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populations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forecasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forecasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Forecasting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forecasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microscale_meteorology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microscale_meteorology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Microscale meteorology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microscale_meteorology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extremes_on_Earth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extremes_on_Earth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Extremes on Earth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extremes_on_Earth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extraterrestrial_weather" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraterrestrial_weather"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Extraterrestrial weather</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extraterrestrial_weather-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_weather" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_weather"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Space weather</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_weather-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Weather</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 151 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-151" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">151 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weer_(meteorologie)" title="Weer (meteorologie) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Weer (meteorologie)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetter" title="Wetter – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wetter" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weder" title="Weder – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Weder" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%B3" title="طقس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طقس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orache" title="Orache – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Orache" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%B0" title="বতৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বতৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiempu_atmosf%C3%A9ricu" title="Tiempu atmosféricu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tiempu atmosféricu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE" title="मौसम – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="मौसम" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Гьава-бакъ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Гьава-бакъ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="আবহাওয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আবহাওয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%E2%81%BF-kh%C3%AC" title="Thiⁿ-khì – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thiⁿ-khì" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BE" title="Һауа торошо – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һауа торошо" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%E2%80%99%D0%B5" title="Надвор’е – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Надвор’е" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%E2%80%99%D0%B5" title="Надвор’е – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Надвор’е" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE" title="मौसम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मौसम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panahon_(meteorolohiya)" title="Panahon (meteorolohiya) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Panahon (meteorolohiya)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Време (метеорология) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Време (метеорология)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weda" title="Weda – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Weda" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrijeme_(meteorologija)" title="Vrijeme (meteorologija) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vrijeme (meteorologija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amzer_(meteorologiezh)" title="Amzer (meteorologiezh) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Amzer (meteorologiezh)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Сагай уларил – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Сагай уларил" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temps_atmosf%C3%A8ric" title="Temps atmosfèric – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Temps atmosfèric" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D0%BA" title="Çанталăк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çанталăк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%8Das%C3%AD" title="Počasí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Počasí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwewa" title="Hwewa – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hwewa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tywydd" title="Tywydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tywydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vejr" title="Vejr – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vejr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetter" title="Wetter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wetter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE" title="मौसम – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="मौसम" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilm" title="Ilm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ilm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Καιρός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καιρός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Венелькс – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Венелькс" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiempo_atmosf%C3%A9rico" title="Tiempo atmosférico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tiempo atmosférico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetero" title="Vetero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vetero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eguraldi" title="Eguraldi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eguraldi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7" title="هوا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausam" title="Mausam – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mausam" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C3%B0ur" title="Veður – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Veður" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temps_(m%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie)" title="Temps (météorologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Temps (météorologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimsir_(meit%C3%A9areola%C3%ADocht)" title="Aimsir (meitéareolaíocht) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aimsir (meitéareolaíocht)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimsir" title="Aimsir – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Aimsir" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo_atmosf%C3%A9rico" title="Tempo atmosférico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tempo atmosférico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Хаоттам – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Хаоттам" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="હવામાન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હવામાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="हवामान – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="हवामान" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%83%81" title="기상 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기상" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanayi" title="Yanayi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yanayi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Եղանակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եղանակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE" title="मौसम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मौसम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrijeme_(meteorologija)" title="Vrijeme (meteorologija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vrijeme (meteorologija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetero" title="Vetero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vetero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiempo_(atmosperiko)" title="Tiempo (atmosperiko) – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tiempo (atmosperiko)" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuaca" title="Cuaca – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cuaca" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempore_(meteorologia)" title="Tempore (meteorologia) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tempore (meteorologia)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempe" title="Tempe – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Tempe" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%E1%B8%B7a" title="Siḷa – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Siḷa" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C3%B0ur" title="Veður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Veður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo_(meteorologia)" title="Tempo (meteorologia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tempo (meteorologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%92_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8" title="מזג אוויר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מזג אוויר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuaca" title="Cuaca – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Cuaca" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silasiorneq" title="Silasiorneq – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Silasiorneq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಹವಾಮಾನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹವಾಮಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8E_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Кюнню халы – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Кюнню халы" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ამინდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ამინდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%97%D8%B3%D9%90%D9%85" title="موٗسِم – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="موٗسِم" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiodro" title="Wiodro – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Wiodro" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B" title="Ауа райы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ауа райы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewer" title="Kewer – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kewer" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hali_ya_hewa" title="Hali ya hewa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hali ya hewa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_(m%C3%A9t%C3%A9oroloji)" title="Tan (météoroloji) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tan (météoroloji)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B" title="Аба ырайы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аба ырайы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_caeli" title="Status caeli – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Status caeli" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laikapst%C4%81k%C4%BCi" title="Laikapstākļi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Laikapstākļi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wieder" title="Wieder – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wieder" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orai" title="Orai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Orai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waer" title="Waer – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Waer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima" title="Clima – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Clima" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temp_(atmosfera)" title="Temp (atmosfera) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Temp (atmosfera)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id%C5%91j%C3%A1r%C3%A1s" title="Időjárás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Időjárás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE" title="मौसम – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मौसम" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toetrandro" title="Toetrandro – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Toetrandro" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5" title="കാലാവസ്ഥ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാലാവസ്ഥ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="हवामान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हवामान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ტაროსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტაროსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuaca" title="Cuaca – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cuaca" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Ушесь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ушесь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Цаг агаар – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цаг агаар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9D%E1%80%9E" title="မိုးလေဝသ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မိုးလေဝသ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draki" title="Draki – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Draki" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weer_(meteorologie)" title="Weer (meteorologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Weer (meteorologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weer" title="Weer – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Weer" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE" title="मौसम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मौसम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%97" title="天気 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="天気" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weder" title="Weder – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Weder" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A6r" title="Vær – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vær" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AAr" title="Vêr – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vêr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temps_(meteorologia)" title="Temps (meteorologia) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Temps (meteorologia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%97" title="ପାଣିପାଗ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପାଣିପାଗ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob-havo" title="Ob-havo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ob-havo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE" title="ਮੌਸਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੌਸਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85" title="موسم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="موسم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wer" title="Wer – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Wer" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weda" title="Weda – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Weda" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedder" title="Wedder – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Wedder" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogoda" title="Pogoda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pogoda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo_(meteorologia)" title="Tempo (meteorologia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tempo (meteorologia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawa_ray%C4%B1" title="Hawa rayı – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Hawa rayı" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vreme" title="Vreme – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vreme" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Хвіля – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Хвіля" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Погода – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Погода" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD-%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Күн-дьыл туруга – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Күн-дьыл туруга" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wather" title="Wather – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Wather" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeder" title="Weeder – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Weeder" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boso" title="Boso – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Boso" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moti" title="Moti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Moti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="කාලගුණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කාලගුණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather" title="Weather – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Weather" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85" title="موسم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="موسم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%8Dasie" title="Počasie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Počasie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vreme" title="Vreme – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vreme" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%B4%D9%88%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7" title="کەشوھەوا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کەشوھەوا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Време (метеорологија) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Време (метеорологија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrijeme_(meteorologija)" title="Vrijeme (meteorologija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vrijeme (meteorologija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Sää – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sää" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4der" title="Väder – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Väder" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panahon_(meteorolohiya)" title="Panahon (meteorolohiya) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Panahon (meteorolohiya)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="வானிலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வானிலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tignewt" title="Tignewt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tignewt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Һава