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id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hanoi</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Hanoi" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Hanoi" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hanoi" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hanoi (disambiguation)">Hanoi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style>Hanoi<a href="#cite_note-15">[a]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: Hà Nội <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6c\/Ha_noi.ogg\/Ha_noi.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ha noi.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/Ha_noi.ogg/Ha_noi.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ha_noi.ogg" title="File:Ha noi.ogg">ⓘ</a>) is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Vietnam" title="List of cities in Vietnam">second-most populous city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. The name "Hanoi" translates to "inside the river,"<a href="#cite_note-dantri-16">[15]</a> – Hanoi is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_(Asia)" title="Red River (Asia)">Red</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_River_(Asia)" title="Black River (Asia)">Black Rivers</a>. As a <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Vietnam" title="Municipalities of Vietnam">municipality</a>, Hanoi consists of 12 <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_districts_of_Vietnam" title="List of urban districts of Vietnam">urban districts</a>, 17 <a href="/wiki/Huy%E1%BB%87n" class="mw-redirect" title="Huyện">rural districts</a>, and one <a href="/wiki/District-level_town_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="District-level town (Vietnam)">district-level town</a>. The city encompasses an area of 3,359.84 km2 (1,297.24 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-area_2022-3">[3]</a> and as of 2023, a population of 8,587,100.<a href="#cite_note-p105-8">[8]</a> Hanoi had the second-highest <a href="/wiki/Gross_regional_domestic_product" title="Gross regional domestic product">gross regional domestic product</a> of all Vietnamese provinces and municipalities at 51.4 billion USD in 2022,<a href="#cite_note-hanoigrdp-13">[13]</a> behind <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Hanoi</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="vi">Hà Nội</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a> <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Vietnam" title="Municipalities of Vietnam">municipality</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">City of Hanoi <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Thành phố Hà Nội</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Hanoi_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Downtown_Hanoi_at_night.jpg/288px-Downtown_Hanoi_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Downtown_Hanoi_at_night.jpg/432px-Downtown_Hanoi_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Downtown_Hanoi_at_night.jpg/576px-Downtown_Hanoi_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"></a></div><div class="text-align-center">Downtown Hanoi at night</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoan_Kiem_Lake1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hoan_Kiem_Lake1.jpg/137px-Hoan_Kiem_Lake1.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hoan_Kiem_Lake1.jpg/206px-Hoan_Kiem_Lake1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hoan_Kiem_Lake1.jpg/274px-Hoan_Kiem_Lake1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7520" data-file-height="5013"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Tower" title="Turtle Tower">Turtle Tower</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:VanMieuHN.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/VanMieuHN.png/147px-VanMieuHN.png" decoding="async" width="147" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/VanMieuHN.png/221px-VanMieuHN.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/VanMieuHN.png/294px-VanMieuHN.png 2x" data-file-width="2178" data-file-height="1344"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Literature,_Hanoi" title="Temple of Literature, Hanoi">Temple of Literature</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div style="height:193px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Nhat_Tan_Bridge_at_Night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nhat_Tan_Bridge_at_Night.jpg/129px-Nhat_Tan_Bridge_at_Night.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nhat_Tan_Bridge_at_Night.jpg/194px-Nhat_Tan_Bridge_at_Night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nhat_Tan_Bridge_at_Night.jpg/258px-Nhat_Tan_Bridge_at_Night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1918"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Nh%E1%BA%ADt_T%C3%A2n_Bridge" title="Nhật Tân Bridge">Nhật Tân Bridge</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div style="height:193px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:CauTheHuc_HN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/CauTheHuc_HN.jpg/155px-CauTheHuc_HN.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/CauTheHuc_HN.jpg/233px-CauTheHuc_HN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/CauTheHuc_HN.jpg/310px-CauTheHuc_HN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1000"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%AA_H%C3%BAc_Bridge" title="Thê Húc Bridge">Thê Húc Bridge</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanoi_Opera_House,_24_December_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hanoi_Opera_House%2C_24_December_2016.jpg/142px-Hanoi_Opera_House%2C_24_December_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hanoi_Opera_House%2C_24_December_2016.jpg/213px-Hanoi_Opera_House%2C_24_December_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hanoi_Opera_House%2C_24_December_2016.jpg/284px-Hanoi_Opera_House%2C_24_December_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2006"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Opera_House" title="Hanoi Opera House">Hanoi Opera House</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Citadelle-thang-long-hanoi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Citadelle-thang-long-hanoi.jpg/142px-Citadelle-thang-long-hanoi.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Citadelle-thang-long-hanoi.jpg/213px-Citadelle-thang-long-hanoi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Citadelle-thang-long-hanoi.jpg/284px-Citadelle-thang-long-hanoi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4807" data-file-height="3215"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Citadel_of_Th%C4%83ng_Long" title="Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long">Imperial Citadel</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:180px;max-width:180px"><div style="height:118px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:P20230910AS-1839.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/P20230910AS-1839.jpg/178px-P20230910AS-1839.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/P20230910AS-1839.jpg/267px-P20230910AS-1839.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/P20230910AS-1839.jpg/356px-P20230910AS-1839.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Mausoleum" title="Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum">Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:108px;max-width:108px"><div style="height:118px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanoi_sjc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hanoi_sjc.jpg/106px-Hanoi_sjc.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hanoi_sjc.jpg/159px-Hanoi_sjc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hanoi_sjc.jpg/212px-Hanoi_sjc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2552" data-file-height="2848"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Cathedral,_Hanoi" title="St. Joseph's Cathedral, Hanoi">St. Joseph's Cathedral</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Hanoi.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Hanoi"><img alt="Official seal of Hanoi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Emblem_of_Hanoi.svg/100px-Emblem_of_Hanoi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Emblem_of_Hanoi.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Hanoi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Emblem_of_Hanoi.svg/200px-Emblem_of_Hanoi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="447"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">City of Soaring dragon (Thành phố rồng bay)<a href="#cite_note-tuoitre.vn/-1">[1]</a> Thousand-year-long capital of civilisation (Thủ đô nghìn năm <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/v%C4%83n_hi%E1%BA%BFn" class="extiw" title="wikt:văn hiến">văn hiến</a>)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> City for peace (Thành phố vì hoà bình)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Dis lecta fortitudine prospera (historical)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 300px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="200" data-zoom="8" data-lat="20.98" data-lon="105.75" data-overlays='["_6044aad4206a92b2a910aa1848f630e11a382129"]' href="/wiki/Special:Map/8/20.98/105.75/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,20.98,105.75,300x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Hanoi&revid=1256126251&groups=_6044aad4206a92b2a910aa1848f630e11a382129" width="300" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,20.98,105.75,300x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Hanoi&revid=1256126251&groups=_6044aad4206a92b2a910aa1848f630e11a382129 2x" alt="Map"></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Ha_Noi_in_Vietnam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Hanoi"><img alt="Location of Hanoi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ha_Noi_in_Vietnam.svg/150px-Ha_Noi_in_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ha_Noi_in_Vietnam.svg/225px-Ha_Noi_in_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ha_Noi_in_Vietnam.svg/300px-Ha_Noi_in_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="2349"></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hanoi&params=21.00_N_105.85_E_type:city_region:VN-HN">21°00′N 105°51′E / 21.00°N 105.85°E / 21.00; 105.85</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Vietnam">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Delta" title="Red River Delta">Red River Delta</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital establishment</th><td class="infobox-data">1010</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">French occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanoi_(1873)" title="Battle of Hanoi (1873)">20 November 1873</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Colonial liberation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1954_in_Vietnam#October" title="1954 in Vietnam">10 October 1954</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government center</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ba_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_district" title="Ba Đình district">Ba Đình district</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Vietnam" title="List of districts of Vietnam">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>12 <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_districts_of_Vietnam" title="List of urban districts of Vietnam">urban districts</a></li><li>17 <a href="/wiki/Huy%E1%BB%87n" class="mw-redirect" title="Huyện">rural districts</a></li><li>1 <a href="/wiki/District-level_town" title="District-level town">district-level town</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent">Hanoi People's Council</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Party Committee</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Bùi Thị Minh Hoài</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Chairman of People's Council</th><td class="infobox-data">Nguyễn Ngọc Tuấn</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Chairman of People's Committee</th><td class="infobox-data">Trần Sỹ Thanh</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-area_2022-3">[3]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,359.84 km2 (1,297.24 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">319.56 km2 (123.38 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tr%E1%BA%A7n-6">[6]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">24,314.7 km2 (9,388.0 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,296 m (4,252 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0 m (0 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2023)<a href="#cite_note-p105-8">[8]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">8,587,100</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Vietnam" title="List of cities in Vietnam">2nd</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,600/km2 (6,600/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-p115-9">[9]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,238,500</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Rural_area" title="Rural area">Rural</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-p117-10">[10]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,348,600</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-Tr%E1%BA%A7n-6">[6]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">19,795,805</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hanoian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Vietnam" title="List of ethnic groups in Vietnam">Ethnic groups</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-census2019-11">[11]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">98.66%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Muong_people" title="Muong people">Mường</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.77%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0y_people" title="Tày people">Tày</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.24%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Thai_people_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai people in Vietnam">Thái</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.09%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B9ng_people" title="Nùng people">Nùng</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.08%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Others</th><td class="infobox-data">0.16%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Gross_regional_domestic_product" title="Gross regional domestic product">GRDP</a> (Nominal)<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Municipality</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/US%24" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a> 51.4 billion (2022)<a href="#cite_note-hanoigrdp-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro</th><td class="infobox-data">US$ 103.1 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B07:00" title="UTC+07:00">UTC+07:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indochina_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina Time">ICT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Vietnam" title="Postal codes in Vietnam">Postal code</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">10xxx–14xxx</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Vietnam" title="Telephone numbers in Vietnam">Area codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:VN" title="ISO 3166-2:VN">VN-HN</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Vietnam" title="Vehicle registration plates of Vietnam">License plate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">29 – 33, 40</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 0.818<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Vietnam_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of administrative divisions of Vietnam by Human Development Index">2nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.hanoi.gov.vn">hanoi.gov.vn</a></td></tr></tbody></table> In the third century BCE, the <a href="/wiki/C%E1%BB%95_Loa_Citadel" title="Cổ Loa Citadel">Cổ Loa Capital Citadel</a> of <a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_L%E1%BA%A1c" title="Âu Lạc">Âu Lạc</a> was constructed in what is now Hanoi. Âu Lạc then <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_under_Chinese_rule" title="Vietnam under Chinese rule">fell under Chinese rule for around a thousand years</a>. In 1010, Vietnamese emperor <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Th%C3%A1i_T%E1%BB%95" title="Lý Thái Tổ">Lý Thái Tổ</a> established the capital of the imperial Vietnamese nation <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a> in modern-day central Hanoi, naming the city Thăng Long (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'ascending dragon'). In 1428, king <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_L%E1%BB%A3i" title="Lê Lợi">Lê Lợi</a> renamed the city to Đông Kinh (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:東京">東京</a>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'eastern capital'), and remained being so until 1789. The <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a> in 1802 moved the national capital to <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a> and the city was renamed Hanoi in 1831. It served as the capital of <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> from 1902 to 1945. After the <a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a> designated Hanoi as the capital of the newly independent country. In 2008, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_T%C3%A2y_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hà Tây Province">Hà Tây Province</a> and two other rural districts were annexed into Hanoi, almost tripling Hanoi's area. Hanoi is the cultural, economic and education center of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Vietnam" title="Northern Vietnam">Northern Vietnam</a>. As the country's capital, it hosts <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Vietnam" title="List of diplomatic missions in Vietnam">78 foreign embassies</a>, the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">People's Army of Vietnam</a>, its own <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_National_University,_Hanoi" title="Vietnam National University, Hanoi">Vietnam National University system</a>, and many other governmental organizations. Hanoi is also a major tourist destination, with 18.7 million domestic and international visitors in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> The city hosts the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Citadel_of_Th%C4%83ng_Long" title="Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long">Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Mausoleum" title="Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum">Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0n_Ki%E1%BA%BFm_Lake" title="Hoàn Kiếm Lake">Hoàn Kiếm Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Lake_(Hanoi)" title="West Lake (Hanoi)">West Lake</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ba_V%C3%AC_National_Park" title="Ba Vì National Park">Ba Vì National Park</a> near the outskirts of the municipality. Hanoi's urban area has a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">architectural styles</a>, including <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_architecture" title="French colonial architecture">French colonial architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">brutalist apartments</a> typical of socialist nations and disorganized <a href="/wiki/Alley" title="Alley">alleys</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tube_house" title="Tube house">tube houses</a> stemming from the city's rapid growth in the 20th century. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Names">1 Names</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Pre-Th%C4%83ng_Long_period">2.1 Pre-Thăng Long period</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Kingdom_of_%C3%82u_L%E1%BA%A1c_and_Nanyue">2.1.1 Kingdom of Âu Lạc and Nanyue</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Hanoi_under_Chinese_rule">2.1.2 Hanoi under Chinese rule</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Protectorate_of_Annam">2.1.3 Protectorate of Annam</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Hanoi_under_Independent_Vietnam">2.2 Hanoi under Independent Vietnam</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Th%C4%83ng_Long,_%C4%90%C3%B4ng_%C4%90%C3%B4,_%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Quan,_%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Kinh">2.2.1 Thăng Long, Đông Đô, Đông Quan, Đông Kinh</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#During_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty_and_the_French_colonial_period">2.3 During Nguyễn dynasty and the French colonial period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#During_WWII,_First_Indochina_War,_and_the_Vietnam_War">2.4 During WWII, First Indochina War, and the Vietnam War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Modern_Hanoi">2.5 Modern Hanoi</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Geography">3 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Location,_topography">3.1 Location, topography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Climate">3.2 Climate</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Administrative_divisions">4 Administrative divisions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Demographics">5 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Religion">5.1 Religion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Ethnic_groups">5.2 Ethnic groups</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Economy">6 Economy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Development">7 Development</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Infrastructural_development">7.1 Infrastructural development</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Civil_society_development">7.2 Civil society development</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Landmarks">8 Landmarks</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Old_Quarter">8.1 Old Quarter</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Imperial_sites">8.2 Imperial sites</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Lakes">8.3 Lakes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Colonial_Hanoi">8.4 Colonial Hanoi</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Museums">8.5 Museums</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Suburbs">8.6 Suburbs</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Tourism">9 Tourism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Entertainment">10 Entertainment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Cuisine">11 Cuisine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Education">12 Education</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Reform">12.1 Reform</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Transportation">13 Transportation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Sports">14 Sports</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#Health_care_and_other_facilities">15 Health care and other facilities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#City_for_Peace">16 City for Peace</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#Honor">17 Honor</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#International_relations">18 International relations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Twin_towns_%E2%80%93_sister_cities">18.1 Twin towns – sister cities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#Gallery">19 Gallery</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#See_also">20 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#Notes">21 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#References">22 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Bibliography">22.1 Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#External_links">23 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:352px;max-width:352px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:193px;max-width:193px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:254px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Th%C4%83ngLong%E6%98%87%E7%AB%9C.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Th%C4%83ngLong%E6%98%87%E7%AB%9C.png/191px-Th%C4%83ngLong%E6%98%87%E7%AB%9C.png" decoding="async" width="191" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 191px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Th%C4%83ngLong%E6%98%87%E7%AB%9C.png/191px-Th%C4%83ngLong%E6%98%87%E7%AB%9C.png" data-alt="" data-width="191" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Th%C4%83ngLong%E6%98%87%E7%AB%9C.png/287px-Th%C4%83ngLong%E6%98%87%E7%AB%9C.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Th%C4%83ngLong%E6%98%87%E7%AB%9C.png/382px-Th%C4%83ngLong%E6%98%87%E7%AB%9C.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Thăng Long 昇竜 written in 大南國史演歌 Đại Nam quốc sử diễn ca.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:254px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:K%E1%BA%BBCh%E1%BB%A3%E4%BB%89%F0%A2%84%82.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/K%E1%BA%BBCh%E1%BB%A3%E4%BB%89%F0%A2%84%82.png/153px-K%E1%BA%BBCh%E1%BB%A3%E4%BB%89%F0%A2%84%82.png" decoding="async" width="153" height="254" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="1144"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 153px;height: 254px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/K%E1%BA%BBCh%E1%BB%A3%E4%BB%89%F0%A2%84%82.png/153px-K%E1%BA%BBCh%E1%BB%A3%E4%BB%89%F0%A2%84%82.png" data-alt="" data-width="153" data-height="254" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/K%E1%BA%BBCh%E1%BB%A3%E4%BB%89%F0%A2%84%82.png/230px-K%E1%BA%BBCh%E1%BB%A3%E4%BB%89%F0%A2%84%82.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/K%E1%BA%BBCh%E1%BB%A3%E4%BB%89%F0%A2%84%82.png/306px-K%E1%BA%BBCh%E1%BB%A3%E4%BB%89%F0%A2%84%82.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Kẻ Chợ 仉𢄂 (one of the many historical names for Hanoi) written in the book, 大南國史演歌 Đại Nam quốc sử diễn ca</div></div></div></div></div> Hanoi has had various names throughout history. It was known first as Long Biên (龍編, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'dragons interweaving'), then Tống Bình (宋平, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> '<a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">Song</a> pacification') and Long Đỗ (龍肚, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'dragon belly'). Long Biên later gave its name to the famed <a href="/wiki/Long_Bi%C3%AAn_Bridge" title="Long Biên Bridge">Long Biên Bridge</a>, built during <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French colonial</a> times, and more recently to a <a href="/wiki/Long_Bi%C3%AAn_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Biên District">new district</a> to the east of the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_(Asia)" title="Red River (Asia)">Red River</a>. Several older names of Hanoi feature long (龍, <abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr> dragon), linked to the curved formation of the Red River around the city, which was symbolized as a dragon.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-dantri-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-hanoitv-20">[19]</a> In 866, it was turned into a citadel and named Đại La (大羅, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'big net'). This gave it the nickname La Thành (羅城, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'La citadel'). Both Đại La and La Thành are names of major streets in modern Hanoi. When <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Th%C3%A1i_T%E1%BB%95" title="Lý Thái Tổ">Lý Thái Tổ</a> established the capital in the area in 1010, it was named Thăng Long (昇龍).<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> Thăng Long later became the name of a major <a href="/wiki/Th%C4%83ng_Long_Bridge" title="Thăng Long Bridge">bridge</a> on the highway linking the city center to <a href="/wiki/Noi_Bai_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Noi Bai Airport">Nội Bài Airport</a>, and the Thăng Long Boulevard expressway in the southwest of the city center. In modern times, the city is usually referred to as Thăng Long – Hà Nội, when its long history is discussed. During the <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Hồ dynasty</a>, it was called Đông Đô (東都, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'eastern metropolis').<a href="#cite_note-dantri-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-laodong-23">[22]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam">Ming occupation</a>, it was called Đông Quan (東關, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'eastern gate').<a href="#cite_note-dantri-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-hanoitv-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-laodong-23">[22]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Lê dynasty</a>, Hanoi was known as Đông Kinh (東京),<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> which gave the name to <a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin" title="Gulf of Tonkin">Gulf of Tonkin</a>. A square adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0n_Ki%E1%BA%BFm_lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoàn Kiếm lake">Hoàn Kiếm lake</a> was named Đông Kinh Nghĩa Thục after the reformist <a href="/wiki/Tonkin_Free_School" title="Tonkin Free School">Tonkin Free School</a> under French colonization.<a href="#cite_note-dantri-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-laodong-23">[22]</a> After the end of the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tây Sơn</a> had expanded further south, the city was named Bắc Thành (北城, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'northern citadel').<a href="#cite_note-dantri-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-hanoitv-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-laodong-23">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Minh Mạng">Minh Mạng</a> renamed the city Hà Nội (河內) in 1831. This has remained its official name until modern times.<a href="#cite_note-dantri-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-hanoitv-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-laodong-23">[22]</a> Several unofficial names of Hanoi include: Kẻ Chợ (仉𢄂, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'marketplace'), Tràng An (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'long peace'), Long Thành (short for Kinh thành Thăng Long, "citadel of Thăng Long"), Kinh Thành (capital city), Hà Thành (short for Thành phố Hà Nội, "city of Hanoi"), and Thủ Đô (capital).<a href="#cite_note-dantri-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-hanoitv-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-laodong-23">[22]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hanoi" title="Timeline of Hanoi">Timeline of Hanoi</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Thăng_Long_period">Pre-Thăng Long period</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-Thăng Long period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Many vestiges of human habitation from the late <a href="/wiki/Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeolithic">Palaeolithic</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> ages can be found in Hanoi. Between 1971 and 1972, archaeologists in Ba Vì and Đông Anh discovered pebbles with traces of carving and processing by human hands that are relics of <a href="/wiki/S%C6%A1n_Vi_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sơn Vi Culture">Sơn Vi Culture</a>, dating from 10,000 to 20,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-cl-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhanNguy%E1%BB%85nNguy%E1%BB%85n199727-26">[25]</a> In 1998–1999, the Museum of Vietnamese History (now <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Vietnamese History">National Museum of Vietnamese History</a>) carried out the archaeological studies in the north of <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_M%C3%B4_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Đồng Mô Lake (page does not exist)">Đồng Mô Lake</a> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_M%C3%B4" class="extiw" title="vi:Hồ Đồng Mô">vi</a>] (<a href="/wiki/S%C6%A1n_T%C3%A2y,_Hanoi" title="Sơn Tây, Hanoi">Sơn Tây</a>, Hanoi), finding various relics and objects belonging to the <a href="/wiki/S%C6%A1n_Vi_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sơn Vi Culture">Sơn Vi Culture</a> dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic age">Paleolithic Age</a> around 20,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> During the mid-Holocene transgression, the sea level rose and immersed low-lying areas; geological data clearly show the coastline was inundated and was located near present-day Hanoi, as is apparent from the absence of Neolithic sites across most of the Bac Bo region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENam_C._Kim201512-28">[27]</a> Consequently, from about 10,000 to approximately 4,000 years ago, Hanoi in general was completely underwater.<a href="#cite_note-cl-25">[24]</a> It is believed that the region has been continuously inhabited for the last 4,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENam_C._Kim2015144-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENam_C._Kim2015159-30">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kingdom_of_Âu_Lạc_and_Nanyue">Kingdom of Âu Lạc and Nanyue</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Âu Lạc and Nanyue" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In around third century BC, <a href="/wiki/An_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="An Dương Vương">An Dương Vương</a> established the capital of <a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_L%E1%BA%A1c" title="Âu Lạc">Âu Lạc</a> north of present-day Hanoi, where a fortified citadel is constructed, known to history as <a href="/wiki/C%E1%BB%95_Loa" class="mw-redirect" title="Cổ Loa">Cổ Loa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201314-31">[30]</a> the first political center of the Vietnamese civilization pre-Sinitic era,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016111-32">[31]</a> with an outer embankment covering 600 <a href="/wiki/Hectares" class="mw-redirect" title="Hectares">hectares</a>. In 179 BC, the Âu Lạc Kingdom was annexed by <a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nanyue</a>, which ushered in more than a thousand years of Chinese domination. Zhao Tuo subsequently incorporated the regions into his <a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nanyue</a> domain, but left the indigenous chiefs in control of the population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamieson19958-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrindley201593-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButtinger195892-35">[34]</a> For the first time, the region formed part of a polity headed by a Chinese ruler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan201969-36">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hanoi_under_Chinese_rule">Hanoi under Chinese rule</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hanoi under Chinese rule" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 111 BC, the Han dynasty <a href="/wiki/Han_conquest_of_Nanyue" title="Han conquest of Nanyue">conquered Nanyue</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="First Chinese domination of Vietnam">ruled it</a> for the next several hundred years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198328-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%90%C3%A0o_Duy_Anh201642-38">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> organized Nanyue into seven commanderies of the south (Lingnan) and now included three in Vietnam alone: Giao Chỉ and Cửu Chân, and a newly established Nhật Nam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198330-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan201972-40">[39]</a> In March<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBielestein1986271-41">[40]</a> of 40 AD, Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị, daughters of a wealthy aristocratic family of <a href="/wiki/Lac_Viet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lac Viet">Lac</a> ethnicity<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrindley2015235-42">[41]</a> in Mê Linh district (Hanoi), led the locals to rise up in rebellion against the Han.