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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Some_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Some_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Some issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Some_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Date_of_the_poem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_of_the_poem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Date of the poem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_of_the_poem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Plot</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Plot-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Plot subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Plot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Book_1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Book 1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Book 2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Book 3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Book 4</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discussion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discussion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Discussion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Discussion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Discussion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Discussion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Callimachean_epic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Callimachean_epic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Callimachean epic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Callimachean_epic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epic_heroism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epic_heroism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Epic heroism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epic_heroism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characters_without_character" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characters_without_character"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Characters without character</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characters_without_character-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Episodic_epic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Episodic_epic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Episodic epic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Episodic_epic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Other issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>The poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Information_charts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_charts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Information charts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Information_charts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Information charts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Information_charts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Argonauts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Argonauts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The Argonauts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Argonauts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Itinerary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Itinerary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Itinerary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Itinerary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>English translations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-English_translations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle English translations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-English_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Verse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Prose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Argonautica</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="آرغونوتيكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آرغونوتيكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аргонавтика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аргонавтика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Argonautica" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon%C3%A0utiques" title="Argonàutiques – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Argonàutiques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonautika" title="Argonautika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Argonautika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Αργοναυτικά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αργοναυτικά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon%C3%A1uticas_(Apolonio_de_Rodas)" title="Argonáuticas (Apolonio de Rodas) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Argonáuticas (Apolonio de Rodas)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonautika" title="Argonautika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Argonautika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonautiques_(Apollonios_de_Rhodes)" title="Argonautiques (Apollonios de Rhodes) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Argonautiques (Apollonios de Rhodes)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Tocht_fan_de_Argonauten" title="De Tocht fan de Argonauten – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="De Tocht fan de Argonauten" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4%EA%B3%A0%EB%82%98%EC%9A%B0%ED%8B%B0%EC%B9%B4" title="아르고나우티카 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아르고나우티카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonautika" title="Argonautika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Argonautika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Argonautiche" title="Le Argonautiche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Le Argonautiche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="ארגונאוטיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארגונאוטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonautica_(Apollonius_Rhodius)" title="Argonautica (Apollonius Rhodius) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Argonautica (Apollonius Rhodius)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Argonautica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Argonautica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B4%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A6%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AB" title="アルゴナウティカ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルゴナウティカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonautyki_(Apollonios_z_Rodos)" title="Argonautyki (Apollonios z Rodos) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Argonautyki (Apollonios z Rodos)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_Argon%C3%A1uticas_(Apol%C3%B3nio_de_Rodes)" title="As Argonáuticas (Apolónio de Rodes) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="As Argonáuticas (Apolónio de Rodes)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9)" title="Аргонавтика (Аполлоний Родосский) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аргонавтика (Аполлоний Родосский)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Argonautica" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonautika" title="Argonautika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Argonautika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonautika" title="Argonautika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Argonautika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonautika" title="Argonautika – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Argonautika" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonautika" title="Argonautika – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Argonautika" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аргонавтика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аргонавтика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Argonautica" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Greek epic poem dated to the 3rd century BC</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Greek epic poem by Apollonius. For other poems, see <a href="/wiki/Argonautica_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Argonautica (disambiguation)">Argonautica (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles,_salon_de_Diane,_Jason_et_les_Argonautes_d%C3%A9barquant_en_Colchide,_Charles_de_La_Fosse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles%2C_salon_de_Diane%2C_Jason_et_les_Argonautes_d%C3%A9barquant_en_Colchide%2C_Charles_de_La_Fosse.jpg/300px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles%2C_salon_de_Diane%2C_Jason_et_les_Argonautes_d%C3%A9barquant_en_Colchide%2C_Charles_de_La_Fosse.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles%2C_salon_de_Diane%2C_Jason_et_les_Argonautes_d%C3%A9barquant_en_Colchide%2C_Charles_de_La_Fosse.jpg/450px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles%2C_salon_de_Diane%2C_Jason_et_les_Argonautes_d%C3%A9barquant_en_Colchide%2C_Charles_de_La_Fosse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles%2C_salon_de_Diane%2C_Jason_et_les_Argonautes_d%C3%A9barquant_en_Colchide%2C_Charles_de_La_Fosse.jpg/600px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles%2C_salon_de_Diane%2C_Jason_et_les_Argonautes_d%C3%A9barquant_en_Colchide%2C_Charles_de_La_Fosse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3213" data-file-height="2025" /></a><figcaption><i>Jason and the Argonauts Arriving at Colchis</i>, by Charles de La Fosse. The poem <i>Argonautica</i> was written specifically for Ptolemaic Alexandria,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it has long been a resource for other dynasties seeking to illustrate their power and ambitions.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This painting is located in the Château de Versailles.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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style="width:16.0em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;color:black;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Category:Ancient Greek religion">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#005daa">Greek mythology</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kylix_Theseus_Aison_MNA_Inv11365_n1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Theseus slays the Minotaur under the gaze of Athena"><img alt="Theseus slays the Minotaur under the gaze of Athena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kylix_Theseus_Aison_MNA_Inv11365_n1.jpg/195px-Kylix_Theseus_Aison_MNA_Inv11365_n1.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kylix_Theseus_Aison_MNA_Inv11365_n1.jpg/293px-Kylix_Theseus_Aison_MNA_Inv11365_n1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kylix_Theseus_Aison_MNA_Inv11365_n1.jpg/390px-Kylix_Theseus_Aison_MNA_Inv11365_n1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2025" data-file-height="2025" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i>Theseus slays the Minotaur under the gaze of Athena</i></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;color:black;;background-color:#cef2e0; color: black;"> Deities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:Azure"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_primordial_deities" title="Greek primordial deities">Primordial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titans" title="Titans">Titans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_water_deities" title="Greek water deities">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chthonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chthonic">Chthonic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;color:black;;background-color:#cef2e0; color: black;"> Heroes and heroism</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:Azure"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labours_of_Heracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Labours of Heracles">Labours</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diomedes" title="Diomedes">Diomedes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonauts" title="Argonauts">Argonauts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Fleece" title="Golden Fleece">Golden Fleece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgon">Gorgon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur" title="Minotaur">Minotaur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellerophon" title="Bellerophon">Bellerophon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus" 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_mythology_sidebar" title="Template:Greek mythology sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_mythology_sidebar" title="Template talk:Greek mythology sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_mythology_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek mythology sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Argonautica</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Ἀργοναυτικά</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Argonautika</i></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Epic_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic poem">epic poem</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes" title="Apollonius of Rhodes">Apollonius Rhodius</a> in the 3rd century BC. The only entirely surviving <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic</a> epic (though <a href="/wiki/Aetia_(Callimachus)" title="Aetia (Callimachus)">Callimachus' <i>Aetia</i></a> is substantially extant through fragments), the <i>Argonautica</i> tells the myth of the voyage of <a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Argonauts" title="Argonauts">Argonauts</a> to retrieve the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Fleece" title="Golden Fleece">Golden Fleece</a> from remote <a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a>. Their heroic adventures and Jason's relationship with the dangerous Colchian princess/sorceress <a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a> were already well known to Hellenistic audiences, which enabled Apollonius to go beyond a simple narrative, giving it a scholarly emphasis suitable to the times. It was the age of the great <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a>, and his epic incorporates his research in geography, ethnography, comparative religion, and Homeric literature. However, his main contribution to the epic tradition lies in his development of the love between hero and heroine – he seems to have been the first narrative poet to study "the pathology of love".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <i>Argonautica</i> had a profound impact on Latin poetry: it was translated by <a href="/wiki/Varro_Atacinus" title="Varro Atacinus">Varro Atacinus</a> and imitated by <a href="/wiki/Valerius_Flaccus_(poet)" title="Valerius Flaccus (poet)">Valerius Flaccus</a>, it influenced <a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, and it provided <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> with a model for his Roman epic, the <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argonautica&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Argonautica</i> was an adventure for the poet, one of the major scholars of the Alexandrian period – it was a bold experiment in re-writing Homeric epic in a way that would meet the demanding tastes of his contemporaries. According to some accounts, a hostile reception even led to Apollonius's <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_Rhodius#Sensational_stories" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonius Rhodius">exile to Rhodes</a>. The literary fashion was for small, meticulous poems, featuring displays of erudition and <a href="/wiki/Paradoxography" title="Paradoxography">paradoxography</a> (the account of marvels and oddities), as represented by the work of <a href="/wiki/Callimachus" title="Callimachus">Callimachus</a>. In adapting the epic genre to this audience, Apollonius went a long way towards inventing the <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">romance novel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including narrative techniques like the "interior monologue", whereby the author identifies with a character's thoughts and feelings.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The re-evaluation of his work in recent times has led to a mass of innovative studies, often jostling each other for attention, so that <i>Argonautica</i> has become a daunting adventure for many modern scholars too: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Scholars that row against this current feel as if they are sailing through the Clashing Rocks; they have barely struggled halfway through one wave and there rolls the next one tossing them backwards twice as far as they had progressed ... Even if the attempt to pass through the clashing mountain of books succeeds, there is no hope of a pause and scholars find themselves in the grip of a debilitating <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">ἀμηχανία</span> [helplessness].</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Reinhold F. Glei.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Since scholarship is a key feature of this unique story, here is a preview of some of the main issues in the poet's treatment of the Argonaut myth, as addressed by recent scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Some_issues">Some issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argonautica&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Some issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>A "Callimachian epic"?</b> Callimachus set the standards for Hellenistic aesthetics in poetry and, according to ancient sources, he engaged in a bitter <a href="/wiki/Literary_feud" title="Literary feud">literary feud</a> with Apollonius. Modern scholars generally dismiss these sources as unreliable and point to similarities in the poetry of the two men. Callimachus, for example, composed a book of verses dealing with <a href="/wiki/Myth_of_origins" class="mw-redirect" title="Myth of origins">aitia</a>, the mythical origins of contemporary phenomena. According to one survey, there are eighty aitia in <i>Argonautica.</i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet <i>Argonautica </i> is clearly intended to be fundamentally Homeric<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and therefore seems at odds with the fashionable poetics of Callimachus.</li> <li><b>The epic hero?</b> Addressing the issue of heroism in <i>Argonautica,</i> the German classicist H. Fränkel once noted some unheroic characteristics of Jason and his crew. In particular, their frequent moods of despair and depression, summed up in the word <i>helplessness</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">ἀμηχανία</span>). By contrast, the bullying Argonaut Idas seemed to Fränkel an ugly example of the archaic warrior. It looks as if Apollonius meant to underscore the obsolescence of traditional heroism in the Hellenistic period. These arguments have caused much discussion among scholars about the treatment and nature of heroism in <i>Argonautica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Characters without character?</b> Another fruitful discussion gained impetus from an article by D. A. Van Krevelen, who dismissed all the characters, apart from Medea, as flimsy extras without any interesting qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>An "episodic epic?"</b> In addition to aitia, <i>Argonautica</i> incorporates descriptions of wonders and marvels, and digressions associated with Hellenistic "science", including geography, ethnography, anthropology and comparative religion.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So the question arises: is the poem a unified narrative, or is the epic plot merely a coathanger for erudite and colourful episodes?<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_of_the_poem">Date of the poem</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argonautica&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Date of the poem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is some dispute about the date when the poem was originally published. It could have been during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a> (283–246 BCE),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a generation later. </p><p>According to the astronomical analysis of the poem by <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Murray" title="Jackie Murray">Jackie Murray</a>, the poem commemorates the year 238 BCE, implying that it was published at the time of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a> (246–221 BCE) as the majority of ancient sources claim.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sources">Sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argonautica&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apollonius's Argonautica was based on multiple ancient sources, including Homer and <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>. </p> <blockquote> <p>The story of the expedition seems to have been known to the author of the <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a> (xii. 69, &c.), who states, that the ship Argo was the only one that ever passed between the whirling rocks (<i>petrai planktai</i> Πλαγκταὶ; <a href="/wiki/Planctae" title="Planctae">Planctae</a>, after the encounter with the <a href="/wiki/Clashing_Rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Clashing Rocks">Clashing Rocks</a>). Jason is mentioned several times in the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> (vii. 467, &c., xxi. 40, xxiii. 743, &c.), but not as the leader of the Argonauts. <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> (Theog. 992, &c.) relates the story of Jason saying that he fetched <a href="/wiki/Medeia" class="mw-redirect" title="Medeia">Medeia</a> at the command of his uncle <a href="/wiki/Pelias" title="Pelias">Pelias</a>, and that she bore him a son, <a href="/wiki/Medeius" class="mw-redirect" title="Medeius">Medeius</a>, who was educated by <a href="/wiki/Cheiron" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheiron">Cheiron</a>. The first trace of the common tradition that Jason was sent to fetch the golden fleece from <a href="/wiki/Kutaisi" title="Kutaisi">Aea</a>, the city of <a href="/wiki/Ae%C3%ABtes" title="Aeëtes">Aeëtes</a>, in the eastern boundaries of the earth, occurs in <a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a> (Strabo, Geography, 1.2.40), a contemporary of <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a>; but the most ancient detailed account of the expedition of the Argonauts which is extant, is that of <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a> (<i>Pythian Odes</i> iv.)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plot">Plot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argonautica&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Plot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_1">Book 1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argonautica&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Book 1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Building_Argo_BM_TerrD603.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Building_Argo_BM_TerrD603.jpg/220px-Building_Argo_BM_TerrD603.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Building_Argo_BM_TerrD603.jpg/330px-Building_Argo_BM_TerrD603.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Building_Argo_BM_TerrD603.jpg/440px-Building_Argo_BM_TerrD603.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3640" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Athena helps build the <a href="/wiki/Argo" title="Argo">Argo</a>; Roman moulded terracotta plaque, first century AD.