торышы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Һава торышы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/kayal(%E5%A4%A9%E7%A9%BA;%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%A3)" title="kayal(天空;天氣) – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="kayal(天空;天氣)" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF" title="పవనస్థితి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పవనస్థితి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8" title="ลมฟ้าอากาศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลมฟ้าอากาศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBEa" title="ʻEa – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻEa" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%99%E1%8F%AF%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%9C_%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%94%E1%8F%85%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%AC" title="ᏙᏯᏗᏜ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏍᎬ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏙᏯᏗᏜ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏍᎬ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hava_durumu" title="Hava durumu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hava durumu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Погода – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Погода" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85" title="موسم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="موسم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dienheiq" title="Dienheiq – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Dienheiq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4" title="Sä – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Sä" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%9Di_ti%E1%BA%BFt" title="Thời tiết – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thời tiết" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilm" title="Ilm – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ilm" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tins_(k%27_i_fwait)" title="Tins (k' i fwait) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tins (k' i fwait)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panahon_(meteorolohiya)" title="Panahon (meteorolohiya) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Panahon (meteorolohiya)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%A3" title="天氣 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="天氣" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxelo" title="Maxelo – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Maxelo" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="וועטער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וועטער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%A3" title="天氣 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="天氣" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uor%C4%81" title="Uorā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Uorā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%94" title="天气 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="天气" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawa" title="Hawa – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Hawa" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li 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For the geological process, see <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">Weathering</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Weather_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Weather (disambiguation)">Weather (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weather_systems_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Weather systems (disambiguation)">Weather systems (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>"Fair weather" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fairweather_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Fairweather (disambiguation)">Fairweather (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_and_lighthouse_overnight_storm_with_lightning_in_Port-la-Nouvelle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Port_and_lighthouse_overnight_storm_with_lightning_in_Port-la-Nouvelle.jpg/290px-Port_and_lighthouse_overnight_storm_with_lightning_in_Port-la-Nouvelle.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Port_and_lighthouse_overnight_storm_with_lightning_in_Port-la-Nouvelle.jpg/435px-Port_and_lighthouse_overnight_storm_with_lightning_in_Port-la-Nouvelle.jpg 1.5x, 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Weather" title="Category:Weather">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Weather</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">Temperate and polar seasons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">Autumn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">Tropical seasons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">Dry season</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harmattan" title="Harmattan">Harmattan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">Wet season</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Storm" title="Storm">Storms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Cloud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumulonimbus_cloud" title="Cumulonimbus cloud">Cumulonimbus cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcus_cloud" title="Arcus cloud">Arcus cloud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downburst" title="Downburst">Downburst</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microburst" class="mw-redirect" title="Microburst">Microburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_burst" title="Heat burst">Heat burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derecho" title="Derecho">Derecho</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">Lightning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_lightning" title="Volcanic lightning">Volcanic lightning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">Thunderstorm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air-mass_thunderstorm" title="Air-mass thunderstorm">Air-mass thunderstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thundersnow" title="Thundersnow">Thundersnow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_thunderstorm" title="Dry thunderstorm">Dry thunderstorm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesocyclone" title="Mesocyclone">Mesocyclone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supercell" title="Supercell">Supercell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">Tornado</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticyclonic_tornado" title="Anticyclonic tornado">Anticyclonic tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landspout" title="Landspout">Landspout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterspout" title="Waterspout">Waterspout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_devil" title="Dust devil">Dust devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_whirl" title="Fire whirl">Fire whirl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticyclone">Anticyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">Cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_low" title="Polar low">Polar low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">Extratropical cyclone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_windstorm" title="European windstorm">European windstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nor%27easter" title="Nor'easter">Nor'easter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtropical_cyclone" title="Subtropical cyclone">Subtropical cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical cyclone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane" title="Atlantic hurricane">Atlantic hurricane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">Typhoon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">Storm surge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">Dust storm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simoom" title="Simoom">Simoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haboob" title="Haboob">Haboob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">Monsoon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amihan" title="Amihan">Amihan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gale" title="Gale">Gale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirocco" title="Sirocco">Sirocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">Firestorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_storm" title="Winter storm">Winter storm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storm" title="Ice storm">Ice storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blizzard" title="Blizzard">Blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_blizzard" title="Ground blizzard">Ground blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_squall" title="Snow squall">Snow squall</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">Precipitation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drizzle" title="Drizzle">Drizzle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freezing_drizzle" title="Freezing drizzle">Freezing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graupel" title="Graupel">Graupel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">Hail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megacryometeor" title="Megacryometeor">Megacryometeor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_pellets" title="Ice