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBielestein1986271-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEY%C3%BC1986454-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan201978-44">[43]</a> It began at the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Delta" title="Red River Delta">Red River Delta</a>, but quickly spread both south and north from Jiaozhi, stirring up all three Lạc Việt regions and most of Lingnan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan201978-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrindley2015235-42">[41]</a> gaining the support of about 65 towns and settlements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEY%C3%BC1986454-43">[42]</a> Trưng sisters then established their court upriver in Mê Linh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan201979-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198338-46">[45]</a> In 42 AD, the Han emperor commissioned general <a href="/wiki/Ma_Yuan_(Han_dynasty)" title="Ma Yuan (Han dynasty)">Ma Yuan</a> to suppress the uprising with 32,000 men, including 20,000 regulars and 12,000 regional auxiliaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEY%C3%BC1986454-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan201979-45">[44]</a> The rebellion was defeated in the next year as <a href="/wiki/Ma_Yuan_(Han_dynasty)" title="Ma Yuan (Han dynasty)">Ma Yuan</a> captured and decapitated Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị, then sent their heads to the Han court in <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan201980-47">[46]</a> By the middle of the fifth century, in the center of ancient Hanoi, a fortified settlement was founded by the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Liu_Song_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Song Dynasty">Liu Song</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chinese dynasties">dynasty</a> as the <a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">seat</a> of a new district called <a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%91ng_B%C3%ACnh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tống Bình">Tống Bình</a> (Songping) within <a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi_Commandery" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiaozhi Commandery">Giao Chỉ</a> <a href="/wiki/Commandery_(China)" title="Commandery (China)">commandery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETran197716-48">[47]</a> The name refers to its pacification by the dynasty. It was elevated to its own commandery at some point between AD 454 and 464.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoewe200460-49">[48]</a> The commandery included the districts of Yihuai (義懷) and Suining (綏寧) in the south of the Red River (now <a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%AB_Li%C3%AAm_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Từ Liêm District">Từ Liêm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0i_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoài Đức District">Hoài Đức</a> districts) with a metropolis in present-day inner Hanoi.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protectorate_of_Annam">Protectorate of Annam</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Protectorate of Annam" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> By the year 679, the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> changed the region's name to <a href="/wiki/Annam_(Chinese_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annam (Chinese province)">Annan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%8D%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:安南">安南</a>; <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: An Nam; <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'pacified south'), with Songping as its capital.<a href="#cite_note-en.hanoi.vietnamplus.vn-51">[50]</a> In the latter half of the eighth century, Zhang Boyi, a viceroy from the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, built Luocheng (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 羅城; <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: La Thành) to suppress popular uprisings. Luocheng extended from Thu Le to Quan Ngua in what is now <a href="/wiki/Ba_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_district" title="Ba Đình district">Ba Đình district</a>. Over time, in the first half of the ninth century, this fortification was expanded and renamed as Jincheng (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: Kim Thành). In 863, the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Nanzhao" title="Nanzhao">Nanzhao</a>, as well as local rebels, laid siege of Jincheng and defeated the Chinese armies of 150,000.<a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ250-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019123-53">[52]</a> In 866, Chinese <a href="/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi">jiedushi</a> <a href="/wiki/Gao_Pian" title="Gao Pian">Gao Pian</a> recaptured the city and drove out the Nanzhao and rebels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019123-53">[52]</a> He renamed the city to Daluocheng (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 大羅城; <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: Đại La Thành). He built a wall around the city measuring 6,344 meters, with some sections reaching over eight meters in height.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurton2009106-54">[53]</a> Đại La at the time had approximately 25,000 residents, including small foreign communities of Persians, Arabs, Indian, Cham, Javanese, and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Nestorian Christians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> It became an important trading center of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> due to the ransacking of <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Huang_Chao" title="Huang Chao">Huang Chao</a> rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ250-52">[51]</a> By early tenth century AD, modern-day Hanoi was known to the Muslim traders as Luqin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPark201262-56">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hanoi_under_Independent_Vietnam">Hanoi under Independent Vietnam</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hanoi under Independent Vietnam" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thăng_Long,_Đông_Đô,_Đông_Quan,_Đông_Kinh">Thăng Long, Đông Đô, Đông Quan, Đông Kinh</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Thăng Long, Đông Đô, Đông Quan, Đông Kinh" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1010, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Th%C3%A1i_T%E1%BB%95" title="Lý Thái Tổ">Lý Thái Tổ</a>, the first ruler of the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Lý dynasty</a>, moved the capital of <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a> to the site of the Đại La Citadel. Claiming to have seen a dragon ascending the Red River, he renamed the site Thăng Long (昇龍) – a name still used poetically to this day. Thăng Long remained the capital of Đại Việt until 1397, when it was moved to <a href="/wiki/Thanh_H%C3%B3a" title="Thanh Hóa">Thanh Hóa</a>, then known as Tây Đô (西都), the "Western Capital". Thăng Long then became Đông Đô (東都), the "Eastern Capital". <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:B%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_kinh_th%C3%A0nh_Th%C4%83ng_Long,_theo_H%E1%BB%93ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_b%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_s%C3%A1ch_%E6%B4%AA%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%88%E5%9C%96%E5%86%8A_(1490).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Đông Kinh (Hanoi) in 1490, attributed to Emperor Lê Thánh Tông."><noscript><img alt="Map of Đông Kinh (Hanoi) in 1490, attributed to Emperor Lê Thánh Tông." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/B%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_kinh_th%C3%A0nh_Th%C4%83ng_Long%2C_theo_H%E1%BB%93ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_b%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_s%C3%A1ch_%E6%B4%AA%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%88%E5%9C%96%E5%86%8A_%281490%29.jpg/88px-B%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_kinh_th%C3%A0nh_Th%C4%83ng_Long%2C_theo_H%E1%BB%93ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_b%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_s%C3%A1ch_%E6%B4%AA%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%88%E5%9C%96%E5%86%8A_%281490%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="972"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 88px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/B%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_kinh_th%C3%A0nh_Th%C4%83ng_Long%2C_theo_H%E1%BB%93ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_b%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_s%C3%A1ch_%E6%B4%AA%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%88%E5%9C%96%E5%86%8A_%281490%29.jpg/88px-B%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_kinh_th%C3%A0nh_Th%C4%83ng_Long%2C_theo_H%E1%BB%93ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_b%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_s%C3%A1ch_%E6%B4%AA%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%88%E5%9C%96%E5%86%8A_%281490%29.jpg" data-alt="Map of Đông Kinh (Hanoi) in 1490, attributed to Emperor Lê Thánh Tông." data-width="88" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/B%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_kinh_th%C3%A0nh_Th%C4%83ng_Long%2C_theo_H%E1%BB%93ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_b%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_s%C3%A1ch_%E6%B4%AA%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%88%E5%9C%96%E5%86%8A_%281490%29.jpg/132px-B%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_kinh_th%C3%A0nh_Th%C4%83ng_Long%2C_theo_H%E1%BB%93ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_b%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_s%C3%A1ch_%E6%B4%AA%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%88%E5%9C%96%E5%86%8A_%281490%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/B%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_kinh_th%C3%A0nh_Th%C4%83ng_Long%2C_theo_H%E1%BB%93ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_b%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_s%C3%A1ch_%E6%B4%AA%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%88%E5%9C%96%E5%86%8A_%281490%29.jpg/175px-B%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_kinh_th%C3%A0nh_Th%C4%83ng_Long%2C_theo_H%E1%BB%93ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_b%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_s%C3%A1ch_%E6%B4%AA%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%88%E5%9C%96%E5%86%8A_%281490%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of Đông Kinh (Hanoi) in 1490, attributed to Emperor <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Th%C3%A1nh_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lê Thánh Tông">Lê Thánh Tông</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Baron_-_The_City_of_CHA-CHO,_the_Metropolis_of_TONQUEEN.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A view of Hanoi from the Red River in 1685, manuscript from Royal Society's archive."><noscript><img alt="A view of Hanoi from the Red River in 1685, manuscript from Royal Society's archive." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Samuel_Baron_-_The_City_of_CHA-CHO%2C_the_Metropolis_of_TONQUEEN.jpg/120px-Samuel_Baron_-_The_City_of_CHA-CHO%2C_the_Metropolis_of_TONQUEEN.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2322"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 93px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Samuel_Baron_-_The_City_of_CHA-CHO%2C_the_Metropolis_of_TONQUEEN.jpg/120px-Samuel_Baron_-_The_City_of_CHA-CHO%2C_the_Metropolis_of_TONQUEEN.jpg" data-alt="A view of Hanoi from the Red River in 1685, manuscript from Royal Society's archive." data-width="120" data-height="93" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Samuel_Baron_-_The_City_of_CHA-CHO%2C_the_Metropolis_of_TONQUEEN.jpg/180px-Samuel_Baron_-_The_City_of_CHA-CHO%2C_the_Metropolis_of_TONQUEEN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Samuel_Baron_-_The_City_of_CHA-CHO%2C_the_Metropolis_of_TONQUEEN.jpg/240px-Samuel_Baron_-_The_City_of_CHA-CHO%2C_the_Metropolis_of_TONQUEEN.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A view of Hanoi from the Red River in 1685, manuscript from <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>'s archive.</div> </li> </ul> In 1408, the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> attacked and occupied Vietnam, changing Đông Đô's name to Dongguan (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 東關; <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: Đông Quan; <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'eastern gate'). In 1428, the <a href="/wiki/Lam_S%C6%A1n_uprising" title="Lam Sơn uprising">Lam Sơn uprising</a>, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_L%E1%BB%A3i" title="Lê Lợi">Lê Lợi</a>, overthrew the Chinese rule. Lê Lợi founded the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Lê dynasty</a> and renamed Đông Quan to Đông Kinh (東京) or <a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a>. During 17th century, the population of Đông Kinh was estimated by Western diplomats as about 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoudarelNguyenNguy%E1%BB%85n200219-57">[56]</a> Right after the end of the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tây Sơn dynasty</a>, it was named Bắc Thành (北城). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_Nguyễn_dynasty_and_the_French_colonial_period">During Nguyễn dynasty and the French colonial period</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: During Nguyễn dynasty and the French colonial period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B%E1%BA%A3n_v%E1%BA%BD_th%C3%A0nh_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/B%E1%BA%A3n_v%E1%BA%BD_th%C3%A0nh_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i.jpg/220px-B%E1%BA%A3n_v%E1%BA%BD_th%C3%A0nh_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="825"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 175px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/B%E1%BA%A3n_v%E1%BA%BD_th%C3%A0nh_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i.jpg/220px-B%E1%BA%A3n_v%E1%BA%BD_th%C3%A0nh_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="175" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/B%E1%BA%A3n_v%E1%BA%BD_th%C3%A0nh_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i.jpg/330px-B%E1%BA%A3n_v%E1%BA%BD_th%C3%A0nh_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/B%E1%BA%A3n_v%E1%BA%BD_th%C3%A0nh_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i.jpg/440px-B%E1%BA%A3n_v%E1%BA%BD_th%C3%A0nh_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of Hà Nội citadel during the Nguyễn dynasty.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evacuation_of_French_troops_from_Hanoi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Evacuation_of_French_troops_from_Hanoi.jpg/220px-Evacuation_of_French_troops_from_Hanoi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1056"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Evacuation_of_French_troops_from_Hanoi.jpg/220px-Evacuation_of_French_troops_from_Hanoi.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Evacuation_of_French_troops_from_Hanoi.jpg/330px-Evacuation_of_French_troops_from_Hanoi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Evacuation_of_French_troops_from_Hanoi.jpg/440px-Evacuation_of_French_troops_from_Hanoi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>French troops leaving Hanoi in February 1874.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capture_of_hanoi_1873.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Capture_of_hanoi_1873.jpg/220px-Capture_of_hanoi_1873.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1937" data-file-height="1023"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 116px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Capture_of_hanoi_1873.jpg/220px-Capture_of_hanoi_1873.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="116" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Capture_of_hanoi_1873.jpg/330px-Capture_of_hanoi_1873.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Capture_of_hanoi_1873.jpg/440px-Capture_of_hanoi_1873.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>French troops attacking the city's wall on 20 November 1873.</figcaption></figure> When the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a> was established in 1802, <a href="/wiki/Gia_Long" title="Gia Long">Gia Long</a> moved the capital to <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a>. Thăng Long was no longer the capital, and its <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">chữ Hán</a> was changed from 昇龍 (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'ascending dragon') to the homophone 昇隆 (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'ascent and prosperity'), in order to reduce any loyalist sentiment towards the old Lê dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> Emperors of Vietnam usually used <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_dragon" title="Vietnamese dragon">dragon</a> (龍 long) as a symbol of their imperial strength and power. In 1831, the Nguyễn emperor <a href="/wiki/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Minh Mạng">Minh Mạng</a> renamed it Hà Nội (河內). Hanoi was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanoi_(1873)" title="Battle of Hanoi (1873)">conquered and briefly occupied</a> by the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French</a> military in late 1873 and passed to them <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanoi_(1882)" title="Battle of Hanoi (1882)">ten years later</a>. As Hanoi, it was located in the <a href="/wiki/Tonkin_(French_protectorate)" title="Tonkin (French protectorate)">protectorate of Tonkin</a> and became the capital of <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> in 1902. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_WWII,_First_Indochina_War,_and_the_Vietnam_War">During WWII, First Indochina War, and the Vietnam War</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: During WWII, First Indochina War, and the Vietnam War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lac-hoan-kiem-archives.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lac-hoan-kiem-archives.jpg/220px-Lac-hoan-kiem-archives.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1398" data-file-height="935"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lac-hoan-kiem-archives.jpg/220px-Lac-hoan-kiem-archives.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lac-hoan-kiem-archives.jpg/330px-Lac-hoan-kiem-archives.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lac-hoan-kiem-archives.jpg/440px-Lac-hoan-kiem-archives.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bird-eye view of Hanoi in 1944; the Hoan Kiem lake in the middle.</figcaption></figure> The city was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> in 1940, Japan overthrew French rule in Hanoi in March 1945. After the <a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">fall</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a>, it became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a> (DRV) when <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a> proclaimed the independence of Vietnam on 2 September 1945. However, the French returned and reoccupied the city in February 1947. On 8 March 1949, Hanoi became under the control of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a> (created by the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Accords" title="Élysée Accords">Élysée Accords</a>), an <a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">associated state</a> within the <a href="/wiki/French_Union" title="French Union">French Union</a>. This state gained independence with the Matignon Accords on 4 June 1954. After nine years of fighting between the French and DRV forces, Hanoi became the capital of <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> when this territory became a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign country</a> on 21 July 1954. The army of the French Union withdrew that year and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">People's Army of Vietnam</a> of the DRV and <a href="/wiki/International_Control_Commission" title="International Control Commission">International Control Commission</a> occupied the city on 10 October the same year under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> between North and South (1955-1975), Hanoi and North Vietnam were attacked by the United States and <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnamese</a> Air Forces. Following the end of the war with the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">fall of Saigon</a>, Hanoi became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Socialist Republic of Vietnam</a> when North and South Vietnam were reunited on 2 July 1976.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Hanoi">Modern Hanoi</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Modern Hanoi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Police_station_Hoan_Kiem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Police_station_Hoan_Kiem.jpg/220px-Police_station_Hoan_Kiem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1440"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Police_station_Hoan_Kiem.jpg/220px-Police_station_Hoan_Kiem.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Police_station_Hoan_Kiem.jpg/330px-Police_station_Hoan_Kiem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Police_station_Hoan_Kiem.jpg/440px-Police_station_Hoan_Kiem.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A local police station in a <a href="/wiki/French_Colonial" class="mw-redirect" title="French Colonial">French Colonial</a> building by <a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0n_Ki%E1%BA%BFm_lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoàn Kiếm lake">Hoàn Kiếm lake</a>.</figcaption></figure> On 21 December 1978, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Vietnam" title="National Assembly of Vietnam">National Assembly of Vietnam</a> approved a law to expand Hanoi's borders, absorbing the districts of <a href="/wiki/Ba_V%C3%AC_district" title="Ba Vì district">Ba Vì</a>, <a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A1ch_Th%E1%BA%A5t_district" title="Thạch Thất district">Thạch Thất</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BAc_Th%E1%BB%8D_district" title="Phúc Thọ district">Phúc Thọ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%90an_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_district" title="Đan Phượng district">Đan Phượng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0i_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_district" title="Hoài Đức district">Hoài Đức</a>, and the town of <a href="/wiki/S%C6%A1n_T%C3%A2y,_Hanoi" title="Sơn Tây, Hanoi">Sơn Tây</a> from <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_S%C6%A1n_B%C3%ACnh_province" title="Hà Sơn Bình province">Hà Sơn Bình Province</a>, and the districts of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%AA_Linh_district" title="Mê Linh district">Mê Linh</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3c_S%C6%A1n_district" title="Sóc Sơn district">Sóc Sơn</a> from <a href="/wiki/V%C4%A9nh_Ph%C3%BA_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Vĩnh Phú Province">Vĩnh Phú Province</a> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%A9nh_Ph%C3%BA_(t%E1%BB%89nh)" class="extiw" title="vi:Vĩnh Phú (tỉnh)">vi</a>]. The five districts annexed from Hà Sơn Bình would be given to <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_T%C3%A2y_province" title="Hà Tây province">Hà Tây</a> and Mê Linh to <a href="/wiki/V%C4%A9nh_Ph%C3%BAc_province" title="Vĩnh Phúc province">Vĩnh Phúc</a> in 1991; they would be re-annexed into Hanoi in 2008. After the <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%95i_M%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Đổi Mới">Đổi Mới</a> economic policies were approved in 1986, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party</a> and national and municipal governments hoped to attract international investments for <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban development</a> projects in Hanoi.<a href="#cite_note-Logan_2005_559%E2%80%93575-61">[60]</a> High-rise commercial buildings did not begin to appear until ten years later due to the international investment community being skeptical of the security of their investments in Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-Logan_2005_559%E2%80%93575-61">[60]</a> Rapid urban development and rising costs displaced many residential areas in central Hanoi.<a href="#cite_note-Logan_2005_559%E2%80%93575-61">[60]</a> Following a short period of economic stagnation after the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a>, Hanoi resumed its rapid economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-Logan_2005_559%E2%80%93575-61">[60]</a> On 29 May 2008, it was decided that <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_T%C3%A2y_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hà Tây Province">Hà Tây Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C4%A9nh_Ph%C3%BAc_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Vĩnh Phúc Province">Vĩnh Phúc Province</a>'s <a href="/wiki/M%C3%AA_Linh_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Mê Linh District">Mê Linh District</a> and four communes in <a href="/wiki/L%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_S%C6%A1n_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lương Sơn District">Lương Sơn District</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_B%C3%ACnh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hòa Bình Province">Hòa Bình Province</a> be merged into the metropolitan area of Hanoi from 1 August 2008.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Hanoi's total area then increased to 334,470 hectares in 29 subdivisions<a href="#cite_note-dantri.com.vn-63">[62]</a> with the new population being 6,232,940,<a href="#cite_note-dantri.com.vn-63">[62]</a> effectively tripling its size. The <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Capital_Region" title="Hanoi Capital Region">Hanoi Capital Region</a> (Vùng Thủ đô Hà Nội), a metropolitan area covering Hanoi and six surrounding provinces under its administration, will have an area of 13,436 square kilometres (5,188 sq mi) with 15 million people by 2020. Hanoi has experienced rapid expansion in its modern period, accompanied by a construction boom. Skyscrapers, appearing in new urban areas, have dramatically changed the cityscape and have formed a modern skyline outside the old city. In 2015, Hanoi is ranked 39th by <a href="/wiki/Emporis" title="Emporis">Emporis</a> in the list of world cities with most skyscrapers over 100 m; its two tallest buildings are <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Landmark_72_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanoi Landmark 72 Tower">Hanoi Landmark 72 Tower</a> (336 m, second tallest in Vietnam after Ho Chi Minh City's <a href="/wiki/Landmark_81" title="Landmark 81">Landmark 81</a> and third tallest in south-east Asia after Malaysia's <a href="/wiki/Petronas_Towers" title="Petronas Towers">Petronas Towers</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Lotte_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanoi Lotte Center">Hanoi Lotte Center</a> (272 m, also, third tallest in Vietnam). Public outcry in opposition to the redevelopment of culturally significant areas in Hanoi persuaded the national government to implement a low-rise policy surrounding <a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0n_Ki%E1%BA%BFm_Lake" title="Hoàn Kiếm Lake">Hoàn Kiếm Lake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Logan_2005_559%E2%80%93575-61">[60]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ba_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba Đình District">Ba Đình District</a> is also protected from commercial redevelopment.<a href="#cite_note-Logan_2005_559%E2%80%93575-61">[60]</a> On 12 September 2023, at least 56 people died in a huge <a href="/wiki/2023_Hanoi_building_fire" title="2023 Hanoi building fire">fire in an apartment block</a> in Hanoi. The fire highlighted the lack of adequate fire safety measures in many newly constructed apartments in the rapidly expanding city.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location,_topography">Location, topography</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Location, topography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Hanoi is a landlocked municipality in the northern region of Vietnam, situated in Vietnam's Red River delta, nearly 90 km (56 mi) from the coast. Hanoi contains three basic kinds of terrain, which are the delta area, the midland area and the mountainous zone. In general, the terrain becomes gradually lower from north to south and from west to east, with the average height ranging from 5 to 20 meters above sea level. Hills and mountainous zones are located in the northern and western parts of the city. The highest peak is at Ba Vi with 1281 m, located west of the city proper. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="infobox" style="width: 19.5em; float: right; clear: none; text-align: center; border: solid 1px silver" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th> Hanoi, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> </th></tr> <tr><th style="font-size: 90%">Climate chart (<a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_chart/How_to_read_a_climate_chart" title="Template:Climate chart/How to read a climate chart">explanation</a>)</th></tr> <tr><td><table class="infobox" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: none; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">F</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">S</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">O</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">N</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">D</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.44em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">22</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.8em;height:1em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.8em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">19</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">14</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.48em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">24</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11em;height:1em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">20</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.5em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">15</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.94em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">47</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.6em;height:1em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.6em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">23</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.1em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">18</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.82em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">91</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.2em;height:1.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.4em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">27</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.7em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">21</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.7em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">185</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.8em;height:1.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.2em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">31</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">24</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:5.06em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">253</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:13.2em;height:1.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.6em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">33</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.7em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">26</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:7.08em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">354</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:13.2em;height:1.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.6em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">33</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.7em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">26</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:6em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">300</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:13.2em;height:1.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.4em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">32</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.7em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">26</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:6.56em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">328</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:13em;height:1.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.2em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">31</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.5em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">25</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.8em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">140</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.4em;height:1.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.8em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">29</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">22</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.32em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">66</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.8em;height:1.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">25</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">19</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.4em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">20</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11em;height:1.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.4em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">22</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.5em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">15</div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">█ Precipitation totals in mm</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">Source: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology <a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: none; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="12">Imperial conversion</th></tr> <tr><td>J</td><td>F</td><td>M</td><td>A</td><td>M</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>A</td><td>S</td><td>O</td><td>N</td><td>D</td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.44em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">0.9</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.8em;height:1em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.8em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">66</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">57</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.48em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">0.9</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11em;height:1em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">68</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.5em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">59</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.94em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">1.9</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.6em;height:1em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.6em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">73</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.1em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">64</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.82em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">3.6</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.2em;height:1.