</figcaption></figure> <p>The poem begins with an invocation to <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> and briefly recounts his prophetic warning to <a href="/wiki/Pelias" title="Pelias">Pelias</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Iolcus" title="Iolcus">Iolcus</a>, that his downfall will be the work of a man with only one sandal. Jason has recently emerged as the man in question, having lost a sandal while crossing a swollen stream. Consequently, Pelias has entrusted him with a suicidal mission to <a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a> to bring back the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Fleece" title="Golden Fleece">Golden Fleece</a>. A ship, the <i><a href="/wiki/Argo" title="Argo">Argo</a></i>, has already been constructed by <a href="/wiki/Argus_(son_of_Arestor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Argus (son of Arestor)">Argus</a>, a shipwright working under <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>'s instructions. Meanwhile, a band of heroes has arrived to help in the venture. The locals marvel at such a gathering – young Jason has been given an impossible mission yet this band of heroes just might help him pull it off. His mother fears the worst. He bids her to stay strong and calm. </p><p>Jason urges the heroes to elect a leader for the voyage. They all nominate <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>. Heracles however insists on Jason as leader and the others submit to this choice. Rejoicing in his election, Jason orders the crew to haul the ship down to the water. The Argo is then moored for the night so that they can enjoy a farewell feast. Two bulls are sacrificed to Apollo, wine flows and conversation becomes animated. Jason however becomes withdrawn and glum. One of the heroes, <a href="/wiki/Idas" class="mw-redirect" title="Idas">Idas</a>, accuses him of cowardice; the prophet <a href="/wiki/Idmon" title="Idmon">Idmon</a> in turn accuses Idas of drunken vainglory. A fight almost breaks out but <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a> soothes everyone with a song about the cosmos and how the gods and all things were created. At dawn, <a href="/wiki/Tiphys" title="Tiphys">Tiphys</a>, the ship's helmsman, rouses the crew. The ship itself calls to them, since its keel includes a magical beam of <a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodonian</a> oak. The shore cables are loosed. Jason sheds a tear as they pull away from his home, Iolcus. The oars churn up the sea, wielded by heroic hands in time to Orpheus's stirring music. Soon the eastern coast of <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> is left behind. </p><p>The first major port they reach is <a href="/wiki/Lemnos" title="Lemnos">Lemnos</a>, where the women, led by their Queen <a href="/wiki/Hypsipyle" title="Hypsipyle">Hypsipyle</a>, have recently murdered all their menfolk, including husbands, sons, brothers and fathers.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The all-female parliament decides that the heroes should be encouraged to stay. Jason, as leader, is summoned and he goes to town wrapped in a magnificent cloak made for him by Athena. Hypsipyle falls in love on the spot and he settles into the palace. His crew is taken home by the other women – all but Heracles and some comrades, who prefer to stay with the ship. Thus the voyage is postponed day after day. Finally Heracles assembles all the Argonauts for a strong talk. He tells them that they are not behaving like heroes and the Golden Fleece won't bring itself back to Greece. Thus chastised, they immediately prepare to leave. Jason tells the queen that, if she bears him a son, she should send him to his parents when he reaches maturity. He is the first back on board when the <i>Argo</i> sets sail again. </p><p>Traveling through the <a href="/wiki/Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellespont">Hellespont</a>, they reach an <a href="/wiki/Kap%C4%B1da%C4%9F_Peninsula" title="Kapıdağ Peninsula">island/peninsula</a> that is home to savage Earth-born men (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Γηγενέες</span></span>) with six arms each. Their neighbours are the Doliones, a civilized people descended from <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>. The savages are hostile but the Argonauts receive a friendly welcome from <a href="/wiki/Cyzicus_(mythology)" title="Cyzicus (mythology)">Cyzicus</a>, the newly wed king of the Doliones who is, like Jason, in his adolescence. The 6-armed giants hurl rocks at the argonauts but Heracles destroys them all. However, the Argonauts and Doliones end up fighting each other in the dark, mistaking one another for enemies. Cyzicus is killed by Jason. His widow <a href="/wiki/Cleite" title="Cleite">Cleite</a> hangs herself in despair. Shared grief and a magnificent funeral reconcile the two sides. Meanwhile, the Argonauts are kept there by adverse winds. Finally the seer <a href="/wiki/Mopsus" title="Mopsus">Mopsus</a> learns from omens that they are meant to establish a cult of the mother of the gods (<a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cult is soon established, the weather changes for the better and the Argonauts set off again. </p><p>Their next landfall is in <a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysia</a>, where Heracles's handsome young companion <a href="/wiki/Hylas" title="Hylas">Hylas</a> is abducted by a <a href="/wiki/Naiad" title="Naiad">water nymph</a> while filling an urn at her spring. Heracles and his comrade <a href="/wiki/Polyphemus_(Argonaut)" title="Polyphemus (Argonaut)">Polyphemus</a> are still searching for him when the rest of the Argonauts set sail again. When at last the absences are noticed, <a href="/wiki/Telamon" title="Telamon">Telamon</a> accuses Jason of leaving Heracles behind on purpose. Just then the sea divinity <a href="/wiki/Glaucus" title="Glaucus">Glaucus</a> emerges from the depths, assuring them that the loss of their three crewmen is the work of the gods. He vanishes back into the water and they continue the voyage without their three comrades. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_2">Book 2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argonautica&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Book 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MS-Argonautai-route-revised.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/MS-Argonautai-route-revised.jpg/400px-MS-Argonautai-route-revised.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/MS-Argonautai-route-revised.jpg/600px-MS-Argonautai-route-revised.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/MS-Argonautai-route-revised.jpg/800px-MS-Argonautai-route-revised.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the route taken by the Argo. "Lake Triton," the departure point from Libya, may be further east, near Cyrene.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MapoftheVoyageoftheArgonauts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/MapoftheVoyageoftheArgonauts.jpg/400px-MapoftheVoyageoftheArgonauts.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/MapoftheVoyageoftheArgonauts.jpg/600px-MapoftheVoyageoftheArgonauts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/MapoftheVoyageoftheArgonauts.jpg/800px-MapoftheVoyageoftheArgonauts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="2278" /></a><figcaption>Map interpreting the voyage according to <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_Rhodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonius Rhodius">Apollonius Rhodius</a>' <i>Argonautica,</i> reprint of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ortelius" title="Abraham Ortelius">Ortelius</a>' <i>Parergon,</i> 1624</figcaption></figure> <p>The Argonauts reach <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Izmit" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Izmit">a gulf</a> in the Propontis, home to the <a href="/wiki/Bebryces" title="Bebryces">Bebrycians</a>, whose king <a href="/wiki/Amykos" title="Amykos">Amycus</a> demands a boxing match with the champion of these "sea-wanderers" (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">ἁλίπλαγκτοι</span>). He does this with all travellers and he doesn't even ask who they are. Angered by such disrespect, <a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Polydeukes</a> volunteers and the fight begins. Amycus is a man-mountain but the young Argonaut is skilled with his fists and eventually lands a lethal blow. The Bebrycians rush on the victor, weapons drawn, but they are intercepted and chased off by his rampant crewmates. Some sheep are herded on board and the Argo leaves the following day. Their next stop is on the opposite coast, near the home of <a href="/wiki/Phineus" title="Phineus">Phineus</a>, once a king of the <a href="/wiki/Thynians" class="mw-redirect" title="Thynians">Thynians</a>. He too doesn't ask who these travellers are. He already knows. His powers of prophecy are so great that Zeus has punished him for giving away divine secrets, afflicting him with extreme old age, blindness and daily visits from the <a href="/wiki/Harpies" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpies">harpies</a>. Jason and the Argonauts are destined to rescue him from the harpies and thus he welcomes them as his deliverers. <a href="/wiki/Boreads" title="Boreads">Zetes and Calais</a>, sons of the north wind, duly chase the pests away, and the blind old man gratefully reveals the safest route to Colchis and how best to sail past the <a href="/wiki/Clashing_Rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Clashing Rocks">Clashing Rocks</a>. </p><p>Passing through the Clashing Rocks (thanks to the advice of Phineus, the pilot skills of Tiphys, and the aid of <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>), they enter the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and arrive at a deserted island, Thynias, where they observe Apollo flying overhead on his way north to visit the <a href="/wiki/Hyperboreans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperboreans">Hyperboreans</a>. The island shakes with his passing. There they build an altar and a shrine (lasting memorials of their voyage). Next stop is an outlet of the river <a href="/wiki/Acheron" title="Acheron">Acheron</a>, one of the entries to <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a>, where they meet <a href="/wiki/Lycus_(mythology)" title="Lycus (mythology)">Lycus</a>, king of the Mariandynians and an enemy to the now defunct king of the Bebrycians. He receives them very hospitably. Their departure is delayed when the prophet Idmon is killed by a wild boar and Tiphys dies of illness. Two tombs are built (some more lasting memorials of their voyage) and the Argonauts set off again. </p><p>Their next two landfalls bring them into contact with some old comrades of Heracles, left behind after his campaign against the Amazons. One is <a href="/wiki/Sthenelus" title="Sthenelus">Sthenelus</a>, whose ghost beckons to them from his tomb by the sea, and the others are three men stranded at <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a>. The Argonauts pour libations to the ghost of Sthenelus and the three survivors gain places aboard the Argo. They arrive next at the river <a href="/wiki/Thermodon" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermodon">Thermodon</a>, where the Amazons have their harbour, and they leave the next day before the women can assemble for battle. The Amazon influence however reaches even to the deserted Island of Ares, where they have built a temple to the god of war. When the Argonauts arrive, it is only defended by birds. They fight off the birds and then chance upon four survivors of a shipwreck. These are the four sons of the exiled Greek hero, <a href="/wiki/Phrixus" title="Phrixus">Phrixus</a>, and they are also grandsons of <a href="/wiki/Ae%C3%ABtes" title="Aeëtes">Aeëtes</a>, king of Colchis. Jason welcomes them as god-sent allies in his quest for the Golden Fleece. </p><p>Approaching Colchis, the Argonauts see the eagle of Zeus flying to and from the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> mountains, where it feeds on the liver of <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a>. It glides through the air as large as another ship, disturbing the Argo's sails as it passes overhead. (There could be a discrepancy in timing between myths. Heracles joined the Argonauts after completing some of his labors, but the eagle was killed and Prometheus was freed by Heracles during his fourth labor.) Soon after, the heroes enter the <a href="/wiki/Phasis_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phasis (river)">Phasis</a>, the main river of Colchis, and furtively anchor in a backwater. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_3">Book 3</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argonautica&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Book 3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medea-Sandys.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Medea-Sandys.jpg/220px-Medea-Sandys.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Medea-Sandys.jpg/330px-Medea-Sandys.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Medea-Sandys.jpg/440px-Medea-Sandys.jpg 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>In <i><a href="/wiki/Medea_(Sandys_painting)" title="Medea (Sandys painting)">Medea</a></i>, a conflicted Medea is shown mixing a potion for an incantation, c. 1867 by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sandys" title="Frederick Sandys">Frederick Sandys</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The third book begins by invoking <a href="/wiki/Erato" title="Erato">Erato</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Muse" class="mw-redirect" title="Muse">Muse</a> of love poetry. The Argo is still hidden in a Colchis backwater when the goddesses <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> retire to a private room on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Olympus</a> to consider in secret how best to help Jason. Hera thinks the daughter of the Colchian king might prove useful if she could be made to fall in love with him. She then suggests enlisting the help of <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>. Athena likes the plan but, being a virgin conscious of appearances, asks Hera to do all the talking. They find the goddess of love indolently combing her hair in her apartment. She has been bickering with her young son <a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a> and doubts if the unruly child will fire any arrows at Medea just to please her. Hera, an experienced mother, advises her to avoid quarrels with the boy and Aphrodite subsequently buys his support with the gift of a fabulous ball, composed of gold and intricately fashioned so as to leave a trail like a falling star when thrown at the sky. </p><p>Jason advises his comrades that they should try persuasion before attempting to take the Golden Fleece by force and then he leads Phrixus' sons home to the palace of Aeëtes. Their unexpected arrival is greeted by Medea with a cry that brings everyone running, including her sister <a href="/wiki/Chalciope" title="Chalciope">Chalciope</a> (mother of the four castaways) and Aeëtes, the king. Meanwhile, Eros invisibly joins the throng, squats at Jason's feet and fires off the fateful arrow, departing then with a laugh. Medea's heart floods with the sweet pain of love. Aeëtes however is filled with rage when his grandsons ask him to hand the Golden Fleece to Jason for return to Iolcus. He accuses them of conspiring with foreigners to steal away his kingdom. Jason delivers a soothing speech and Aeëtes responds with a mock compromise – he can have what he came for if he first ploughs the Plain of Ares with <a href="/wiki/Khalkotauroi" title="Khalkotauroi">fire-breathing oxen</a>, next sows four acres with dragon's teeth and finally cuts down the crop of armed men before they can cut him down. It's a task that Aeëtes, son of the Sun (<a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a>), has often performed. Jason accepts the challenge reluctantly. He sets off for the ship to inform his crew and Medea's thoughts flutter at his departing heels (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">νόος ... ἑρπύζων πεπότητο μετ' ἴχνια</span></span>), torn between love and anguish. </p><p>That night, in a dream, she envisions herself performing Jason's task for him. She wakes fearing the wrath of Aeëtes and the danger to her reputation if she helps Jason without good cause. The safety of her sister's four sons depends on his success. She wonders if Chalciope can be enticed into asking her to help Jason for their sake. Even this seems too bold for a young virgin and finally she surrenders to sobs of dismay. Her sister comes in response to the noise. Medea tells her that she is worried about her nephews, since they are doomed if the stranger fails. Chalciope then asks her to help Jason and Medea gladly agrees. Alone in her room again, she continues to be torn between hope and fear. She contemplates suicide, opens her chest of drugs looking for poison but instead selects a drug that will help Jason in his trial of strength. </p><p>Arrangements for a secret meeting are made. The tryst is outside a temple of <a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a>, where Medea is the priestess. At first they are as speechless as lofty pines rooted together on a mountainside, until the force of love comes like a sudden gust of wind. He reminds her that he is utterly at her mercy and he promises to make her famous throughout Greece if she assists him. She draws the drug out from between her breasts and hands it to him. If he ever forgets her kindness, she warns him, she will fly to Greece on the wind and there rebuke him to his face. He urges her to forget the wind and sail back with him instead, as his future wife. She doesn't commit herself to anything and returns home as if in a dream. He returns to the crew, welcomed by all but Idas, who considers his reliance on a woman's help to be unheroic. </p><p>The day of trial arrives and so do the people of Colchis, gathering on the hillsides as spectators. Aeëtes rides about in his chariot, glorying in his own magnificence. The Argo comes upstream and moors by the river's edge. Jason steps forward. Secretly fortified by Medea's spells, he manhandles the monstrous oxen and sows the deadly field with teeth. He pauses briefly for a drink then, cheered on by his comrades, returns to the scene of action, where an army of men is springing from the broken soil, ready to attack him. These he routs single-handedly, relying on a trick taught him by Medea (he throws a rock among the soldiers, causing them to fight and kill each other). Dumbfounded, Aeëtes returns to the palace, all the while wondering how best to cheat Jason of his promised reward. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_4">Book 4</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argonautica&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Book 4"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The poet calls upon the Muse to describe Medea's state of mind: is it shame, alarm or love that leads her to flee Colchis? Her treason is already known to her father and self-poisoning seems like an option again. She decides instead to flee Colchis with her nephews, the sons of Phrixus, camped with the Argonauts by the river. Doors open for her by magic as she hurries barefoot though the palace, and the moon laughs at her outdoors, recalling the many times that she was captured and brought to earth by Medea's cruel love spells (a reference to the moon's passion for <a href="/wiki/Endymion_(mythology)" title="Endymion (mythology)">Endymion</a>). Arriving at the camp, Medea warns the others about her father's treachery and offers to help steal the Golden Fleece from its guardian serpent. Jason solemnly pledges to marry her, she puts the snake to sleep with a spell and then the hero takes the Fleece back to the Argo, exulting in its sheen like a young girl who has caught moonbeams in the folds of her gown. </p><p>The fugitive Argo is pursued by two Colchian fleets, ships numerous as flocking birds. One of the fleets sails into the Propontis through the now-motionless Clashing Rocks. The second is led by Medea's half-brother, Apsyrtus, and it takes the same route as the Argo, up the river Ister (<a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>). A distant <a href="/wiki/Istria#Early_history" title="Istria">branch of the river</a> eventually leads the Argonauts into the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Cronus" title="Sea of Cronus">Sea of Cronus</a> (Adriatic), where Apsyrtus finally corners them on the Brygean Islands. Peace talks result in a deal – Jason can keep the fleece, since he won it after all, but Medea's fate must be decided by a mediator chosen from the neighbouring kings. Fearing the worst, Medea comes up with an alternative plan. She lures Apsyrtus into a trap with promises of rewards. Jason murders him and the body is dismembered to avoid retribution from the <a href="/wiki/Erinyes" title="Erinyes">Erinyes</a>. The leaderless Colchians are easily outwitted and, rather than return home empty-handed to a wrathful Aeëtes, they disperse and settle around the nearby coast. </p><p>Indignant at the brutal murder, Zeus condemns the Argonauts to wander homeless for a longer term. A gale blows them back north and they enter the river Eridanus (<a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">Po</a>), whose different branches eventually bring them into <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Lyons" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Lyons">The Sardinian Sea</a> (Gulf of Lyons), on the western side of Ausonia (Italy). Here the enchantress <a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a> absolves the lovers of blood-guilt. Meanwhile, Hera has a friendly chat with the <a href="/wiki/Nereid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nereid">sea nymph</a> <a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a>. The goddess advises the nymph that her infant son <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a> is destined to marry Medea in the <a href="/wiki/Elysium" title="Elysium">Elysian fields</a> and then she sends her on an errand to secure the Argo's passage south. The Argonauts safely pass the <a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Sirens</a>, whose song though not more melodious than Orpheus's music causes Butes to fall overboard; they get past the <a href="/wiki/Wandering_Rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandering Rocks">Wandering Rocks</a>, from which Argo is saved by the <a href="/wiki/Nereids" title="Nereids">Nereids</a>, like girls on the beach passing a ball to and fro. Thus the Argonauts arrive at Drepane (<a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>) off the western coast of Greece. It is here they encounter the other Colchian fleet. <a href="/wiki/Alcinous" title="Alcinous">Alcinous</a>, the virtuous king of Drepane, offers to mediate between the two sides, later confiding in his virtuous wife, Arete, that he means to surrender Medea to the Colchians, unless she happens to be married. The queen reveals this to the lovers and they are duly married in a sacred cave on the island, where the bridal bed is draped with the Golden Fleece. Disappointed, the Colchians follow the example of the first fleet and settle nearby rather than return home. </p><p>The Argonauts can't return home either: another gale drives them off course, this time south towards the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra" title="Gulf of Sidra">Syrtes</a>, an interminable sandbank off Libya. Here they can see no means of escape and they resign themselves to an inglorious end, parting from each other to die in private, while Medea and her maids lament their fate in a forlorn group. Jason's isolation soon ends with a visit by three nymphs, the guardians of Libya, with mysterious instructions about how to survive. Peleus interprets the instructions on his behalf: they must carry the Argo across the desert. Twelve days later, their ship on their shoulders, they arrive at Lake Triton and the garden of the <a href="/wiki/Hesperides" title="Hesperides">Hesperides</a>. They receive some astonishing news from the Hesperides: Heracles raided the garden just the day before. He has already vanished into the distance and so they must depart without him yet again. Meanwhile, they lose another two comrades, Mopsus and Canthus, one dying from snake bite, the other from a wound inflicted by a local shepherd belonging to the ancestral family of the native Garamantes and Nasamones. Shortly afterwards, <a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Triton</a> reveals a route from the lake to the open sea and entrusts <a href="/wiki/Euphemus" title="Euphemus">Euphemus</a> with a magical clod of earth that is destined to become the island of Thera, from which Libya would later be settled by Greek colonists. Triton carries off a tripod, as an offering of thanks. The story ends with a visit to the island of <a href="/wiki/Anafi" title="Anafi">Anaphe</a>, where the Argonauts institute rites in honour of Apollo, and <a href="/wiki/Aegina" title="Aegina">Aegina</a> (not far from Jason's home), where they establish a festival competition, fetching water and racing one another with full <a href="/wiki/Amphorae" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphorae">amphorae</a> on their shoulders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discussion">Discussion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argonautica&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Discussion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Callimachean_epic">Callimachean epic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argonautica&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Callimachean epic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Argonautica</i> is modelled on Homer's poetry to a considerable extent. There are of course similarities in plots. The return journey in Book 4, for example, has many parallels in the Odyssey – Scylla, Charybdis, the Sirens and Circe are hazards that Odysseus also negotiates. The <i>Argonautica</i> is notable too for the high number of verses and phrases imitating Homer, and for the way it reproduces linguistic peculiarities of old epic, in syntax, metre, vocabulary and grammar. Apollonius in fact is the most Homeric of all the poets whose work has come down to us from the Hellenistic age, when Homeric scholarship flourished and almost all poets responded to Homer's influence, including Callimachus.