pellets">Ice pellets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_dust" title="Diamond dust">Diamond dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freezing_rain" title="Freezing rain">Freezing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudburst" title="Cloudburst">Cloudburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rain_and_snow_mixed" title="Rain and snow mixed">Rain and snow mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_grains" title="Snow grains">Snow grains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_roller" title="Snow roller">Snow roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slush" title="Slush">Slush</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_meteorology_articles" title="Index of meteorology articles">Topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">Atmosphere</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_convection" title="Atmospheric convection">Convection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_physics" title="Atmospheric physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_river" title="Atmospheric river">River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Cloud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_physics" title="Cloud physics">Physics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">Fog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mist" title="Mist">Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog_season" title="Fog season">Season</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_wave" title="Cold wave">Cold wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_stream" title="Jet stream">Jet stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather" title="Severe weather">Severe weather</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_severe_weather_phenomena" title="List of severe weather phenomena">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme</a></li> <li>Severe weather terminology <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(Canada)" title="Severe weather terminology (Canada)">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(Japan)" title="Severe weather terminology (Japan)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(United_States)" title="Severe weather terminology (United States)">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_modification" title="Weather modification">Weather modification</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Glossaries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_meteorology" title="Glossary of meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climate_change" title="Glossary of climate change">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_tornado_terms" title="Glossary of tornado terms">Tornado terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_tropical_cyclone_terms" title="Glossary of tropical cyclone terms">Tropical cyclone terms</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#ccc 1px solid; border-bottom:#ccc 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/16px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/24px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/32px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Weather" title="Portal:Weather">Weather portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Weather" title="Template:Weather"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Weather" title="Template talk:Weather"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Weather" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Weather"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Weather</b> is the state of the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, describing for example the degree to which it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or <a href="/wiki/Cloud_cover" title="Cloud cover">cloudy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, most weather phenomena occur in the lowest layer of the planet's <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">atmosphere</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> just below the <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a>. Weather refers to day-to-day temperature, <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a>, and other atmospheric conditions, whereas <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> is the term for the averaging of atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When used without qualification, "weather" is generally understood to mean the weather of Earth. </p><p>Weather is driven by <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">air pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moisture" title="Moisture">moisture</a> differences between one place and another. These differences can occur due to the <a href="/wiki/Effect_of_Sun_angle_on_climate" title="Effect of Sun angle on climate">Sun's angle</a> at any particular spot, which varies with <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>. The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the largest scale <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation" title="Atmospheric circulation">atmospheric circulations</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Hadley_cell" title="Hadley cell">Hadley cell</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ferrel_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrel cell">Ferrel cell</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Polar_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar cells">polar cell</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Jet_stream" title="Jet stream">jet stream</a>. Weather systems in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_latitudes" title="Middle latitudes">middle latitudes</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">extratropical cyclones</a>, are caused by instabilities of the jet streamflow. Because Earth's <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">axis is tilted</a> relative to its <a href="/wiki/Orbital_plane_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital plane (astronomy)">orbital plane</a> (called the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> is incident at <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics)" title="Angle of incidence (optics)">different angles</a> at different times of the year. On Earth's surface, temperatures usually range ±40 °C (−40 °F to 104 °F) annually. Over thousands of years, changes in Earth's <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a> can affect the amount and distribution of <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a> received by Earth, thus influencing long-term climate and global <a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">climate change</a>. </p><p>Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences. Higher altitudes are cooler than lower altitudes, as most atmospheric heating is due to contact with the Earth's surface while radiative losses to space are mostly constant. <a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather forecasting</a> is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">atmosphere</a> for a future time and a given location. Earth's weather system is a <a href="/wiki/Chaos_theory" title="Chaos theory">chaotic system</a>; as a result, small changes to one part of the system can grow to have large effects on the system as a whole. Human attempts to <a href="/wiki/Weather_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Weather control">control the weather</a> have occurred throughout history, and there is evidence that <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">human activities</a> such as agriculture and industry have modified weather patterns. </p><p>Studying how the weather works on other planets has been helpful in understanding how weather works on Earth. A famous landmark in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, Jupiter's <a href="/wiki/Great_Red_Spot" title="Great Red Spot">Great Red Spot</a>, is an <a href="/wiki/Anticyclonic_storm" title="Anticyclonic storm">anticyclonic storm</a> known to have existed for at least 300 years. However, the weather is not limited to planetary bodies. A <a href="/wiki/Stellar_corona" title="Stellar corona">star's corona</a> is constantly being lost to space, creating what is essentially a very thin atmosphere throughout the Solar System. The movement of mass ejected from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> is known as the <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stormclouds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Stormclouds.jpg/250px-Stormclouds.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Stormclouds.jpg/375px-Stormclouds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Stormclouds.jpg/500px-Stormclouds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cumulonimbus_cloud" title="Cumulonimbus cloud">Cumulonimbus cloud</a> surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Stratocumulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratocumulus">stratocumulus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, common <a href="/wiki/List_of_meteorological_phenomena" class="mw-redirect" title="List of meteorological phenomena">weather phenomena</a> include wind, <a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">cloud</a>, rain, snow, <a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">fog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">dust storms</a>. Some more common events include <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">hurricanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Typhoons" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoons">typhoons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ice_storm" title="Ice storm">ice storms</a>. Almost all familiar weather phenomena occur in the troposphere (the lower part of the atmosphere).