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.4em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">81</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.7em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">70</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.7em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">7.3</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.8em;height:1.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.2em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">88</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">75</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:5.06em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">10</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:13.2em;height:1.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.6em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">91</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.7em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">79</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:7.08em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">14</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:13.2em;height:1.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.6em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">91</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.7em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">79</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:6em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">12</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:13.2em;height:1.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.4em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">90</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.7em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">79</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:6.56em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">13</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:13em;height:1.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.2em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">88</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.5em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">77</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.8em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">5.5</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.4em;height:1.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.8em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">84</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">72</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.32em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">2.6</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.8em;height:1.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">77</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">66</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.4em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">0.8</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11em;height:1.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.4em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">72</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.5em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">59</div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">█ Precipitation totals in inches</td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> When using the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>, Hanoi is categorized as having a monsoon-influenced <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Cwa</a>)<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> with plentiful precipitation like other places in Northern Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-Peel-67">[66]</a> The city experiences the typical climate of Northern Vietnam, with four distinct seasons.<a href="#cite_note-climate-68">[67]</a> Summer, from May to September, is characterized by hot and humid weather with abundant rainfall, and few dry days.<a href="#cite_note-vietnamUNEP-69">[68]</a>: 40 <a href="#cite_note-climate-68">[67]</a> Hot, dry conditions caused by westerly winds during summer are rare.<a href="#cite_note-vietnamUNEP-69">[68]</a>: 40 From October to November comprise the fall season, characterized by a decrease in temperature and precipitation, this time in the year mostly are warm and mild.<a href="#cite_note-climate-68">[67]</a> Winters, from December to February, are characterized as being cool by the northeast monsoon, giving Hanoi a dry winter and large amount of sunshine. Spring, from March until the end of April, Hanoi is usually characterized with large amounts of drizzle and little sunshine due to the strong activity of the southeast monsoon blowing moisture from the sea inland.<a href="#cite_note-climate-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-vietnamUNEP-69">[68]</a>: 40 The city is usually cloudy and foggy in this time, averaging only 1.5 hours of sunshine per day in February and March. The city has times to be influenced by <a href="/wiki/Cold_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold waves">cold waves</a> from the Northeast originating from the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_High" title="Siberian High">Siberian High</a>. Hanoi is the only capital of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical climate">subtropical climate</a>. The region has a positive <a href="/wiki/Water_balance" title="Water balance">water balance</a> (i.e. the precipitation exceeds the <a href="/wiki/Potential_evapotranspiration" title="Potential evapotranspiration">potential evapotranspiration</a>).<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> Hanoi averages 1,612 millimetres (63.5 in) of rainfall per year, the majority falling from May to October. There are an average of 114 days with rain.<a href="#cite_note-climate-68">[67]</a> The average annual temperature is 23.6 °C (74 °F), with a mean relative humidity of more than 80%. The coldest month has a mean temperature of 16.4 °C (61.5 °F) and the hottest month has a mean temperature of 29.2 °C (84.6 °F). The highest recorded temperature was 42.8 °C (109 °F) in May 1926, while the lowest recorded temperature was 2.7 °C (37 °F) on 12 January 1955.<a href="#cite_note-climate-68">[67]</a> The city have also experienced extremely hot weather on 4 June 2017 due to <a href="/wiki/La_Ni%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="La Niña">La Niña</a>, with the temperature reached up to 42.5 °C (108.5 °F) in a week. Hanoi can sometimes experience snow in winter. The most recent snow happened on <a href="/wiki/Ba_V%C3%AC_mountain_range" title="Ba Vì mountain range">Ba Vì mountain range</a>, and the temperature fell to 0 °C (32 °F) on 24 January 2016.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for downtown Hanoi (<a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%91ng_%C4%90a_district" title="Đống Đa district">Đống Đa district</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3 (91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.1 (95.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.2 (99.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.5 (106.7) </td> <td style="background: #ED0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.8 (109.0) </td> <td style="background: #FA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.8 (107.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.8 (105.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF0C00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.7 (103.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.4 (99.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.6 (97.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0 (96.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.9 (89.4) </td> <td style="background: #ED0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">42.8 (109.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8 (67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6 (69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2 (73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7 (81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.9 (89.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.4 (92.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.4 (92.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6 (90.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5 (88.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2 (84.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7 (78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0 (71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">27.6 (81.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6 (61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7 (63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3 (68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2 (75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6 (81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.3 (84.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4 (84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7 (83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7 (81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3 (77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9 (71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3 (64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.9 (75.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5 (58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8 (60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4 (65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9 (71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8 (76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4 (79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5 (79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1 (79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2 (77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8 (73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3 (66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8 (60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.5 (70.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7 (36.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 (41.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 (44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 (49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4 (59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0 (69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9 (69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1 (61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4 (54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 (44.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1 (41.2) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2.7 (36.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.5 (0.89) </td> <td style="background: #D6FFD6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6 (0.97) </td> <td style="background: #B8FFB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.0 (1.85) </td> <td style="background: #71FF71; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.8 (3.61) </td> <td style="background: #00E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">185.4 (7.30) </td> <td style="background: #007700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">253.3 (9.97) </td> <td style="background: #005C00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">280.1 (11.03) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">309.4 (12.18) </td> <td style="background: #009E00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">228.3 (8.99) </td> <td style="background: #2DFF2D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">140.7 (5.54) </td> <td style="background: #98FF98; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.7 (2.63) </td> <td style="background: #E0FFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2 (0.80) </td> <td style="background: #2BFF2B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,670.1 (65.75) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11.4 </td> <td style="background: #3A3AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.9 </td> <td style="background: #5050FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.7 </td> <td style="background: #4A4AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.6 </td> <td style="background: #4242FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.8 </td> <td style="background: #3232FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.6 </td> <td style="background: #3333FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.5 </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.2 </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 </td> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">147.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000CC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000C2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000BA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000BA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000C7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000C9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000C1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000D1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000DA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000C9; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">80.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #7D7D7D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.7 </td> <td style="background: #606060; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.1 </td> <td style="background: #535353; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.5 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.4 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">173.7 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">167.0 </td> <td style="background: #D2D200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">181.1 </td> <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">163.0 </td> <td style="background: #CCCC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">162.4 </td> <td style="background: #C4C40C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">150.3 </td> <td style="background: #BDBD34; color:#000000;" class="notheme">131.6 </td> <td style="background: #B3B373; color:#000000;" class="notheme">113.0 </td> <td style="background: #B9B94E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,488.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology<a href="#cite_note-IBST1-73">[72]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Extremes<a href="#cite_note-79">[b]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_%C4%90%C3%B4ng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hà Đông District">Hà Đông District</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.4 (90.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.9 (94.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.9 (102.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0B00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.9 (103.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF0100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.3 (106.3) </td> <td style="background: #F10000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.5 (108.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.0 (104.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.6 (103.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.5 (99.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.5 (95.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0 (95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7 (87.3) </td> <td style="background: #F10000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">42.5 (108.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9 (67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8 (69.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3 (73.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5 (81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5 (88.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.4 (92.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2 (91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.4 (90.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.3 (88.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2 (84.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8 (78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1 (71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">27.5 (81.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5 (61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8 (64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3 (68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0 (75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1 (80.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.0 (84.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.1 (84.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4 (83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2 (81.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9 (76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6 (70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0 (64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.7 (74.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3 (57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8 (60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4 (65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7 (71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3 (75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0 (78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.3 (79.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8 (78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6 (76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7 (72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7 (65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3 (59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.1 (70.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 (41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 (43.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 (45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3 (55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5 (61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4 (68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.5 (72.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9 (71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0 (66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 (53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 (47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6 (38.5) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3.6 (38.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #D4FFD4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2 (1.11) </td> <td style="background: #D3FFD3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5 (1.04) </td> <td style="background: #BBFFBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.0 (1.77) </td> <td style="background: #7FFF7F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.1 (3.27) </td> <td style="background: #00E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">189.4 (7.46) </td> <td style="background: #009700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">232.5 (9.15) </td> <td style="background: #008200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">254.6 (10.02) </td> <td style="background: #004800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">293.5 (11.56) </td> <td style="background: #009D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">228.8 (9.01) </td> <td style="background: #00EA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">184.8 (7.28) </td> <td style="background: #78FF78; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.4 (3.44) </td> <td style="background: #C8FFC8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.9 (1.45) </td> <td style="background: #29FF29; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,687.6 (66.44) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 </td> <td style="background: #6060FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11.7 </td> <td style="background: #4343FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.2 </td> <td style="background: #5151FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.6 </td> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.5 </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.4 </td> <td style="background: #3E3EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.6 </td> <td style="background: #3535FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.3 </td> <td style="background: #5050FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.7 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">149.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000BF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000B7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000B1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000AD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">88.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000B6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000C2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000C2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000B6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000B4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000C7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000BB; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">84.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #787878; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65.7 </td> <td style="background: #636363; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49.7 </td> <td style="background: #5B5B5B; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">50.1 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.8 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">170.2 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">167.1 </td> <td style="background: #D2D200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">181.9 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">167.0 </td> <td style="background: #CCCC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">162.4 </td> <td style="background: #C2C218; color:#000000;" class="notheme">146.1 </td> <td style="background: #BEBE2F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">133.2 </td> <td style="background: #B1B17A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">110.3 </td> <td style="background: #B8B851; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,477.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology<a href="#cite_note-IBST-80">[78]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/S%C6%A1n_T%C3%A2y" class="mw-redirect" title="Sơn Tây">Sơn Tây</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4 (88.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.0 (93.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.0 (100.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF0700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.4 (104.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF0600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.5 (104.9) </td> <td style="background: #FD0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.6 (106.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF0900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.1 (104.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.1 (102.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.5 (99.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6 (96.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.0 (93.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2 (88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FD0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">41.6 (106.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7 (67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7 (69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7 (81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.8 (89.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2 (91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2 (91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5 (90.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5 (88.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.3 (84.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8 (78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1 (71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">27.6 (81.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3 (61.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6 (63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2 (68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0 (75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2 (81.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9 (84.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9 (84.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4 (83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3 (81.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0 (77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5 (70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9 (64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.6 (74.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1 (57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 (60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2 (64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5 (70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2 (75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9 (78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0 (78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7 (78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7 (76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3 (72.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5 (65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3 (59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.1 (70.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6 (40.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 (41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5 (40.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0 (55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3 (63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4 (68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5 (67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8 (67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2 (63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4 (57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 (48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1 (41.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4.5 (40.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #D8FFD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6 (1.01) </td> <td style="background: #D6FFD6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6 (0.97) </td> <td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.3 (1.70) </td> <td style="background: #6BFF6B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96.1 (3.78) </td> <td style="background: #00BB00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">216.6 (8.53) </td> <td style="background: #006900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">262.9 (10.35) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">311.8 (12.28) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">314.6 (12.39) </td> <td style="background: #00A400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">224.3 (8.83) </td> <td style="background: #12FF12; color:#000000;" class="notheme">158.4 (6.24) </td> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.0 (2.48) </td> <td style="background: #DEFFDE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0 (0.87) </td> <td style="background: #21FF21; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,751.2 (68.94) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #4A4AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.6 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.5 </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.5 </td> <td style="background: #3838FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.6 </td> <td style="background: #2E2EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.9 </td> <td style="background: #3333FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.5 </td> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.1 </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">149.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000BD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000B2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000B0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">87.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000BA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000BE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000B7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000BA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000C2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000C7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000CA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">84.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #777777; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65.5 </td> <td style="background: #616161; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.8 </td> <td style="background: #5A5A5A; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49.3 </td> <td style="background: #AAAAA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.6 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">172.4 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">165.4 </td> <td style="background: #D2D200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">181.1 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">173.4 </td> <td style="background: #D0D000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">170.5 </td> <td style="background: #C4C40A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">151.3 </td> <td style="background: #BDBD37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">130.5 </td> <td style="background: #B1B17E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">108.9 </td> <td style="background: #B9B94D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,494.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology<a href="#cite_note-IBST-80">[78]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Ba_V%C3%AC_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba Vì District">Ba Vì District</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.9 (89.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.8 (94.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.9 (102.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.2 (106.2) </td> <td style="background: #FD0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.6 (106.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF0400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.8 (105.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.6 (103.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0 (102.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.3 (99.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.5 (95.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0 (95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.4 (90.3) </td> <td style="background: #FD0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">41.6 (106.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7 (69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3 (73.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6 (81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5 (88.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1 (91.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.9 (91.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.4 (90.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4 (88.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.0 (84.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5 (77.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8 (71.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">27.4 (81.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0 (60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6 (63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2 (68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0 (75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1 (80.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7 (83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7 (83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1 (82.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0 (80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5 (76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0 (69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4 (63.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7 (56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.5 (59.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9 (64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5 (70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0 (75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6 (78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7 (78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3 (77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2 (75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7 (71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9 (64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4 (57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">20.6 (69.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 (39.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 (43.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 (44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4 (54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1 (62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1 (68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9 (67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0 (69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3 (63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8 (55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 (44.1) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8 (37.0) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2.8 (37.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #D6FFD6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4 (1.08) </td> <td style="background: #C9FFC9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8 (1.29) </td> <td style="background: #B1FFB1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.9 (2.04) </td> <td style="background: #69FF69; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97.2 (3.83) </td> <td style="background: #007500; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">263.4 (10.37) </td> <td style="background: #005400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">276.1 (10.87) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">328.0 (12.91) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">344.9 (13.58) </td> <td style="background: #008400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">245.4 (9.66) </td> <td style="background: #00E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">189.9 (7.48) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.2 (2.21) </td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.4 (0.88) </td> <td style="background: #0AFF0A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,935.6 (76.20) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 </td> <td style="background: #5C5CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.0 </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.5 </td> <td style="background: #4444FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.6 </td> <td style="background: #3333FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.5 </td> <td style="background: #2C2CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.5 </td> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.4 </td> <td style="background: #2D2DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.0 </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.2 </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">157.