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homeric echoes in <i>Argonautica</i> are quite deliberate and are not slavish imitation. When Jason first meets Hypsipyle in Book 1, he wears a cloak made for him by Athena, embroidered with various scenes alluding to tragic women that Homer's Odysseus met in Hades (<i>Odyssey</i> 11.225–380). This Homeric echo has ominous connotations, prefiguring Jason's betrayal of Hypsipyle and Medea.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apollonius often implies that he is updating and therefore improving on Homer. Symbolically this is represented by the abandonment of Heracles and the fixing of the Clashing Rocks –it is as if Jason and his crew are leaving behind the heroic world of traditional myth. <i>Argonautica</i> includes numerous <i>aitia</i> or mythological accounts of the origins of things (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Itinerary">Argonautica#Itinerary</a> below) and these ensure that the narrative points forward to the world of the third century audience rather than back to Homer.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultured Alexandrians considered themselves heirs of a long literary tradition and this is evoked when Apollonius crowds his poem with as much research material as he could borrow from mythical, historiographical and ethnographic sources.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Argonautica</i> was just one of many narrative epics written in the Hellenistic period – and the only one to survive. Apollonius is too much of an individual for us to deduce from his work the nature of the other epics.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is known that Callimachus was an influential critic of contemporary epics but that need not have included <i>Argonautica,</i> which seems to have been responsive to his views. Thus even though modelled on the Homeric epic, it is much shorter, with four books totaling fewer than 6,000 lines (Homer's <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> for example runs to more than 15,000). Apollonius may have been influenced here by <a href="/wiki/Callimachus" title="Callimachus">Callimachus</a>' advocacy of brevity. Possibly he was responding too to <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s demand for "poems on a smaller scale than the old epics, and answering in length to the group of tragedies presented at a single sitting",<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since theatre audiences at the <a href="/wiki/Dionysia" title="Dionysia">Dionysia</a> typically sat through four plays per day and <i>Argonautica'</i>s four books are about the same total length.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The influence of Callimachus is seen in the widespread use of aitia since these were a notable feature of his work too. More particularly, there are some pointed allusions to his work. For example, one line (1.1309) is a verbatim quotation of Callimachus (<i>Aitia</i> I fr. 12.6 Pf): "And thus were those things to be accomplished in the course of time".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The epiphany of Apollo in book 2, over the island of Thynia, is followed by an account of the god's deeds and worship (2.686–719) that recalls an account in Callimachus's <i>Hymn to Apollo</i> (97–104), and book 4 ends in a cluster of aitia, including the origins of the island Thera, the naming of Anaphe, and the water-carrying festival on Aegina, that are reminiscent of <i>Aitia</i> I and <i>Iamb.</i> 8.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This final cluster of aitia can seem like an arbitrary addition to the narrative, as if Apollonius prolonged the story just to add mere curiosities, but they may have been included as a final "programmatic statement" of support for Callimachean Aitia-style aesthetics, expressing Apollonius's debt to Callimachus as mentor:<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The poem's anti-heroic qualities are generally regarded as further evidence of its 'Callimacheanism'.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jason is not like a traditional epic hero,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the contrast between him and Heracles can be interpreted as a distinction between Homeric and Callimachean poetics.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In summary, recent scholarship leads to the conclusion that <i>Argonautica</i> was a successful and fundamental renewal of the Homeric epic, expressed in terms of Callimachean aesthetics: the label <i>Callimachean epic</i> is not misplaced.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epic_heroism">Epic heroism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argonautica&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Epic heroism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jason's character traits are more characteristic of the genre of <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realism</a> than <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a>, in that he was, in the words of J. F. Carspecken: </p> <blockquote><p>chosen leader because his superior declines the honour, subordinate to his comrades, except once, in every trial of strength, skill or courage, a great warrior only with the help of magical charms, jealous of honour but incapable of asserting it, passive in the face of crisis, timid and confused before trouble, tearful at insult, easily despondent, gracefully treacherous in his dealings with the love-sick Medea...<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This hostile view can be extended to the whole crew: the Bebrycian episode, where Polydeuces beats the native king to death, and where the Argonauts turn piratical, may be understood as the start of their moral decline, which intensifies and culminates in the murder of Medea's brother.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medea too may forfeit our sympathy, appearing to change from a likeable heroine in Book 3 to a frightful witch engaged in evil in Book 4.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interpretations of Jason's character however differ from one critic to another. According to a less hostile view, he resembles the ordinary man and his brand of heroism is relevant to the real world, whereas Heracles stands for a primitive and anachronistic kind of heroism, which is why he is abandoned early in the story.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, epic poets are not supposed to arbitrate moral values, Jason and Heracles each have good and bad qualities and we shouldn't overplay the differences between them.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jason is a democratic-minded hero with a weakness for women,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or he is just the chance result of the poet's literary experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His lack of heroic stature seems quite appropriate to the melancholy world Apollonius depicts. In this world, people are alienated from each other and from their environment, as symbolized by the Libyan desert, where the Argonauts scatter so as to die privately: "effort no longer has the power to transform, and weakness is as influential as strength."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For many readers, the strangely unheroic quality of the poem is only redeemed by the romance between Jason and Medea in Book 3,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even the history of scholarship on Apollonius has had its focus there.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sensitive descriptions of heterosexual love first emerge in Western literature during the Hellenistic period<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Argonautica</i> was innovative in making it an epic topic.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characters_without_character">Characters without character</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argonautica&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Characters without character"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medea is generally agreed to be the most interesting and lifelike character in the poem yet even she may be considered unconvincing in some respects. Her role as a romantic heroine seems at odds with her role as a sorceress. These contradictory roles were embedded in the traditional accounts that Apollonius inherited. On the other hand, Apollonius emphasizes the technical aspect of her magical powers, such as her mastery of drugs, a touch of realism that may seem to downplay her role as a sorceress.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unconvincing characterization may also be explained as a comic effect. Heracles can be seen as something of a buffoon. His homosexual or <a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">pederastic</a> relationship with Hylas is covered only obliquely and even then in a humorous way, as if to set the stage for the more serious relationship between the hero and heroine.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire crew of the Argo acquires comic significance whenever fantastic or 'fairy-tale' elements are incorporated into the epic plot, such as the encounters with the Clashing Rocks, The Wandering Rocks, the Argo's voyage overland etc. They appear comic precisely because these fairy-tale elements are in contrast to the Argonauts' unheroic stature, as <i>people like you and me</i>. The gods in particular are characterized by Alexandrian realism. Homer's gods also are more like people than divinities but Apollonius provides them with a liveliness, an orderliness and a degree of banality that evoke domesticity in Alexandrian high society. Much of the poem's irony and charm in fact lies in the conflation of these different worlds.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Characters have symbolic roles to fulfill. Though Heracles is abandoned at the end of Book 1, he continues to haunt the narrative as a background figure, glimpsed in the distance and reported as an active presence, thus symbolizing the way traditional epic offers the poem a literary background. As one scholar recently observed: "This is just the way in which old epic with its generic conventions and its ideology is present in the <i>Argonautica</i>: dimly visible... but still present."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Characters also function as the poet's alter ego. Homer in the <i>Odyssey</i> also uses the device, through the singers Demodocus and Phemius. In <i>Argonautica</i>, the role is performed by the doomed seers Mopsus and Idmon, and especially the singer Orpheus. Whereas the companions of Homer's Odysseus pass the Sirens in safety by stuffing their ears with wax, the Argonauts are saved from the Sirens by the music that Orpheus plays to drown them out. Two types of song are represented here, one from the Homeric world, voiced through the Sirens, and the other from the world of Ptolemaic Alexandria, through the identification Orpheus=Apollonius. The contest symbolizes the updating of epic.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apollonius takes the symbolic role of characters further than Homer. The seers Idmon and Mopsus, able to interpret signs, might also be understood to represent the ideal audience, able to interpret symbols. Other characters however can also fulfill this role, such as Peleus, who successfully interprets Jason's encounter with the Libyan nymphs, thus leading to the Argo being carried across the desert. By this means the audience is encouraged to interpret the poet's own complex meanings – 'heroes' like Peleus are <i>people just like us</i> and their powers of insight are ours too.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Episodic_epic">Episodic epic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argonautica&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Episodic epic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the episodic quality of <i>Argonautica</i> can be put down to its genre, as a voyage narrative. Homer's <i>Odyssey</i> also features some disunity, as a set of adventures, with surprising discoveries waiting around every headland. Thus <a href="/wiki/Longinus_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Longinus (literature)">Longinus</a> contrasted the <i>Odyssey</i> unfavourably with the <i>Iliad</i>: in the former, he thought the mythical element predominates over the action, whereas he thought the <i>Iliad</i> gains dramatic tension through the development of a single, great contest.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voyage narratives don't fit in well with Aristotelian notions of dramatic unity, or, as one modern scholar recently put it: "It is precisely this inherent inconsequentiality, the episodic partition imposed by the very nature of travel, which can be seen at the heart of the Western tradition of <i>romance</i>, as opposed to the harsh teleologies of <i>epic</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Argonautica</i> however goes beyond Homer's <i>Odyssey</i> in its fragmentation of the action. Apollonius seems to have rejected the Aristotelian concept of unity, since numerous aitia interrupt the story with 'flashbacks' to myths predating the Argonaut story, and with 'fast-forwards' to customs in the poet's own time. The narrator's choice of material is thus of immediate interest to the reader, since it interrupts the action, unlike the traditional method of Homer, where the poet keeps a low profile.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Homer's virtues as a narrator, from Aristotle's point of view, was in letting characters do much of the talking.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dominant presence in <i>Argonautica</i> is the poet himself – 71% of the verses are spoken by him, rather than by his characters, whereas only 55% of the <i>Iliad</i> and 33% of the <i>Odyssey</i> are in Homer's own voice.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the episodic quality comes also from the poet's literary eclecticism. For instance, the role of the Argo in the Greek settlement of northern <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> was a common topic of Greek literature. <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, a poetic model for Apollonius and Callimachus, composed three odes for the ruling elite of Cyrene, including <i>Pythian 4</i>, where he mentions the clod of earth that Euphemus received from Triton and which became the island Thera, the mother city of Cyrene. The historian Herodotus mentioned the tripod that Triton received, a pledge of <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>'s future colonization by descendants of the Argonauts (<i>Herodotus</i> 4.179). Both these accounts found their way into <i>Argonautica</i>. </p><p>Paradoxically, this highly episodic poem, fragmented in time and with events unfolding in a changing landscape, can yet be thought to have more unity than any other epic. Its unity comes from its location within the milieu of Ptolemaic Alexandria.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occupying the eastern corner of Libya, Alexandria was founded only about sixty years before Apollonius wrote his epic and it comprised, in addition to native Egyptians, a large share of the Greek diaspora, about half of whom came via the Greek colony of Cyrene. </p><p>The Ptolemaic setting makes sense of many of the poet's enigmatic choices. Thus for example the final cluster of aitia is not an arbitrary addition but neatly associates the story's end with the beginning of Greek settlement in Egypt. </p><p>The island of Thera was the mother city of Cyrene and symbolized Greek settlement of Libya. Aegina was once home to the Argonauts Peleus and Telamon, exiled thence for murdering their brother, thus symbolizing the Greek diaspora. The island of Anaphe is where the <i>Aitia</i> of Callimachus begins with a tale of the Argonauts, and his final aition is in Alexandria, so that <i>Argonautica'</i>s progression from Iolcus to Anaphe becomes part of a cycle: "Taken together these two poems de facto complete the prophecy that begins in a mythic past."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Any apparent weaknesses in characterization can also be explained in the Ptolemaic setting – the story isn't really about Jason or about any of the Argonauts, as individuals, but about their historic role in establishing a Greek destiny in Libya.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Argonautica'</i>s original audience of ethnic Greeks would have glimpsed their own migrant history in the motley Greek crew of the Argo, and similarly Hellenized Egyptians would have glimpsed themselves in the Colchian diaspora depicted in Book 4. According to Herodotus, Colchis was colonized by Egyptians (see details in <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Itinerary">Itinerary</a>). In that case, the Colchian fleets that settle in and around Greece may be thought to prefigure the Greek colonization of Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apollonius conflates Greek and Egyptian mythology. Islands symbolized creation in the Egyptian scheme of things, being associated with the ground emerging from the Nile floods. Thera and Anaphe, as emergent islands, are recreations of the myth. </p><p>Egyptians considered Libya's western desert to be the land of the dead. The Sun, who traversed the sky in a boat during the day, returned at night in the same boat via the underworld, a cycle associated with cosmic life and death. </p><p>The stranding of the Argonauts on the Libyan coast, their carrying of Argo across the desert and the deaths there of Mopsus and Canthus give a Greek perspective to this Egyptian symbolism, with the Golden Fleece figuring as a solar emblem. Thus the action of the <i>Argonautica</i> can seem highly organized, as an attempt to soften the boundaries between Alexandria's indigenous ethnic population and its immigrant Greeks, by means of a shared mythology and worldview.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_issues">Other issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argonautica&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though critics have concentrated on Homeric echoes in <i>Argonautica</i>, direct borrowings from tragedy, such as <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Medea_(play)" title="Medea (play)">Medea</a></i>, can be found.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Argonautica</i> is often placed in a literary tradition that leads to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_novel" title="Ancient Greek novel">Ancient Greek novel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apollonius chooses the less shocking versions of some myths, having <a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a>, for example, merely watch the murder of <a href="/wiki/Absyrtus" title="Absyrtus">Absyrtus</a> instead of murdering him herself. The gods are relatively distant and inactive throughout much of the epic, following the Hellenistic trend to allegorize and rationalize religion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_poetry">The poetry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argonautica&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For a discussion of poetic style and technique in <i>Argonautica</i> see <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes#Poetic_style" title="Apollonius of Rhodes">Apollonius of Rhodes#Poetic style</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Information_charts">Information charts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argonautica&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Information charts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Argonauts">The Argonauts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argonautica&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The Argonauts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Argonauts are listed here in the order in which they are catalogued in lines 1–227 of Book 1.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Argonauts </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Characteristics </th> <th>Actions </th> <th>Mentions by name: [book] & line no. </th></tr> <tr> <td>Jason </td> <td>Father <a href="/wiki/Aeson" title="Aeson">Aeson</a>, mother <a href="/wiki/Alcimede" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcimede">Alcimede</a> </td> <td>As indicated by the page numbers, he becomes a more influential hero in the second half of the poem (books 3 and 4).