926. The Chartered Institute is one of the <a href="/wiki/Professional_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional bodies">professional bodies</a> or institutions for the logistics and transport sectors that offer <a href="/wiki/Professional_qualification" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional qualification">professional qualifications</a> or degrees in logistics management. CILT programs can be studied at centers around the UK, some of which also offer distance learning options.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The institute also have overseas branches namely The Chartered Institute of Logistics & Transport Australia (CILTA)<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> in Australia and Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport in Hong Kong (CILTHK)<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> in Hong Kong. In the UK, <a href="/wiki/Logistics_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Logistics Management">Logistics Management</a><a href="#cite_note-Logistics_Automation-38">[38]</a> programs are conducted by many universities and professional bodies such as CILT. These programs are generally offered at the postgraduate level. The Global Institute of Logistics<a href="#cite_note-gil-home-39">[39]</a> established in New York in 2003 is a <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> for the profession and is primarily concerned with intercontinental maritime logistics. It is particularly concerned with <a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">container</a> logistics and the role of the <a href="/wiki/Port_authority" title="Port authority">seaport authority</a> in the maritime logistics chain. The International Association of Public Health Logisticians (IAPHL)<a href="#cite_note-iaphl-40">[40]</a> is a professional network that promotes the professional development of supply chain managers and others working in the field of public health logistics and commodity security, with particular focus on developing countries. The association supports logisticians worldwide by providing a community of practice, where members can network, exchange ideas, and improve their professional skills. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logistics_museums">Logistics museums</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Logistics&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Logistics museums" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There are many museums in the world which cover various aspects of practical logistics. These include museums of transportation, customs, packing, and industry-based logistics. However, only the following museums are fully dedicated to logistics: General logistics <ul><li>Logistics Museum (<a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russia)<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></li> <li>Museum of Logistics (Tokyo, Japan)<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Wuzi_University" title="Beijing Wuzi University">Beijing Wuzi University</a> Logistics Museum (Beijing, China)</li></ul> Military logistics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Logistic_Corps_Museum" title="Royal Logistic Corps Museum">Royal Logistic Corps Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a>, England, United Kingdom)</li> <li>The Canadian Forces Logistics Museum (<a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Quebec, Canada)<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li> <li>Logistics Museum (<a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, Vietnam)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Logistics&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_identification_and_data_capture" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated identification and data capture">Automated identification and data capture</a> – Methods of automatically identifying objects by computer systemPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_automation" title="Document automation">Document automation</a> – Design of systems for electronic documents</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_inventory_management" title="Field inventory management">Field inventory management</a> – Function of understanding stock mix of a company and the different demands on that stock</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freight_claim" title="Freight claim">Freight claim</a> – Legal demand by a shipper or consignee against a carrier in respect of damage or loss to a shipment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freight_forwarder" title="Freight forwarder">Freight forwarder</a> – Handles logistics for freight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoterms" title="Incoterms">Incoterms</a> – Standardized contract terms regarding transportation and delivery</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">Containerization</a> – Intermodal freight transport system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Service_Provider" title="Integrated Service Provider">Integrated Service Provider</a> – Type of logistics services firm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventory_management_software" title="Inventory management software">Inventory management software</a> – Software for tracking stock levels and flow</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance-based_logistics" title="Performance-based logistics">Performance-based logistics</a> – Defense acquisition strategy for cost-effective weapon system support</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_inventory" title="Physical inventory">Physical inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_territory" title="Sales territory">Sales territory</a> – Geographic area or customer group managed by a sales representative</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Storage management system">Storage management system</a> – Data storage techniquePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockchain" title="Blockchain">Blockchain</a> – Distributed data store for digital transactions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_flower_bucket" title="Dutch flower bucket">Dutch flower bucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_truck" title="Self-driving truck">Self-driving truck</a> – Type of autonomous vehicle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_storage_and_retrieval_system" title="Automated storage and retrieval system">Automated storage and retrieval system</a> – Robotic warehouse for physical objects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_guided_vehicle" title="Automated guided vehicle">Automated guided vehicle</a> – Type of portable robot</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Logistics&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 20 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lmuse.or.jp&rft.atitle=Museum+of+Logistics+%7C+%E7%89%A9%E6%B5%81%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lmuse.or.jp%2Fenglish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALogistics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190620011335/http://museesmontreal.org/en/museums/canadian-forces-logistics-museum">"Canadian Forces Logistics Museum"</a>. Montreal Museums. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museesmontreal.org/en/museums/canadian-forces-logistics-museum">the original</a> on 20 June 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Montreal+Museums&rft.atitle=Canadian+Forces+Logistics+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuseesmontreal.org%2Fen%2Fmuseums%2Fcanadian-forces-logistics-museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALogistics" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Logistics&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li>Engels, Donald W. (1980). Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army, University of California Press (194 pages). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OiMWqRokCZ4C">online</a></li> <li>Hess, Earl J. Civil War Logistics: A Study of Military Transportation (2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miwsr.com/2018-035.aspx">online review</a></li> <li>Huston, James A. (1966). The Sinews of War: Army Logistics, 1775–1953, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> (789 pages). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8pabWzrsocC">online</a></li> <li>Handfield, R.B., Straube, F., Pfohl, H.C. & Wieland, A., Trends and Strategies in Logistics and Supply Chain Management: Embracing Global Logistics Complexity to Drive Market Advantage, BVL 2013</li> <li>Ronald H. Ballou, Samir K. Srivastava, Business Logistics: Supply Chain Management, Pearson Education, 2007</li> <li>Donald Bowersox, David Closs, M. Bixby Cooper, Supply Chain Logistics Management, McGraw-Hill 2012</li> <li>M. Christopher: Logistics & Supply Chain Management: creating value-adding networks, Prentice Hall 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IQgWVahxO3UC">online</a></li> <li>J. V. Jones: Integrated Logistics Support Handbook, McGraw-Hill Logistics Series 2006</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_S._Blanchard" title="Benjamin S. Blanchard">B. S. Blanchard</a>: Logistics Engineering and Management, Pearson Prentice Hall 2004</li> <li>R.G. Poluha: The Quintessence of Supply Chain Management: What You Really Need to Know to Manage Your Processes in Procurement, Manufacturing, Warehousing, and Logistics (Quintessence Series). First Edition. Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-48513-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-662-48513-2">978-3-662-48513-2</a></li> <li>Preclík Vratislav: Průmyslová logistika (Industrial logistics), 359 p., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/80-01-03449-6" title="Special:BookSources/80-01-03449-6">80-01-03449-6</a>, First issue Nakladatelství ČVUT v Praze, 2006, pp. 7–50, 63–73, 75–85, 123–347, Prague 2006.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Logistics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Logistics">Logistics</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Logistics&oldid=1252864588">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Logistics&oldid=1252864588</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Logistics&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 23 October 2024, at 07:27 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="لوجستيات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لوجستيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lox%C3%ADstica" title="Loxística – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Loxística" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistika" title="Logistika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Logistika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="পণ্য স্থানান্তর বিদ্যা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পণ্য স্থানান্তর বিদ্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лагістыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лагістыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логистика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Логистика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log%C3%ADstica" title="Logística – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Logística" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistika" title="Logistika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Logistika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistik" title="Logistik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Logistik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistik" title="Logistik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Logistik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistika" title="Logistika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Logistika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Επιμελητεία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επιμελητεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log%C3%ADstica" title="Logística – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Logística" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C4%9Distiko" title="Loĝistiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Loĝistiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistika" title="Logistika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Logistika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="آماد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آماد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistique" title="Logistique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Logistique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lox%C3%ADstica" title="Loxística – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Loxística" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EB%A5%98" title="물류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="물류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Լոգիստիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լոգիստիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="संभार-तंत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संभार-तंत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistika" title="Logistika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Logistika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistik" title="Logistik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Logistik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistica" title="Logistica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Logistica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="לוגיסטיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לוגיסטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ლოგისტიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლოგისტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логистика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Логистика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C4%A3istika" title="Loģistika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Loģistika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistika" title="Logistika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Logistika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logisztika" title="Logisztika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Logisztika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логистика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Логистика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ലോജിസ്റ്റിക്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലോജിസ്റ്റിക്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%87" title="لوجستيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لوجستيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistik" title="Logistik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Logistik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Логистик – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Логистик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistiek" title="Logistiek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Logistiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="ロジスティクス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロジスティクス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistikk" title="Logistikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Logistikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistikk" title="Logistikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Logistikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistica" title="Logistica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Logistica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistika" title="Logistika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Logistika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistyka" title="Logistyka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Logistyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log%C3%ADstica" title="Logística – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Logística" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic%C4%83" title="Logistică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Logistică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логистика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Логистика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логистика – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Логистика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logjistika" title="Logjistika – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Logjistika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Logistics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistika_(v%C3%BDrobn%C3%A9_a_obehov%C3%A9_procesy)" title="Logistika (výrobné a obehové procesy) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Logistika (výrobné a obehové procesy)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistika" title="Logistika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Logistika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логистика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Логистика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistika" title="Logistika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Logistika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistiikka" title="Logistiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Logistiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistik" title="Logistik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Logistik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohistika" title="Lohistika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lohistika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பெயர்ச்சியியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெயர்ச்சியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="โลจิสติกส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โลจิสติกส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логистика – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Логистика" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lojistik" title="Lojistik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lojistik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логістика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Логістика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BA%ADu_c%E1%BA%A7n" title="Hậu cần – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hậu cần" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohistika" title="Lohistika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lohistika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E6%B5%81" title="物流 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="物流" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E6%B5%81" title="物流 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="物流" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E6%B5%81" title="物流 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="物流" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 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