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000BA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000B2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000B1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000BB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000C2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000BD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000BA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000C5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000C7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000BB; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">84.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #737373; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63.2 </td> <td style="background: #646464; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">50.3 </td> <td style="background: #585858; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.2 </td> <td style="background: #959595; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78.9 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">157.0 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">160.8 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">173.3 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">170.9 </td> <td style="background: #D2D200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">175.1 </td> <td style="background: #C4C408; color:#000000;" class="notheme">151.8 </td> <td style="background: #BEBE2C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">134.4 </td> <td style="background: #B4B46D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">115.0 </td> <td style="background: #B8B851; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,477.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology<a href="#cite_note-IBST-80">[78]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/B%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i.png/250px-B%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2996"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 250px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/B%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i.png/250px-B%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i.png" data-width="250" data-height="250" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/B%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i.png/375px-B%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/B%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i.png/500px-B%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Administrative divisions of Hanoi</figcaption></figure>Hà Nội is divided into 12 urban districts, 1 district-leveled town and 17 rural districts. When <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_T%C3%A2y_province" title="Hà Tây province">Hà Tây</a> was merged into Hanoi in 2008, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_%C4%90%C3%B4ng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hà Đông District">Hà Đông</a> was transformed into an urban district while <a href="/wiki/S%C6%A1n_T%C3%A2y" class="mw-redirect" title="Sơn Tây">Sơn Tây</a> is demoted to a district-level town. They are further subdivided into 22 commune-level towns (or townlets), 399 communes, and 145 wards. <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" style="margin:auto; width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; border:1px #aaa solid; margin-top:16px;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:lavender; font-size:95%;">Administrative divisions of Hanoi </th></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; width:100%; background:#f9f9f9;"> <table class="sortable" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="background:#f9f9f9; font-size:90%; text-align:right; width:100%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:left; border-bottom:2px solid #ccf; padding-left:10px; white-space:nowrap;">Name </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #ccf;">Area (km2) </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #ccf;">Population </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #ccf;">Population density </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #ccf;">Subdivisions </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:left; padding-left:30px;">12 urban districts (Quận) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; padding-left:6px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ba_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_district" title="Ba Đình district">Ba Đình district</a> </td> <td>9.21</td> <td>223,100</td> <td>24223.7</td> <td>14 wards </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f5f5f5;"> <td style="text-align:left; padding-left:6px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_T%E1%BB%AB_Li%C3%AAm_district" title="Bắc Từ Liêm district">Bắc Từ Liêm district</a> </td> <td>45.25</td> <td>359,200</td> <td>7938.1 </td> <td>13 wards </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; padding-left:6px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7u_Gi%E1%BA%A5y_district" title="Cầu Giấy district">Cầu Giấy district</a> </td> <td>12.38</td> <td>294,500</td> <td>23788.4</td> <td>8 wards </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f5f5f5;"> <td style="text-align:left; padding-left:6px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%91ng_%C4%90a_district" title="Đống Đa district">Đống Đa district</a> </td> <td>9.95</td> <td>377,900</td> <td>37979.9</td> <td>21 wards </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; padding-left:6px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_%C4%90%C3%B4ng_district" title="Hà Đông district">Hà Đông district</a>HT </td> <td>49.64</td> <td>435,500</td> <td>8773.2</td> <td>17 wards </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f5f5f5;"> <td style="text-align:left; padding-left:6px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Hai_B%C3%A0_Tr%C6%B0ng_district" title="Hai Bà Trưng district">Hai Bà Trưng district</a> </td> <td>10.26</td> <td>293,900</td> <td>28645.2</td> <td>18 wards </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; padding-left:6px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0n_Ki%E1%BA%BFm_district" title="Hoàn Kiếm district">Hoàn Kiếm district</a> </td> <td>5.35</td> <td>140,200</td> <td>26205.6</td> <td>18 wards </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f5f5f5;"> <td style="text-align:left; padding-left:6px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_Mai_district,_Hanoi" title="Hoàng Mai district, Hanoi">Hoàng Mai district</a> </td> <td>40.19</td> <td>539,800</td> <td>13431.2</td> <td>14 wards </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; padding-left:6px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Long_Bi%C3%AAn_district" title="Long Biên district">Long Biên district</a> </td> <td>60.09</td> <td>342,700</td> <td>5703.1</td> <td>14 wards </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f5f5f5;"> <td style="text-align:left; padding-left:6px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Nam_T%E1%BB%AB_Li%C3%AAm_district" title="Nam Từ Liêm district">Nam Từ Liêm district</a> </td> <td>32.17</td> <td>290,500</td> <td>9030.2</td> <td>10 wards </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; padding-left:6px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_H%E1%BB%93_district" title="Tây Hồ district">Tây Hồ district</a> </td> <td>24.38</td> <td>166,600</td> <td>6833.5</td> <td>8 wards </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f5f5f5;"> <td style="text-align:left; padding-left:6px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Thanh_Xu%C3%A2n_district" title="Thanh Xuân district">Thanh Xuân district</a> </td> <td>9.17</td> <td>293,400</td> <td>31995.6</td> <td>11 wards </td></tr> <tr style="background:beige;"> <td style="text-align:left; padding-left:30px; white-space:nowrap;">Subtotal </td> <td>308.04</td> <td>3,757,300</td> <td>12,197</td> <td>166 wards </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:left; padding-left:30px;">1 district-level town (Thị xã) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; padding-left:6px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/S%C6%A1n_T%C3%A2y,_Hanoi" title="Sơn Tây, Hanoi">Sơn Tây</a>HT </td> <td>117.20</td> <td>156,500</td> <td>1335.3</td> <td>9 wards, 6 communes </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f5f5f5;"> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:left; padding-left:30px;">17 rural districts (Huyện) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; padding-left:6px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ba_V%C3%AC_district" title="Ba Vì district">Ba Vì district</a>HT </td> <td>421.80</td> <td>307,600</td> <td>729.3</td> <td>1 commune-level town, 30 communes </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f5f5f5;"> <td style="text-align:left; padding-left:6px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_M%E1%BB%B9_district" title="Chương Mỹ district">Chương Mỹ district</a>HT </td> <td>237.48</td> <td>351,200</td> <td>1478.9</td> <td>2 commune-level towns, 30 communes </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; padding-left:6px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90an_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_district" title="Đan Phượng district">Đan Phượng district</a>HT </td> <td>77.83</td> <td>186,100</td> <td>2391.1</td> <td>1 commune-level town, 15 communes </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f5f5f5;"> <td style="text-align:left; padding-left:6px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Anh_district" title="Đông Anh district">Đông Anh district</a> </td> <td>185.68</td> <td>411,700</td> <td>2217.3</td> <td>1 commune-level town, 23 communes </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; padding-left:6px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gia_L%C3%A2m_district" title="Gia Lâm district">Gia Lâm district</a> </td> <td>116.64</td> <td>299,800</td> <td>2570.3</td> <td>2 commune-level towns, 20 communes </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f5f5f5;"> <td style="text-align:left; padding-left:6px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0i_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_district" title="Hoài Đức district">Hoài Đức district</a>HT </td> <td>84.92</td> <td>282,300</td> <td>3324.3</td> <td>1 commune-level town, 19 communes </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; padding-left:6px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%AA_Linh_district" title="Mê Linh district">Mê Linh district</a> </td> <td>141.29</td> <td>254,400</td> <td>1800.6</td> <td>2 commune-level towns, 16 communes </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f5f5f5;"> <td style="text-align:left; padding-left:6px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_district" title="Mỹ Đức district">Mỹ Đức district</a>HT </td> <td>226.31</td> <td>210,200</td> <td>928.8</td> <td>1 commune-level town, 21 communes </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; padding-left:6px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Xuy%C3%AAn_district" title="Phú Xuyên district">Phú Xuyên district</a>HT </td> <td>173.56</td> <td>231,900</td> <td>1336.1</td> <td>2 commune-level towns, 25 communes </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f5f5f5;"> <td style="text-align:left; padding-left:6px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BAc_Th%E1%BB%8D_district" title="Phúc Thọ district">Phúc Thọ district</a>HT </td> <td>118.50</td> <td>195,300</td> <td>1648.1</td> <td>1 commune-level town, 20 communes </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; padding-left:6px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%91c_Oai_district" title="Quốc Oai district">Quốc Oai district</a>HT </td> <td>151.22</td> <td>204,400</td> <td>1351.7</td> <td>1 commune-level town, 20 communes </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f5f5f5;"> <td style="text-align:left; padding-left:6px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3c_S%C6%A1n_district" title="Sóc Sơn district">Sóc Sơn district</a> </td> <td>305.51</td> <td>361,200</td> <td>1182.3</td> <td>1 commune-level town, 25 communes </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; padding-left:6px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A1ch_Th%E1%BA%A5t_district" title="Thạch Thất district">Thạch Thất district</a>HT </td> <td>187.53</td> <td>226,000</td> <td>1205.1</td> <td>1 commune-level town, 22 communes </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f5f5f5;"> <td style="text-align:left; padding-left:6px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Thanh_Oai_district" title="Thanh Oai district">Thanh Oai district</a>HT </td> <td>124.47</td> <td>225,900</td> <td>1814.9</td> <td>1 commune-level town, 20 communes </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; padding-left:6px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Thanh_Tr%C3%AC_district" title="Thanh Trì district">Thanh Trì district</a> </td> <td>63.49</td> <td>294,100</td> <td>4632.2</td> <td>1 commune-level town, 15 communes </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f5f5f5;"> <td style="text-align:left; padding-left:6px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_T%C3%ADn_district" title="Thường Tín district">Thường Tín district</a>HT </td> <td>130.13</td> <td>263,800</td> <td>2027.2</td> <td>1 commune-level town, 28 communes </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; padding-left:6px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%A8ng_H%C3%B2a_district" title="Ứng Hòa district">Ứng Hòa district</a>HT </td> <td>188.24</td> <td>215,900</td> <td>1146.9</td> <td>1 commune-level town, 28 communes </td></tr> <tr style="background:beige;"> <td style="text-align:left; padding-left:30px; white-space:nowrap;">Subtotal </td> <td>2934.6</td> <td>4,518,800</td> <td>1,539</td> <td>377 communes và 21 commune-level towns </td></tr> <tr style="background:#e0ffff;"> <td style="text-align:left; padding-left:30px; white-space:nowrap;">Total </td> <td>3,359.84</td> <td>8,435,600</td> <td>22510.7</td> <td>175 wards, 383 communes và 21 commune-level towns </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; background:#f9f9f9; font-size:90%;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Source: Niên giám thống kê Hà Nội 2022<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> HT – formerly an administrative subdivision unit of the defunct Hà Tây Province. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnamese_Women_in_Ao_Dai.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Vietnamese_Women_in_Ao_Dai.png/240px-Vietnamese_Women_in_Ao_Dai.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="139" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1768" data-file-height="1026"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 139px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Vietnamese_Women_in_Ao_Dai.png/240px-Vietnamese_Women_in_Ao_Dai.png" data-width="240" data-height="139" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Vietnamese_Women_in_Ao_Dai.png/360px-Vietnamese_Women_in_Ao_Dai.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Vietnamese_Women_in_Ao_Dai.png/480px-Vietnamese_Women_in_Ao_Dai.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Vietnamese women wearing traditional costume <a href="/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i" title="Áo dài">Áo dài</a></figcaption></figure> During the French colonial period, as the capital of <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>, Hanoi attracted a considerable number of French, Chinese and Vietnamese from the surrounding areas. In the 1940s the population of the city was 132,145.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a>, many French and Chinese people left the city to either move south or repatriate. Hanoi's population only started to increase rapidly in the second half 20th century. In 1954, the city had 53 thousand inhabitants, covering an area of 152 km2. By 1961, the area of the city had expanded to 584 km2, and the population was 91,000 people. In 1978, <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Vietnam)">National Assembly (Vietnam)</a> decided to expand Hanoi for the second time to 2,136 km2, with a population of 2.5 million people.<a href="#cite_note-papin-83">[81]</a> By 1991, the area of Hanoi continued to change, decreasing to 924 km2 (357 sq mi), but the population was still over 2 million people. During the 1990s, Hanoi's population increased steadily, reaching 2,672,122 people in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> After the most recent expansion in August 2008, Hanoi has a population of 6.233 million and is among the 17 capitals with the largest area in the world.<a href="#cite_note-morong-85">[83]</a> According to the 2009 census, Hanoi's population is 6,451,909 people.<a href="#cite_note-TK2009-86">[84]</a> As of 1 April 2019, Hanoi had a population of 8,053,663, including 3,991,919 males and 4,061,744 females.<a href="#cite_note-census2019-11">[11]</a> The population living in urban areas is 3,962,310 people, accounting for 49.2% and in rural areas is 4,091,353 people, accounting for 50.8%. Hanoi is the second most populous city in the country, after <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a> (8,993,082 people). The average annual population growth rate from 2009 to 2019 of Hanoi is 2.22%/year, higher than the national growth rate (1.14%/year) and is the second highest in the Red River Delta, only after <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_Ninh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bắc Ninh Province">Bắc Ninh Province</a> (2.90% / year). Nowadays, the city is both a major metropolitan area of Northern Vietnam, and also the country's cultural and political centre, putting a lot of pressure on the infrastructure, some of which is antiquated and dates back to the early 20th century. It has over eight million residents within the <a href="/wiki/City_proper" title="City proper">city proper</a> and an estimated population of 20 million within the <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Capital_Region" title="Hanoi Capital Region">metropolitan area</a>. The number of Hanoians who have settled down for more than three generations is likely to be very small when compared to the overall population of the city. Even in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Quarter,_Hanoi" title="Old Quarter, Hanoi">Old Quarter</a>, where commerce started hundreds of years ago and consisted mostly of family businesses, many of the street-front stores nowadays are owned by merchants and retailers from other provinces. The original owner family may have either rented out the store and moved into the adjoining house or moved out of the neighborhood altogether. The pace of change has especially escalated after the abandonment of central-planning economic policies and relaxing of the district-based household registrar system.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> Hanoi's <a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Vietnam" title="Telephone numbers in Vietnam">telephone numbers</a> have been increased to 8 digits to cope with demand (October 2008). Subscribers' telephone numbers have been changed in a haphazard way; however, mobile phones and <a href="/wiki/Subscriber_identity_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscriber identity module">SIM cards</a> are readily available in Vietnam, with <a href="/wiki/Prepaid_mobile_phone" title="Prepaid mobile phone">pre-paid mobile phone credit</a> available in all areas of Hanoi. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Three_teachings" title="Three teachings">three teachings</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: tam giáo) of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism_in_Vietnam" title="Taoism in Vietnam">Taoism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> have been the main religions of Hanoi for many years. Most people consider themselves Buddhist, though not all of them regularly follow religion. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Vietnam" title="List of ethnic groups in Vietnam">List of ethnic groups in Vietnam</a></div> There are more than 50 ethnic groups in Hanoi, of which the Viet (Kinh) is the largest; according to official Vietnamese figures (2019 census), accounting for 98.66% of the population, followed by <a href="/wiki/Muong_people" title="Muong people">Mường</a> at 0.77% and <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0y_people" title="Tày people">Tày</a> at 0.24%.<a href="#cite_note-census2019-11">[11]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ng%C3%A2n_h%C3%A0ng_Nh%C3%A0_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_-_2022-09-02_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ng%C3%A2n_h%C3%A0ng_Nh%C3%A0_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_-_2022-09-02_01.jpg/215px-Ng%C3%A2n_h%C3%A0ng_Nh%C3%A0_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_-_2022-09-02_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 215px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ng%C3%A2n_h%C3%A0ng_Nh%C3%A0_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_-_2022-09-02_01.jpg/215px-Ng%C3%A2n_h%C3%A0ng_Nh%C3%A0_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_-_2022-09-02_01.jpg" data-width="215" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ng%C3%A2n_h%C3%A0ng_Nh%C3%A0_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_-_2022-09-02_01.jpg/323px-Ng%C3%A2n_h%C3%A0ng_Nh%C3%A0_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_-_2022-09-02_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ng%C3%A2n_h%C3%A0ng_Nh%C3%A0_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_-_2022-09-02_01.jpg/430px-Ng%C3%A2n_h%C3%A0ng_Nh%C3%A0_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_-_2022-09-02_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Headquarters of <a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_Vietnam" title="State Bank of Vietnam">State Bank of Vietnam</a></figcaption></figure> According to a recent ranking by <a href="/wiki/PricewaterhouseCoopers" class="mw-redirect" title="PricewaterhouseCoopers">PricewaterhouseCoopers</a>, Hanoi and <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a> will be amongst the fastest-growing cities in the world in terms of GDP growth from 2008 to 2025.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> In the year 2013, Hanoi contributed 12.6% to GDP, exported 7.5% of total exports, contributed 17% to the national budget and attracted 22% investment capital of Vietnam. The city's nominal GDP at current prices reached 451,213 billion VND (US$21.48 billion) in 2013, which made per capita GDP stand at 63.3 million VND (US$3,000).<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a>Industrial production in the city has experienced a rapid boom since the 1990s, with average annual growth of 19.1 percent from 1991 to 1995, 15.9 percent from 1996 to 2000, and 20.9 percent during 2001–2003. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In addition to eight existing industrial parks, Hanoi is building five new large-scale industrial parks and 16 small- and medium-sized industrial clusters. The non-state economic sector is expanding fast, with more than 48,000 businesses operating under the Enterprise Law (as of 3/2007).<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newone_-_Vincom_Mega_Mall_Times_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Newone_-_Vincom_Mega_Mall_Times_City.jpg/215px-Newone_-_Vincom_Mega_Mall_Times_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3835" data-file-height="2874"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 215px;height: 161px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Newone_-_Vincom_Mega_Mall_Times_City.jpg/215px-Newone_-_Vincom_Mega_Mall_Times_City.jpg" data-width="215" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Newone_-_Vincom_Mega_Mall_Times_City.jpg/323px-Newone_-_Vincom_Mega_Mall_Times_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Newone_-_Vincom_Mega_Mall_Times_City.jpg/430px-Newone_-_Vincom_Mega_Mall_Times_City.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A shopping center in Hanoi owned by <a href="/wiki/Vingroup" title="Vingroup">Vingroup</a></figcaption></figure> Trade is another strong sector of the city. In 2003, Hanoi had 2,000 businesses engaged in foreign trade, having established ties with 161 countries and territories. The city's export value grew by an average 11.6 percent each year from 1996 to 2000 and 9.1 percent during 2001–2003. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The economic structure also underwent important shifts, with tourism, finance, and banking now playing an increasingly important role. Hanoi's traditional business districts are <a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0n_Ki%E1%BA%BFm_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoàn Kiếm District">Hoàn Kiếm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hai_B%C3%A0_Tr%C6%B0ng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hai Bà Trưng District">Hai Bà Trưng</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%91ng_%C4%90a_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Đống Đa District">Đống Đa</a>; and newly developing <a href="/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7u_Gi%E1%BA%A5y_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Cầu Giấy District">Cầu Giấy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nam_T%E1%BB%AB_Li%C3%AAm" class="mw-redirect" title="Nam Từ Liêm">Nam Từ Liêm</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_T%E1%BB%AB_Li%C3%AAm" class="mw-redirect" title="Bắc Từ Liêm">Bắc Từ Liêm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thanh_Xu%C3%A2n" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanh Xuân">Thanh Xuân</a> and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_%C4%90%C3%B4ng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hà Đông District">Hà Đông</a> in the west. Similar to <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a>, Hanoi enjoys a rapidly developing real estate market.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> The most notable new urban areas are central Trung Hòa Nhân Chính, <a href="/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_%C4%90%C3%ACnh" title="Mỹ Đình">Mỹ Đình</a>, the luxurious zones of The Manor, Ciputra, Royal City in the Nguyễn Trãi Street (Thanh Xuân District) and Times City in the Hai Bà Trưng District. With an estimated nominal GDP of US$42.04 billion as of 2019, it is the second most productive economic area of Vietnam (after <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a>) <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Vietnam" title="Agriculture in Vietnam">Agriculture</a>, previously a pillar in Hanoi's economy, has striven to reform itself, introducing new high-yield plant varieties and livestock, and applying modern farming techniques.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> After the economic reforms that initiated economic growth, Hanoi's appearance has also changed significantly, especially in recent years. Infrastructure is constantly being upgraded, with new roads and an improved public transportation system.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> Hanoi has allowed many fast-food chains into the city, such as <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lotteria" title="Lotteria">Lotteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pizza_Hut" title="Pizza Hut">Pizza Hut</a>, <a href="/wiki/KFC" title="KFC">KFC</a>, and others. Locals in Hanoi perceive the ability to purchase "<a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">fast-food</a>" as an indication of luxury and permanent fixtures.<a href="#cite_note-Lincoln_2008_261%E2%80%93265-94">[92]</a> Similarly, city officials are motivated by food safety concerns and their aspirations for a "modern" city to replace the 67 traditional food markets with 1,000 supermarkets by 2025. This is likely to increase consumption of less nutritious foods, as traditional markets are key for consumption of fresh rather than processed foods.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanoi_Stock_Exchange_(18780216822).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Hanoi_Stock_Exchange_%2818780216822%29.jpg/215px-Hanoi_Stock_Exchange_%2818780216822%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 215px;height: 161px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Hanoi_Stock_Exchange_%2818780216822%29.jpg/215px-Hanoi_Stock_Exchange_%2818780216822%29.jpg" data-width="215" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Hanoi_Stock_Exchange_%2818780216822%29.jpg/323px-Hanoi_Stock_Exchange_%2818780216822%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Hanoi_Stock_Exchange_%2818780216822%29.jpg/430px-Hanoi_Stock_Exchange_%2818780216822%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Stock_Exchange" title="Hanoi Stock Exchange">Hanoi Stock Exchange</a> in downtown Hanoi</figcaption></figure> Over three-quarters of the jobs in Hanoi are state-owned. Nine percent of jobs are provided by collectively owned organizations and 13.3% of jobs are in the private sector.<a href="#cite_note-FORBES_2001_68%E2%80%9384-96">[94]</a> The structure of employment has been changing rapidly as state-owned institutions downsize and private enterprises grow.<a href="#cite_note-FORBES_2001_68%E2%80%9384-96">[94]</a> Hanoi has in-migration controls which allow the city to accept only people who add skills Hanoi's economy.<a href="#cite_note-FORBES_2001_68%E2%80%9384-96">[94]</a> A 2006 census found that 5,600 rural produce vendors exist in Hanoi, with 90% of them coming from surrounding rural areas. These numbers indicate the much greater earning potential in urban rather than in rural spaces.<a href="#cite_note-Lincoln_2008_261%E2%80%93265-94">[92]</a> The uneducated, rural, and mostly female street vendors are depicted as participants of "<a href="/wiki/Microbusiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbusiness">microbusiness</a>" and local grassroots economic development by business reports.<a href="#cite_note-Lincoln_2008_261%E2%80%93265-94">[92]</a> In July 2008, Hanoi's city government devised a policy to partially ban street vendors and side-walk based commerce on 62 streets due to concerns about public health and "modernizing" the city's image to attract foreigners.<a href="#cite_note-Lincoln_2008_261%E2%80%93265-94">[92]</a> Many foreigners believe that the vendors add a traditional and nostalgic aura to the city, although street vending was much less common prior to the 1986 <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%95i_M%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Đổi Mới">Đổi Mới</a> policies.<a href="#cite_note-Lincoln_2008_261%E2%80%93265-94">[92]</a> The vendors have not able to form effective resistance tactics to the ban and remain embedded in the dominant capitalist framework of modern Hanoi.<a href="#cite_note-:5-97">[95]</a> Hanoi is part of the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a> that runs from the Chinese coast through the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a> towards the <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">southern tip of India</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>, from there through the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>, there to the Upper <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a> region to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">northern Italian</a> hub of <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> with its rail connections to <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> On Vietnam's Provincial Competitiveness Index 2023, a key tool for evaluating the business environment in Vietnam’s provinces, Hanoi received a score of 67.15. This was an improvement from 2022 in which the province received a score of 66.74. In 2023, the province received its highest scores on the 'Labor Policy' and 'Time Costs' criterion and lowest on 'Access To Land' and 'Proactivity'.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Development" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructural_development">Infrastructural development</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Infrastructural development" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A development master plan for Hanoi was designed by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_H%C3%A9brard" title="Ernest Hébrard">Ernest Hebrard</a> in 1924, but was only partially implemented.<a href="#cite_note-FORBES_2001_68%E2%80%9384-96">[94]</a> The previous close relationship between the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and Vietnam led to the creation of the first comprehensive plan for Hanoi with the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Gosplan" title="Gosplan">Soviet planners</a> between 1981 and 1984.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> It was never realized because it appeared to be incompatible with Hanoi's existing layout.<a href="#cite_note-FORBES_2001_68%E2%80%9384-96">[94]</a> In recent years, two master plans have been created to guide Hanoi's development.<a href="#cite_note-FORBES_2001_68%E2%80%9384-96">[94]</a> The first was the Hanoi Master Plan 1990–2010, approved in April 1992. It was created out of collaboration between planners from Hanoi and the National Institute of Urban and Rural Planning in the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Construction_(Vietnam)" title="Ministry of Construction (Vietnam)">Ministry of Construction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FORBES_2001_68%E2%80%9384-96">[94]</a> The plan's three main objectives were to create housing and a new commercial center in an area known as Nghĩa Đô, expand residential and industrial areas in the <a href="/wiki/Gia_L%C3%A2m_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Gia Lâm District">Gia Lâm District</a>, and develop the three southern corridors linking Hanoi to <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_%C4%90%C3%B4ng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hà Đông District">Hà Đông</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Thanh_Tr%C3%AC_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanh Trì District">Thanh Trì District</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FORBES_2001_68%E2%80%9384-96">[94]</a> The result of the land-use pattern was meant to resemble a five cornered star by 2010.<a href="#cite_note-FORBES_2001_68%E2%80%9384-96">[94]</a> In 1998, a revised version of the Hanoi Master plan was approved to be completed in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-FORBES_2001_68%E2%80%9384-96">[94]</a> It addressed the significant increase of population projections within Hanoi. Population densities and high rise buildings in the inner city were planned to be limited to protect the old parts of inner Hanoi.<a href="#cite_note-FORBES_2001_68%E2%80%9384-96">[94]</a> A rail transport system is planned to be built to expand public transport and link the Hanoi to surrounding areas. Projects such as airport upgrading, a golf course, and cultural villages have been approved for development by the government.