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weather does occur in the stratosphere and can affect weather lower down in the troposphere, but the exact mechanisms are poorly understood.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Weather occurs primarily due to air pressure, temperature and <a href="/wiki/Moisture" title="Moisture">moisture</a> differences from one place to another. These differences can occur due to the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">sun</a> angle at any particular spot, which varies by latitude in the tropics. In other words, the farther from the tropics one lies, the lower the sun angle is, which causes those locations to be cooler due to the spread of the <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> over a greater surface.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strong temperature contrast between <a href="/wiki/Polar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar region">polar</a> and tropical air gives rise to the large scale <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation" title="Atmospheric circulation">atmospheric circulation</a> cells and the <a href="/wiki/Jet_stream" title="Jet stream">jet stream</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stimac_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stimac-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weather <a href="/wiki/Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems">systems</a> in the mid-latitudes, such as <a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">extratropical cyclones</a>, are caused by instabilities of the <a href="/wiki/Jet_stream" title="Jet stream">jet stream</a> flow (see <a href="/wiki/Baroclinity" title="Baroclinity">baroclinity</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weather systems in the tropics, such as <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoons</a> or organized <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">thunderstorm</a> systems, are caused by different processes. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16-008-NASA-2015RecordWarmGlobalYearSince1880-20160120.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/16-008-NASA-2015RecordWarmGlobalYearSince1880-20160120.png/300px-16-008-NASA-2015RecordWarmGlobalYearSince1880-20160120.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/16-008-NASA-2015RecordWarmGlobalYearSince1880-20160120.png/450px-16-008-NASA-2015RecordWarmGlobalYearSince1880-20160120.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/16-008-NASA-2015RecordWarmGlobalYearSince1880-20160120.png/600px-16-008-NASA-2015RecordWarmGlobalYearSince1880-20160120.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">2015 – <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">5th Warmest Global Year</a> on Record (since 1880) as of 2021 – Colors indicate temperature anomalies (<a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>/<a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a>; 20 January 2016).<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20160120_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20160120-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Because the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">axis</a> is tilted relative to its orbital plane, <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> is incident at different angles at different times of the year. In June the Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, so at any given Northern Hemisphere latitude sunlight falls more directly on that spot than in December (see <a href="/wiki/Effect_of_sun_angle_on_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Effect of sun angle on climate">Effect of sun angle on climate</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This effect causes seasons. Over thousands to hundreds of thousands of years, changes in Earth's orbital parameters affect the amount and distribution of <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a> received by the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> and influence long-term climate. (See <a href="/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles" title="Milankovitch cycles">Milankovitch cycles</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The uneven solar heating (the formation of zones of temperature and moisture gradients, or <a href="/wiki/Frontogenesis" title="Frontogenesis">frontogenesis</a>) can also be due to the weather itself in the form of cloudiness and precipitation.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Higher altitudes are typically cooler than lower altitudes, which is the result of higher surface temperature and radiational heating, which produces the <a href="/wiki/Adiabatic_process" title="Adiabatic process">adiabatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Lapse_rate" title="Lapse rate">lapse rate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some situations, the temperature actually increases with height. This phenomenon is known as an <a href="/wiki/Inversion_(meteorology)" title="Inversion (meteorology)">inversion</a> and can cause mountaintops to be warmer than the valleys below. Inversions can lead to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">fog</a> and often act as a <a href="/wiki/Capping_inversion" title="Capping inversion">cap</a> that <a href="/wiki/Convective_inhibition" title="Convective inhibition">suppresses</a> thunderstorm development. On local scales, temperature differences can occur because different surfaces (such as oceans, forests, <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a> sheets, or human-made objects) have differing physical characteristics such as <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">reflectivity</a>, roughness, or moisture content. </p><p>Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences. A hot surface warms the air above it causing it to expand and lower the density and the resulting surface <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">air pressure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting horizontal <a href="/wiki/Pressure_gradient_(atmospheric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure gradient (atmospheric)">pressure gradient</a> moves the air from higher to lower pressure regions, creating a wind, and the Earth's rotation then causes deflection of this airflow due to the <a href="/wiki/Coriolis_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriolis effect">Coriolis effect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The simple systems thus formed can then display <a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">emergent behaviour</a> to produce more <a href="/wiki/Pressure_system" title="Pressure system">complex systems</a> and thus other weather phenomena. Large scale examples include the <a href="/wiki/Hadley_cell" title="Hadley cell">Hadley cell</a> while a smaller scale example would be <a href="/wiki/Sea_breeze" title="Sea breeze">coastal breezes</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">atmosphere</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Chaos_theory" title="Chaos theory">chaotic system</a>. As a result, small changes to one part of the system can accumulate and magnify to cause large effects on the system as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This atmospheric instability makes weather forecasting less predictable than tidal waves or eclipses.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorenz,_1969_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorenz,_1969-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it is difficult to accurately predict weather more than a few days in advance, <a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">weather forecasters</a> are continually working to extend this limit through <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorological</a> research and refining current methodologies in weather prediction. However, it is theoretically impossible to make useful day-to-day <a href="/wiki/Predictions" class="mw-redirect" title="Predictions">predictions</a> more than about two weeks ahead, imposing an upper limit to <a href="/wiki/Potential" title="Potential">potential</a> for improved prediction skill.<sup id="cite_ref-Chaos_in_the_Atmosphere_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaos_in_the_Atmosphere-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shaping_the_planet_Earth">Shaping the planet Earth</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">Weathering</a></div> <p>Weather is one of the fundamental processes that shape the Earth. The process of weathering breaks down the rocks and soils into smaller fragments and then into their constituent substances.