<br />He is often referred to only as 'Son of Aeson'. </td> <td>[1] 8, 206, 232, 349, 409, 534, 1330; [2] 122, 211, 491, 871, 1158, 1281; [3] 2, 28, 66, 143, 357, 439, 474, 566, 922, 1147, 1194, 1246, 1363; [4] 63, 79, 107, 165, 170, 352, 393, 454, 489, 1083, 1122, 1152, 1331, 1701<br />"Son of Aeson": [1] 33, 46, 123, 228, 407, 436, 460, 463, 494, 854, 887, 1032, 1084, 1092, 1133, 1288, 1332; [2] 437, 444, 615, 762, 1178, 1271; [3] 58, 60, 86, 169, 194, 282, 288, 318, 385, 475, 491, 509, 542, 574, 752, 913, 941, 961, 973, 1017, 1142, 1163, 1214, 1221, 1262, 1278; [4] 73, 92, 114, 149, 187, 253, 355, 427, 464, 477, 530, 688, 785, 1012, 1087, 1116, 1162, 1313, 1528, 1593, 1664, 1747, 1755 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a> </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Oeagrus" title="Oeagrus">Oeagrus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calliope" title="Calliope">Calliope</a>, born at <a href="/wiki/Pimpleia" title="Pimpleia">Pimpleia</a> in Thessalian <a href="/wiki/Pieria_(regional_unit)" title="Pieria (regional unit)">Pieria</a>, home of the Muses, he is the ruler of Bistonian (Thracian) Pieria </td> <td>He encourages the crew with his music and he establishes musical rites for cults they establish along the way, as at Bear Mountain and Thynias Island </td> <td>[1] 23, 32, 494, 540, 915, 1134; [2] 161, 685, 928; [4] 905, 1159, 1409, 1547 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Asterion">Asterion</a> </td> <td>Son of Cometes, from Thessalian <a href="/wiki/Peiresia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peiresia">Peiresia</a>, near the junction of rivers Apidanus and <a href="/wiki/Enipefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Enipefs">Enipeus</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>[1] 35 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polyphemus_(Argonaut)" title="Polyphemus (Argonaut)">Polyphemus</a> </td> <td>From Thessalian <a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a>, son of Eilatus, he once fought for the <a href="/wiki/Lapiths" title="Lapiths">Lapiths</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Centaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Centaurs">Centaurs</a> and is now "heavy" with age but still warlike. </td> <td>He is left behind with Heracles at the river Cius (end of Book I), and he is destined to establish a city there (<a href="/wiki/Cius" title="Cius">Cius</a>), before dying in the land of the <a href="/wiki/Chalybes" title="Chalybes">Chalybes</a>. </td> <td>[1] 40, 1241, 1347; [4] 1470 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iphiclus_(mythology)" title="Iphiclus (mythology)">Iphiclus</a> </td> <td>Jason's maternal uncle </td> <td> </td> <td>[1] 45, 121 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Admetus" class="mw-redirect" title="Admetus">Admetus</a> </td> <td>Ruler of Thessalian <a href="/wiki/Pherae" title="Pherae">Pherae</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>[1] 49 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eurytus" title="Eurytus">Erytus</a> </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a>, from Thessalian <a href="/wiki/Alope" title="Alope">Alope</a>, skilled in trickery; his mother was Antianeira, the daughter of Menetes </td> <td> </td> <td>[1] 52 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Echion" title="Echion">Echion</a> </td> <td>Brother of Erytus and skilled in trickery </td> <td> </td> <td>[1] 52 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aethalides" class="mw-redirect" title="Aethalides">Aethalides</a> </td> <td>Thessalian half-brother of the above two, father Hermes, mother was Eupolemeia, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Myrmidon_(hero)" title="Myrmidon (hero)">Myrmidon</a>. </td> <td>He acts as a herald thanks to his "imperishable memory', serving for example as a messenger between the Argonauts and the women of Lemnos. </td> <td>[1] 54, 641; [3] 1175 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coronus_(Greek_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronus (Greek mythology)">Coronus</a> </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Caeneus" title="Caeneus">Caeneus</a>, from Thessalian <a href="/wiki/Gyrton_(mythology)" title="Gyrton (mythology)">Gyrton</a>, a brave man; his father was buried alive by the Centaurs, who were unable to kill him in battle. </td> <td> </td> <td>[1] 57 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mopsus" title="Mopsus">Mopsus</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>'s son, skilled in the augury of birds, from Thessalian Titaresia. </td> <td>He is an advisor to Jason. He dies from snake bite in Libya </td> <td>[1] 65, 80, 1083, 1106; [2] 923; [3] 543, 916, 938; [4] 1502, 1518 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eurydamas" title="Eurydamas">Eurydamas</a> </td> <td>Son of Ctimenus, from <a href="/wiki/Ctimene_(Thessaly)" title="Ctimene (Thessaly)">Thessalian Ctimene</a> near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Xynias" title="Lake Xynias">lake Xynias</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>[1] 67 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Menoetius_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menoetius (mythology)">Menoetius</a> </td> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Locris" title="Locris">Locrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Opus,_Greece" title="Opus, Greece">Opus</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Actor_(mythology)" title="Actor (mythology)">Actor</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>[1] 69 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eurytion" title="Eurytion">Eurytion</a> </td> <td>Son of Irus, his grandfather is Actor, from Opus </td> <td> </td> <td>[1] 71 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eribotes" title="Eribotes">Eribotes</a> </td> <td>Son of Teleon, from Opus </td> <td> </td> <td>[1] 71, 73; [2] 1039 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/O%C3%AFleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oïleus">Oïleus</a> </td> <td>Unrivalled for courage, skilled in battle, from Opus </td> <td>He is wounded by a feather when a bird swoops the Argo off the island of Ares, causing him to drop his oar. </td> <td>[1] 74; [2] 1037 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canthus_(mythology)" title="Canthus (mythology)">Canthus</a> </td> <td>Son of Canethus, his grandfather is <a href="/wiki/Abas_(son_of_Lynceus)" title="Abas (son of Lynceus)">Abas</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a> </td> <td>He dies in Libya, killed by a shepherd while trying to steal his sheep (the shepherd, <a href="/wiki/Cephalion_(mythology)" title="Cephalion (mythology)">Caphaurus</a>, is a grandson of Apollo). </td> <td>[1] 77; [4] 1467, 1485, 1497 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clytius" title="Clytius">Clytius</a> </td> <td>Son of the archer <a href="/wiki/Eurytus" title="Eurytus">Eurytus</a>, from Thessalian <a href="/wiki/Oechalia_(Thessaly)" title="Oechalia (Thessaly)">Oechalia</a> </td> <td>In battle, he kills one of the Doliones and later one of the Bebrycians, then shoots down a bird at Ares Island. </td> <td>[1] 86, 1044; [2] 117, 1043 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iphitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Iphitus">Iphitus</a> </td> <td>Brother of Clytius </td> <td> </td> <td>[1] 86; [2] 115 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Telamon" title="Telamon">Telamon</a> </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Aeacus" title="Aeacus">Aeacus</a>, originally from <a href="/wiki/Aegina" title="Aegina">Aegina</a>, settled on <a href="/wiki/Salamis_Island" title="Salamis Island">Salamis</a> </td> <td>He angrily accuses Jason of treachery at the end of Book 1 but Glaucus reconciles them, and he nearly threatens the Colchian king but Jason prevents it with a conciliatory speech. </td> <td>[1] 93, 1043, 1289, 1330; [3] 196, 363, 440, 515, 1174 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peleus" title="Peleus">Peleus</a> </td> <td>Brother of Telamon, from <a href="/wiki/Phthia" title="Phthia">Phthia</a>, he is father of the infant <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a> </td> <td>One of Jason's counselors. He rallies the Argonauts with brave advice when Tiphys dies and later when they are daunted by lurid descriptions of Colchis, and he receives instructions from the goddess <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a> via his wife <a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a>. </td> <td>[1] 94, 558, 1042; [2] 829, 868, 1217; [3] 504; [4] 494, 816, 853, 880, 1368 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Butes" title="Butes">Butes</a> </td> <td>An Athenian, son of Teleon </td> <td>He is left behind when lured from the ship by the <a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Sirens</a>. Aphrodite saves him and settles him in Sicily. </td> <td>[1] 95; [4] 914 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phalerus" title="Phalerus">Phalerus</a> </td> <td>Another Athenian, his father is Alcoon, who sent him on the voyage though he had no other sons to care for him in old age </td> <td> </td> <td>[1] 96 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiphys" title="Tiphys">Tiphys</a> </td> <td>Son of Hagnias, from Thespian <a href="/wiki/Siphae" title="Siphae">Siphae</a> (Boeotia), navigator skilled in reading the sea, weather and stars, sent on the voyage by <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> </td> <td>His skill, with Athena's assistance, gets the Argo through the clashing rocks. He dies of illness soon afterwards and he is buried beside Idmon. </td> <td>[1] 105, 381, 401, 522, 561, 956, 1274, 1296; [2] 175, 557, 574, 584, 610, 622, 854 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phlias" title="Phlias">Phlias</a> </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> from Araethyraea, near the springs of <a href="/wiki/Asopos_(Boeotia)" title="Asopos (Boeotia)">Boeotian Asopus</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>[1] 115 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Talaus" title="Talaus">Talaus</a> </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Bias_(son_of_Amythaon)" title="Bias (son of Amythaon)">Bias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pero_(princess)" title="Pero (princess)">Pero</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argos</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>[1] 118; [2] 63, 111 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Areius </td> <td>Brother of Talaus </td> <td> </td> <td>[1] 118 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leodocus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leodocus">Leodocus</a> </td> <td>Half-brother of the previous two, by their mother, Pero </td> <td> </td> <td>[1] 119 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alcmene" title="Alcmene">Alcmene</a> </td> <td>Separated from the other Argonauts at the end of Book I, even before they reach <a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a>. This is by the will of the gods, so he can complete the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Labours" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Labours">Twelve Labours</a> that will secure his immortality (1.1315–20) </td> <td>[1] 122, 197, 341, 349, 397, 426, 631, 855, 864, 993, 997, 1040, 1163, 1242, 1253, 1291, 1303, 1316; [2] 146, 767, 772, 793, 913, 957, 967, 1052; [3] 1233; [4] 538, 1400, 1459, 1469, 1477 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hylas" title="Hylas">Hylas</a> </td> <td>Squire to Heracles. </td> <td>Abducted by a water nymph to be her husband, causing Heracles to separate from the voyage. </td> <td>[1] 131, 1207, 1258, 1324, 1350, 1354 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nauplius_(mythology)#Son_of_Clytoneus" title="Nauplius (mythology)">Nauplius</a> </td> <td>Son of Clytonaeus from Argos, descended from <a href="/wiki/Nauplius_(mythology)#Son_of_Poseidon" title="Nauplius (mythology)">another Nauplius</a> who was sired by <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> upon <a href="/wiki/Danaus" title="Danaus">Danaus</a>'s daughter Amymone </td> <td> </td> <td>[1] 134; [2] 896 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Idmon" title="Idmon">Idmon</a> </td> <td>Son of Apollo, fostered by <a href="/wiki/Abas_(son_of_Lynceus)" title="Abas (son of Lynceus)">Abas</a> in Argos, skilled in omens from birds and burnt offerings; joined the voyage though he knew it would be his death </td> <td>He is killed by a wild boar at a mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Acheron" title="Acheron">Acheron</a> </td> <td>[1] 139, 436, 449, 475; [2] 816, 850 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Polydeuces</a> </td> <td>Son of Zeus and <a href="/wiki/Leda_(mythology)" title="Leda (mythology)">Leda</a>, fostered by <a href="/wiki/Tyndareus" title="Tyndareus">Tyndareus</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> </td> <td>In battle, he kills one of the Doliones, and the bullying king of the Bebrycians in a boxing match, which wins the Argonauts friends among neighbouring people </td> <td>[1] 146; [2] 20, 100, 756; [4] 588 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Castor</a> </td> <td>Half-brother of Polydeuces, son of Leda and Tyndareus </td> <td>In battle, he kills one of the Doliones and a Bebrycian </td> <td>[1] 147; [2] 62; [4] 589<br />He and Polydeukes are often mentioned as Tyndaridae: [1] 148, 1045; [2] 30, 41, 74, 798, 806; [3] 517, 1315; [4] 592 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lynceus_(Argonaut)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynceus (Argonaut)">Lynceus</a> </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Aphareus_of_Messenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphareus of Messenia">Aphareus</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Arene" class="mw-redirect" title="Arene">Arene</a>, he has miraculous powers of eyesight </td> <td>He observes Heracles in the distance in the Libyan desert – too far away to be reached. </td> <td>[1] 151, 153; [4] 1466, 1478 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Idas" class="mw-redirect" title="Idas">Idas</a> </td> <td>Brother of Lynceus </td> <td>A critic of Jason even before they leave Iolcus. In battle, he kills one of the Doliones and he slays the wild boar that killed Idmon. </td> <td>[1] 151, 462, 470, 485, 1044; [2] 830; [3] 516, 556, 1170, 1252 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Periclymenus" title="Periclymenus">Periclymenus</a> </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Neleus" title="Neleus">Neleus</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pylos" title="Pylos">Pylos</a>; he could assume any form he chose when in battle </td> <td> </td> <td>[1] 156 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amphidamas" title="Amphidamas">Amphidamas</a> </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Aleus" title="Aleus">Aleus</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(ancient_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcadia (ancient region)">Arcadian</a> <a href="/wiki/Tegea" title="Tegea">Tegea</a> </td> <td>He comes up with the strategy that defeats the birds at Ares Island </td> <td>[1] 161; [2] 1046 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cepheus,_King_of_Tegea" class="mw-redirect" title="Cepheus, King of Tegea">Cepheus</a> </td> <td>King of Tegea and brother of Amphidamas </td> <td> </td> <td>[1] 161 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ancaeus_(son_of_Lycurgus)" title="Ancaeus (son of Lycurgus)">Ancaeus</a> </td> <td>Nephew of the previous two, sent on the voyage by his father Lycurgus, who stayed behind to look after the aged Aleus </td> <td>The Argonauts choose him to row alongside Heracles in the middle of the ship </td> <td>[1] 164, 398, 426, 429, 531; [2] 118 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Augeas" title="Augeas">Augeas</a> </td> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Elis_(city)" title="Elis (city)">Elis</a>, a son of <a href="/wiki/Helius" class="mw-redirect" title="Helius">Helius</a> </td> <td>The Colchian king is his half-brother via the sun god, so Jason uses him there as an Argonaut ambassador </td> <td>[1] 172; [3] 197, 363, 440 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amphion" title="Amphion">Asterius</a> </td> <td>Son of Hyperasius, from Achaean <a href="/wiki/Pellene" title="Pellene">Pellene</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>[1] 176 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amphion" title="Amphion">Amphion</a> </td> <td>Brother of Asterius </td> <td> </td> <td>[1] 176 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Euphemus#The_Argonaut" title="Euphemus">Euphemus</a> </td> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Taenarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Taenarus">Taenarus</a>, sired by Poseidon on <a href="/wiki/Europa_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa (mythology)">Europa</a>; he is the fastest of all runners </td> <td>He manages the dove that signals to the Argonauts to charge the Clashing Rocks, and he urges them onwards with rallying calls. He accepts a clod of earth from <a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Triton</a> that is destined to become the island of Calliste (<a href="/wiki/Thera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thera">Thera</a>), whence Libya would be settled by his descendants. </td> <td>[1] 179; [2] 536, 556, 562, 588, 896; [4] 1466, 1483, 1563, 1732, 1756, 1758, 1764 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Erginus" title="Erginus">Erginus</a> </td> <td>Son of Poseidon from <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>[1] 187; [2] 896 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ancaeus_(son_of_Poseidon)" title="Ancaeus (son of Poseidon)">Ancaeus</a> 2 </td> <td>Son of Poseidon from Parthenia (<a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a>) </td> <td>He becomes the pilot when Tiphys dies. </td> <td>[1] 188; [2] 865, 898, 1276; [4] 210, 1260 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Meleager" title="Meleager">Meleager</a> </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Oeneus" title="Oeneus">Oeneus</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Calydon" title="Calydon">Calydon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aetolia" title="Aetolia">Aetolia</a>); </td> <td> </td> <td>[1] 191; sometimes called Oeneides: [1] 190, 192, 193 1046; [3] 518 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Laocoon </td> <td>Half-brother of Oeneus, mother a servant girl; sent by Oeneus as mentor to Meleager </td> <td> </td> <td>[1] 191, 192 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iphiclus_(mythology)" title="Iphiclus (mythology)">Iphiclus</a> 2 </td> <td>Maternal uncle of Meleager, son of Thestius, expert in warfare </td> <td> </td> <td>[1] 201 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palaimonius" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaimonius">Palaimonius</a> </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a> and foster son of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lernus_(son_of_Proetus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lernus (son of Proetus) (page does not exist)">Lernus</a>, crippled in both feet like his father but strong and dauntless </td> <td> </td> <td>[1] 202 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iphitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Iphitus">Iphitus</a> 2 </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Naubolus" title="Naubolus">Naubolus</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Phocis" title="Phocis">Phocis</a>; he once hosted Jason when he went to <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Pytho</a> to ask the oracle about the voyage </td> <td> </td> <td>[1] 207 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Zetes">Zetes</a> </td> <td>Son of the wind god <a href="/wiki/Boreas_(god)" title="Boreas (god)">Boreas</a> by <a href="/wiki/Oreithyia" class="mw-redirect" title="Oreithyia">Oreithyia</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>; he has wings at his ankles and temples </td> <td>He chases away the harpies </td> <td>[1] 211; [2] 243, 282, 430 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calais_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calais (mythology)">Calais</a> </td> <td>Brother of Zetes, winged likewise </td> <td>He chases away the harpies </td> <td>[1] 211; [2] 282 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acastus" title="Acastus">Acastus</a> </td> <td>Son of the wicked Thessalian king <a href="/wiki/Pelias" title="Pelias">Pelias</a>, Jason's taskmaster </td> <td>He kills one of the Doliones </td> <td>[1] 224, 321, 1041, 1082 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Argus_(son_of_Arestor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Argus (son of Arestor)">Argus</a> </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Arestor" title="Arestor">Arestor</a>, he is Athena's helper in building the Argo; he is mentioned at the start of the crew list (19), in the middle (111) and at the end (226) </td> <td>He carves an image of the mother goddess for her cult at Cyzicus/Bear Mountain. Not mentioned in the second half of the poem, where 'Argus' signifies the eldest son of Phrixus (below) </td> <td>[1] 19, 111, 226, 321, 325, 367, 912, 1119; [2] 613, 1188 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Argonauts are joined by others during the voyage: </p> <ul><li>Dascylus, son of the Mariandylian king Lycus (he leaves the ship again at Sinope on the return journey from Colchis).</li> <li>Argus, Cytissorus, Phrontis and Mela: the four sons of <a href="/wiki/Phrixus" title="Phrixus">Phrixus</a>, grandsons of the Colchian king.</li> <li>Deileon, Autolycus and Phlogius: three sons of the Thessalian, Deimachus, and formerly comrades of Hercules stranded at Sinope ever since their campaign against the Amazons.</li> <li>Medea</li> <li>Twelve female attendants for Medea, a gift from Arete, queen of Phaeacian Drepane</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Itinerary">Itinerary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argonautica&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Itinerary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Here follows a list of places where the narrative states or implies that <i>Argo</i> came to shore. Time is here seen from the perspective of the poet – the time at which Apollonius wrote is governed by the present tense and by qualifiers like "now" and "to this day", the mythical action of the poem is governed by the past tense, whereas our own time is denoted 'modern'. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Itinerary </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Places </th> <th>Comments </th> <th>Aitia and foundation myths </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iolcus" title="Iolcus">Iolcus</a> </td> <td>Home of Jason, its harbour <a href="/wiki/Pagasae" title="Pagasae">Pagasae</a> was starting point for the voyage. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesia_(regional_unit)" title="Magnesia (regional unit)">Magnesia</a> </td> <td>Their first landfall, near the "tomb of Dolops" (a son of Hermes). They were kept there by adverse winds for two days.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The beach is named "Argo's Aphetae" (Argo's Launching), commemorating their departure on the third day (1.592) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lemnos" title="Lemnos">Lemnos</a> </td> <td>Their next landfall after two days without stop. </td> <td>The Lemian women once murdered all males on the island, except their king <a href="/wiki/Thoas_(king_of_Lemnos)" title="Thoas (king of Lemnos)">Thoas</a>, who was cast adrift in a wooden chest. He came ashore at an island named after the nymph <a href="/wiki/Oenoe_(mythology)" title="Oenoe (mythology)">Oenoe</a> but now (and also in modern times) it is called <a href="/wiki/Sikinos" title="Sikinos">Sicinus</a> after the son she bore Thoas (1.620-26) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samothrace" title="Samothrace">Samothrace</a> (Island of Electra) </td> <td>They arrived the same day they left Lemnos, on the advice of Orpheus, since there were secret rites here that could protect sailors. </td> <td>Apollonius piously refuses to describe the sacred rites of the <a href="/wiki/Cabiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabiri">Cabiri</a> (1.919–21). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kap%C4%B1da%C4%9F_Peninsula" title="Kapıdağ Peninsula">Cyzicus Peninsula</a> (Bear Mountain) </td> <td>Next port of call after passing through the <a href="/wiki/Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellespont">Hellespont</a> at night. Apollonius refers to the Hellespont as "<i><a href="/wiki/Athamas" title="Athamas">Athamas</a>' daughter</i>" (1.927), an allusion to its well-known mythical association with <a href="/wiki/Helle_(mythology)" title="Helle (mythology)">Helle</a> and the Golden Fleece. </td> <td>Jason's long stay at Cyzicus accounts for multiple <i>aetia</i>. One of the <i>Argo'</i>s anchor stones is at a temple of 'Athena, Jason's Helper' (1.955-60), and a shoreline stone that the ship was once tied to is now known as 'Sacred Rock' (1.1018–20) A path up the local mountain Dindymum is named 'Jason's Way' because he once passed that way (1.988). The local Doliones still commemorate their countrymen who died in the accidental fight with the Argonauts (1.1047–48) and the tomb of their slain king is still visible (1.1061–62). His bride's suicide caused the wood nymphs to shed tears that became the eponymous spring 'Cleite' (1.1065–69) and the locals still commemorate those sad events by grinding their grain at the public mill every anniversary, as if they are too grief-stricken to grind it themselves (1.1075–77). The cult of the Mother Goddess (<a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a>) was established there by Jason and thus a spring that miraculously appeared at that time is called 'Jason's Spring' (1.1146–48). A musical rite was initiated by Orpheus and it is still associated with the cult(1.1134–39). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cius" title="Cius">Cius River</a> </td> <td>They arrived the same day they left Bear Mountain. Heracles took child-hostages so that their relatives would help him search for Hylas and he later settled them at <a href="/wiki/Trachis" title="Trachis">Trachis</a>. </td> <td>Polyphemus founded a city now named after the river (1.1345–47). The inhabitants of Cius to this day "ask after Hylas" and they still maintain close relations with Trachis (1.1354–57). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Izmit" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Izmit">Gulf of Olbia</a> </td> <td>Their next stop brought them to the land of the <a href="/wiki/Bebryces" title="Bebryces">Bebrycians</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Polydeuces</a> killed the king in a boxing match </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thynia" title="Thynia">Thynian coast</a> </td> <td>They arrived after a wave almost wiped them out near the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a>. They rescued <a href="/wiki/Phineus" title="Phineus">Phineus</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Harpies" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpies">harpies</a> and they were then detained here for some days by the <a href="/wiki/Etesian" title="Etesian">Etesian winds</a>. </td> <td>The sons of Boreas overtook the harpies far to the west at the Floating Islands but <a href="/wiki/Iris_(mythology)" title="Iris (mythology)">Iris</a> turned them back, not permitting the harpies to be killed. Thus the islands are now called the <i>Turning Islands</i> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Στροφάδες</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Strofades" title="Strofades">Strofades</a></i></span>).<br /><br />In a digression, the poet also explains the origin of the Etesian winds, associated with the myth of <a href="/wiki/Aristaeus" title="Aristaeus">Aristaeus</a> and some sacrificial rites still practised on the island of <a href="/wiki/Ceos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceos">Ceos</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thynias" title="Thynias">Thynias</a> </td> <td>Their landfall after passing the <a href="/wiki/Clashing_Rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Clashing Rocks">Clashing Rocks</a>. They saw Apollo passing northwards to visit the <a href="/wiki/Hyperboreans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperboreans">Hyperboreans</a> and they honoured him with a <a href="/wiki/Paean" title="Paean">paean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They then swore to help each other ever after. </td> <td>The Clashing Rocks stopped moving once the Argonauts passed through and they are still fixed in their place.<br /><br />The island Thynias is now called "The Sacred Island of Apollo Heoïus" (<i>Apollo of the Dawn</i>) and a shrine of Concord can be found there to this very day.<br /><br />In a digression, the poet tells us how the paean sung here originated with the <a href="/wiki/Corycian_nymphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Corycian nymphs">Corycian nymphs</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Acherusian headland</a> </td> <td>Argo moored in the harbour here after a day and night sailing from Thynias. Here Idmon was subsequently killed by a wild boar and Tiphys perished by illness. </td> <td>The king of the native Mariandynians, <a href="/wiki/Lycus_(mythology)" title="Lycus (mythology)">Lycus</a>, received the Argonauts hospitably, happy in the death of the Bebrycian king at the hands of Polydeukes, and he said he would build a shrine on top of the headland, visible to sailors far away, in honour of Polydeukes and his brother.<br /><br />The tombs of Idmon and Tiphys are visible today. Later settlers from Boetia and Megara were instructed by Apollo to honour Idmon as their city guardian but today instead they honour Agamestor<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Sthenelus" title="Sthenelus">Sthenelus</a> </td> <td>The Argonauts come ashore here when Sthenelus (son of <a href="/wiki/Actor_(mythology)" title="Actor (mythology)">Actor</a>) appeared to them on his tomb. </td> <td>They offered him libations and set up an altar to Apollo the Ship Preserver. Orpheus dedicated his lyre to the god and the place is now called Lyra. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a> </td> <td>Here they meet three companions of Heracles stranded after his expedition against the Amazons </td> <td>In a digression, the poet tells the story of <a href="/wiki/Sinope_(mythology)" title="Sinope (mythology)">Sinope, the nymph</a> settled here by Zeus. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Themiscyra_(Pontus)" title="Themiscyra (Pontus)">Thermodon River</a> </td> <td>The harbour of the Amazons. Argonauts depart before the women can assemble for battle </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ares Island </td> <td>Island sacred to Amazons, infested with hostile birds </td> <td>Approaching the island, they pass the <a href="/wiki/Mossynoeci" title="Mossynoeci">Mossynoeci</a>, and the poet tells us in a digression that these people are named after their wooden towers ("mossynes") </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a> </td> <td>Scene of the entire Book 3 </td> <td>In a digression, the poet links the field of Ares in Colchis with the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Thebes_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebes (Greece)">Thebes</a> by <a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a>: Athena shared the dragon's teeth between Cadmus and <a href="/wiki/Aeetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeetes">Aeetes</a>. <p><br /> The main city, Aea, is said to be one of many cities that were founded in Europe and Asia by Egyptian forces. Modern scholars connect this account with one by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (<i>Histories</i> 2.102–106)), identifying the Egyptian leader as the legendary king <a href="/wiki/Sesostris" title="Sesostris">Sesostris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Halys_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Halys River">Halys River</a> </td> <td>The Argonauts arrived here on the third morning after fleeing Colchis. </td> <td>They built a sanctuary to <a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a>, still visible, where Medea practised sacrificial rites that the poet dares not reveal. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chilia_branch" title="Chilia branch">Narex</a> </td> <td>The northern end of a "three-cornered island" (<a href="/wiki/Danube_Delta" title="Danube Delta">Danube Delta</a>), which allowed the Argonauts to sail up the Ister or <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> behind their pursuers, who had entered at the southern end. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kvarner_Gulf" title="Kvarner Gulf">Brygean Islands</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The Argonauts and Colchians reached the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> by a fabled <a href="/wiki/Istria#Early_history" title="Istria">branch of the Ister River</a>. </td> <td>Jason and Medea murdered her brother <a href="/wiki/Apsyrtus" class="mw-redirect" title="Apsyrtus">Apsyrtus</a> on one of the Brygean Islands. His Colchian followers later settled around the Adriatic and their descendants still remain there, including the 'Apsyrtians' on the Brygean Islands. Other Colchians settled in Illyria (near the tombs of Cadmus and <a href="/wiki/Harmonia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonia (mythology)">Harmonia</a>, modern day <a href="/wiki/Pula#Pre-history" title="Pula">Pola</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Ceraunian_Mountains" title="Ceraunian Mountains">Ceraunian Mountains</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Electris Island </td> <td>An island near the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">Eridanus</a>. Its exact location is unknown to modern scholars. <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (3.115) and <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (5.1.9) considered it imaginary. The Argonauts hid out here while the leaderless Colchian fleet disbanded, following the death of Apsyrtus. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hyllus </td> <td>A city on the Dalmatian coast. Its exact location is unknown to modern scholars but somewhere near modern <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ibenik" title="Šibenik">Šibenik</a>. It is home of the Hylleans, who proved friendly to the Argonauts after the death of Apsyrtus. </td> <td>In gratitude for their kindness, Jason endowed the Hylleans with a tripod, originally a gift to him from Apollo, which protects their country against invaders to this very day. They buried it for safe-keeping deep under the city of Hyllus, where it still lies hidden. <p><br /> The city, country and people took their name from <a href="/wiki/Hyllus" title="Hyllus">Hyllus</a>, a son of Heracles and the water nymph Melite. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eridanos_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eridanos (mythology)">Eridanus</a> </td> <td>A fabulous river, often identified with the <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">Po</a>. The Argo was driven back north into this river by a storm. The storm was sent by Hera to forestall a worse fate planned by Zeus as punishment for the murder of Apsyrtus. Apollonius assumes that the Eridanus joins with the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhone" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhone">Rhone</a>, allowing the Argo to enter either the <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a> or <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>. </td> <td>The "innermost stream" (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μύχατον ῥόον</span></span>) of this river spews noxious steam, where <a href="/wiki/Phaethon" title="Phaethon">Phaethon</a> once crashed to earth. The <a href="/wiki/Heliades" title="Heliades">Heliades</a>, his sisters, mourn for him in the form of poplar trees, their tears the amber drops that are found in the river. However, Apollonius also mentions a local Celtic legend, according to which these are tears that Apollo shed for his dead son <a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyeres_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyeres Islands">Hyeres Islands</a> ('Stoechades' or 'Ligystian' Islands)<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>After entering the Ligurian Sea via the Rhone, the Argo arrived safely at these islands thanks mainly to the prayers of Castor and Pollux. </td> <td>Altars and rites in honour of Castor and Pollux were established here forever, as they were not only guardians of this voyage but continue protectors of sailors to this day. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a> ('Aethalia') </td> <td>Argo's next stop after the Stoechades. Here the Argonauts wiped their sweaty hands on pebbles on a beach and they played discus with large stones. </td> <td>The pebbles are flesh-coloured today, the discus stones are still visible, as are other signs of the visit. The place where they rested is now named Argo Harbour. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aeaea" title="Aeaea">Aeaea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Circeo" title="Mount Circeo">Mount Circeo</a>?) </td> <td>The island home of <a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a>, whose magic released Jason and Medea from the consequences of her brother's murder. </td> <td>The island was populated by biological monstrosities, each sporting a strange assortment of limbs. Such creatures were common in the early history of the earth, before the physical elements had attained their present level of organization (Apollonius's 'science' owes much to pre-Socratic philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eryx_(Sicily)" title="Eryx (Sicily)">Eryx</a> </td> <td>A domain of Aphrodite. The Athenian Argonaut Butes fell overboard in a rapture while the Argo was sailing past the island home of the <a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Sirens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthemoessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthemoessa">Anthemoessa</a>. Aphrodite rescued him and carried him to Eryx, settling him on Cape Lilybaeum (not far from Drepana or modern <a href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a>). The other Argonauts sailed on without him, facing even greater perils ahead: <a href="/wiki/Scylla" title="Scylla">Scylla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charybdis" title="Charybdis">Charybdis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wandering_Rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandering Rocks">Wandering Rocks</a>. </td> <td>Apollonius doesn't state the aition underlying his account: there is a sanctuary of Aphrodite and Butes at the western tip of Sicily. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a> ('Drepane') </td> <td>The Argonauts were trapped on this island, off the west coast of Greece, by the second Colchian fleet. The Colchians demanded that Medea be surrendered to them but <a href="/wiki/Alcinous" title="Alcinous">Alcinous</a>, the virtuous king of the native <a href="/wiki/Phaeacians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaeacians">Phaeacians</a>, refused to comply once he learned that she and Jason were husband and wife. They were married on the island in a cave that was once a refuge to <a href="/wiki/Macris" title="Macris">Macris</a>, the nurse of Dionysus. </td> <td>The island is named Drepane (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Δρεπάνη</span></span>), the word for 'sickle', because it rests on the sickle that <a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a> used to castrate his father <a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">Uranus</a>, from whose blood the Phaeacians sprang. Apollonius also offers an alternative account: the island rests on a scythe (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἅρπη</span></span>) belonging to <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a>, who taught the <a href="/wiki/Titans_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titans (mythology)">Titans</a> how to reap grain, which she did as a memorial to <a href="/wiki/Macris" title="Macris">Macris</a>. <p><br />The cave where Jason and Medea were married is now called <i>Medea's Cave</i>. Altars that Medea set up in a local temple of Apollo still receive annual sacrifices to the nymphs who attended her wedding, and to the Fates (associated with births and marriages). <br /> As with the first Colchian fleet, the second dispersed rather than return home empty-handed. They lived for a long time on the island among the Phaeacians, later migrating to the <a href="/wiki/Ceraunian_Mountains" title="Ceraunian Mountains">Ceraunian Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Oricum</a>. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> </td> <td>The Argo was beached in the notorious shallows of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra" title="Gulf of Sidra">Syrtis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra" title="Gulf of Sidra">Gulf of Sidra</a>) after a north wind swept them from Greek waters. The Argonauts here resigned themselves to death until three nymphs, the guardians of Libya, appeared, advising them to carry the Argo overland. Arriving thus at 'Lake Triton', they encountered the <a href="/wiki/Hesperides" title="Hesperides">Hesperides</a>, whose garden had been ravaged by Heracles just the day before. Canthus, one of the Argonauts, is subsequently killed by the son of Garamas, a native shepherd and son of Apollo. Another Argonaut, Mopsus, dies from snake bite. A third, Euphemus, receives directions and a clod of earth from <a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Triton</a>. </td> <td>The Garamantes, a Libyan pastoral tribe, are descended from Garamas (though this is not explicitly stated by Apollonius). The snake that killed Mopsus was descended from the blood of the Gorgon's head that dripped onto the soil when <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a> once flew past. The clod of earth, once dropped into the sea, would become the island <i>Calliste</i> (<a href="/wiki/Thera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thera">Thera</a>), from where Greek migrants would one day colonize Libya. The harbour in Lake Triton, where Argo rested before entering the sea, is called <i>Argo Harbour</i> and signs of the visit are still visible there to this day. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> </td> <td>Next stop after Libya was the rugged island of <a href="/wiki/Carpathus" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathus">Carpathus</a>, from which it was a short trip to Dicte in Crete (not the mountain of that name, but a haven probably in the north eastern corner of the island).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bronze giant <a href="/wiki/Talos" title="Talos">Talos</a> attempted to stop them landing by throwing boulders from a cliff, until Medea put the evil eye on him, causing him to gash open his ankle, whereby he bled to death. </td> <td>The Argonauts built a shrine here to 'Minoan Athena'. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anafi" title="Anafi">Anafi</a> (Anaphe) </td> <td>Leaving Crete, the Argonauts were soon trapped in a starless night, a terror to sailors, called <i>the shroud</i>. Jason prayed for help and then Apollo, brandishing his brilliant bow (in the manner of a modern lighthouse), revealed a tiny island, where they took refuge. The island was too rocky and bare to offer victims for a sacrifice of thanksgiving so the Argonauts libated by pouring water on naked flames, which made the Phaeacian women laugh </td> <td>The island was named Anaphe ever after ("because Phoebus made it appear to them":<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀνάφη</span></span> is here derived from the aorist for <i>make appear</i>). To this day, women on Anaphe taunt their menfolk whenever offerings are made to Apollo </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aegina" title="Aegina">Aegina</a> </td> <td>Arriving here from Anaphe, the Argonauts began fetching water to their ship. Hurrying to make the most of a good sailing breeze, they made the task into a friendly race. </td> <td>To this day, there is a race on the island, in which men carry full <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphorae</a> on their shoulders.<br /><i>The narrative ends here, within a day's voyage of Iolcus</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English_translations">English translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argonautica&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: English translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verse">Verse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argonautica&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Verse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burnaby_Greene" title="Edward Burnaby Greene">Edward Burnaby Greene</a>, <i>The Argonautic Expedition</i> (1780)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fawkes" title="Francis Fawkes">Francis Fawkes</a>, <i>The Argonautics of Apollonius Rhodius</i> (1780)</li> <li>William Preston, <i>The Argonautics of Apollonius Rhodius</i> (1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_S._Way" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur S. Way">Arthur S. Way</a>, <i>The Tale of the Argonauts</i> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gardner_(novelist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Gardner (novelist)">John Gardner</a>, <i>Jason and Medeia</i> (1973) [Not a translation but a retelling in verse]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Green_(historian)" title="Peter Green (historian)">Peter Green</a>, <i>The Argonautika by Apollonios Rhodios</i> (1997; expanded in 2008)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodney_Merrill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodney Merrill (page does not exist)">Rodney Merrill</a>, <i>The Argonautika</i> (2012)</li> <li>Aaron Poochigian, <i>Jason and the Argonauts (2014)</i></li> <li>William H. Race, <i>Argonautika</i> (2009)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prose">Prose</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argonautica&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Prose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Philip_Coleridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Philip Coleridge (page does not exist)">Edward Philip Coleridge</a>, <i>The Argonautica of Apollonius Rhodius</i> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seaton,_RC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seaton, RC (page does not exist)">Seaton, RC</a>, <i>The Argonautica</i> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._V._Rieu" title="E. V. Rieu">E. V. Rieu</a>, <i>The Voyage of Argo</i> (1959) Penguin Classics Edition</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_L._Hunter" title="Richard L. Hunter">Richard Hunter</a>, <i>Apollonius of Rhodes: Jason and the Golden Fleece</i> (1992)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argonautica&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The issues are identified by R. Glei, <i>Outlines of Apollonian Scholarship 1955–1999,</i> 4–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The survey was by S. Valverde (1989), <i>El aition en las 'Argonáuticas' de Apolonio de Rodas: estudio literario</i>, Diss. Murcia, cited by A. Köhnken, <i>Theocritus, Callimachus, and Apollonius Rhodius,</i> 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fränkel H. (1957), "Das Argonautenepos des Apollonios", <i>MH</i> 14, 1–19; and (1960), <i>Ein Don Quijote unter den Argonauten des Apollonios,</i> <i>MH</i> 17, 1–20). (The two articles are cited by R. Glei, <i>Outline of Apollinian Scholarship 1955–1999,</i> 6)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Krevelen D. A. (1956), "Bemerkungen zur Charakteristik der in den 'Argonautica' des Apollonios auftretenden Personen," <i>RhM</i> 99, 3–8 (the article is cited by R. Glei, <i>Outline of Apollinian Scholarship 1955–1999</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Only Hypsipyle's father was spared, cast adrift in a wooden chest</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The mother of the gods, Rhea, is associated with Cybele, the rites being established on a Cyzicus mountain, Dindymum (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Dindymon" title="Dindymon">Dindymon</a> in central Phrygia) – W. Race, <i>Apollonius Rhodius: Argonautica,</i> 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The correct route is shown, for example, by W.H. Race, <i>Apollonius Rhodius: Argonautica,</i> maps section.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Greek the imitation is especially notable: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">καὶ τὰ μὲν ὣσ ἤμελλε μετὰ χρόνον ἐκτελέεσθαι</span></span>, where <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἤμελλε</span></span> is an un-Homeric word used by Apollonius only here, in contrast to the Homeric <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἔμελλε</span></span>, which he uses ten times – A. Köhnken, <i>Theocritus, Callimachus and Apollonius Rhodius</i>, 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carspecken, "Apollonius Rhodius and the Homeric epic," ''<i>Yale Classical Studies</i> <b>13</b> (1952:101) finds the heroism instead in the group, the Argonauts.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Homer especially deserves praise as the only epic poet to realize what the epic poet should do in his own person, that is, say as little as possible, since it is not in virtue of speaking in his own person that he is a maker of <i>mimesis</i> – Aristotle, <i>Poetics</i> 1460a5-11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles R. Beye, in emphasising the internal life of the protagonist observes, "We have reached, in effect, the beginnings of the novel." (Beye, <i>Epic and Romance in the Argonautica of Apollonius</i> [University of Southern Illinois Press] 1982:24).