<a href="#cite_note-FORBES_2001_68%E2%80%9384-96">[94]</a> In the late 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a> (UNDP) and the Vietnamese government had designed a project to develop rural infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-FORBES_2001_68%E2%80%9384-96">[94]</a> The project focused on improving roads, water supply and sanitation, and educational, health and social facilities because economic development in the <a href="/wiki/Commune_(Vietnam)" title="Commune (Vietnam)">communes</a> and rural areas surrounding Hanoi is dependent on the infrastructural links between the rural and urban areas, especially for the sale of rural products.<a href="#cite_note-FORBES_2001_68%E2%80%9384-96">[94]</a> The project aimed to use locally available resources and knowledge such as compressed earth construction techniques for building. It was jointly funded by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">UNDP</a>, the Vietnamese government, and resources raised by the local communities and governments. In four communes, the local communities contributed 37% of the total budget.<a href="#cite_note-FORBES_2001_68%E2%80%9384-96">[94]</a> Local labor, community support, and joint funding were decided as necessary for the long-term sustainability of the project.<a href="#cite_note-FORBES_2001_68%E2%80%9384-96">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_society_development">Civil society development</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Civil society development" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Part of the goals of the <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%95i_M%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Đổi Mới">Đổi Mới</a> economic reforms was to decentralize governance for purpose of economic improvement. This led to the establishment of the first issue-oriented civic organizations in Hanoi. In the 1990s, Hanoi experienced significant poverty alleviation as a result of both the market reforms and civil society movements.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> Most of the civic organizations in Hanoi were established after 1995, at a rate much slower than in <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-104">[102]</a> Organizations in Hanoi are more "tradition-bound", focused on policy, education, research, professional interests, and appealing to governmental organizations to solve social problems.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-104">[102]</a> This marked difference from <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh's</a> civic organizations, which practice more direct intervention to tackle social issues, may be attributed to the different societal identities of North and South Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-104">[102]</a> Hanoi-based civic organizations use more systematic development and less of a direct intervention approach to deal with issues of rural development, poverty alleviation, and environmental protection. They rely more heavily on full-time staff than volunteers. In Hanoi, 16.7% of civic organizations accept anyone as a registered member and 73.9% claim to have their own budgets, as opposed to 90.9% in <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-104">[102]</a> A majority of the civic organizations in Hanoi find it difficult to work with governmental organizations. Many of the strained relations between non-governmental and governmental organizations results from <a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">statism</a>, a bias against non-state organizations on the part of government entities.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-104">[102]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Landmarks">Landmarks</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Landmarks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:One_Pillar_Pagoda_Hanoi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/One_Pillar_Pagoda_Hanoi.jpg/215px-One_Pillar_Pagoda_Hanoi.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="181" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="680"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 215px;height: 181px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/One_Pillar_Pagoda_Hanoi.jpg/215px-One_Pillar_Pagoda_Hanoi.jpg" data-width="215" data-height="181" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/One_Pillar_Pagoda_Hanoi.jpg/323px-One_Pillar_Pagoda_Hanoi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/One_Pillar_Pagoda_Hanoi.jpg/430px-One_Pillar_Pagoda_Hanoi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/One_Pillar_Pagoda" title="One Pillar Pagoda">One Pillar Pagoda</a></figcaption></figure> As the capital of Vietnam for almost a thousand years, Hanoi is considered one of the main cultural centres of Vietnam, where most Vietnamese dynasties have left their imprint. Even though some relics have not survived through wars and time, the city still has many interesting cultural and historic monuments for visitors and residents alike. Even when the nation's capital moved to <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a> under the Nguyễn Dynasty in 1802, the city of Hanoi continued to flourish, especially after the French took control in 1888 and modeled the city's architecture to their tastes, lending an important aesthetic to the city's rich stylistic heritage. The city hosts more cultural sites than any other city in Vietnam,<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> and boasts more than 1,000 years of history; that of the past few hundred years has been well preserved.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Quarter">Old Quarter</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Old Quarter" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_Quarter,_Hanoi" title="Old Quarter, Hanoi">Old Quarter</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Quarter,_Hanoi_(12)_(38496654951).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Old_Quarter%2C_Hanoi_%2812%29_%2838496654951%29.jpg/215px-Old_Quarter%2C_Hanoi_%2812%29_%2838496654951%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 215px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Old_Quarter%2C_Hanoi_%2812%29_%2838496654951%29.jpg/215px-Old_Quarter%2C_Hanoi_%2812%29_%2838496654951%29.jpg" data-width="215" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Old_Quarter%2C_Hanoi_%2812%29_%2838496654951%29.jpg/323px-Old_Quarter%2C_Hanoi_%2812%29_%2838496654951%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Old_Quarter%2C_Hanoi_%2812%29_%2838496654951%29.jpg/430px-Old_Quarter%2C_Hanoi_%2812%29_%2838496654951%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A street in <a href="/wiki/Old_Quarter,_Hanoi" title="Old Quarter, Hanoi">Hanoi's Old Quarter</a></figcaption></figure>The Old Quarter, near <a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0n_Ki%E1%BA%BFm_Lake" title="Hoàn Kiếm Lake">Hoàn Kiếm Lake</a>, maintains most of the original street layout and some of the architecture of old Hanoi. At the beginning of the 20th century Hanoi consisted of the "36 streets", the citadel, and some of the newer French buildings south of Hoàn Kiếm lake, most of which are now part of Hoàn Kiếm district.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_107-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan2000%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;-107">[105]</a> Each street had merchants and households specializing in a particular trade, such as silk, jewelry or even bamboo. The street names still reflect these specializations, although few of them remain exclusively in their original commerce.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_108-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbesHenley2012%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;-108">[106]</a> The area is famous for its specializations in trades such as traditional medicine and local handicrafts, including silk shops, bamboo carpenters, and tin smiths. Local cuisine specialties as well as several clubs and bars can be found here also. A night market (near <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Xu%C3%A2n_Market" title="Đồng Xuân Market">Đồng Xuân Market</a>) in the heart of the district opens for business every Friday, Saturday, and Sunday evening with a variety of clothing, souvenirs and food. The city's more than six decades of French colonization, as well as centuries of sociocultural influence from China, have influenced the designs of the old houses in Hanoi. The Franco-Chinese or hybrid architectural styles can be reflected in the front of a house in the co-existence of French-styled columns, Confucian scrolls, the Taoist yin-yang sign, and the Buddhist lotus sculpture.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_sites">Imperial sites</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Imperial sites" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_Literature_-_main_gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Temple_of_Literature_-_main_gate.jpg/220px-Temple_of_Literature_-_main_gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1063"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Temple_of_Literature_-_main_gate.jpg/220px-Temple_of_Literature_-_main_gate.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Temple_of_Literature_-_main_gate.jpg/330px-Temple_of_Literature_-_main_gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Temple_of_Literature_-_main_gate.jpg/440px-Temple_of_Literature_-_main_gate.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Front gate of the Temple of Literature</figcaption></figure> Imperial sites are mostly in <a href="/wiki/Ba_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba Đình District">Ba Đình District</a> and a bit of <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%91ng_%C4%90a_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Đống Đa District">Đống Đa District</a>. They are juxtaposed with French colonial architecture (villas, administrative buildings and tree-lined boulevards). Some prominent edifices from feudal time include the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Literature,_Hanoi" title="Temple of Literature, Hanoi">Temple of Literature</a> (Văn Miếu), site of the oldest university in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> which was started in 1010, the <a href="/wiki/One_Pillar_Pagoda" title="One Pillar Pagoda">One Pillar Pagoda</a> (Chùa Một Cột) which was built based on the dream of king <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Th%C3%A1i_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lý Thái Tông">Lý Thái Tông</a> (1028–1054) in 1049, and the <a href="/wiki/Flag_Tower_of_Hanoi" title="Flag Tower of Hanoi">Flag Tower of Hanoi</a> (Cột cờ Hà Nội). In 2004, a massive part of the 900-year-old <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Citadel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanoi Citadel">Hanoi Citadel</a> was discovered in central Hanoi, near the site of <a href="/wiki/Ba_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Square" title="Ba Đình Square">Ba Đình Square</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lakes">Lakes</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Lakes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A city between rivers built on lowlands, Hanoi has many scenic lakes and is sometimes called the "city of lakes". Among its lakes, the most famous are <a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0n_Ki%E1%BA%BFm_Lake" title="Hoàn Kiếm Lake">Hoàn Kiếm Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Lake_(Hanoi)" title="West Lake (Hanoi)">West Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BAc_B%E1%BA%A1ch_Lake" title="Trúc Bạch Lake">Trúc Bạch Lake</a> and Bảy Mẫu Lake (inside Thống Nhất Park). Hoàn Kiếm Lake, also known as Sword Lake, is the historical and cultural center of Hanoi, and is linked to the legend of the <a href="/wiki/Thu%E1%BA%ADn_Thi%C3%AAn_(sword)" title="Thuận Thiên (sword)">magic sword</a>. West Lake (Hồ Tây) is a popular place for people to spend time. It is the largest lake in Hanoi, with many temples in the area. The lakeside road in the Nghi Tam – Quang Ba area is perfect for bicycling, jogging and viewing the cityscape or enjoying the lotus ponds in the summer. The best way to see the majestic beauty of a West Lake sunset is to view it from one of the many bars around the lake, especially from The Summit at Pan Pacific Hanoi (formally known as Summit Lounge at Sofitel Plaza Hanoi). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_Hanoi">Colonial Hanoi</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Colonial Hanoi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanoi,_Vietnam_(12036416576).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_%2812036416576%29.jpg/220px-Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_%2812036416576%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4319" data-file-height="2398"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 122px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_%2812036416576%29.jpg/220px-Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_%2812036416576%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="122" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_%2812036416576%29.jpg/330px-Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_%2812036416576%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_%2812036416576%29.jpg/440px-Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_%2812036416576%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tonkin_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonkin Palace">Tonkin Palace</a> used to host the French Governor of <a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hano%C3%AF_-_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_rue_Paul_Bert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Hano%C3%AF_-_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_rue_Paul_Bert.jpg/220px-Hano%C3%AF_-_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_rue_Paul_Bert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1615" data-file-height="1030"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Hano%C3%AF_-_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_rue_Paul_Bert.jpg/220px-Hano%C3%AF_-_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_rue_Paul_Bert.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Hano%C3%AF_-_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_rue_Paul_Bert.jpg/330px-Hano%C3%AF_-_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_rue_Paul_Bert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Hano%C3%AF_-_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_rue_Paul_Bert.jpg/440px-Hano%C3%AF_-_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_rue_Paul_Bert.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Opera_House" title="Hanoi Opera House">Hanoi Opera House</a>, taken in the early 20th century, from rue <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bert" title="Paul Bert">Paul Bert</a> (now Trang Tien street).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sofitel_Metropole,_Ng%C3%B4_Quy%E1%BB%81n_-_2022-09-02_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sofitel_Metropole%2C_Ng%C3%B4_Quy%E1%BB%81n_-_2022-09-02_01.jpg/220px-Sofitel_Metropole%2C_Ng%C3%B4_Quy%E1%BB%81n_-_2022-09-02_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sofitel_Metropole%2C_Ng%C3%B4_Quy%E1%BB%81n_-_2022-09-02_01.jpg/220px-Sofitel_Metropole%2C_Ng%C3%B4_Quy%E1%BB%81n_-_2022-09-02_01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sofitel_Metropole%2C_Ng%C3%B4_Quy%E1%BB%81n_-_2022-09-02_01.jpg/330px-Sofitel_Metropole%2C_Ng%C3%B4_Quy%E1%BB%81n_-_2022-09-02_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sofitel_Metropole%2C_Ng%C3%B4_Quy%E1%BB%81n_-_2022-09-02_01.jpg/440px-Sofitel_Metropole%2C_Ng%C3%B4_Quy%E1%BB%81n_-_2022-09-02_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sofitel_Legend_Metropole_Hanoi" title="Sofitel Legend Metropole Hanoi">Hotel Metropole</a> was opened in 1901</figcaption></figure> Hanoi was the capital and the administrative center for <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> for most of the colonial period (from 1902 to 1945). The <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_architecture" title="French colonial architecture">French colonial architectural style</a> became dominant,<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> and many examples remain today: tree-lined boulevards (such as Phan Dinh Phung street, Hoang Dieu street and Tran Phu street) and many villas, mansions, and government buildings. Some notable colonial structures are an eclectic mixture of French and traditional Vietnamese architectural styles, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Vietnamese History">National Museum of Vietnamese History</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts" title="Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts">Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts</a> and the old <a href="/wiki/Indochina_Medical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina Medical College">Indochina Medical College</a>. Gouveneur-Général <a href="/wiki/Paul_Doumer" title="Paul Doumer">Paul Doumer</a> (1898–1902) played a crucial role in colonial Hanoi's urban planning. Under his tenure there was a major construction boom.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/French_Colonial" class="mw-redirect" title="French Colonial">French Colonial</a> buildings in Hanoi are mostly in <a href="/wiki/Ba_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba Đình District">Ba Đình District</a> and the south of <a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0n_Ki%E1%BA%BFm_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoàn Kiếm District">Hoàn Kiếm District</a>, the two French Quarters of the city. Notable landmarks include: In Ba Đình district: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Palace,_Hanoi" title="Presidential Palace, Hanoi">Presidential Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BB%ADa_B%E1%BA%AFc_Church" title="Cửa Bắc Church">Cửa Bắc Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Vietnam)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Vietnam)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs building</a></li> <li>Several ministries, government agencies and foreign embassies</li></ul> In Hoàn Kiếm district: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Opera_House" title="Hanoi Opera House">Grand Opera House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Cathedral,_Hanoi" title="St. Joseph's Cathedral, Hanoi">St. Joseph's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Bi%C3%AAn_Bridge" title="Long Biên Bridge">Long Biên Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Palais_(Hanoi)" title="Grand Palais (Hanoi)">Grand Palais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Vietnamese History">French School of the Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofitel_Legend_Metropole_Hanoi" title="Sofitel Legend Metropole Hanoi">Hotel Metropole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Guest_House_(Vietnam)" title="State Guest House (Vietnam)">Tonkin Palace</a> (State Guest House)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%8Fa_L%C3%B2_Prison" title="Hỏa Lò Prison">Hỏa Lò Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court_of_Vietnam" title="Supreme People's Court of Vietnam">Supreme Court building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Medical_University" title="Hanoi Medical University">Indochina Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Museum_of_Revolution" title="Vietnam Museum of Revolution">Museum of Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanoi Railway Station">Central Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_Vietnam" title="State Bank of Vietnam">State Bank of Vietnam</a></li> <li>Several foreign embassies</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Museums" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_Museum_of_Revolution.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Vietnam_Museum_of_Revolution.JPG/215px-Vietnam_Museum_of_Revolution.JPG" decoding="async" width="215" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 215px;height: 161px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Vietnam_Museum_of_Revolution.JPG/215px-Vietnam_Museum_of_Revolution.JPG" data-alt="" data-width="215" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Vietnam_Museum_of_Revolution.JPG/323px-Vietnam_Museum_of_Revolution.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Vietnam_Museum_of_Revolution.JPG/430px-Vietnam_Museum_of_Revolution.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Museum_of_Revolution" title="Vietnam Museum of Revolution">Vietnam Museum of Revolution</a>, Hanoi</figcaption></figure> Hanoi is home to a number of museums: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Vietnamese History">National Museum of Vietnamese History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts" title="Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts">Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Museum_of_Ethnology" title="Vietnam Museum of Ethnology">Vietnam Museum of Ethnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Museum_of_Revolution" title="Vietnam Museum of Revolution">Vietnam Museum of Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%8Fa_L%C3%B2_Prison" title="Hỏa Lò Prison">Hỏa Lò Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Museum" title="Ho Chi Minh Museum">Ho Chi Minh Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Contemporary_Arts_Centre" title="Hanoi Contemporary Arts Centre">Hanoi Contemporary Arts Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Military_History_Museum" title="Vietnam Military History Museum">Vietnam Military History Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Museum" title="Hanoi Museum">Hanoi Museum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suburbs">Suburbs</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Suburbs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%B9a_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ch%C3%B9a_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng.jpg/215px-Ch%C3%B9a_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="537"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 215px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ch%C3%B9a_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng.jpg/215px-Ch%C3%B9a_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng.jpg" data-width="215" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ch%C3%B9a_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng.jpg/323px-Ch%C3%B9a_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ch%C3%B9a_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng.jpg/430px-Ch%C3%B9a_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Perfume Pagoda in western Hanoi</figcaption></figure> Hanoi's western suburbs, previously <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_T%C3%A2y_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hà Tây Province">Hà Tây Province</a>, offers a number of important religious sites: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A7y_Pagoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Thầy Pagoda">Thầy Pagoda</a> in <a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%91c_Oai_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Quốc Oai District">Quốc Oai District</a> was established in the 11th century and dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Thi%E1%BB%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a> <a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">master</a> <a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%AB_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Từ Đạo Hạnh">Từ Đạo Hạnh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoddLewis2003408-113">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrummondThomas2003125-114">[112]</a> It is one of the oldest Buddhist temples in Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutherford2002380%E2%80%9381-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chua-116">[114]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Temple" title="Hương Temple">Perfume Pagoda</a> is a vast complex of Buddhist temples and shrines built into the limestone Huong Tich mountains. It has a long pilgrimage route along the Yen river.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Tourism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_and_French_quarters_hanoi.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Old_and_French_quarters_hanoi.png/250px-Old_and_French_quarters_hanoi.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="212" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="814"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 212px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Old_and_French_quarters_hanoi.png/250px-Old_and_French_quarters_hanoi.png" data-width="250" data-height="212" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Old_and_French_quarters_hanoi.png/375px-Old_and_French_quarters_hanoi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Old_and_French_quarters_hanoi.png/500px-Old_and_French_quarters_hanoi.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Approximation of Hanoi's Old Quarter and French Quarters</figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/Mastercard" title="Mastercard">Mastercard</a>’s 2019 report, Hanoi is Vietnam's most visited city (15th in Asia Pacific), with 4.8 million overnight international visitors in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> Hanoi is sometimes dubbed the "<a href="/wiki/Paris_of_the_East_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris of the East (disambiguation)">Paris of the East</a>" for its French influences.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> With its tree-fringed boulevards, more than two dozen lakes and thousands of French colonial-era buildings, Hanoi is a popular tourist destination. The tourist destinations in Hanoi are generally grouped into two main areas: the <a href="/wiki/Old_Quarter,_Hanoi" title="Old Quarter, Hanoi">Old Quarter</a> and the French Quarter(s). The "Old Quarter" is in the northern half of <a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0n_Ki%E1%BA%BFm_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoàn Kiếm District">Hoàn Kiếm District</a> with small street blocks and alleys, and a traditional Vietnamese atmosphere. Many streets in the Old Quarter have names signifying the goods ("hàng") the local merchants were or are specialized in. For example, "Hàng Bạc" (silver stores) still have many stores specializing in trading silver and jewelries. Two areas are generally called the "French Quarters": the governmental area in <a href="/wiki/Ba_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba Đình District">Ba Đình District</a> and the south of Hoàn Kiếm District. Both areas have distinctive <a href="/wiki/French_Colonial" class="mw-redirect" title="French Colonial">French Colonial</a> style villas and broad tree-lined avenues. The political center of Vietnam, Ba Đình has a high concentration of Vietnamese government headquarters, including the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Palace,_Hanoi" title="Presidential Palace, Hanoi">Presidential Palace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_Building_of_Vietnam" title="National Assembly Building of Vietnam">National Assembly Building</a>, and several ministries and embassies, most of which used administrative buildings of colonial <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>. The <a href="/wiki/One_Pillar_Pagoda" title="One Pillar Pagoda">One Pillar Pagoda</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chu_V%C4%83n_An_High_School_(Hanoi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu Văn An High School (Hanoi)">Lycée du Protectorat</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Mausoleum" title="Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum">Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum</a> are also in Ba Dinh. South of Hoàn Kiếm's "French Quarter" has several French colonial landmarks, including the <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Opera_House" title="Hanoi Opera House">Hanoi Opera House</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sofitel_Legend_Metropole_Hanoi" title="Sofitel Legend Metropole Hanoi">Sofitel Legend Metropole Hanoi</a> hotel, the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Vietnamese History">National Museum of Vietnamese History</a> (formerly the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_fran%C3%A7aise_d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient" class="mw-redirect" title="École française d'Extrême-Orient">École française d'Extrême-Orient</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Cathedral,_Hanoi" title="St. Joseph's Cathedral, Hanoi">St. Joseph's Cathedral</a>. Most of the French-Colonial buildings in Hoan Kiem are now used as foreign embassies. Northwest of the historic center, the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Museum_of_Ethnology" title="Vietnam Museum of Ethnology">Vietnam Museum of Ethnology</a> opened in 1997, and consists of two major exhibition halls and an Architecture Garden. It is one of the most important Asian collections of traditional architecture. Since 2014, Hanoi has consistently been voted in the world's top ten destinations by TripAdvisor. It ranked eighth in 2014,<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> fourth in 2015<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> and eighth in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> Hanoi is the most affordable international destination in TripAdvisor's annual TripIndex report[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Entertainment">Entertainment</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Entertainment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thang_Long_Water_Puppet_Theatre2_cropped.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Thang_Long_Water_Puppet_Theatre2_cropped.JPG/215px-Thang_Long_Water_Puppet_Theatre2_cropped.JPG" decoding="async" width="215" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2334" data-file-height="1737"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 215px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Thang_Long_Water_Puppet_Theatre2_cropped.JPG/215px-Thang_Long_Water_Puppet_Theatre2_cropped.JPG" data-width="215" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Thang_Long_Water_Puppet_Theatre2_cropped.JPG/323px-Thang_Long_Water_Puppet_Theatre2_cropped.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Thang_Long_Water_Puppet_Theatre2_cropped.JPG/430px-Thang_Long_Water_Puppet_Theatre2_cropped.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Performance of the water puppet theatre Thăng Long</figcaption></figure> A variety of options for entertainment in Hanoi can be found throughout the city. Modern and traditional theaters, cinemas, karaoke bars, dance clubs, bowling alleys, and an abundance of opportunities for shopping provide leisure activity for both locals and tourists. Hanoi has been named one of the top 10 cities for shopping in Asia by Water Puppet Tours.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> The number of art galleries exhibiting Vietnamese art has dramatically increased in recent years, now including galleries such as "Nhat Huy" of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huynh_Thong_Nhat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huynh Thong Nhat (page does not exist)">Huynh Thong Nhat</a>. Nhà Triển Lãm at 29 Hang Bai street hosts regular photo, sculpture, and paint exhibitions in conjuncture with local artists and travelling international expositions. A popular traditional form of entertainment is <a href="/wiki/Water_puppetry" title="Water puppetry">water puppetry</a>, which is shown, for example, at the Thăng Long Water Puppet Theatre. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Cuisine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B%C3%BAn_ch%E1%BA%A3_Vietnamese_food.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/B%C3%BAn_ch%E1%BA%A3_Vietnamese_food.jpg/215px-B%C3%BAn_ch%E1%BA%A3_Vietnamese_food.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 215px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/B%C3%BAn_ch%E1%BA%A3_Vietnamese_food.jpg/215px-B%C3%BAn_ch%E1%BA%A3_Vietnamese_food.jpg" data-width="215" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/B%C3%BAn_ch%E1%BA%A3_Vietnamese_food.jpg/323px-B%C3%BAn_ch%E1%BA%A3_Vietnamese_food.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/B%C3%BAn_ch%E1%BA%A3_Vietnamese_food.jpg/430px-B%C3%BAn_ch%E1%BA%A3_Vietnamese_food.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bun_cha" title="Bun cha">Bún Chả</a>, a dish that originated in Hanoi.</figcaption></figure> Hanoi has rich culinary traditions. Many of Vietnam's most famous dishes, such as <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BAn_ch%E1%BA%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Bún chả">bún chả</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cha_Ca_La_Vong" class="mw-redirect" title="Cha Ca La Vong">chả cá Lã Vọng</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1nh_cu%E1%BB%91n" title="Bánh cuốn">bánh cuốn</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%E1%BB%91m" title="Cốm">cốm</a> originated in Hanoi. Bún chả, a dish consisting of charcoal roasted pork served in a sweet/salty soup with rice noodle vermicelli and lettuce, is by far the most popular food item among locals. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> famously tried this dish at a Le Van Huu eatery with <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Bourdain" title="Anthony Bourdain">Anthony Bourdain</a> in 2016, prompting the opening of a bún chả restaurant bearing his name in the Old Quarter. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indochina_Medical_College.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Indochina_Medical_College.jpg/215px-Indochina_Medical_College.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 215px;height: 161px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Indochina_Medical_College.jpg/215px-Indochina_Medical_College.jpg" data-width="215" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Indochina_Medical_College.jpg/323px-Indochina_Medical_College.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Indochina_Medical_College.jpg/430px-Indochina_Medical_College.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Hanoi Medical University was the first modern university in Vietnam.</figcaption></figure> Hanoi, as the capital of French Indochina, was home to the first Western-style universities in Indochina, including Indochina Medical College (1902) – now <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Medical_University" title="Hanoi Medical University">Hanoi Medical University</a>, Indochina University (1904) – now <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_National_University,_Hanoi" title="Vietnam National University, Hanoi">Hanoi National University</a> (the largest), and École Supérieure des Beaux-Arts de l'Indochine (1925) – now <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_College_of_Fine_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanoi College of Fine Arts">Hanoi University of Fine Art</a>. After the Communist Party of Vietnam took control of Hanoi in 1954, many new universities were built, most prominently the <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Hanoi University of Science and Technology">Hanoi University of Science and Technology</a>. Recently ULIS (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Languages_and_International_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Languages and International Studies">University of Languages and International Studies</a>) was rated as one of the top universities in south-east Asia for languages and language studies at the undergraduate level.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> Other universities that are not part of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_National_University,_Hanoi" title="Vietnam National University, Hanoi">Vietnam National University</a> or Hanoi University include Hanoi School for Public Health, Hanoi School of Agriculture, <a href="/wiki/Electric_Power_University" title="Electric Power University">Electric Power University</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Transport_and_Communications" title="University of Transport and Communications">University of Transport and Communications</a>. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_b%C3%A1ch_khoa_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_b%C3%A1ch_khoa_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i.jpg/215px-%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_b%C3%A1ch_khoa_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="835"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 215px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_b%C3%A1ch_khoa_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i.jpg/215px-%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_b%C3%A1ch_khoa_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i.jpg" data-width="215" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_b%C3%A1ch_khoa_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i.jpg/323px-%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_b%C3%A1ch_khoa_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_b%C3%A1ch_khoa_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i.jpg/430px-%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_b%C3%A1ch_khoa_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Hanoi University of Science and Technology">Hanoi University of Science and Technology</a>, considered one of the most prestigious in Vietnam.</figcaption></figure> It is estimated that 62% of the scientists in Vietnam are living and working in Hanoi.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> Admission to undergraduate study is through entrance examinations, which are conducted annually and open to everyone who has successfully completed their secondary education in the country. The majority of universities in Hanoi are public, although in recent years a number of private universities have begun operation. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C4%83ng_Long_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thăng Long University (page does not exist)">Thăng Long University</a>, founded in 1988 by Vietnamese mathematics professors in Hanoi and France,<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> was the first private university in Vietnam. Because many of Vietnam's major universities are located in Hanoi, students from other provinces (especially in the northern part of the country) wishing to enter university often travel to Hanoi for the annual entrance examination. Such events usually take place in June and July, during which a large number of students and their families converge on the city for several weeks around the intense examination periods. In recent years, these entrance exams have been coordinated by the Ministry of Education, but entrance requirements are decided independently by each university. Although there are state owned <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergartens</a>, there are also many private ventures that serve both local and international needs. <a href="/wiki/Pre-tertiary-education" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-tertiary-education">Pre-tertiary</a> (elementary and secondary) schools in Hanoi are generally state run, but there are also some independent schools. Education is equivalent to the K–12 system in the U.S., with elementary school between grades 1 and 5, middle school (or junior high) between grades 6 and 9, and <a href="/wiki/High_school_(upper_secondary)" class="mw-redirect" title="High school (upper secondary)">high school</a> from grades 10 to 12. There are several specialised schools (also known as high schools for the gifted) in Hanoi where students with the most academic prowess attend. Education levels are much higher within the city of Hanoi in comparison to the suburban areas outside the city. About 33.8% of the labor force in the city has completed secondary school in contrast to 19.4% in the suburbs.<a href="#cite_note-FORBES_2001_68%E2%80%9384-96">[94]</a> 21% of the labor force in the city has completed tertiary education in contrast to 4.1% in the suburbs.<a href="#cite_note-FORBES_2001_68%E2%80%9384-96">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reform">Reform</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Reform" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Country-wide educational change is difficult in Vietnam due to the restrictive control of the government on social and economic development strategies.<a href="#cite_note-Duggan_2001_193%E2%80%93212-126">[124]</a> According to Hanoi government publications, the national system of education was reformed in 1950, 1956 and 1970.<a href="#cite_note-Duggan_2001_193%E2%80%93212-126">[124]</a> It was not until 1975 when the two separate education systems of the former North and South Vietnam territories became unified under a single national system.<a href="#cite_note-Duggan_2001_193%E2%80%93212-126">[124]</a> In Hanoi in December 1996, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam</a> stated that: "To carry out industrialization and modernization successfully, it is necessary to develop education and training strongly [and to] maximize human resources, the key factor of fast and sustained development."<a href="#cite_note-Duggan_2001_193%E2%80%93212-126">[124]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Transportation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Buses_in_Hanoi" title="Buses in Hanoi">Buses in Hanoi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ga_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i_-_NKS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ga_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i_-_NKS.jpg/220px-Ga_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i_-_NKS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ga_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i_-_NKS.jpg/220px-Ga_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i_-_NKS.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ga_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i_-_NKS.jpg/330px-Ga_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i_-_NKS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ga_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i_-_NKS.jpg/440px-Ga_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i_-_NKS.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hanoi_railway_station" title="Hanoi railway station">Hanoi railway station</a></figcaption></figure> Hanoi has 1,370 streets and roads with the total length of over 2,300 km (1,429 mi); 573 bridges, of which 483 small to middle bridges, 13 light overpasses for vehicles, 70 pedestrian overpasses and seven main bridges (Chương Dương, Vĩnh Tuy, Thanh Trì, Nhật Tân, Đông Trù, Thăng Long, and Phùng); 115 tunnels, including nine main tunnels, 39 pedestrian tunnels and 67 underpass. In total, the proportion of land for traffic in the city as of 2021 is 10.3%. The city also has 63 km (39 mi) of inland waterways, which include Yến stream, Hai stream, Cà Lồ and Đáy river.<a href="#cite_note-Figure1-127">[125]</a> Hanoi is served by <a href="/wiki/Noi_Bai_International_Airport" title="Noi Bai International Airport">Noi Bai International Airport</a>, located in Soc Son District, approximately 15 km (9 mi) north of Hanoi. The new international terminal (T2), designed and built by Japanese contractors, opened in January 2015 and is a big facelift for the airport. In addition, a new highway and the new <a href="/wiki/Nh%E1%BA%ADt_T%C3%A2n_Bridge" title="Nhật Tân Bridge">Nhat Tan cable-stay bridge</a> connecting the airport and the city center opened at the same time, offering much more convenience than the old road (via Thang Long bridge). Taxis are plentiful and usually have meters, although it is also common to agree on the trip price before taking a taxi from the airport to the city centre. Hanoi is also the origin or departure point for many <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Railways" title="Vietnam Railways">Vietnam Railways</a> train routes in the country with 6 national railway lines passing through the city with a total length of 162 km (101 mi).<a href="#cite_note-Figure1-127">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Railway_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South Railway (Vietnam)">Reunification Express</a> (tàu Thống Nhất) runs from Hanoi to <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_railway_station" title="Hanoi railway station">Hanoi station</a> (formerly Hang Co station), with stops at cities and provinces along the line. Trains also depart Hanoi frequently for Hai Phong and other northern cities. The Reunification Express line was established during the French colonial rule and was completed over a period of nearly 40 years, from 1899 to 1936.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> The Reunification Express between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City covers a distance of 1,726 km (1,072 mi) and takes approximately 33 hours.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> As of 2005, there were 278 stations on the Vietnamese railway network, of which 191 were located along the north–south line. The main means of transport within Hanoi are motorbikes, buses, taxis, and a rising number of cars. In recent decades, motorbikes have overtaken bicycles as the main form of transportation. Cars are the most notable change in the past five years as many Vietnamese people have started to purchase them for the first time. The increasing number of cars is the main cause of gridlocks, as roads and infrastructure in older parts of Hanoi were not designed to accommodate them.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> On 4 July 2017, the Hanoi government voted to ban motorbikes entirely by 2030 to reduce pollution, congestion, and encourage the expansion and use of public transport.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> The number of vehicles registered in Hanoi as of July 2022 is over 7.6 million, including more than 1 million cars, over 6.4 million motorcycles of and 179,000 electric motorbikes. This figure does not include vehicles of the armed forces, diplomatic missions and other localities' vehicles operating in Hanoi.<a href="#cite_note-Figure1-127">[125]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cat_Linh_Line_(Hanoi_Metro)_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cat_Linh_Line_%28Hanoi_Metro%29_interior.jpg/244px-Cat_Linh_Line_%28Hanoi_Metro%29_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="244" height="110" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4640" data-file-height="2088"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 244px;height: 110px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cat_Linh_Line_%28Hanoi_Metro%29_interior.jpg/244px-Cat_Linh_Line_%28Hanoi_Metro%29_interior.jpg" data-width="244" data-height="110" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cat_Linh_Line_%28Hanoi_Metro%29_interior.jpg/366px-Cat_Linh_Line_%28Hanoi_Metro%29_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cat_Linh_Line_%28Hanoi_Metro%29_interior.jpg/488px-Cat_Linh_Line_%28Hanoi_Metro%29_interior.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Metro_Line_2A" title="Hanoi Metro Line 2A">Cát Linh Metro Line</a></figcaption></figure> People on their own or traveling in a pair who wish to make a fast trip around Hanoi to avoid traffic jams or to travel at an irregular time or by way of an irregular route often use "xe ôm" (literally, "hug bike"). Motorbikes can also be rented from agents within the Old Quarter of Hanoi, although this falls inside a grey legal area.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Discovery_C%E1%BA%A7u_Gi%E1%BA%A5y.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Discovery_C%E1%BA%A7u_Gi%E1%BA%A5y.jpg/291px-Discovery_C%E1%BA%A7u_Gi%E1%BA%A5y.jpg" decoding="async" width="291" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5903" data-file-height="3320"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 291px;height: 164px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Discovery_C%E1%BA%A7u_Gi%E1%BA%A5y.jpg/291px-Discovery_C%E1%BA%A7u_Gi%E1%BA%A5y.jpg" data-width="291" data-height="164" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Discovery_C%E1%BA%A7u_Gi%E1%BA%A5y.jpg/437px-Discovery_C%E1%BA%A7u_Gi%E1%BA%A5y.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Discovery_C%E1%BA%A7u_Gi%E1%BA%A5y.jpg/582px-Discovery_C%E1%BA%A7u_Gi%E1%BA%A5y.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>View of <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Metro_Line_3" title="Hanoi Metro Line 3">Văn Miếu Line</a> at the Chùa Hà Station</figcaption></figure> There are two <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Metro" title="Hanoi Metro">metro lines</a> in Hanoi, as part of the master plan for the future <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Metro" title="Hanoi Metro">Hanoi Metro</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Line_2A_(Hanoi_Metro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Line 2A (Hanoi Metro)">Line 2A</a> opened on 6 November 2021,<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Line_3_(Hanoi_Metro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Line 3 (Hanoi Metro)">Line 3</a> began operations on 8 August 2024.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_view_of_Line_3,_Hanoi_Metro,_passing_over_Xuan_Thuy_road.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Panorama_view_of_Line_3%2C_Hanoi_Metro%2C_passing_over_Xuan_Thuy_road.jpg/463px-Panorama_view_of_Line_3%2C_Hanoi_Metro%2C_passing_over_Xuan_Thuy_road.jpg" decoding="async" width="463" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8843" data-file-height="2633"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 463px;height: 138px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Panorama_view_of_Line_3%2C_Hanoi_Metro%2C_passing_over_Xuan_Thuy_road.jpg/463px-Panorama_view_of_Line_3%2C_Hanoi_Metro%2C_passing_over_Xuan_Thuy_road.jpg" data-width="463" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Panorama_view_of_Line_3%2C_Hanoi_Metro%2C_passing_over_Xuan_Thuy_road.jpg/695px-Panorama_view_of_Line_3%2C_Hanoi_Metro%2C_passing_over_Xuan_Thuy_road.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Panorama_view_of_Line_3%2C_Hanoi_Metro%2C_passing_over_Xuan_Thuy_road.jpg/926px-Panorama_view_of_Line_3%2C_Hanoi_Metro%2C_passing_over_Xuan_Thuy_road.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Elevated section of <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Metro_Line_3" title="Hanoi Metro Line 3">Line 3 of Hanoi Metro</a> passing over Xuan Thuy road in 2024</figcaption></figure> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:My_Dinh_National_Stadium_-_31st_SEA_Games_Men%27s_Football_Final.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/My_Dinh_National_Stadium_-_31st_SEA_Games_Men%27s_Football_Final.jpg/241px-My_Dinh_National_Stadium_-_31st_SEA_Games_Men%27s_Football_Final.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="181" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1633" data-file-height="1224"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 241px;height: 181px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/My_Dinh_National_Stadium_-_31st_SEA_Games_Men%27s_Football_Final.jpg/241px-My_Dinh_National_Stadium_-_31st_SEA_Games_Men%27s_Football_Final.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="241" data-height="181" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/My_Dinh_National_Stadium_-_31st_SEA_Games_Men%27s_Football_Final.jpg/362px-My_Dinh_National_Stadium_-_31st_SEA_Games_Men%27s_Football_Final.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/My_Dinh_National_Stadium_-_31st_SEA_Games_Men%27s_Football_Final.jpg/482px-My_Dinh_National_Stadium_-_31st_SEA_Games_Men%27s_Football_Final.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_National_Stadium" title="Mỹ Đình National Stadium">Mỹ Đình National Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> There are several gymnasiums and stadiums throughout the city of Hanoi. The most approved ones are <a href="/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_National_Stadium" title="Mỹ Đình National Stadium">Mỹ Đình National Stadium</a> (Lê Đức Thọ Boulevard), <a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A7n_Ng%E1%BB%B1a_Sports_Palace" title="Quần Ngựa Sports Palace">Quần Ngựa Sports Palace</a> (Văn Cao Avenue), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi_Aquatics_Sports_Complex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanoi Aquatics Sports Complex (page does not exist)">Hanoi Aquatics Sports Complex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Indoor_Games_Gymnasium" title="Hanoi Indoor Games Gymnasium">Hanoi Indoor Games Gymnasium</a>. The others include <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0ng_%C4%90%E1%BA%ABy_Stadium" title="Hàng Đẫy Stadium">Hàng Đẫy Stadium</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A0_%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Stadium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hà Đông Stadium (page does not exist)">Hà Đông Stadium</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanh_Tr%C3%AC_Stadium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thanh Trì Stadium (page does not exist)">Thanh Trì Stadium</a>. <a href="/wiki/2009_Asian_Indoor_Games" title="2009 Asian Indoor Games">The third Asian Indoor Games</a> were held in Hanoi in 2009. The others are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hai_B%C3%A0_Tr%C6%B0ng_Gymnasium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hai Bà Trưng Gymnasium (page does not exist)">Hai Bà Trưng Gymnasium</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_Ho%C3%A0i_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Gymnasium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trịnh Hoài Đức Gymnasium (page does not exist)">Trịnh Hoài Đức Gymnasium</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=V%E1%BA%A1n_B%E1%BA%A3o_Sports_Complex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vạn Bảo Sports Complex (page does not exist)">Vạn Bảo Sports Complex</a>. Some of these venues held events at the <a href="/wiki/2003_SEA_Games" title="2003 SEA Games">2003</a> and <a href="/wiki/2021_SEA_Games" title="2021 SEA Games">2021 SEA Games</a>, both hosted in Hanoi.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> On 6 November 2018, it was announced that in 2020, Hanoi would become the host of the first FIA <a href="/wiki/Formula_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Formula 1">Formula 1</a> <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Grand_Prix" title="Vietnamese Grand Prix">Vietnamese Grand Prix</a> on a street circuit on the outskirts of the city.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> The race was initially postponed and later cancelled due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and the inaugural edition of the event postponed to <a href="/wiki/2021_Formula_One_World_Championship" title="2021 Formula One World Championship">2021</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cancelled-138">[136]</a> The Grand Prix was removed from the 2021 calendar because of the arrest of Hanoi People's Committee Chairman <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Chung" title="Nguyễn Đức Chung">Nguyễn Đức Chung</a> on corruption charges unrelated to the Grand Prix. As a result, the race was permanently cancelled.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> Hanoi has two basketball teams that compete in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Basketball_Association" title="Vietnam Basketball Association">Vietnam Basketball Association</a> (VBA), the <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Buffaloes" title="Hanoi Buffaloes">Hanoi Buffaloes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thang_Long_Warriors" title="Thang Long Warriors">Thang Long Warriors</a>. The city also has three professional football clubs participating in <a href="/wiki/V.League_1" title="V.League 1">V.League 1</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_FC" title="Hanoi FC">Hanoi FC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Police_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanoi Police FC">Hanoi Police</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Cong-Viettel_FC" title="The Cong-Viettel FC">The Cong-Viettel</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="Health_care_and_other_facilities">Health care and other facilities</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Health care and other facilities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> Some medical facilities in Hanoi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1ch_Mai_Hospital" title="Bạch Mai Hospital">Bạch Mai Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Duc_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Viet Duc Hospital">Viet Duc Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_Hospital_(Hanoi)" title="Saint Paul Hospital (Hanoi)">Saint Paul General Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/108_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="108 Hospital">108 Military Central Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4pital_Fran%C3%A7ais_de_Hanoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hôpital Français de Hanoi">Hôpital Français de Hanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_SOS" title="International SOS">International SOS</a></li> <li>Hanoi Medical University Hospital</li> <li>Thanh Nhan Hospital</li> <li>Vinmec International Hospital</li> <li>Thu Cuc General Hospital</li> <li>K Hospital</li> <li>Medlatech Hospital</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="City_for_Peace">City for Peace</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: City for Peace" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> On 16 July 1999, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Educational,_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization">United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization</a> (UNESCO) presented the title "City for Peace" to Hanoi because the city met the following criteria: exemplary action against exclusion and in support of the dialogue between communities, exemplary urban action, exemplary environmental action, exemplary action to promote culture, exemplary action in the field of education and especially civic education.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> Hanoi is the only city in Asia-Pacific that was granted this title. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"><h2 id="Honor">Honor</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Honor" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> The name of Hanoi has been used to name many species of <a href="/wiki/Organisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisms">organisms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> <ul><li><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoretus_hanoiensis" class="extiw" title="sv:Adoretus hanoiensis">Adoretus hanoiensis</a></li> <li><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosia_hanoiensis" class="extiw" title="sv:Anosia hanoiensis">Anosia hanoiensis</a></li> <li><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bellatheta_hanoiensis" class="extiw" title="species:Bellatheta hanoiensis">Bellatheta hanoiensis</a></li> <li><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coniophora_hanoiensis" class="extiw" title="ceb:Coniophora hanoiensis">Coniophora hanoiensis</a></li> <li><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Diduga_hanoiensis" class="extiw" title="species:Diduga hanoiensis">Diduga hanoiensis</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasmus_hanoicus" class="extiw" title="nl:Elasmus hanoicus">Elasmus hanoicus</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floresorchestia_hanoiensis" class="extiw" title="nl:Floresorchestia hanoiensis">Floresorchestia hanoiensis</a></li> <li><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icerya_hanoiensis" class="extiw" title="sv:Icerya hanoiensis">Icerya hanoiensis</a></li> <li><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miridiba_hanoiensis" class="extiw" title="war:Miridiba hanoiensis">Miridiba hanoiensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberea_hanoiensis" title="Oberea hanoiensis">Oberea hanoiensis</a></li> <li><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tomato_leaf_curl_Hanoi_virus" class="extiw" title="species:Tomato leaf curl Hanoi virus">Tomato leaf curl Hanoi virus</a></li> <li><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Trachys_blaisei" class="extiw" title="species:Trachys blaisei">Trachys hanoiensis</a></li> <li><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Guaranisaria_hanoi" class="extiw" title="species:Guaranisaria hanoi">Guaranisaria hanoi</a></li> <li><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lemyra_hanoica" class="extiw" title="species:Lemyra hanoica">Lemyra hanoica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spilosoma_hanoica" class="mw-redirect" title="Spilosoma hanoica">Spilosoma hanoica</a></li> <li><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Siler_hanoicus" class="extiw" title="species:Siler hanoicus">Siler hanoicus</a></li> <li><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sasajiscymnus_hanoiensis" class="extiw" title="species:Sasajiscymnus hanoiensis">Sasajiscymnus hanoiensis</a></li></ul> The name Hanoi has also been given to asteroid <a href="/wiki/7816_Hanoi" title="7816 Hanoi">7816 Hanoi</a>, which was discovered in 1987 and has a diameter of nearly 3 km.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(18)"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: International relations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-18 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-18"> Hanoi is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Network_of_Major_Cities_21" title="Asian Network of Major Cities 21">Asian Network of Major Cities 21</a> and the <a href="/wiki/C40_Cities_Climate_Leadership_Group" title="C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group">C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Twin towns – sister cities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Asia#Vietnam" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Asia">List of twin towns and sister cities in Vietnam</a></div> Hanoi is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia"><noscript><img alt="Cambodia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" data-alt="Cambodia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a>, Cambodia<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><noscript><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" data-alt="Indonesia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, Indonesia<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><noscript><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" data-alt="Japan" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Fukuoka_Prefecture" title="Fukuoka Prefecture">Fukuoka Prefecture</a>, Japan<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><noscript><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" data-alt="Kazakhstan" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, Kazakhstan<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><noscript><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" data-alt="South Korea" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, South Korea<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><noscript><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" data-alt="Poland" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, Poland<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><noscript><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="Russia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Russia<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles"><noscript><img alt="Seychelles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" data-alt="Seychelles" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/35px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/46px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Seychelles" title="Victoria, Seychelles">Victoria</a>, Seychelles<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><noscript><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" data-alt="Thailand" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, Thailand<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><noscript><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="China" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><noscript><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="China" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>, China<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><noscript><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" data-alt="Turkey" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, Turkey<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><noscript><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" data-alt="Belarus" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, Belarus<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><noscript><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="Italy" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, Italy<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><noscript><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" data-alt="South Africa" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a>, South Africa<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></ul></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(19)"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Gallery" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-19 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-19"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Quarter_street_scene,_Hanoi_(4)_(37610074295).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Life on the streets of the Old Quarter."><noscript><img alt="Life on the streets of the Old Quarter." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Old_Quarter_street_scene%2C_Hanoi_%284%29_%2837610074295%29.jpg/120px-Old_Quarter_street_scene%2C_Hanoi_%284%29_%2837610074295%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Old_Quarter_street_scene%2C_Hanoi_%284%29_%2837610074295%29.jpg/120px-Old_Quarter_street_scene%2C_Hanoi_%284%29_%2837610074295%29.jpg" data-alt="Life on the streets of the Old Quarter." data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Old_Quarter_street_scene%2C_Hanoi_%284%29_%2837610074295%29.jpg/180px-Old_Quarter_street_scene%2C_Hanoi_%284%29_%2837610074295%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Old_Quarter_street_scene%2C_Hanoi_%284%29_%2837610074295%29.jpg/240px-Old_Quarter_street_scene%2C_Hanoi_%284%29_%2837610074295%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Life on the streets of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Quarter,_Hanoi" title="Old Quarter, Hanoi">Old Quarter</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Thi%C3%AAn_Tr%C3%B9_Pagoda.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thiên Trù Pagoda in the Perfume Pagoda complex."><noscript><img alt="Thiên Trù Pagoda in the Perfume Pagoda complex." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Thi%C3%AAn_Tr%C3%B9_Pagoda.jpg/120px-Thi%C3%AAn_Tr%C3%B9_Pagoda.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Thi%C3%AAn_Tr%C3%B9_Pagoda.jpg/120px-Thi%C3%AAn_Tr%C3%B9_Pagoda.jpg" data-alt="Thiên Trù Pagoda in the Perfume Pagoda complex." data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Thi%C3%AAn_Tr%C3%B9_Pagoda.jpg/180px-Thi%C3%AAn_Tr%C3%B9_Pagoda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Thi%C3%AAn_Tr%C3%B9_Pagoda.jpg/240px-Thi%C3%AAn_Tr%C3%B9_Pagoda.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thiên Trù Pagoda in the <a href="/wiki/Perfume_Pagoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfume Pagoda">Perfume Pagoda</a> complex.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pen_Tower_in_Hanoi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title='Tháp Bút (Pen Tower) with a phrase "Tả thanh thiên" (meaning "Write on the sky") next to Hoàn Kiếm Lake (2007).'><noscript><img alt='Tháp Bút (Pen Tower) with a phrase "Tả thanh thiên" (meaning "Write on the sky") next to Hoàn Kiếm Lake (2007).' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Pen_Tower_in_Hanoi.jpg/90px-Pen_Tower_in_Hanoi.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Pen_Tower_in_Hanoi.jpg/90px-Pen_Tower_in_Hanoi.jpg" data-alt='Tháp Bút (Pen Tower) with a phrase "Tả thanh thiên" (meaning "Write on the sky") next to Hoàn Kiếm Lake (2007).' data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Pen_Tower_in_Hanoi.jpg/135px-Pen_Tower_in_Hanoi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Pen_Tower_in_Hanoi.jpg/180px-Pen_Tower_in_Hanoi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tháp Bút (Pen Tower) with a phrase "Tả thanh thiên" (meaning "Write on the sky") next to Hoàn Kiếm Lake (2007).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cau_The_Huc_(Pont_du_soleil_levant).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thê Húc Bridge on Hoàn Kiếm Lake."><noscript><img alt="Thê Húc Bridge on Hoàn Kiếm Lake." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Cau_The_Huc_%28Pont_du_soleil_levant%29.jpg/120px-Cau_The_Huc_%28Pont_du_soleil_levant%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="852"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Cau_The_Huc_%28Pont_du_soleil_levant%29.jpg/120px-Cau_The_Huc_%28Pont_du_soleil_levant%29.jpg" data-alt="Thê Húc Bridge on Hoàn Kiếm Lake." data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Cau_The_Huc_%28Pont_du_soleil_levant%29.jpg/180px-Cau_The_Huc_%28Pont_du_soleil_levant%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Cau_The_Huc_%28Pont_du_soleil_levant%29.jpg/240px-Cau_The_Huc_%28Pont_du_soleil_levant%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thê Húc Bridge on <a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0n_Ki%E1%BA%BFm_Lake" title="Hoàn Kiếm Lake">Hoàn Kiếm Lake</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Palace_of_Vietnam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Presidential Palace, Hanoi (formerly Palace of The Governor-General of French Indochina)."><noscript><img alt="Presidential Palace, Hanoi (formerly Palace of The Governor-General of French Indochina)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Presidential_Palace_of_Vietnam.jpg/120px-Presidential_Palace_of_Vietnam.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Presidential_Palace_of_Vietnam.jpg/120px-Presidential_Palace_of_Vietnam.jpg" data-alt="Presidential Palace, Hanoi (formerly Palace of The Governor-General of French Indochina)." data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Presidential_Palace_of_Vietnam.jpg/180px-Presidential_Palace_of_Vietnam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Presidential_Palace_of_Vietnam.jpg/240px-Presidential_Palace_of_Vietnam.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Palace,_Hanoi" title="Presidential Palace, Hanoi">Presidential Palace, Hanoi</a> (formerly Palace of The Governor-General of French Indochina).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:LUNE_Hanoi_Opera_House_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hanoi Opera House, modelled on the Palais Garnier in Paris."><noscript><img alt="Hanoi Opera House, modelled on the Palais Garnier in Paris." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/LUNE_Hanoi_Opera_House_01.jpg/120px-LUNE_Hanoi_Opera_House_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="346"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 72px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/LUNE_Hanoi_Opera_House_01.jpg/120px-LUNE_Hanoi_Opera_House_01.jpg" data-alt="Hanoi Opera House, modelled on the Palais Garnier in Paris." data-width="120" data-height="72" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/LUNE_Hanoi_Opera_House_01.jpg/180px-LUNE_Hanoi_Opera_House_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/LUNE_Hanoi_Opera_House_01.jpg/240px-LUNE_Hanoi_Opera_House_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Opera_House" title="Hanoi Opera House">Hanoi Opera House</a>, modelled on the <a href="/wiki/Palais_Garnier" title="Palais Garnier">Palais Garnier</a> in Paris.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tran_Quoc_Pagoda,_Hanoi,_Vietnam,_20240123_1217_3314.