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During rains precipitation, the water droplets absorb and dissolve carbon dioxide from the surrounding air. This causes the rainwater to be slightly acidic, which aids the erosive properties of water. The released sediment and chemicals are then free to take part in <a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemical</a> reactions that can affect the surface further (such as <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a>), and sodium and chloride ions (<a href="/wiki/Sea_salt" title="Sea salt">salt</a>) deposited in the seas/oceans. The sediment may reform in time and by geological forces into other rocks and soils. In this way, weather plays a major role in <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> of the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effect_on_humans">Effect on humans</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Biometeorology#Human_biometeorology" title="Biometeorology">Biometeorology</a></div> <p>Weather, seen from an anthropological perspective, is something all humans in the world constantly experience through their senses, at least while being outside. There are socially and scientifically constructed understandings of what weather is, what makes it change, the effect the weather, and especially <b>inclement weather</b>, has on humans in different situations, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, weather is something people often communicate about. </p><p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a> has an annual report for fatalities, injury, and total damage costs which include crop and property. They gather this data via National Weather Service offices located throughout the 50 states in the United States as well as <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a>. As of 2019, tornadoes have had the greatest impact on humans with 42 fatalities while costing crop and property damage over 3 billion dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_on_populations">Effects on populations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navy-FloodedNewOrleans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Navy-FloodedNewOrleans.jpg/220px-Navy-FloodedNewOrleans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Navy-FloodedNewOrleans.jpg/330px-Navy-FloodedNewOrleans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Navy-FloodedNewOrleans.jpg/440px-Navy-FloodedNewOrleans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2878" data-file-height="1850" /></a><figcaption>New Orleans, Louisiana, after being struck by <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>. Katrina was a <a href="/wiki/Category_3_hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Category 3 hurricane">Category 3 hurricane</a> when it struck although it had been a category 5 hurricane in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The weather has played a large and sometimes direct part in <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">human history</a>. Aside from <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climatic changes</a> that have caused the gradual drift of populations (for example the <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a> of the Middle East, and the formation of <a href="/wiki/Land_bridge" title="Land bridge">land bridges</a> during <a href="/wiki/Glacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial">glacial</a> periods), <a href="/wiki/Severe_weather" title="Severe weather">extreme weather</a> events have caused smaller scale population movements and intruded directly in historical events. One such event is the saving of Japan from invasion by the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a> fleet of <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze_(typhoon)" title="Kamikaze (typhoon)">Kamikaze</a> winds in 1281.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French claims to Florida came to an end in 1565 when a hurricane destroyed the French fleet, allowing Spain to conquer <a href="/wiki/Fort_Caroline" title="Fort Caroline">Fort Caroline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> redistributed over one million people from the central <a href="/wiki/Gulf_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf coast">Gulf coast</a> elsewhere across the United States, becoming the largest <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> in the history of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a> caused crop failures and <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famines</a> in Europe. During the period known as the <a href="/wiki/Grindelwald_Fluctuation" title="Grindelwald Fluctuation">Grindelwald Fluctuation</a> (1560–1630), volcanic forcing events<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seem to have led to more extreme weather events.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included droughts, storms and unseasonal blizzards, as well as causing the Swiss <a href="/wiki/Lower_Grindelwald_Glacier" title="Lower Grindelwald Glacier">Grindelwald Glacier</a> to expand. The 1690s saw the worst famine in France since the Middle Ages. Finland suffered a severe famine in 1696–1697, during which about one-third of the Finnish population died.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forecasting">Forecasting</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather forecasting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Day5pressureforecast.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Day5pressureforecast.png/220px-Day5pressureforecast.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Day5pressureforecast.png/330px-Day5pressureforecast.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Day5pressureforecast.png/440px-Day5pressureforecast.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption>Forecast of surface pressures five days into the future for the north Pacific, North America, and the north Atlantic Ocean as on 9 June 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">atmosphere</a> for a future time and a given location. Human beings have attempted to predict the weather informally for millennia, and formally since at least the nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weather forecasts are made by collecting <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantitative data">quantitative data</a> about the current state of the atmosphere and using <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">scientific understanding of atmospheric processes</a> to project how the atmosphere will evolve.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once an all-human endeavor based mainly upon changes in <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">barometric pressure</a>, current weather conditions, and sky condition,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Numerical_weather_prediction" title="Numerical weather prediction">forecast models</a> are now used to determine future conditions. On the other hand, human input is still required to pick the best possible forecast model to base the forecast upon, which involves many disciplines such as pattern recognition skills, <a href="/wiki/Teleconnection" title="Teleconnection">teleconnections</a>, knowledge of model performance, and knowledge of model biases. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chaos_theory" title="Chaos theory">chaotic</a> nature of the atmosphere, the massive computational power required to solve the equations that describe the atmosphere, the error involved in measuring the initial conditions, and an incomplete understanding of atmospheric processes mean that forecasts become less accurate as of the difference in current time and the time for which the forecast is being made (the <i>range</i> of the forecast) increases. The use of ensembles and model consensus helps to narrow the error and pick the most likely outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-Klaus_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klaus-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TBK_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TBK-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are a variety of end users to weather forecasts. Weather warnings are important forecasts because they are used to protect life and property.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forecasts based on temperature and <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> are important to agriculture,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and therefore to commodity traders within stock markets. Temperature forecasts are used by utility companies to estimate demand over coming days.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some areas, people use weather forecasts to determine what to wear on a given day. Since outdoor activities are severely curtailed by heavy <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snow</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wind_chill" title="Wind chill">wind chill</a>, forecasts can be used to plan activities around these events and to plan ahead to survive through them. </p><p>Tropical weather forecasting is different from that at higher latitudes. The sun shines more directly on the tropics than on higher latitudes (at least on average over a year), which makes the tropics warm (Stevens 2011). And, the vertical direction (up, as one stands on the Earth's surface) is perpendicular to the Earth's axis of rotation at the equator, while the axis of rotation and the vertical are the same at the pole; this causes the Earth's rotation to influence the atmospheric circulation more strongly at high latitudes than low latitudes. Because of these two factors, clouds and rainstorms in the tropics can occur more spontaneously compared to those at higher latitudes, where they are more tightly controlled by larger-scale forces in the atmosphere. Because of these differences, clouds and rain are more difficult to forecast in the tropics than at higher latitudes. On the other hand, the temperature is easily forecast in the tropics, because it does not change much.