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Argonaut list and information adapted from W. Race's <i>Apollonius Rhodius:Argonautica</i>, lines 1.23-227 and index</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The refrain of the paean is "Hail to the Healing God, hail to the Healing God Phoebus", for which see <i>Homeric Hymn to Apollo 517</i> – cited by W.H. Race, <i>Apollonius Rhodius: Argonautica</i>, 168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boeotians and Megarians founded the city Heraclea (Pontica) in the sixth century. Agamestor was a local hero – see for example <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> 5.26.7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. H. Race, <i>Apollonius Rhodius: Argonautica</i>, 351, note 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 'Brygean Islands' are located in the Kvarner Gulf by W. H. Race, <i>Apollonius Rhodius: Argonautica</i>, maps section</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the identification of Hyeres Islands, see W. H. Race, <i>Apollonius Rhodius: Argonautica</i>, note 71, page 373</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argonautica&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStephens,_S." class="citation book cs1">Stephens, S. <i>Ptolemaic Epic</i>. pp. 96–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ptolemaic+Epic&rft.pages=96-8&rft.au=Stephens%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArgonautica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman,_J.K." class="citation book cs1">Newman, J.K. <i>The Golden Fleece: Imperial Dream</i>. pp. 413–44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Fleece%3A+Imperial+Dream&rft.pages=413-44&rft.au=Newman%2C+J.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArgonautica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulloch,_A.W." class="citation book cs1">Bulloch, A.W. <i>Hellenistic Poetry</i>. pp. 588, 591.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenistic+Poetry&rft.pages=588%2C+591&rft.au=Bulloch%2C+A.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArgonautica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRace,_W.H." class="citation book cs1">Race, W.H. <i>Apollonius Rhodius</i>. p. xiv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollonius+Rhodius&rft.pages=xiv&rft.au=Race%2C+W.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArgonautica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. W. Bulloch, <i>Hellenistic Poetry,</i> 588–89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Fusillo, <i>Apollonius Rhodius as "Inventor,"</i> 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. F. Glei, <i>Outlines of Apollonian Scholarship 1955–1999,</i> 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. W. Bulloch, <i>Hellenistic Poetry,</i> 589</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. W. Bulloch, <i>Hellenistic Poetry</i>, 588</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dee Clayman, <i>Timon of Phlius</i> 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3110220806" title="Special:BookSources/3110220806">3110220806</a> pp 187–200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on the publication by B.P. Grenfell and A.S. Hunt, in 1914, of the 2nd century AD papyrus, P.Oxy.X.1241, known as "the list of Alexandrian Librarians"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackie Murray, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/721688/">ANCHORED IN TIME: THE DATE IN APOLLONIUS' ARGONAUTICA</a>, in M.A. Harder e.o. (eds.) Hellenistic Poetry in Context (Leuven, 2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mythindex.com/greek-mythology/A/Argonautae.html">ARGONAUTAE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170226201522/http://www.mythindex.com/greek-mythology/A/Argonautae.html">Archived</a> 2017-02-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> mythindex.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Rengakos, <i>Apollonius Rhodius as a Homeric Scholar,</i> p. 243–44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. W. Bulloch, <i>Hellenistic Poetry,</i> 589, 594</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Asper, <i>Apollonius on Poetry,</i> 184–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Fusillo, <i>Apollonius Rhodius as "Inventor,"</i> 162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. W. Bulloch, <i>Hellenistic Poetry</i>, 586</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristotle, <i>Poetics</i> 1459b19–22, or <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Poetics_(Bywater)/3" class="extiw" title="s:Poetics (Bywater)/3">xxiv</a> here</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Hunter, <i>The Poetics of Narrative in the "Argonautica,"</i> 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Köhnken, <i>Theocritus, Callimachus and Apollonius Rhodius,</i> 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. A. Harder, <i>Aspects of the Structure of Callimachus' Aetia,</i> 108 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. F. Glei, <i>Outlines of Apollonian Scholarship 1955–1999</i>, 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. L. Hunter, "'Short on heroics': Jason in the <i>Argonautica,</i>" <i>The Classical Quarterly</i> New Series <b>38</b> (1988:436–53).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. M. DeForest, <i>Apollonius' "Argonautica": A Callimachean Epic,</i> cited by R. F. Glei, <i>Outlines of Apollonian Scholarship 1955–1999,</i> 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. F. Glei, <i>Outlines of Apollonian Scholarship 1955–1999,</i> p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Rose, <i>Three Narrative Themes in Apollonius' Bebrycian Episode (Argonautica 2.1–163)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. R. Schwinge, <i>Künstlichkeit von Kunst. Zur Geschichtlichkeit der alexandrinischen Poesie</i> (cited by R. F. Glei, <i>Outlines of Apollonian Scholarship 1955–1999</i>, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Vian, <i>ΙΗΣΩΝ ΜΗΧΑΝΕΩΝ</i>, 1025–41, cited by R. Glei, <i>Outlines of Apollinian Scholarship 1955–1999</i>, 7–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. K. Galinsky, <i>The Heracles Theme</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. A. Natzel, <i>Frauen in den Argonautika des Apollonios Rhodios</i>, cited by R. Glei, <i>Outlines of Apollinian Scholarship 1955–1999</i>, 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Hunter, <i>Short on Heroics: Jason in the "Argonautica"</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. W. Bulloch, <i>Hellenistic Poetry</i>, 596-7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. W. Bulloch, <i>Hellenistic Poetry</i>, 598</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. F. Glei, <i>Outlines of Apollonian Scholarship 1955–1999</i>, 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A recent examination of <i>Argonautica</i> is R. J. Clare, <i>The Path of the Argo: Language, Imagery and Narrative in the Argonautica of Apollonius Rhodius</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Hughes Fowler, <i>Hellenistic Poetry: An Anthology</i>, xiv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Asper, <i>Apollonius on Poetry</i>, 177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. F. Glei, <i>Outlines of Apollonian Scholarship 1955–1999</i>, p. 14-15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. R. Beye, <i>Epic and Romance in the 'Argonautica' of Apollonius</i>, 95-6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. F. Glei, <i>Outlines of Apollonian Scholarship 1955–1999</i>, p. 13-15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Asper, <i>Apollonius on Poetry</i>, p. 186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Asper, <i>Apollonius on Poetry</i>, p. 174-77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Asper, <i>Apollonius on Poetry</i>, p. 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Longinus, <i>De subl.</i> 9.13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Hunter, <i>The Poetics of Narrative in the </i>Argonautica, 140-41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Glei, <i>Outlines of Apollinian Scholarship 1955–1999</i>, 17–18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Hunter, <i>The Poetics of Narrative in the </i>Argonautica, p. 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Stephens, <i>Ptolemaic Epic</i>, p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Stephens, <i>Ptolemaic Epic</i>, p. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Stephens, <i>Ptolemaic Epic</i>, 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Stephens, <i>Ptolemaic Epic</i>, passim</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Stephens, <i>Ptolemaic Epic</i>, 105-9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Virginia Knight, "Apollonius, Argonautica 4.167-70 and Euripides' Medea" <i>The Classical Quarterly</i> New Series, <b>41</b>.1 (1991:248–250).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Race, <i>Apollonius Rhodius: Argonautica</i>, page 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. H. Race, <i>Apollonius Rhodius: Argonautica</i>, 370-71, note 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. H. Race, <i>Apollonius Rhodius: Argonautica</i>, p. 385 n.96, 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. H. Race, <i>Apollonius Rhodius: Argonautica</i>, p. 461 note 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Argonautica</i> 4.1717–18</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argonautica&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsper2011" class="citation cs2">Asper, Markus (2011), "Apollonius on Poetry", in T. Papanghelis; A. Rengakos (eds.), <i>Brill's Companion to Apollonius Rhodius</i> (second, revised ed.), Brill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Apollonius+on+Poetry&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Companion+to+Apollonius+Rhodius&rft.edition=second%2C+revised&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Asper&rft.aufirst=Markus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArgonautica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeye1982" class="citation cs2">Beye, Charles R. (1982), <i>Epic and Romance in the 'Argonautica' of Apollonius</i>, University of Southern Illinois Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epic+and+Romance+in+the+%27Argonautica%27+of+Apollonius&rft.pub=University+of+Southern+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Beye&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArgonautica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulloch1985" class="citation cs2">Bulloch, A. W. (1985), "Hellenistic Poetry", in P. Easterling; B. Knox (eds.), <i>The Cambridge History of Classical Literature: Greek Literature</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hellenistic+Poetry&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Classical+Literature%3A+Greek+Literature&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Bulloch&rft.aufirst=A.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArgonautica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarspecken1952" class="citation cs2">Carspecken (1952), "Apollonius and the Homeric Epic", <i>Yale Classical Studies</i>, 13</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+Classical+Studies&rft.atitle=Apollonius+and+the+Homeric+Epic&rft.date=1952&rft.au=Carspecken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArgonautica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFusillo2011" class="citation cs2">Fusillo, Massimo (2011), "Apollonius Rhodius as "Inventor"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>", in T. 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Wakker (eds.), <i>Callimachus</i>, Groningen</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aspects+of+Structure+of+Callimachus%27+%22Aetia%22&rft.btitle=Callimachus&rft.pub=Groningen&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Harder&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArgonautica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes_Fowler1990" class="citation cs2">Hughes Fowler, Barbara (1990), <i>Hellenistic Poetry: An Anthology</i>, University of Wisconsin Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenistic+Poetry%3A+An+Anthology&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Hughes+Fowler&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArgonautica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hunter, R. L., (1988), "'Short on heroics': Jason in the <i>Argonautica</i>", <i>The Classical Quarterly</i> New Series <b>38</b> (436–53).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter2011" class="citation cs2">Hunter, Richard (2011), "The Poetics of Narrative in the 'Argonautica'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>", in T. Papanghelis; A. 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Rengakos (eds.), <i>Brill's Companion to Apollonius Rhodius</i> (second, revised ed.), Brill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theocritus%2C+Callimachus%2C+and+Apollonius+Rhodius&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Companion+to+Apollonius+Rhodius&rft.edition=second%2C+revised&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6hnken&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArgonautica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2011" class="citation cs2">Newman, John Kevin (2011), "The Golden Fleece: Imperial Dream", in T. Papanghelis; A. Rengakos (eds.), <i>Brill's Companion to Apollonius Rhodius</i> (second, revised ed.), Brill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Golden+Fleece%3A+Imperial+Dream&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Companion+to+Apollonius+Rhodius&rft.edition=second%2C+revised&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=John+Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArgonautica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPompella2004" class="citation cs2">Pompella, Giuseppe (2004), <i>Apollonii Rhodii Lexicon</i>, Hildesheim & New York: Georg Olms Verlag</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollonii+Rhodii+Lexicon&rft.place=Hildesheim+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Georg+Olms+Verlag&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Pompella&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArgonautica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPompella2006" class="citation cs2">Pompella, Giuseppe (2006), <i>Apollonii Rhodii Argonautica. Lehrs translatione in Latinum addita</i>, Hildesheim & New York: Olms-Weidmann</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollonii+Rhodii+Argonautica.+Lehrs+translatione+in+Latinum+addita&rft.place=Hildesheim+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Olms-Weidmann&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Pompella&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArgonautica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRace2008" class="citation cs2">Race, William H. (2008), <i>Apollonius Rhodius: Argonautica</i>, Loeb Classical Library</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollonius+Rhodius%3A+Argonautica&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Race&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArgonautica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRengakos2011" class="citation cs2">Rengakos, Antonio (2011), "Apollonius Rhodius as a Homeric Scholar", in T. Papanghelis; A. Rengakos (eds.), <i>Brill's Companion to Apollonius Rhodius</i> (second, revised ed.), Brill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Apollonius+Rhodius+as+a+Homeric+Scholar&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Companion+to+Apollonius+Rhodius&rft.edition=second%2C+revised&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Rengakos&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArgonautica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose1984" class="citation cs2">Rose, A. (1984), "Three Narrative Themes in Apollonius' Bebrycian Episode (Argonautica 2.1–163)", <i>WS</i>, vol. 97</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Three+Narrative+Themes+in+Apollonius%27+Bebrycian+Episode+%28Argonautica+2.1%E2%80%93163%29&rft.btitle=WS&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArgonautica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwinge1986" class="citation cs2">Schwinge, E. R. (1986), "Künstlichkeit von Kunst. Zur Geschichtlichkeit der alexandrinischen Poesis", <i>Zetemata</i>, vol. 84, Munich</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=K%C3%BCnstlichkeit+von+Kunst.+Zur+Geschichtlichkeit+der+alexandrinischen+Poesis&rft.btitle=Zetemata&rft.pub=Munich&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Schwinge&rft.aufirst=E.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArgonautica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephens2011" class="citation cs2">Stephens, Susan (2011), "Ptolemaic Epic", in T. Papanghelis; A. Rengakos (eds.), <i>Brill's Companion to Apollonius Rhodius</i> (second, revised ed.), Brill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ptolemaic+Epic&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Companion+to+Apollonius+Rhodius&rft.edition=second%2C+revised&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArgonautica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVian1978" class="citation cs2">Vian, F. (1978), "ΙΗΣΩΝ ΜΗΧΑΝΕΩΝ", in E. Livrea; G. Privitera (eds.), <i>Studi in onore di Anthos Ardizzoni</i>, Rome</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CE%99%CE%97%CE%A3%CE%A9%CE%9D+%CE%9C%CE%97%CE%A7%CE%91%CE%9D%CE%95%CE%A9%CE%9D&rft.btitle=Studi+in+onore+di+Anthos+Ardizzoni&rft.pub=Rome&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Vian&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArgonautica" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argonautica&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Editio_princeps" title="Editio princeps">Editio princeps</a></i> (Florence, 1496).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merkel-Keil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merkel-Keil (page does not exist)">Merkel-Keil</a> (with scholia, 1854).</li> <li>Longinus (<i>On the Sublime</i>, p. 54, 19)</li> <li>Quintilian, (<i>Instit</i>, x. 1, 54)</li> <li>Aristotle, <a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)"><i>Poetics</i></a></li> <li>Seaton (1900).</li> <li>1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Green_(historian)" title="Peter Green (historian)">Peter Green</a>, <i>Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age</i> (1990), particularly Ch. 11 and 13.</li> <li>Giuseppe Pompella, <i>Apollonii Rhodii Argonautica</i>. <i>Lehrs translatione in Latinum addita</i>. Olms-Weidmann, Hildesheim & New York 2006.</li> <li>William G. Thalmann, <i>Apollonius of Rhodes and the Spaces of Hellenism</i> (Oxford University Press US, 2011: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-973157-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-973157-8">0-19-973157-8</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argonautica&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Greek <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="el" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC" class="extiw" title="s:el:Αργοναυτικά">Ἀργοναυτικά</a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/apollonius-of-rhodes/the-argonautica/arthur-s-way">The Argonautica</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/433">Works by Apollonius of Rhodes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gltc.leidenuniv.nl/index.php3?c=119">Leiden Apollonius bibliography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070730185134/http://www.gltc.leidenuniv.nl/index.php3?c=119">Archived</a> 2007-07-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berfrois.com/2011/07/william-thalmann-argonautika-spatial-epic/">"Space and Culture in an Ancient Epic"</a>, William G. Thalmann, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berfrois.com/">Berfrois</a></i>, 1 July 2011</li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=The+Argonautica&author=RHODIUS&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>The Argonautica</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li></ul> <div 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parodies</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairytale_fantasy" title="Fairytale fantasy">Fairytale fantasy</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_of_manners" title="Fantasy of manners">Fantasy of manners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_fantasy" title="Hard fantasy">Hard fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LitRPG" title="LitRPG">LitRPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_fantasy" title="Low fantasy">Low fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythic_fiction" title="Mythic fiction">Mythic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythpunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythpunk">Mythpunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omegaverse" title="Omegaverse">Omegaverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a>‎ <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">Shenmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fantasy" title="Urban fantasy">Urban fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective fiction‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_weird" title="New weird">New weird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">West‎ern fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_television" title="Fantasy television">television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_anime" title="List of fantasy anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fantasy_films" title="Lists of fantasy films">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_fantasy_films" title="List of highest-grossing fantasy films">highest-grossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sword_and_sorcery_films" title="List of sword and sorcery films">S&S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_television_programs" title="List of fantasy television programs">Television programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_authors" title="List of fantasy authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Adult_Fantasy_series" title="Ballantine Adult Fantasy series">Ballantine Adult Fantasy series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comics" title="Fantasy comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_comics" title="List of fantasy comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Fantasy" title="The Encyclopedia of Fantasy">The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Masterworks" title="Fantasy Masterworks">Fantasy Masterworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fantasy novels">List of novels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(A%E2%80%93H)" title="List of fantasy novels (A–H)">A–H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(I%E2%80%93R)" title="List of fantasy novels (I–R)">I–R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(S%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of fantasy novels (S–Z)">S–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_story_collections" title="List of fantasy story collections">List of story collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fiction_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy fiction magazine">Magazines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_(magazine)" title="Fantastic (magazine)">Fantastic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Adventures" title="Fantastic Adventures">Fantastic Adventures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Locus_(magazine)" title="Locus (magazine)">Locus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magazine_of_Fantasy_%26_Science_Fiction" title="The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction">The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Science_Fantasy_(magazine)" title="Science Fantasy (magazine)">Science Fantasy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unknown_(magazine)" title="Unknown (magazine)">Unknown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weird_Tales" title="Weird Tales">Weird Tales</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9erie" title="Féerie">Féeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_podcast" title="Fantasy podcast">Podcasts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balrog_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Balrog