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trấn Quốc Pagoda."><noscript><img alt="Trấn Quốc Pagoda." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tran_Quoc_Pagoda%2C_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam%2C_20240123_1217_3314.jpg/120px-Tran_Quoc_Pagoda%2C_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam%2C_20240123_1217_3314.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4698" data-file-height="3136"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tran_Quoc_Pagoda%2C_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam%2C_20240123_1217_3314.jpg/120px-Tran_Quoc_Pagoda%2C_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam%2C_20240123_1217_3314.jpg" data-alt="Trấn Quốc Pagoda." data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tran_Quoc_Pagoda%2C_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam%2C_20240123_1217_3314.jpg/180px-Tran_Quoc_Pagoda%2C_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam%2C_20240123_1217_3314.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tran_Quoc_Pagoda%2C_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam%2C_20240123_1217_3314.jpg/240px-Tran_Quoc_Pagoda%2C_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam%2C_20240123_1217_3314.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A5n_Qu%E1%BB%91c_Pagoda" title="Trấn Quốc Pagoda">Trấn Quốc Pagoda.</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_National_Museum_of_History,_Hanoi,_Vietnam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Museum of Vietnamese History in Hanoi, formerly the first École française d'Extrême-Orient."><noscript><img alt="Museum of Vietnamese History in Hanoi, formerly the first École française d'Extrême-Orient." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Vietnam_National_Museum_of_History%2C_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam.jpg/120px-Vietnam_National_Museum_of_History%2C_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Vietnam_National_Museum_of_History%2C_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam.jpg/120px-Vietnam_National_Museum_of_History%2C_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam.jpg" data-alt="Museum of Vietnamese History in Hanoi, formerly the first École française d'Extrême-Orient." data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Vietnam_National_Museum_of_History%2C_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam.jpg/180px-Vietnam_National_Museum_of_History%2C_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Vietnam_National_Museum_of_History%2C_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam.jpg/240px-Vietnam_National_Museum_of_History%2C_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Vietnamese History">Museum of Vietnamese History</a> in Hanoi, formerly the first <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_fran%C3%A7aise_d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient" class="mw-redirect" title="École française d'Extrême-Orient">École française d'Extrême-Orient</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bacbophu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tonkin Palace serves as State Guest House."><noscript><img alt="Tonkin Palace serves as State Guest House." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bacbophu.jpg/120px-Bacbophu.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bacbophu.jpg/120px-Bacbophu.jpg" data-alt="Tonkin Palace serves as State Guest House." data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bacbophu.jpg/180px-Bacbophu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bacbophu.jpg/240px-Bacbophu.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tonkin_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonkin Palace">Tonkin Palace</a> serves as State Guest House.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bao_tang_my_thuat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts."><noscript><img alt="Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bao_tang_my_thuat.jpg/120px-Bao_tang_my_thuat.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bao_tang_my_thuat.jpg/120px-Bao_tang_my_thuat.jpg" data-alt="Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts." data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bao_tang_my_thuat.jpg/180px-Bao_tang_my_thuat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bao_tang_my_thuat.jpg/240px-Bao_tang_my_thuat.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts" title="Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts">Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_national_convention_center.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vietnam National Convention Center."><noscript><img alt="Vietnam National Convention Center." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Vietnam_national_convention_center.jpg/120px-Vietnam_national_convention_center.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Vietnam_national_convention_center.jpg/120px-Vietnam_national_convention_center.jpg" data-alt="Vietnam National Convention Center." data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Vietnam_national_convention_center.jpg/180px-Vietnam_national_convention_center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Vietnam_national_convention_center.jpg/240px-Vietnam_national_convention_center.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_National_Convention_Center" title="Vietnam National Convention Center">Vietnam National Convention Center</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nhat_Tan_Bridge_at_night_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nhật Tân Bridge."><noscript><img alt="Nhật Tân Bridge." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nhat_Tan_Bridge_at_night_2016.jpg/120px-Nhat_Tan_Bridge_at_night_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6975" data-file-height="3983"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 69px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nhat_Tan_Bridge_at_night_2016.jpg/120px-Nhat_Tan_Bridge_at_night_2016.jpg" data-alt="Nhật Tân Bridge." data-width="120" data-height="69" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nhat_Tan_Bridge_at_night_2016.jpg/180px-Nhat_Tan_Bridge_at_night_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nhat_Tan_Bridge_at_night_2016.jpg/240px-Nhat_Tan_Bridge_at_night_2016.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nh%E1%BA%ADt_T%C3%A2n_Bridge" title="Nhật Tân Bridge">Nhật Tân Bridge</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lotte_Tower_Hanoi_-_NKS_(9_to_16).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lotte Center Hanoi in western Ba Đình."><noscript><img alt="Lotte Center Hanoi in western Ba Đình." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Lotte_Tower_Hanoi_-_NKS_%289_to_16%29.jpg/67px-Lotte_Tower_Hanoi_-_NKS_%289_to_16%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="2135"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 67px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Lotte_Tower_Hanoi_-_NKS_%289_to_16%29.jpg/67px-Lotte_Tower_Hanoi_-_NKS_%289_to_16%29.jpg" data-alt="Lotte Center Hanoi in western Ba Đình." data-width="67" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Lotte_Tower_Hanoi_-_NKS_%289_to_16%29.jpg/101px-Lotte_Tower_Hanoi_-_NKS_%289_to_16%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Lotte_Tower_Hanoi_-_NKS_%289_to_16%29.jpg/135px-Lotte_Tower_Hanoi_-_NKS_%289_to_16%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lotte_Center_Hanoi" title="Lotte Center Hanoi">Lotte Center Hanoi</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Ba_Dinh_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba Dinh District">Ba Đình</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:T%C3%B2a_nh%C3%A0_Keangnam_Hanoi_Landmark_Tower,_C%E1%BA%A7u_Gi%E1%BA%A5y,_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="AON Landmark 72 in Nam Từ Liêm."><noscript><img alt="AON Landmark 72 in Nam Từ Liêm." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/T%C3%B2a_nh%C3%A0_Keangnam_Hanoi_Landmark_Tower%2C_C%E1%BA%A7u_Gi%E1%BA%A5y%2C_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i_001.jpg/67px-T%C3%B2a_nh%C3%A0_Keangnam_Hanoi_Landmark_Tower%2C_C%E1%BA%A7u_Gi%E1%BA%A5y%2C_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1457" data-file-height="2591"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 67px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/T%C3%B2a_nh%C3%A0_Keangnam_Hanoi_Landmark_Tower%2C_C%E1%BA%A7u_Gi%E1%BA%A5y%2C_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i_001.jpg/67px-T%C3%B2a_nh%C3%A0_Keangnam_Hanoi_Landmark_Tower%2C_C%E1%BA%A7u_Gi%E1%BA%A5y%2C_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i_001.jpg" data-alt="AON Landmark 72 in Nam Từ Liêm." data-width="67" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/T%C3%B2a_nh%C3%A0_Keangnam_Hanoi_Landmark_Tower%2C_C%E1%BA%A7u_Gi%E1%BA%A5y%2C_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i_001.jpg/101px-T%C3%B2a_nh%C3%A0_Keangnam_Hanoi_Landmark_Tower%2C_C%E1%BA%A7u_Gi%E1%BA%A5y%2C_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/T%C3%B2a_nh%C3%A0_Keangnam_Hanoi_Landmark_Tower%2C_C%E1%BA%A7u_Gi%E1%BA%A5y%2C_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i_001.jpg/135px-T%C3%B2a_nh%C3%A0_Keangnam_Hanoi_Landmark_Tower%2C_C%E1%BA%A7u_Gi%E1%BA%A5y%2C_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i_001.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Keangnam_Hanoi_Landmark_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Keangnam Hanoi Landmark Tower">AON Landmark 72</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nam_T%E1%BB%AB_Li%C3%AAm" class="mw-redirect" title="Nam Từ Liêm">Nam Từ Liêm</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Garden,_Hanoi_07.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Inspiration of French Colonial architecture in Hanoi's modern buildings."><noscript><img alt="Inspiration of French Colonial architecture in Hanoi's modern buildings." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/The_Garden%2C_Hanoi_07.JPG/120px-The_Garden%2C_Hanoi_07.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/The_Garden%2C_Hanoi_07.JPG/120px-The_Garden%2C_Hanoi_07.JPG" data-alt="Inspiration of French Colonial architecture in Hanoi's modern buildings." data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/The_Garden%2C_Hanoi_07.JPG/180px-The_Garden%2C_Hanoi_07.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/The_Garden%2C_Hanoi_07.JPG/240px-The_Garden%2C_Hanoi_07.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inspiration of French Colonial architecture in Hanoi's modern buildings.</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(20)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-20 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-20"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" class="extiw" title="commons:Hanoi">Hanoi</a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hanoi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hanoi">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gioi_Market" title="Gioi Market">Gioi Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Xu%C3%A2n_Market" title="Đồng Xuân Market">Đồng Xuân Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Railway_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South Railway (Vietnam)">North–South Railway (Vietnam)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Vietnam" title="List of historical capitals of Vietnam">List of historical capitals of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a></li></ul> <div class="noprint"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:%22Hanoi%22" title='Special:Search/intitle:"Hanoi"'>All pages with titles containing Hanoi</a></li></ul></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(21)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-21 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-21"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Sometimes spelled as Ha Noi </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> All-time record high;Vietnamnet.vn (May record high and January record low only),<a href="#cite_note-climate-68">[67]</a> Vietnamnet.vn (June record high only),<a href="#cite_note-Vietnamnet-74">[73]</a> Imh.ac.vn (August record high only),<a href="#cite_note-IMHEN-75">[74]</a> Nchmf.gov.vn,<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a>January record high, November record high, April and May record low in The Yearbook of Indochina<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(22)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-22 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-22"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tuoitre.vn/-1"><a href="#cite_ref-tuoitre.vn/_1-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tuoitre.vn/thang-long---ha-noi---thanh-pho-rong-bay-404906.htm">Thăng Long – Hà Nội – thành phố rồng bay</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220605052739/https://tuoitre.vn/thang-long---ha-noi---thanh-pho-rong-bay-404906.htm">Archived</a> 5 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, tuoitre.vn, 2010-10-10. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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.cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anninhthudo.vn/tu-thu-do-nghin-nam-van-hien-den-thanh-pho-vi-hoa-binh-post400421.antd">"Từ Thủ đô nghìn năm văn hiến đến thành phố vì hòa bình"</a>. 20 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125194348/https://anninhthudo.vn/tu-thu-do-nghin-nam-van-hien-den-thanh-pho-vi-hoa-binh-post400421.antd">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T%E1%BB%AB+Th%E1%BB%A7+%C4%91%C3%B4+ngh%C3%ACn+n%C4%83m+v%C4%83n+hi%E1%BA%BFn+%C4%91%E1%BA%BFn+th%C3%A0nh+ph%E1%BB%91+v%C3%AC+h%C3%B2a+b%C3%ACnh&rft.date=2019-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanninhthudo.vn%2Ftu-thu-do-nghin-nam-van-hien-den-thanh-pho-vi-hoa-binh-post400421.antd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-area_2022-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-area_2022_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-area_2022_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monre.gov.vn/VanBan/Lists/VanBanChiDao/Attachments/3012/b4.2_Signed.pdf">Biểu số 4.2: Hiện trạng sử dụng đất vùng Đồng Bằng Sông Hồng năm 2022</a> [Table 4.2: Current land use status in the Red River Delta in 2022] (PDF) (Decision 3048/QĐ-BTNMT) (in Vietnamese). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Natural_Resources_and_Environment_(Vietnam)" title="Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Vietnam)">Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Vietnam)</a>. 18 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Bi%E1%BB%83u+s%E1%BB%91+4.2%3A+Hi%E1%BB%87n+tr%E1%BA%A1ng+s%E1%BB%AD+d%E1%BB%A5ng+%C4%91%E1%BA%A5t+v%C3%B9ng+%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng+B%E1%BA%B1ng+S%C3%B4ng+H%E1%BB%93ng+n%C4%83m+2022&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Natural+Resources+and+Environment+%28Vietnam%29&rft.date=2023-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonre.gov.vn%2FVanBan%2FLists%2FVanBanChiDao%2FAttachments%2F3012%2Fb4.2_Signed.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"> – the data in the report are in hectares, rounded to integers </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhạm2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Phạm, Đình Tuyển (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tapchikientruc.com.vn/chuyen-muc/khu-cong-vien-doi-moi-sang-tao-phia-tay-ha-noi.html">"Khu công viên đổi mới sáng tạo phía Tây Hà Nội"</a>. Tạp chí kiến trúc (Architecture Magazine). No. 9. Hội Kiến trúc sư Việt Nam (Vietnam Association of Architects). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730050557/https://www.tapchikientruc.com.vn/chuyen-muc/khu-cong-vien-doi-moi-sang-tao-phia-tay-ha-noi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=T%E1%BA%A1p+ch%C3%AD+ki%E1%BA%BFn+tr%C3%BAc+%28Architecture+Magazine%29&rft.atitle=Khu+c%C3%B4ng+vi%C3%AAn+%C4%91%E1%BB%95i+m%E1%BB%9Bi+s%C3%A1ng+t%E1%BA%A1o+ph%C3%ADa+T%C3%A2y+H%C3%A0+N%E1%BB%99i&rft.issue=9&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Ph%E1%BA%A1m&rft.aufirst=%C4%90%C3%ACnh+Tuy%E1%BB%83n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tapchikientruc.com.vn%2Fchuyen-muc%2Fkhu-cong-vien-doi-moi-sang-tao-phia-tay-ha-noi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyễn2021" class="citation news cs1">Nguyễn, Tố Lăng (28 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/web/guest/media-story/-/asset_publisher/V8hhp4dK31Gf/content/nhan-dien-van-de-do-thi-va-quan-ly-phat-trien-do-thi-khi-dat-nuoc-dan-tro-thanh-nuoc-cong-nghiep-theo-huong-hien-dai-ky--1">"Nhận diện vấn đề đô thị và quản lý phát triển đô thị khi đất nước dần trở thành nước công nghiệp theo hướng hiện đại (kỳ 1)"</a>. Tạp chí Cộng sản. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2734-9071">2734-9071</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730050157/https://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/web/guest/media-story/-/asset_publisher/V8hhp4dK31Gf/content/nhan-dien-van-de-do-thi-va-quan-ly-phat-trien-do-thi-khi-dat-nuoc-dan-tro-thanh-nuoc-cong-nghiep-theo-huong-hien-dai-ky--1">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=T%E1%BA%A1p+ch%C3%AD+C%E1%BB%99ng+s%E1%BA%A3n&rft.atitle=Nh%E1%BA%ADn+di%E1%BB%87n+v%E1%BA%A5n+%C4%91%E1%BB%81+%C4%91%C3%B4+th%E1%BB%8B+v%C3%A0+qu%E1%BA%A3n+l%C3%BD+ph%C3%A1t+tri%E1%BB%83n+%C4%91%C3%B4+th%E1%BB%8B+khi+%C4%91%E1%BA%A5t+n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc+d%E1%BA%A7n+tr%E1%BB%9F+th%C3%A0nh+n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc+c%C3%B4ng+nghi%E1%BB%87p+theo+h%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bng+hi%E1%BB%87n+%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i+%28k%E1%BB%B3+1%29&rft.date=2021-01-28&rft.issn=2734-9071&rft.aulast=Nguy%E1%BB%85n&rft.aufirst=T%E1%BB%91+L%C4%83ng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tapchicongsan.org.vn%2Fweb%2Fguest%2Fmedia-story%2F-%2Fasset_publisher%2FV8hhp4dK31Gf%2Fcontent%2Fnhan-dien-van-de-do-thi-va-quan-ly-phat-trien-do-thi-khi-dat-nuoc-dan-tro-thanh-nuoc-cong-nghiep-theo-huong-hien-dai-ky--1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trần-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tr%E1%BA%A7n_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tr%E1%BA%A7n_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrần2022" class="citation news cs1">Trần, Hoàng (1 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tienphong.vn/ha-noi-nghien-cuu-mo-hinh-thanh-pho-trong-thanh-pho-post1419780.tpo">"Hà Nội nghiên cứu mô hình 'thành phố trong thành phố'"</a>. Tiền Phong. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730050447/https://tienphong.vn/ha-noi-nghien-cuu-mo-hinh-thanh-pho-trong-thanh-pho-post1419780.tpo">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ti%E1%BB%81n+Phong&rft.atitle=H%C3%A0+N%E1%BB%99i+nghi%C3%AAn+c%E1%BB%A9u+m%C3%B4+h%C3%ACnh+%27th%C3%A0nh+ph%E1%BB%91+trong+th%C3%A0nh+ph%E1%BB%91%27&rft.date=2022-03-01&rft.aulast=Tr%E1%BA%A7n&rft.aufirst=Ho%C3%A0ng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftienphong.vn%2Fha-noi-nghien-cuu-mo-hinh-thanh-pho-trong-thanh-pho-post1419780.tpo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuang_Thái2008" class="citation news cs1">Quang Thái (20 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anninhthudo.vn/song-o-noi-cao-nhat-thu-do-post32628.antd">"Sống ở nơi cao nhất Thủ đô"</a>. An ninh Thủ đô. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730070004/https://www.anninhthudo.vn/song-o-noi-cao-nhat-thu-do-post32628.antd">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=An+ninh+Th%E1%BB%A7+%C4%91%C3%B4&rft.atitle=S%E1%BB%91ng+%E1%BB%9F+n%C6%A1i+cao+nh%E1%BA%A5t+Th%E1%BB%A7+%C4%91%C3%B4&rft.date=2008-09-20&rft.au=Quang+Th%C3%A1i&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anninhthudo.vn%2Fsong-o-noi-cao-nhat-thu-do-post32628.antd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-p105-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p105_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p105_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeneral_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/General_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam" title="General Statistics Office of Vietnam">General Statistics Office of Vietnam</a> (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Sach-Nien-giam-TK-2022-final.pdf">Niên giám Thống kê Việt Nam năm 2022</a> [Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam 2022] (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). p. 105. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240403124007/https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Sach-Nien-giam-TK-2022-final.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ni%C3%AAn+gi%C3%A1m+Th%E1%BB%91ng+k%C3%AA+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam+n%C4%83m+2022&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Statistical+Publishing+House+%28Vietnam%29&rft.date=2023&rft.au=General+Statistics+Office+of+Vietnam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gso.gov.vn%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F06%2FSach-Nien-giam-TK-2022-final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-p115-9"><a href="#cite_ref-p115_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeneral_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/General_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam" title="General Statistics Office of Vietnam">General Statistics Office of Vietnam</a> (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Sach-Nien-giam-TK-2022-final.pdf">Niên giám Thống kê Việt Nam năm 2022</a> [Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam 2022] (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). p. 115. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240403124007/https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Sach-Nien-giam-TK-2022-final.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ni%C3%AAn+gi%C3%A1m+Th%E1%BB%91ng+k%C3%AA+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam+n%C4%83m+2022&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Statistical+Publishing+House+%28Vietnam%29&rft.date=2023&rft.au=General+Statistics+Office+of+Vietnam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gso.gov.vn%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F06%2FSach-Nien-giam-TK-2022-final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-p117-10"><a href="#cite_ref-p117_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeneral_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/General_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam" title="General Statistics Office of Vietnam">General Statistics Office of Vietnam</a> (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Sach-Nien-giam-TK-2022-final.pdf">Niên giám Thống kê Việt Nam năm 2022</a> [Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam 2022] (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). p. 117. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240403124007/https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Sach-Nien-giam-TK-2022-final.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ni%C3%AAn+gi%C3%A1m+Th%E1%BB%91ng+k%C3%AA+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam+n%C4%83m+2022&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Statistical+Publishing+House+%28Vietnam%29&rft.date=2023&rft.au=General+Statistics+Office+of+Vietnam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gso.gov.vn%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F06%2FSach-Nien-giam-TK-2022-final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2019-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census2019_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census2019_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census2019_11-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeneral_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/General_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam" title="General Statistics Office of Vietnam">General Statistics Office of Vietnam</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Ket-qua-toan-bo-Tong-dieu-tra-dan-so-va-nha-o-2019.pdf">Kết quả Toàn bộ Tổng điều tra dân số và nhà ở năm 2019</a> [Completed Results of the 2019 Viet Nam Population and Housing Census] (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-604-75-1532-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-604-75-1532-5"><bdi>978-604-75-1532-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110045640/https://www.gso.gov.vn/du-lieu-va-so-lieu-thong-ke/2020/11/ket-qua-toan-bo-tong-dieu-tra-dan-so-va-nha-o-nam-2019/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%E1%BA%BFt+qu%E1%BA%A3+To%C3%A0n+b%E1%BB%99+T%E1%BB%95ng+%C4%91i%E1%BB%81u+tra+d%C3%A2n+s%E1%BB%91+v%C3%A0+nh%C3%A0+%E1%BB%9F+n%C4%83m+2019&rft.pub=Statistical+Publishing+House+%28Vietnam%29&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-604-75-1532-5&rft.au=General+Statistics+Office+of+Vietnam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gso.gov.vn%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F12%2FKet-qua-toan-bo-Tong-dieu-tra-dan-so-va-nha-o-2019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Also called Kinh people </li> <li id="cite_note-hanoigrdp-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hanoigrdp_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hanoigrdp_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatistics_Office_of_Hanoi2023" class="citation book cs1">Statistics Office of Hanoi (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cucthongkehanoi.gso.gov.vn/storage/manager/niengiam_tk/N39Xcce-ea70cb87-be4d-4da8-b7aa-5ffa9a840648.pdf">Niên giám Thống kê thành phố Hà Nội năm 2022</a> [Statistical Yearbook of Hanoi 2022] (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). p. 162. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240429074643/https://cucthongkehanoi.gso.gov.vn/storage/manager/niengiam_tk/N39Xcce-ea70cb87-be4d-4da8-b7aa-5ffa9a840648.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2024. Retrieved 29 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ni%C3%AAn+gi%C3%A1m+Th%E1%BB%91ng+k%C3%AA+th%C3%A0nh+ph%E1%BB%91+H%C3%A0+N%E1%BB%99i+n%C4%83m+2022&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Statistical+Publishing+House+%28Vietnam%29&rft.date=2023&rft.au=Statistics+Office+of+Hanoi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcucthongkehanoi.gso.gov.vn%2Fstorage%2Fmanager%2Fniengiam_tk%2FN39Xcce-ea70cb87-be4d-4da8-b7aa-5ffa9a840648.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gso.gov.vn/en/px-web/?pxid=E1438&theme=Health%2C%20Culture%2C%20Sport%20and%20Living%20standard">"Human Development Index by province(*) by Cities, provincies and Year"</a>. <a href="/wiki/General_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam" title="General Statistics Office of Vietnam">General Statistics Office of Vietnam</a>. Retrieved 28 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=General+Statistics+Office+of+Vietnam&rft.atitle=Human+Development+Index+by+province%28%2A%29+by+Cities%2C+provincies+and+Year&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gso.gov.vn%2Fen%2Fpx-web%2F%3Fpxid%3DE1438%26theme%3DHealth%252C%2520Culture%252C%2520Sport%2520and%2520Living%2520standard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dantri-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dantri_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dantri_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dantri_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dantri_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dantri_16-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dantri_16-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dantri_16-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dantri_16-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dantri.com.vn/ban-doc/nhung-ten-goi-cua-ha-noi-qua-cac-thoi-ky-lich-su-1286098923.htm">"Những tên gọi của Hà Nội qua các thời kỳ lịch sử"</a> (in Vietnamese). Dân Trí. 30 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210620031756/https://dantri.com.vn/ban-doc/nhung-ten-goi-cua-ha-noi-qua-cac-thoi-ky-lich-su-1286098923.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nh%E1%BB%AFng+t%C3%AAn+g%E1%BB%8Di+c%E1%BB%A7a+H%C3%A0+N%E1%BB%99i+qua+c%C3%A1c+th%E1%BB%9Di+k%E1%BB%B3+l%E1%BB%8Bch+s%E1%BB%AD&rft.pub=D%C3%A2n+Tr%C3%AD&rft.date=2010-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdantri.com.vn%2Fban-doc%2Fnhung-ten-goi-cua-ha-noi-qua-cac-thoi-ky-lich-su-1286098923.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kinhtetrunguong.vn/web/guest/thong-tin-dia-phuong/dong-gop-cua-cac-tinh-thanh-pho-ve-mot-so-chi-tieu-chu-yeu.html">"Đóng góp của các tỉnh, thành phố về một số chỉ tiêu chủ yếu"</a>. kinhtetrunguong.vn (in Vietnamese). 20 March 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kinhtetrunguong.vn&rft.atitle=%C4%90%C3%B3ng+g%C3%B3p+c%E1%BB%A7a+c%C3%A1c+t%E1%BB%89nh%2C+th%C3%A0nh+ph%E1%BB%91+v%E1%BB%81+m%E1%BB%99t+s%E1%BB%91+ch%E1%BB%89+ti%C3%AAu+ch%E1%BB%A7+y%E1%BA%BFu&rft.date=2023-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkinhtetrunguong.vn%2Fweb%2Fguest%2Fthong-tin-dia-phuong%2Fdong-gop-cua-cac-tinh-thanh-pho-ve-mot-so-chi-tieu-chu-yeu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThương2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thương, Báo Công (31 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://congthuong.vn/nam-2022-ha-noi-don-187-trieu-luot-du-khach-233173.html">"Năm 2022: Hà Nội đón 18,7 triệu lượt du khách | Báo Công Thương"</a>. Báo Công Thương điện tử, kinh tế, chính trị, xã hội (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 7 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=B%C3%A1o+C%C3%B4ng+Th%C6%B0%C6%A1ng+%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n+t%E1%BB%AD%2C+kinh+t%E1%BA%BF%2C+ch%C3%ADnh+tr%E1%BB%8B%2C+x%C3%A3+h%E1%BB%99i&rft.atitle=N%C4%83m+2022%3A+H%C3%A0+N%E1%BB%99i+%C4%91%C3%B3n+18%2C7+tri%E1%BB%87u+l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3t+du+kh%C3%A1ch+%7C+B%C3%A1o+C%C3%B4ng+Th%C6%B0%C6%A1ng&rft.date=2022-12-31&rft.aulast=Th%C6%B0%C6%A1ng&rft.aufirst=B%C3%A1o+C%C3%B4ng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcongthuong.vn%2Fnam-2022-ha-noi-don-187-trieu-luot-du-khach-233173.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCon_Giang2012" class="citation web cs1">Con Giang (9 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170423152322/http://tuoitre.vn/tin/ao-trang/20120109/nhung-vung-dat-mang-ten-rong/472123.html">"Lands named "dragon""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tu%E1%BB%95i_Tr%E1%BA%BB" title="Tuổi Trẻ">Tuổi Trẻ</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tuoitre.vn/tin/ao-trang/20120109/nhung-vung-dat-mang-ten-rong/472123.html">the original</a> on 23 April 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lands+named+%22dragon%22&rft.pub=Tu%E1%BB%95i+Tr%E1%BA%BB&rft.date=2012-01-09&rft.au=Con+Giang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftuoitre.vn%2Ftin%2Fao-trang%2F20120109%2Fnhung-vung-dat-mang-ten-rong%2F472123.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hanoitv-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hanoitv_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hanoitv_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hanoitv_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hanoitv_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hanoitv_20-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hanoitv.vn/lich-su-cac-ten-goi-cua-thu-do-ha-noi-d3832.html">"Lịch sử các tên gọi của Thủ đô Hà Nội"</a> (in Vietnamese). Hanoi TV. 28 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210619010313/https://hanoitv.vn/lich-su-cac-ten-goi-cua-thu-do-ha-noi-d3832.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%E1%BB%8Bch+s%E1%BB%AD+c%C3%A1c+t%C3%AAn+g%E1%BB%8Di+c%E1%BB%A7a+Th%E1%BB%A7+%C4%91%C3%B4+H%C3%A0+N%E1%BB%99i&rft.pub=Hanoi+TV&rft.date=2013-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhanoitv.vn%2Flich-su-cac-ten-goi-cua-thu-do-ha-noi-d3832.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Anh Thư Hà, Hồng Đức Trần A Brief Chronology of Vietnam's History 2000– Page 40 "Taking this as a good omen, he named the new capital Thăng Long (City of the Soaring Dragon), now Hanoi. Lý Thái Tổ reorganized the administration" </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Patricia M. Pelley Postcolonial Vietnam: New Histories of the National Past 2002– Page 213 "When Lý Thái Tổ relocated the capital in 1010." </li> <li id="cite_note-laodong-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-laodong_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-laodong_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-laodong_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-laodong_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-laodong_23-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-laodong_23-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laodong.vn/archived/ten-goi-ha-noi-qua-cac-thoi-ky-lich-su-682388.ldo">"Tên gọi Hà Nội qua các thời kỳ lịch sử"</a> (in Vietnamese). Lao Động. 13 July 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210618031239/https://laodong.vn/archived/ten-goi-ha-noi-qua-cac-thoi-ky-lich-su-682388.ldo">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T%C3%AAn+g%E1%BB%8Di+H%C3%A0+N%E1%BB%99i+qua+c%C3%A1c+th%E1%BB%9Di+k%E1%BB%B3+l%E1%BB%8Bch+s%E1%BB%AD&rft.pub=Lao+%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng&rft.date=2010-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaodong.vn%2Farchived%2Ften-goi-ha-noi-qua-cac-thoi-ky-lich-su-682388.ldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> For the de facto capital city of Japan, see <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> (東京). </li> <li id="cite_note-cl-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cl_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cl_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoangthanhthanglong.vn/en/co-loa-thoi-tien-su/507">"Prehistoric Co Loa"</a>. 3 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616082820/https://www.hoangthanhthanglong.vn/en/co-loa-thoi-tien-su/507">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prehistoric+Co+Loa&rft.date=2013-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoangthanhthanglong.vn%2Fen%2Fco-loa-thoi-tien-su%2F507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhanNguyễnNguyễn199727-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhanNguy%E1%BB%85nNguy%E1%BB%85n199727_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhanNguy%E1%BB%85nNguy%E1%BB%85n1997">Phan, Nguyễn & Nguyễn 1997</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baotanglichsu.vn/en/Articles/3188/15839/the-pre-and-proto-history-human-traces-found-in-dong-mo-son-tay.html">"The pre and proto history human traces found in Dong Mo, Son Tay"</a>. 28 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211015101321/http://baotanglichsu.vn/en/Articles/3188/15839/the-pre-and-proto-history-human-traces-found-in-dong-mo-son-tay.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+pre+and+proto+history+human+traces+found+in+Dong+Mo%2C+Son+Tay&rft.date=2014-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbaotanglichsu.vn%2Fen%2FArticles%2F3188%2F15839%2Fthe-pre-and-proto-history-human-traces-found-in-dong-mo-son-tay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENam_C._Kim201512-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENam_C._Kim201512_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNam_C._Kim2015">Nam C. Kim 2015</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENam_C._Kim2015144-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENam_C._Kim2015144_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNam_C._Kim2015">Nam C. Kim 2015</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENam_C._Kim2015159-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENam_C._Kim2015159_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNam_C._Kim2015">Nam C. 