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modification">Modification</h2></div> <p>The aspiration to <a href="/wiki/Weather_modification" title="Weather modification">control the weather</a> is evident throughout human history: from ancient rituals intended to bring rain for crops to the U.S. Military <a href="/wiki/Operation_Popeye" title="Operation Popeye">Operation Popeye</a>, an attempt to disrupt <a href="/wiki/Military_supply_chain_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Military supply chain management">supply lines</a> by lengthening the North Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a>. The most successful attempts at influencing weather involve <a href="/wiki/Cloud_seeding" title="Cloud seeding">cloud seeding</a>; they include the <a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">fog</a>- and low <a href="/wiki/Stratus_cloud" title="Stratus cloud">stratus</a> dispersion techniques employed by major airports, techniques used to increase <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">winter precipitation</a> over mountains, and techniques to suppress <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AMS_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMS-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent example of weather control was China's preparation for the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympic Games</a>. China shot 1,104 rain dispersal rockets from 21 sites in the city of <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> in an effort to keep rain away from the opening ceremony of the games on 8 August 2008. Guo Hu, head of the Beijing Municipal Meteorological Bureau (BMB), confirmed the success of the operation with 100 millimeters falling in <a href="/wiki/Baoding" title="Baoding">Baoding</a> City of <a href="/wiki/Hebei_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebei Province">Hebei Province</a>, to the southwest and Beijing's <a href="/wiki/Fangshan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Fangshan District">Fangshan District</a> recording a rainfall of 25 millimeters.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whereas there is inconclusive evidence for these techniques' efficacy, there is extensive evidence that human activity such as agriculture and industry results in inadvertent weather modification:<sup id="cite_ref-AMS_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMS-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a>, caused by industrial <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">emission</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">nitrogen oxides</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, adversely affects <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">freshwater lakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">vegetation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">structures</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Anthropogenic</a> pollutants reduce <a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">air quality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visibility" title="Visibility">visibility</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> caused by human activities that emit <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> into the air is expected to affect the frequency of <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a> events such as drought, extreme temperatures, <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flooding</a>, high winds, and <a href="/wiki/Storm" title="Storm">severe storms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">Heat</a>, generated by large metropolitan areas have been shown to minutely affect nearby weather, even at distances as far as 1,600 kilometres (990 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The effects of inadvertent weather modification may pose serious threats to many aspects of civilization, including <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a>, food and fiber production, <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a>, and human health.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Microscale_meteorology">Microscale meteorology</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Microscale_meteorology" title="Microscale meteorology">Microscale meteorology</a> is the study of short-lived <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">atmospheric</a> phenomena smaller than <a href="/wiki/Mesoscale_meteorology" title="Mesoscale meteorology">mesoscale</a>, about 1 km or less. These two branches of <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a> are sometimes grouped together as "mesoscale and microscale meteorology" (MMM) and together study all phenomena smaller than <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_scale_meteorology" title="Synoptic scale meteorology">synoptic scale</a>; that is they study features generally too small to be depicted on a <a href="/wiki/Weather_map" title="Weather map">weather map</a>. These include small and generally fleeting cloud "puffs" and other small cloud features.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extremes_on_Earth">Extremes on Earth</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:07_July_-_Percent_of_global_area_at_temperature_records_-_Global_warming_-_NOAA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/07_July_-_Percent_of_global_area_at_temperature_records_-_Global_warming_-_NOAA.svg/220px-07_July_-_Percent_of_global_area_at_temperature_records_-_Global_warming_-_NOAA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/07_July_-_Percent_of_global_area_at_temperature_records_-_Global_warming_-_NOAA.svg/330px-07_July_-_Percent_of_global_area_at_temperature_records_-_Global_warming_-_NOAA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/07_July_-_Percent_of_global_area_at_temperature_records_-_Global_warming_-_NOAA.svg/440px-07_July_-_Percent_of_global_area_at_temperature_records_-_Global_warming_-_NOAA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption> In recent decades, new high temperature records have substantially outpaced new low temperature records on a growing portion of Earth's surface<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_July_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_July-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Extremes_on_Earth" title="Extremes on Earth">Extremes on Earth</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_weather_records" title="List of weather records">List of weather records</a></div> <p>On Earth, temperatures usually range ±40 °C (100 °F to −40 °F) annually. The range of climates and latitudes across the planet can offer extremes of temperature outside this range. The coldest air temperature ever recorded on Earth is −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), at <a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok Station</a>, Antarctica on 21 July 1983. The hottest air temperature ever recorded was 57.7 °C (135.9 °F) at <a href="/wiki/%27Aziziya" class="mw-redirect" title="'Aziziya">'Aziziya</a>, Libya, on 13 September 1922,<sup id="cite_ref-NCDC_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCDC-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but <a href="/wiki/%27Aziziya#Geography_and_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="'Aziziya">that reading is queried</a>. The highest recorded average annual temperature was 34.4 °C (93.9 °F) at <a href="/wiki/Dallol,_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallol, Ethiopia">Dallol</a>, Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coldest recorded average annual temperature was −55.1 °C (−67.2 °F) at <a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok Station</a>, Antarctica.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coldest average annual temperature in a permanently inhabited location is at <a href="/wiki/Eureka,_Nunavut" title="Eureka, Nunavut">Eureka, Nunavut</a>, in Canada, where the annual average temperature is −19.7 °C (−3.5 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The windiest place ever recorded is in Antarctica, <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Bay" title="Commonwealth Bay">Commonwealth</a> Bay (George V Coast). Here the gales reach 199 mph (320 <a href="/wiki/Kilometres_per_hour" title="Kilometres per hour">km/h</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the greatest <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snowfall</a> in a period of twelve <a href="/wiki/Month" title="Month">months</a> occurred in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier">Mount Rainier</a>, Washington, US. It was recorded as 31,102 mm (102.04 ft) of snow.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extraterrestrial_weather">Extraterrestrial weather</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Red_Spot_From_Voyager_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Great_Red_Spot_From_Voyager_1.jpg/220px-Great_Red_Spot_From_Voyager_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Great_Red_Spot_From_Voyager_1.jpg/330px-Great_Red_Spot_From_Voyager_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Great_Red_Spot_From_Voyager_1.jpg/440px-Great_Red_Spot_From_Voyager_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="848" /></a><figcaption>Jupiter's Great Red Spot in February 1979, photographed by the uncrewed <i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i> NASA space probe.</figcaption></figure> <p>Studying how the weather works on other planets has been seen as helpful in understanding how it works on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weather on other planets follows many of the same physical principles as weather on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, but occurs on different scales and in atmospheres having different chemical composition. The <i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i> mission to <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a> discovered clouds formed from methane or ethane which deposit rain composed of liquid <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earth's atmosphere includes six latitudinal circulation zones, three in each hemisphere.