Award">Balrog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Fantasy_Award" title="British Fantasy Award">British Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_Award" title="Crawford Award">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf_Award" title="Gandalf Award">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gemmell_Awards_for_Fantasy" title="David Gemmell Awards for Fantasy">Gemmell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fantasy_Award" title="International Fantasy Award">International Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Fantasy_Novel_Award" title="Japan Fantasy Novel Award">Japan Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s_d%27Or" title="Méliès d'Or">Méliès d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Awards" title="Mythopoeic Awards">Mythopoeic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htifantasia_Award" title="Tähtifantasia Award">Tähtifantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Award" title="World Fantasy Award">World Fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fandom" title="Fantasy fandom">Fandom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanspeak" title="Fanspeak">Fanspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filk_music" title="Filk music">Filk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_fandom" title="Harry Potter fandom"><i>Harry Potter</i> fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Inklings" class="mw-redirect" title="The Inklings">The Inklings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_fandom" title="Lovecraft fandom">Lovecraft fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Society" title="Mythopoeic Society">Mythopoeic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Tolkien fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_influence_on_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien's influence on fantasy">Tolkien's influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien">Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Convention" title="World Fantasy Convention">World Fantasy Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_trope" title="Fantasy trope">Tropes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Creatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghouls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental" title="Elemental">Elementals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">Faeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-breathing_monster" title="Fire-breathing monster">Fire-breathing monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_(monster)" title="Gargoyle (monster)">Gargoyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp" title="Imp">Imps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werecat" title="Werecat">Werecats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin-walker" title="Skin-walker">Skin-walkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural#Spirit" title="Supernatural">Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_animals_in_fiction" title="Talking animals in fiction">Talking animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">Undead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lich" title="Lich">Liches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_(undead)" title="Mummy (undead)">Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeletons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">Vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">Unicorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai" title="Yōkai">Yōkai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_characters" title="List of stock characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caveman" title="Caveman">Caveman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damsel_in_distress" title="Damsel in distress">Damsel in distress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_lord" title="Dark lord">Dark lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_(fairy_tale)" title="Donor (fairy tale)">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragonslayer" title="Dragonslayer">Dragonslayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_godmother" title="Fairy godmother">Fairy godmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magician_(fantasy)" title="Magician (fantasy)">Magicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_and_fantasy_detectives" title="List of science fiction and fantasy detectives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Wild man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_magic_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard and soft magic systems">Hard and soft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">Elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">Dark</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gray_magic" title="Gray magic">neutral</a>/<a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_magic" title="Moon magic">Moon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_item" title="Magic item">Magic item</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_ring" title="Magic ring">Magic ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magical_weapons" title="List of magical weapons">Magical weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_sword" title="Magic sword">Magic sword</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li></ul></li> <li>Schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egregore" title="Egregore">Egregore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic" title="Runic magic">Runecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumaturgy" title="Thaumaturgy">Thaumaturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theurgy" title="Theurgy">Theurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_races" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy races">Fantasy races</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Treants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant" title="Giant">Giants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">Gnomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">Goblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin" title="Gremlin">Gremlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfling" title="Halfling">Halflings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobgoblin" title="Hobgoblin">Hobgoblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold">Kobolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprechaun" title="Leprechaun">Leprechauns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merfolk" title="Merfolk">Merfolk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">Mermaids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merman" title="Merman">Mermen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">Ogres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oni" title="Oni">Oni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Trolls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">Places and events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">Quests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_worlds" title="List of fantasy worlds">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy map">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_city_(fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost city (fiction)">Lost city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_fiction" title="Subterranean fiction">Hollow Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_plane" title="Astral plane">Astral plane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_forest" title="Enchanted forest">Enchanted forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thieves%27_guild" title="Thieves' guild">Thieves' guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_schools#Magic_schools" title="List of fictional schools">Magic school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">Ghost stories</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT themes in speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_fantasy" title="Outline of fantasy">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fantasy" title="Category:Fantasy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jason_and_the_Argonauts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jason_and_the_Argonauts" title="Template:Jason and the Argonauts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jason_and_the_Argonauts" title="Template talk:Jason and the Argonauts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jason_and_the_Argonauts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jason and the Argonauts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jason_and_the_Argonauts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Argonauts" title="Argonauts">Argonauts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters<br />and topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeson" title="Aeson">Aeson</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcimede_(mother_of_Jason)" title="Alcimede (mother of Jason)">Alcimede</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a> (spouse)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creusa_of_Corinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Creusa of Corinth">Creusa of Corinth</a> (2nd wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argus_(son_of_Arestor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Argus (son of Arestor)">Argus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ae%C3%ABtes" title="Aeëtes">Aeëtes</a> (father-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelias" title="Pelias">Pelias</a> (uncle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phineus" title="Phineus">Phineus</a> (oracle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiron" title="Chiron">Cheiron</a> (trainer)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argo" title="Argo">Argo</a></i> (ship)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Fleece" title="Golden Fleece">Golden Fleece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symplegades" title="Symplegades">Clashing Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talos" title="Talos">Talos</a> (protector of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Illustrious <a href="/wiki/Argonauts" title="Argonauts">Argonauts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herakles" class="mw-redirect" title="Herakles">Herakles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laertes_(father_of_Odysseus)" title="Laertes (father of Odysseus)">Laertes (father of Odysseus)</a> (father of Odysseus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iolaus" title="Iolaus">Iolaus</a> (friend of Herakles)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Castor and Pollux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_(mythology)" title="Nestor (mythology)">Nestor</a> (younger years)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a> (legendary musician)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Medea_(play)" title="Medea (play)">Medea</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Argonautica</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes" title="Apollonius of Rhodes">Apollonius of Rhodes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Medea_(Seneca)" title="Medea (Seneca)">Medea</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a></li> <li><i>Argonautica</i> (Latin) by <a href="/wiki/Valerius_Flaccus_(poet)" title="Valerius Flaccus (poet)">Gaius Valerius Flaccus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orphic_Argonautica" title="Orphic Argonautica">Orphic Argonautica</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film/TV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jason_and_the_Argonauts_(1963_film)" title="Jason and the Argonauts (1963 film)">Jason and the Argonauts</a></i> (1963 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Medea_(1969_film)" title="Medea (1969 film)">Medea</a></i> (1969 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Young_Hercules" title="Young Hercules">Young Hercules</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jason_and_the_Argonauts_(miniseries)" title="Jason and the Argonauts (miniseries)">Jason and the Argonauts</a></i> (2000 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_(TV_series)" title="Atlantis (TV series)">Atlantis</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i>Epic Tails</i> (2023 animated film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Giasone" title="Giasone">Giasone</a></i> (1649)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_toison_d%27or_(opera)" title="La toison d'or (opera)">La toison d'or</a></i> (1789)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Fleecing" title="The Golden Fleecing">The Golden Fleecing</a></i> (comic book story)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jason_with_the_Golden_Fleece_(Thorvaldsen)" title="Jason with the Golden Fleece (Thorvaldsen)">Jason with the Golden Fleece</a></i> (sculpture)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jason_et_M%C3%A9d%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jason et Médée (page does not exist)">Jason et Médée</a></i> (ballet)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jason_and_Medea" class="mw-redirect" title="Jason and Medea">Jason and Medea</a></i> (painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Argonauts" title="Rise of the Argonauts">Rise of the Argonauts</a></i> (video game)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Fleece_and_the_Heroes_Who_Lived_Before_Achilles" title="The Golden Fleece and the Heroes Who Lived Before Achilles">The Golden Fleece and the Heroes Who Lived Before Achilles</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_in_popular_culture" title="Jason in popular culture">Jason in popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_seafaring" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_seafaring" title="Template:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_seafaring" title="Template talk:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_seafaring" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_seafaring" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_seafaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient seafaring">Ancient seafaring</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Vessels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Vessels</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_(boat)" title="Bangka (boat)">Bangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beden" title="Beden">Beden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coracle" title="Coracle">Coracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">Dhow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_boat" title="Dragon boat">Dragon boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_canoe" title="Dugout canoe">Dugout canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Galley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penteconter" title="Penteconter">Penteconter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27unlun_po" class="mw-redirect" title="K'unlun po">Kunlun ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburna" title="Liburna">Liburna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multihull" title="Multihull">Multihull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria" title="Navis lusoria">Navis lusoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_ship" title="Obelisk ship">Obelisk ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">Outriggers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single-outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-outrigger">Single-outrigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">Trimaran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Polyremes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bireme" title="Bireme">Bireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic-era_warships" title="Hellenistic-era warships">Oared warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">Trireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrireme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrireme">Quadrireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquereme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinquereme">Quinquereme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexareme" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexareme">Hexareme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessarakonteres" title="Tessarakonteres">Tessarakonteres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raft" title="Raft">Raft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_boat" title="Reed boat">Reed boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">Sailing ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomol" title="Tomol">Tomol</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81kitimu" title="Tākitimu">Tākitimu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Propulsion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paddling" title="Paddling">Paddling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towpath" title="Towpath">Towing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poling_(watercraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poling (watercraft)">Poling </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor" title="Anchor">Anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_(watercraft)" title="Bow (watercraft)">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabin_(ship)" title="Cabin (ship)">Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deck_(ship)" title="Deck (ship)">Deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurehead_(object)" title="Figurehead (object)">Figurehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">Hull</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building#Construction_materials_and_methods" title="Boat building">Planking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">Keel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">Mast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle" title="Paddle">Paddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#History_of_the_rudder" title="Rudder">Steering oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">Sail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sail_components" title="Sail components">Sail components</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_(ship)" title="Stem (ship)">Stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternpost" title="Sternpost">Sternpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake" title="Strake">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_boat#Boat_design_/_steering" title="Nile boat">Tiller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Careening" title="Careening">Careening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvel_(boat_building)" title="Carvel (boat building)">Carvel built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinker_(boat_building)" title="Clinker (boat building)">Clinker built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashed-lug_boat" title="Lashed-lug boat">Lashed-lug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewn_boat" title="Sewn boat">Sewn-plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology#Navigation_and_ship_building" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">Egypt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">Rigging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">Crab claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore-and-aft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">Lateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settee_(sail)" title="Settee (sail)">Settee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triangular_sail_rig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triangular sail rig (page does not exist)">Triangular sail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast-aft_rig" title="Mast-aft rig">Mast-aft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritsail" title="Spritsail">Spritsail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">Catapult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvus_(boarding_device)" title="Corvus (boarding device)">Corvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_(weapon)" title="Dolphin (weapon)">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpax" title="Harpax">Harpax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_ram" title="Naval ram">Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca_(siege_engine)" title="Sambuca (siege engine)">Sambuca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Navigation,_and_ports_and_harbors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Navigation, and ports and harbors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">Celestial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography" title="History of cartography">Charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portolan_chart" title="Portolan chart">Portolan chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutter_(nautical)" title="Rutter (nautical)">Rutter (nautical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal navigation">Coastal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighthouses">Lighthouses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_navigation" title="History of navigation">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piloting" title="Piloting">Piloting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_boat" title="Pilot boat">Pilot boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_pilot" title="Maritime pilot">Maritime pilot</a></li></ul></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_navigation" title="Inuit navigation">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_navigation" title="Micronesian navigation">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Port#Historical_ports" title="Port">Ports</a> and<br />harbors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adulis" title="Adulis">Adulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikamedu" title="Arikamedu">Arikamedu</a> (Podouke)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_(Gulf_of_Suez)" title="Arsinoe (Gulf of Suez)">Arsinoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalites" title="Avalites">Avalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarikon" title="Barbarikon">Barbarikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharuch" title="Bharuch">Barygaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_Troglodytica" title="Berenice Troglodytica">Berenice Troglodytica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canopus,_Egypt" title="Canopus, Egypt">Canopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essina" title="Essina">Essina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Giao Chỉ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godavaya" title="Godavaya">Godavaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Guangzhou" title="Port of Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> (Canton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Jambukola" title="Port of Jambukola">Jambukola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puhar,_Mayiladuthurai" title="Puhar, Mayiladuthurai">Kaveri Poompattinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> (Kadaram)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korkai" title="Korkai">Korkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothal#Dockyard" title="Lothal">Lothal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manthai" title="Manthai">Manthai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malao" title="Malao">Malao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersa_Gawasis" title="Mersa Gawasis">Mersa Gawasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myos_Hormos" title="Myos Hormos">Myos Hormos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mottama" title="Mottama">Martaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonburi_province" title="Chonburi province">Mueang Phra Rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93c_Eo" title="Óc Eo">Óc Eo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cattigara" title="Cattigara">Cattigara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opone" title="Opone">Opone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piraeus#Ancient_and_medieval_times" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosphorion_Harbour" title="Prosphorion