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Retrieved 27 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Tale+of+two+metro+lines+shows+battle+for+business+in+Vietnam&rft.date=2016-01-22&rft.aulast=Peel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fdde43a4a-c0de-11e5-a8c6-deeeb63d6d4b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyen" class="citation web cs1">Nguyen, Dat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e.vnexpress.net/news/business/economy/hanoi-gets-country-s-1st-metro-service-4382113.html">"Hanoi gets country's first metro service"</a>. 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Retrieved 6 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hanoi+gets+country%27s+first+metro+service&rft.pub=VnExpress&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=Dat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fe.vnexpress.net%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fhanoi-gets-country-s-1st-metro-service-4382113.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vnexpress.net/metro-nhon-ga-ha-noi-du-kien-van-hanh-doan-tren-cao-dip-30-4-4677730.html">"Metro Nhổn - ga Hà Nội dự kiến vận hành đoạn trên cao dịp 30/4"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231119233502/https://vnexpress.net/metro-nhon-ga-ha-noi-du-kien-van-hanh-doan-tren-cao-dip-30-4-4677730.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2023. 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Comune Italia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200201100129/https://www.comune-italia.it/comune-palermo.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=comune-italia.it&rft.atitle=Comune+di+Palermo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.comune-italia.it%2Fcomune-palermo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vukuzenzele.gov.za/sa-grows-ties-vietnam-ally">"SA grows ties with Vietnam as ally"</a>. vukuzenzele.gov.za. Vuk'uzenzele. September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210916075733/https://www.vukuzenzele.gov.za/sa-grows-ties-vietnam-ally">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vukuzenzele.gov.za&rft.atitle=SA+grows+ties+with+Vietnam+as+ally&rft.date=2013-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vukuzenzele.gov.za%2Fsa-grows-ties-vietnam-ally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hanoi#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Hanoi">Bibliography of the history of Hanoi</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoudarel2002" class="citation book cs1">Boudarel, Georges (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hanoicityofrisin0000boud">Hanoi: City Of The Rising Dragon</a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1655-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1655-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-1655-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hanoi%3A+City+Of+The+Rising+Dragon&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-1655-7&rft.aulast=Boudarel&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhanoicityofrisin0000boud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBielestein1986" class="citation cs2">Bielestein, Hans (1986), "Wang Mang, the restoration of the Han dynasty, and Later Han", in Twitchett, Denis C.; Fairbank, John King (eds.), The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC-AD 220, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 223–290</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wang+Mang%2C+the+restoration+of+the+Han+dynasty%2C+and+Later+Han&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%3A+Volume+1%2C+The+Ch%27in+and+Han+Empires%2C+221+BC-AD+220&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=223-290&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Bielestein&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoddLewis2003" class="citation book cs1">Dodd, Jan; Lewis, Mark (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7WvOSgCHrOoC&pg=PA408">Rough Guide to Vietnam</a>. Rough Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-095-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-095-4"><bdi>978-1-84353-095-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rough+Guide+to+Vietnam&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84353-095-4&rft.aulast=Dodd&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7WvOSgCHrOoC%26pg%3DPA408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrummondThomas2003" class="citation book cs1">Drummond, Lisa; Thomas, Mandy (5 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ZgyNiX7vI4C&pg=PA125">Consuming Urban Culture in Contemporary Vietnam</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-98794-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-98794-0"><bdi>978-0-203-98794-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consuming+Urban+Culture+in+Contemporary+Vietnam&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003-06-05&rft.isbn=978-0-203-98794-0&rft.aulast=Drummond&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Mandy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ZgyNiX7vI4C%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamieson1995" class="citation book cs1">Jamieson, Neil L. (1995). Understanding Vietnam. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20157-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20157-6"><bdi>978-0-520-20157-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Vietnam&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20157-6&rft.aulast=Jamieson&rft.aufirst=Neil+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButtinger1958" class="citation book cs1">Buttinger, Joseph (1958). The Smaller Dragon: A Political History of Vietnam. Praeger Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Smaller+Dragon%3A+A+Political+History+of+Vietnam&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Buttinger&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrindley2015" class="citation book cs1">Brindley, Erica (2015). Ancient China and the Yue: Perceptions and Identities on the Southern Frontier, C.400 BCE-50 CE. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-08478-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-08478-0"><bdi>978-1-107-08478-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+China+and+the+Yue%3A+Perceptions+and+Identities+on+the+Southern+Frontier%2C+C.400+BCE-50+CE&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-08478-0&rft.aulast=Brindley&rft.aufirst=Erica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNam_C._Kim2015" class="citation book cs1">Nam C. Kim (2015). The Origins of Ancient Vietnam. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-998089-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-998089-5"><bdi>978-0-19-998089-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Ancient+Vietnam&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-998089-5&rft.au=Nam+C.+Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1983" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Keith Weller (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rCl_02LnNVIC">The Birth of Vietnam</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07417-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07417-0"><bdi>978-0-520-07417-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Vietnam&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07417-0&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Keith+Weller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrCl_02LnNVIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2013" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Keith Weller (2013). A History of the Vietnamese. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87586-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87586-8"><bdi>978-0-521-87586-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Vietnamese&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87586-8&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Keith+Weller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiksicYian2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_N._Miksic" title="John N. Miksic">Miksic, John Norman</a>; Yian, Go Geok (2016). Ancient Southeast Asia. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-27903-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-27903-7"><bdi>978-1-317-27903-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-27903-7&rft.aulast=Miksic&rft.aufirst=John+Norman&rft.au=Yian%2C+Go+Geok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2019" class="citation book cs1">Kiernan, Ben (2019). Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-005379-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-005379-6"><bdi>978-0-19-005379-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam%3A+a+history+from+earliest+time+to+the+present&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-005379-6&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurton2009" class="citation book cs1">Purton, Peter Fraser (2009). A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 450-1220. Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-448-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-448-9"><bdi>978-1-84383-448-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Late+Medieval+Siege%2C+450-1220&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-448-9&rft.aulast=Purton&rft.aufirst=Peter+Fraser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2012" class="citation book cs1">Park, Hyunhee (2012). Mapping the Chinese and Islamic Worlds: Cross-Cultural Exchange in Pre-Modern Asia. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01868-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01868-6"><bdi>978-1-107-01868-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+the+Chinese+and+Islamic+Worlds%3A+Cross-Cultural+Exchange+in+Pre-Modern+Asia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-01868-6&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Hyunhee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoudarelNguyenNguyễn2002" class="citation book cs1">Boudarel, Georges; Nguyen, Van Ky; Nguyễn, Văn Ký (2002). Duiker, Claire (ed.). Hanoi: City of the Rising Dragon. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1655-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1655-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-1655-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hanoi%3A+City+of+the+Rising+Dragon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-1655-7&rft.aulast=Boudarel&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+Van+Ky&rft.au=Nguy%E1%BB%85n%2C+V%C4%83n+K%C3%BD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoewe2004" class="citation cs2">Loewe, Michael (2004), "Guangzhou: the Evidence of the Standard Histories from the Shi ji to the Chen shu, a Preliminary Survey", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f0zZPMlu0L0C&pg=PA60">Guangdong: Archaeology and Early Texts (Zhou–Tang)</a>, Harrassowitz Verlag, pp. 51–80, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-05060-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-447-05060-8"><bdi>3-447-05060-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Guangzhou%3A+the+Evidence+of+the+Standard+Histories+from+the+Shi+ji+to+the+Chen+shu%2C+a+Preliminary+Survey&rft.btitle=Guangdong%3A+Archaeology+and+Early+Texts+%28Zhou%E2%80%93Tang%29&rft.pages=51-80&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-447-05060-8&rft.aulast=Loewe&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df0zZPMlu0L0C%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutherford2002" class="citation book cs1">Rutherford, Scott (1 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kRi_BKq60OgC&pg=PA380">Vietnam</a>. Langenscheidt Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-234-984-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-234-984-2"><bdi>978-981-234-984-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam&rft.pub=Langenscheidt+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002-12-01&rft.isbn=978-981-234-984-2&rft.aulast=Rutherford&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkRi_BKq60OgC%26pg%3DPA380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTran1977" class="citation cs2">Tran Quoc Vuong & al.; et al. (1977), Hanoi: From the Origins to the 19th Century, Vietnamese Studies, Hanoi: Xunhasaba</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hanoi%3A+From+the+Origins+to+the+19th+Century&rft.place=Hanoi&rft.series=Vietnamese+Studies&rft.pub=Xunhasaba&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Tran&rft.aufirst=Quoc+Vuong&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+Vinh+Long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhanNguyễnNguyễn1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Phan_Huy_L%C3%AA" title="Phan Huy Lê">Phan, Huy Lê</a>; Nguyễn, Quang Ngọc; Nguyễn, Đình Lễ (1997). The Country Life in the Red River Delta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Country+Life+in+the+Red+River+Delta&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Phan&rft.aufirst=Huy+L%C3%AA&rft.au=Nguy%E1%BB%85n%2C+Quang+Ng%E1%BB%8Dc&rft.au=Nguy%E1%BB%85n%2C+%C4%90%C3%ACnh+L%E1%BB%85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĐào_Duy_Anh2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0o_Duy_Anh" title="Đào Duy Anh">Đào Duy Anh</a> (2016) [1964]. Đất nước Việt Nam qua các đời: nghiên cứu địa lý học lịch sử Việt Nam (in Vietnamese). Nha Nam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-604-94-8700-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-604-94-8700-2"><bdi>978-604-94-8700-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C4%90%E1%BA%A5t+n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam+qua+c%C3%A1c+%C4%91%E1%BB%9Di%3A+nghi%C3%AAn+c%E1%BB%A9u+%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba+l%C3%BD+h%E1%BB%8Dc+l%E1%BB%8Bch+s%E1%BB%AD+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam&rft.pub=Nha+Nam&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-604-94-8700-2&rft.au=%C4%90%C3%A0o+Duy+Anh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbesHenley2012" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2012). "A Scholar's Memoirs of the 36 Streets". Vietnam Past and Present: The North (History and culture of Hanoi and Tonkin). Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B006DCCM9Q">B006DCCM9Q</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Scholar%27s+Memoirs+of+the+36+Streets&rft.btitle=Vietnam+Past+and+Present%3A+The+North+%28History+and+culture+of+Hanoi+and+Tonkin%29&rft.place=Chiang+Mai&rft.pub=Cognoscenti+Books&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB006DCCM9Q%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Henley%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYü1986" class="citation book cs1">Yü, Ying-shih (1986). "Han foreign relations". In Twitchett, Denis C.; Fairbank, John King (eds.). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC-AD 220. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 377–463.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Han+foreign+relations&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%3A+Volume+1%2C+The+Ch%27in+and+Han+Empires%2C+221+BC-AD+220&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=377-463&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Y%C3%BC&rft.aufirst=Ying-shih&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogan2000" class="citation book cs1">Logan, William S. (2000). Hanoi: Biography of a City. University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98014-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98014-0"><bdi>978-0-295-98014-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hanoi%3A+Biography+of+a+City&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-295-98014-0&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVann2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_G._Vann" title="Michael G. Vann">Vann, Michael G.</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/ushe/product/the-great-hanoi-rat-hunt-9780190602697?cc=us&lang=en&">The Great Hanoi Rat Hunt: Empire, Disease, and Modernity in French Colonial Vietnam</a>. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Hanoi+Rat+Hunt%3A+Empire%2C+Disease%2C+and+Modernity+in+French+Colonial+Vietnam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Vann&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Fushe%2Fproduct%2Fthe-great-hanoi-rat-hunt-9780190602697%3Fcc%3Dus%26lang%3Den%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanoi" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(23)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-23 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-23"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.hanoi.gov.vn/">Official site of Hanoi Government</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200520020052/https://english.hanoi.gov.vn/">Archived</a> 20 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/02/18/travel/18hanoi.html">An article in New York Times about Hanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Hanoi#Q1858" class="extiw" title="voy:Hanoi">Hanoi</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1903516">Hanoi</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&oldid=1256126251">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&oldid=1256126251</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 8 November 2024, at 10:11 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%80%E1%8A%96%E1%8B%AD" title="ሀኖይ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሀኖይ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A" title="هانوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هانوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A4an%C3%B3i" title="Ḥanói – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ḥanói" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoy" title="Hanoy – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hanoy" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C" title="هانوی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هانوی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="হ্যানয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হ্যানয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i_Chh%C4%AB" title="Hà Nội Chhī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hà Nội Chhī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Ханой – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ханой" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Ханой – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ханой" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Ханой – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ханой" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Ханой – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ханой" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧེ་ནོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧེ་ནོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha_Noi" title="Ha Noi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ha Noi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Ханой – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ханой" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Ханой – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ханой" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoj" title="Hanoj – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hanoj" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A" title="هانوي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="هانوي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3%C5%82%C3%A1n%C3%ADtah" title="Tółánítah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tółánítah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%B9" title="Ανόι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανόι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han%C3%B3i" title="Hanói – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hanói" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanojo" title="Hanojo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hanojo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C" title="هانوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هانوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hano%C3%AF" title="Hanoï – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hanoï" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han%C3%A1%C3%AD" title="Hanáí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hanáí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%85%A7%E5%B8%82" title="河內市 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="河內市" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i" title="Hà Nội – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hà Nội" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%85%B8%EC%9D%B4" title="하노이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하노이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B5" title="Հանոյ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հանոյ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%88" title="हनोई – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हनोई" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Ханой – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ханой" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hano%C3%AD" title="Hanoí – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hanoí" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99" title="האנוי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האנוי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8D" title="ಹಾನೊಯ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಾನೊಯ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98" title="ჰანოი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰანოი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Ханой – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ханой" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%B2y" title="Anòy – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Anòy" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AE%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%8D" title="ຮ່າໂນ້ຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຮ່າໂນ້ຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoja" title="Hanoja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hanoja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanojus" title="Hanojus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hanojus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%98" title="Ханој – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ханој" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹാനോയ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹാനോയ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%88" title="हनोई – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हनोई" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98" title="ჰანოი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰანოი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89" title="هانوى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هانوى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C" title="هانوی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هانوی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i" title="Hà Nội – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hà Nội" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A4anoi" title="Ḥanoi – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ḥanoi" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Ханой – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ханой" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Ханой – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ханой" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%94%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဟနွိုင်းမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟနွိုင်းမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%87" title="हनोइ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हनोइ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%8E%E3%82%A4" title="ハノイ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハノイ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Ханой – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ханой" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han%C3%B2i" title="Hanòi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Hanòi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Ханой – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Ханой" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanoy" title="Xanoy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xanoy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%88" title="ਹਨੋਈ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਨੋਈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="ہنوئی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہنوئی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C" title="هانوی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هانوی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%99" title="ហាណូយ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ហាណូយ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hano%C3%AF" title="Hanoï – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Hanoï" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han%C3%B3i" title="Hanói – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hanói" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanoy" title="Xanoy – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Xanoy" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha_Nui" title="Ha Nui – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ha Nui" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Ханой – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ханой" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Ханой – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ханой" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/He-ney-se" title="He-ney-se – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="He-ney-se" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%88" title="हनोई – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हनोई" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AD" title="ᱦᱟᱱᱚᱭ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱟᱱᱚᱭ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92" title="හැනෝයි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හැනෝයි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="هنوئي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="هنوئي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoj" title="Hanoj – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hanoj" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoj" title="Hanoj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hanoj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%86%DB%8C" title="ھانۆی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھانۆی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%98" title="Ханој – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ханој" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="ஹனோய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹனோய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoy" title="Hanoy – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Hanoy" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2" title="ฮานอย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮานอย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Ҳаной – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳаной" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Ханой – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Ханой" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Ханой – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ханой" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="ہنوئی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہنوئی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A" title="خانوي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="خانوي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i" title="Hà Nội – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hà Nội" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i" title="Hà Nội – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Hà Nội" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%85%A7%E5%9F%8E%E5%BA%AF" title="河內城庯 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="河內城庯" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%85%A7%E5%B8%82" title="河內市 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="河內市" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99" title="האנוי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="האנוי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%85%A7" title="河內 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="河內" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Hanoi" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%85%A7%E5%B8%82" title="河內市 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="河內市" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoj" title="Hanoj – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Hanoj" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 November 2024, at 10:11 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-4s978","wgBackendResponseTime":257,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_6044aad4206a92b2a910aa1848f630e11a382129":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q1858","properties":{"stroke-width":2,"stroke":"#000000","title":"Hanoi"}}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.575","walltime":"3.295","ppvisitednodes":{"value":29707,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":859202,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":140149,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":29,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":29,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":641193,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2704.790 1 -total"," 24.12% 652.382 2 Template:Reflist"," 15.20% 411.031 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 13.27% 359.053 1 Template:Infobox"," 12.93% 349.780 76 Template:Cite_web"," 7.44% 201.343 37 Template:Sfn"," 5.60% 151.536 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.11% 138.346 7 Template:Langx"," 4.55% 123.177 4 Template:Pagetype"," 4.42% 119.602 4 Template:Weather_box"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.322","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22482091,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAchterbergLong2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrew_Benson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBielestein1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoudarel2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoudarelNguyenNguyễn2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrindley2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButtinger1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByrnes2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChuc,_NSingh,_PiaraKomuravelly,_SrinivasAkkinapally,_Ramakrishna2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCon_Giang2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCục_thống_kê_thành_phố_Hà_Nội_(Ha_Noi_Statistics_Office)2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoddLewis2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrummondThomas2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuggan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForbes2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForbesHenley2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeneral_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeneral_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeneral_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam2023\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFHans-Heinrich_BassThanh_Trung_Nguyen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHastings2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHong_Khanh2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuong2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIlia_Lobster2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamieson1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiem1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiernan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLincoln2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoewe2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLogan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLogan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_Smith2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiksicYian2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNam_C._Kim2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNguyen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNguyễn2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPapin2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPark2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeel,_M._C.Finlayson,_B._L.McMahon,_T._A.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeel2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhanNguyễnNguyễn1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhạm2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinkowski2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlevin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurton2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuang_Thái2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRutherford2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStatistics_Office_of_Hanoi2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Associated_Press1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThi_Phuong_Quynh_LeChristina_SeidlerMatthias_KändlerThi_Bich_Nga_Tran2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThương2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTran1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrần2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurnerShoenberger2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_ArkadieMallon2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVann2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVnExpress\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVuongBuiLaVuong2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVõ_Hải2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangJäger2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWertheim-HeckRaneriOosterveer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWischermann2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYü1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFthe-shiv2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFĐào_Duy_Anh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFĐặng_Việt_ThủyĐặng_Thành_Trung2008\"] = 1,\n [\"Transportation\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Asian Games Host Cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Audio\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"CJKV\"] = 2,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite act\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 32,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 78,\n [\"Cities in Viet Nam\"] = 1,\n [\"Cjkv\"] = 3,\n [\"Climate chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons and category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 16,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"Districts of Red River Delta\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"F1\"] = 1,\n [\"Fact\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 15,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:{{#expr:floor(3757300/308.04)\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:{{#expr:floor(4518800/2934.6)\"] = 1,\n [\"Geographic location\"] = 1,\n [\"Hanoi\"] = 1,\n [\"Hanoi Tourism\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Increase\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 2,\n [\"Intitle\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 15,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Largest cities of Vietnam\"] = 1,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 1,\n [\"List of Asian capitals by region\"] = 1,\n [\"Literal translation\"] = 14,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Maplink\"] = 1,\n [\"Most populous cities in Vietnam\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Pn\"] = 2,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 37,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Subdivisions of Vietnam\"] = 1,\n [\"Translation\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Weather box\"] = 4,\n 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