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter's</a> banded appearance shows many such zones,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Titan has a single jet stream near the 50th parallel north latitude,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> has a single jet near the equator.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most famous landmarks in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, Jupiter's <a href="/wiki/Great_Red_Spot" title="Great Red Spot">Great Red Spot</a>, is an <a href="/wiki/Anticyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticyclone">anticyclonic</a> storm known to have existed for at least 300 years.<sup id="cite_ref-HaydPlan_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaydPlan-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On other <a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">giant planets</a>, the lack of a surface allows the wind to reach enormous speeds: gusts of up to 600 metres per second (about 2,100 km/h or 1,300 mph) have been measured on the planet <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Suomi1991_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suomi1991-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has created a puzzle for <a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">planetary scientists</a>. The weather is ultimately created by solar energy and the amount of energy received by Neptune is only about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">900</span></span> of that received by Earth, yet the intensity of weather phenomena on Neptune is far greater than on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weather&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the strongest planetary winds discovered are on the <a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrasolar planet">extrasolar planet</a> <a href="/wiki/HD_189733_b" title="HD 189733 b">HD 189733 b</a>, which is thought to have easterly winds moving at more than 9,600 kilometres per hour (6,000 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-Knutson_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knutson-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Space_weather">Space weather</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polarlicht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Polarlicht.jpg/220px-Polarlicht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Polarlicht.jpg/330px-Polarlicht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Polarlicht.jpg/440px-Polarlicht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aurora_borealis" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora borealis">Aurora borealis</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_weather" title="Space weather">Space weather</a></div> <p>Weather is not limited to planetary bodies. Like all stars, the <a href="/wiki/Solar_corona" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar corona">Sun's corona</a> is constantly being lost to space, creating what is essentially a very thin <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. The movement of mass ejected from the Sun is known as the <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a>. Inconsistencies in this wind and larger events on the surface of the star, such as <a href="/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">coronal mass ejections</a>, form a system that has features analogous to conventional weather systems (such as pressure and wind) and is generally known as <a href="/wiki/Space_weather" title="Space weather">space weather</a>. Coronal mass ejections have been tracked as far out in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> as <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The activity of this system can affect planetary <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmospheres</a> and occasionally surfaces. The interaction of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a> with the terrestrial atmosphere can produce spectacular <a href="/wiki/Aurora_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora (astronomy)">aurorae</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can play havoc with electrically sensitive systems such as <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">electricity grids</a> and radio signals.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_meteorology" title="Glossary of meteorology">Glossary of meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_seasons" title="Indigenous Australian seasons">Indigenous Australian seasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_meteorology" title="Outline of meteorology">Outline of meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_station" title="Weather station">Weather station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_of_2025" title="Weather of 2025">Weather of 2025</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/weather">Weather.</a>" <i>Merriam-Webster Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709032002/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/weather">Archived</a> 9 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved on 27 June 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315161323/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=hydrosphere&submit=Search">"Hydrosphere"</a>. <i>Glossary of Meteorology</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=hydrosphere&submit=Search">the original</a> on 15 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Canon of Insolation and the Ice Age Problem. Zavod za Udz̆benike i Nastavna Sredstva: Belgrade, 1941. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/86-17-06619-9" title="Special:BookSources/86-17-06619-9">86-17-06619-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ron W. 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"A map of the day–night contrast of the extrasolar planet HD 189733b". <i>Nature</i>. <b>447</b> (7141): <span class="nowrap">183–</span>186. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0705.0993">0705.0993</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.447..183K">2007Natur.447..183K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05782">10.1038/nature05782</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17495920">17495920</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4402268">4402268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+map+of+the+day%E2%80%93night+contrast+of+the+extrasolar+planet+HD+189733b&rft.volume=447&rft.issue=7141&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E183-%3C%2Fspan%3E186&rft.date=2007-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4402268%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Natur.447..183K&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0705.0993&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17495920&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature05782&rft.aulast=Knutson&rft.aufirst=Heather+A.&rft.au=David+Charbonneau&rft.au=Lori+E.+Allen&rft.au=Jonathan+J.+Fortney&rft.au=Eric+Agol&rft.au=Nicolas+B.+Cowan&rft.au=Adam+P.+Showman&rft.au=Curtis+S.+Cooper&rft.au=S.+Thomas+Megeath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bill Christensen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/businesstechnology/technology/technovel_shock_041105.html">Shock to the (Solar) System: Coronal Mass Ejection Tracked to Saturn.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110101202451/http://www.space.com/businesstechnology/technology/technovel_shock_041105.html">Archived</a> 1 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved on 28 June 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AlaskaReport. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alaskareport.com/science10043.htm">What Causes the Aurora Borealis?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231153/http://alaskareport.com/science10043.htm">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved on 28 June 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViereck2007" class="citation web cs1">Viereck, Rodney (Summer 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lasp.colorado.edu/media/education/reu/2007/docs/talks/SW_Intro_Viereck.ppt">"Space Weather: What is it? How Will it Affect You?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_for_Atmospheric_and_Space_Physics" title="Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics">Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder" title="University of Colorado Boulder">University of Colorado Boulder</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151023184243/http://lasp.colorado.edu/media/education/reu/2007/docs/talks/SW_Intro_Viereck.ppt">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2008</span>. <q>powerpoint download</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Laboratory+for+Atmospheric+and+Space+Physics+at+University+of+Colorado+Boulder&rft.atitle=Space+Weather%3A+What+is+it%3F+How+Will+it+Affect+You%3F&rft.ssn=summer&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Viereck&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flasp.colorado.edu%2Fmedia%2Feducation%2Freu%2F2007%2Fdocs%2Ftalks%2FSW_Intro_Viereck.ppt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" 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