Harbour">Prosphorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_Theron" title="Ptolemais Theron">Ptolemais Theron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qandala" title="Qandala">Qandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Quilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhacotis" title="Rhacotis">Rhacotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarapion" title="Sarapion">Sarapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathing_Phra_district" title="Sathing Phra district">Satingpra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sounagoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulum" title="Tulum">Tulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Jarf" title="Wadi al-Jarf">Wadi al-Jarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zanzibar" title="History of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_maritime_history" title="Ancient maritime history">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_prehistory" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime prehistory">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_timeline#Prehistory" title="Maritime timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceania#Prehistory_of_Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalingga_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalingga kingdom">Kalingga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan Civilization">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia" title="Maritime history of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmecs" title="Olmecs">Olmecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginian civilization">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_city-states" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek city-states">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Migration and<br />exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Australia">Peopling of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Micronesia">Peopling of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Migration_from_Taiwan" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_exploration" title="Ocean exploration">Ocean exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_maritime_expansion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoenician maritime expansion (page does not exist)">Phoenician maritime expansion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician%E2%80%93Punic_Sardinia" title="Phoenician–Punic Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II#Phoenician_expedition" title="Necho II">Circumnavigation of Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas#Voyage_to_Britain" title="Pytheas">Pytheas' voyage to Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Roman circumnavigation of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mariners and<br />explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henenu_(high_steward)" title="Henenu (high steward)">Henenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthymenes" title="Euthymenes">Euthymenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanno_the_Navigator" title="Hanno the Navigator">Hanno the Navigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himilco" title="Himilco">Himilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sataspes" title="Sataspes">Sataspes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsthenes_of_Thasos" title="Androsthenes of Thasos">Androsthenes of Thasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archias_of_Pella" title="Archias of Pella">Archias of Pella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearchus" title="Nearchus">Nearchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Fu" title="Xu Fu">Xu Fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippalus" title="Hippalus">Hippalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cyzicus" title="Eudoxus of Cyzicus">Eudoxus of Cyzicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maes_Titianus" title="Maes Titianus">Maes Titianus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Navies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_navy" title="Ancient Egyptian navy">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_navy" title="Achaemenid navy">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles" title="List of naval battles">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Mediterranean:</b>   <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Alashiya" title="Battles of Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Delta" title="Battle of the Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artemisium" title="Battle of Artemisium">Artemisium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eurymedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Eurymedon">Eurymedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naupactus" title="Battle of Naupactus">Naupactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Olpae" title="Battle of Olpae">Olpae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Expedition" title="Sicilian Expedition">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynossema" title="Battle of Cynossema">Cynossema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arginusae" title="Battle of Arginusae">Arginusae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mytilene_(406_BC)" title="Battle of Mytilene (406 BC)">Mytilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Hellespont">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Echinades_(322_BC)" title="Battle of the Echinades (322 BC)">Echinades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis_(306_BC)" title="Battle of Salamis (306 BC)">Salamis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mylae" title="Battle of Mylae">Mylae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Hermaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cape Hermaeum">Cape Hermaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ecnomus" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ecnomus">Ecnomus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Drepana" title="Battle of Drepana">Drepana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Aegates" title="Battle of the Aegates">Aegates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene" title="Battle of Lake Trasimene">Lake Trasimene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chios_(201_BC)" title="Battle of Chios (201 BC)">Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Myonessus" title="Battle of Myonessus">Myonessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naulochus" title="Battle of Naulochus">Naulochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mycale" title="Battle of Mycale">Mycale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Actium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_boarding" title="Naval boarding">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hook" title="Grappling hook">Grappling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">Incendiaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oared_vessel_tactics" title="Oared vessel tactics">Oared vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship_tactics" title="Sailing ship tactics">Sailing ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramming" title="Ramming">Ramming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Odisha" title="Maritime history of Odisha">Odisha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maritime history of South America (page does not exist)">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_rafts" title="Pre-Columbian rafts">Rafts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Economy_and_trade" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy and <a href="/wiki/Trade#Ancient_history" title="Trade">trade</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">Whaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fishing" title="History of fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_trade" title="Ancient Egyptian trade">Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus–Mesopotamia relations">Indus–Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meluhha" title="Meluhha">Meluhha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Maritime Jade Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_sources_and_trade_in_ancient_times#Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin sources and trade in ancient times">Tin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">Spice trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age#Economy_of_Iron_Age_Britain" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Huynh-Kalanay_Interaction_Sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere">Sa Huynh-Kalanay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_trade_route" title="Incense trade route">Incense trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_trade_in_the_Maya_civilization" title="Maritime trade in the Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece#Trade" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_shipping" title="Greek shipping">shipping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce#Sea_routes" title="Roman commerce">Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Indo-Roman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Piracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Piracy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy#History" title="Piracy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy" title="Ancient Mediterranean piracy">Mediterranean piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameinias_the_Phocian" title="Ameinias the Phocian">Ameinias the Phocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_pirates#Piracy_in_the_ancient_world:_pirates_of_Joppa" title="Jewish pirates">Jewish pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Julius_Caesar#Kidnapping_by_pirates" title="Early life and career of Julius Caesar">Kidnapping of Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey%27s_campaign_against_the_pirates" title="Pompey's campaign against the pirates">Pompey's campaign against the pirates</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Research_and_education" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research and education</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Blackman" title="David Blackman">David Blackman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Casson" title="Lionel Casson">Lionel Casson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fik_Meijer" title="Fik Meijer">Fik Meijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sinclair_Morrison" title="John Sinclair Morrison">John Sinclair Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ledyard_Rodgers" title="William Ledyard Rodgers">William L. Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_G._Starr" title="Chester G. Starr">Chester G. Starr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Empereur" title="Jean-Yves Empereur">Jean-Yves Empereur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Rankov" title="Boris Rankov">Boris Rankov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Richard_Steffy" title="J. Richard Steffy">J. Richard Steffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Throckmorton" title="Peter Throckmorton">Peter Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shelley_Wachsmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shelley Wachsmann (page does not exist)">Shelley Wachsmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br />and theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">Coastal defence and fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">Lighthouses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_art" title="Marine art">Marine art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Marine navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">Maritime archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare#Mediterranean_Sea" title="Naval warfare">Naval warfare</a></li> <li>Maritime temples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Isthmia" title="Temple of Isthmia">Temple of Isthmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Poseidon,_Sounion" title="Temple of Poseidon, Sounion">Temple of Poseidon, Sounion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace temple complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusantao_Maritime_Trading_and_Communication_Network" title="Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network">Nusantao network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Phoenician_discovery_of_the_Americas" title="Theory of Phoenician discovery of the Americas">Phoenician discovery of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden#Shells" title="Midden">Shell middens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">Ship burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacking_(sailing)" title="Tacking (sailing)">Tacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">Thalassocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_exploration" title="Underwater exploration">Underwater exploration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_shipwrecks" title="Archaeology of shipwrecks">Wrecks<br />and relics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_before_Anno_Domini" title="List of shipwrecks before Anno Domini">Earliest</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufuna_canoe" title="Dufuna canoe">Dufuna canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abydos_boats" title="Abydos boats">Abydos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor_Sand_site" title="Moor Sand site">Moor Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokos_shipwreck" title="Dokos shipwreck">Dokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu_ship" title="Khufu ship">Khufu ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Bronze_Age_Boat" title="Dover Bronze Age Boat">Dover Bronze Age Boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uluburun_shipwreck" title="Uluburun shipwreck">Uluburun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_shipwreck" title="Canaanite shipwreck">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Gelidonya#Bronze_Age_shipwreck" title="Cape Gelidonya">Cape Gelidonya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_of_Rochelongue" title="Wreck of Rochelongue">Rochelongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjortspring_boat" title="Hjortspring boat">Hjortspring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontian_boat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontian boat (page does not exist)">Pontian boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Butuan_boats" title="Balangay">Butuan boats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Black_Sea_shipwrecks" title="Ancient Black Sea shipwrecks">Black Sea‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinop_D" title="Sinop D">Sinop D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala</a></li> <li>Greek: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkelon_shipwrecks" title="Ashkelon shipwrecks">Ashkelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrenia ship">Kyrenia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leontophoros" title="Leontophoros">Leontophoros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syracusia" title="Syracusia">Syracusia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Phoenician: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Gozo Phoenician shipwreck">Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajo_de_la_Campana_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Bajo de la Campana Phoenician shipwreck">Bajo de la Campana</a></li></ul></li> <li>Punic: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala Punic shipwreck</a></li></ul></li> <li>Roman: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alkedo" title="Alkedo">Alkedo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arles_Rh%C3%B4ne_3" title="Arles Rhône 3">Arles Rhône 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_shipwrecks" title="Blackfriars shipwrecks">Blackfriars I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula%27s_Giant_Ship" title="Caligula's Giant Ship">Caligula's Giant Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ships_of_De_Meern" title="The Ships of De Meern">De Meern ships</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isis_(ship)" title="Isis (ship)">Isis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madrague_de_Giens_(shipwreck)" title="Madrague de Giens (shipwreck)">Madrague de Giens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemi_ships" title="Nemi ships">Nemi ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_ship_of_Marausa" title="Roman ship of Marausa">Marausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassi_Ada" title="Yassi Ada">Yassi Ada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lists: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_surviving_ships" title="List of oldest surviving ships">Oldest surviving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museum_ships" title="List of museum ships">Museum ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surviving_ancient_ships" title="List of surviving ancient ships">Surviving ancient ships</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H3_(Kuwait)" title="H3 (Kuwait)">H3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental<br />archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl" title="Thor Heyerdahl">Heyerdahl expeditions</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kon-Tiki_expedition" title="Kon-Tiki expedition">Kon-Tiki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl#Boats_Ra_and_Ra_II" title="Thor Heyerdahl"><i>Ra</i> and <i>Ra II</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_vessels" title="Austronesian vessels">Austronesian replicas</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Hōkūleʻa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarimanok_(vinta)" title="Sarimanok (vinta)">Sarimanok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Te_Au_o_Tonga" title="Te Au o Tonga">Te Au o Tonga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBiloa" title="Hawaiʻiloa">Hawaiʻiloa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samudra_Raksa" title="Samudra Raksa">Samudra Raksa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alingano_Maisu" title="Alingano Maisu">Alingano Maisu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Saina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Balangay_Voyage" title="Balangay">Balangay Voyage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafaite" title="Faʻafaite">Faʻafaite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaualofa" title="Gaualofa">Gaualofa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marumaru_Atua" title="Marumaru Atua">Marumaru Atua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Maritime_Museum#Seaworthy_ships" title="New Zealand Maritime Museum">Aotearoa One</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Mediterranean <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Olympias_(trireme)" title="Olympias (trireme)">Olympias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria#Other_reconstructions" title="Navis lusoria">Regina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_Ship_Expedition" title="Phoenician Ship Expedition">Phoenician Ship Expedition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ship_replica" title="Viking ship replica">Viking replicas</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_(replica_Viking_longship)" title="Viking (replica Viking longship)">Viking</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vital_Alsar_Pacific_raft_expeditions" title="Vital Alsar Pacific raft expeditions">Vital Alsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivlia_(ship)" title="Ivlia (ship)"><i>Ivlia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abora_(expeditions)" title="Abora (expeditions)">Abora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viracocha_expedition" title="Viracocha expedition">Viracocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangaroa_Expedition" title="Tangaroa Expedition">Tangaroa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutes and <br />conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_on_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology">Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Institute_of_America" title="Archaeological Institute of America">Archaeological Institute of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Association_of_Archaeologists" title="European Association of Archaeologists">European Association of Archaeologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Nautical_Archaeology" title="Institute of Nautical Archaeology">Institute of Nautical Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Congress_of_Maritime_Museums" title="International Congress of Maritime Museums">International Congress of Maritime Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPM_Nautical_Foundation" title="RPM Nautical Foundation">RPM Nautical Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Research_Society" title="Sea Research Society">Sea Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Archaeology" title="Society for American Archaeology">Society for American Archaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums and<br />memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodrum_Castle#Museum_of_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Bodrum Castle">Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giza_Solar_boat_museum" title="Giza Solar boat museum">Giza Solar boat museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Egyptian_Museum" title="Grand Egyptian Museum">Grand Egyptian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_Castle#Shipwreck_museum" title="Kyrenia Castle">Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Seafaring" title="Museum of Ancient Seafaring">Museum of Ancient Seafaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Ships,_Pisa" title="Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa">Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Subaquatic_Archaeology" title="National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology">National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology</a></li> <li>Viking ship museums: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Oslo)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)">Oslo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Roskilde)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)">Roskilde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Legend_and_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legend and literature</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_bulrushes" title="Ark of bulrushes">Ark of bulrushes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flood_myths" title="List of flood myths">Flood myths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_flood_myth" title="Gilgamesh flood myth">Gilgamesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_flood_myths" title="Ancient Greek flood myths">Greek</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)"><i>The Histories</i> (Herodotus)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Ocean_(Pytheas)" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Ocean (Pytheas)">On the Ocean</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Argonautica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Histories_(Polybius)" title="The Histories (Polybius)"><i>The Histories</i> (Polybius)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739529#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739529#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739529#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/181826210">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316352346">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/3718159478118627990007">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7276158792856539040001">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4731162368004825790005">5</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4279882-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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