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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecomandament" title="Telecomandament – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Telecomandament" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernsteuerung" title="Fernsteuerung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fernsteuerung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9guidage" title="Téléguidage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Téléguidage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Method of controlling a remote system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Telecommand" title="Special:EditPage/Telecommand">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Telecommand%22">"Telecommand"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Telecommand%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Telecommand%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Telecommand%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Telecommand%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Telecommand%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>telecommand</b> or <b>telecontrol</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Command_(computing)" title="Command (computing)">command</a> sent to control a remote system or systems not directly connected (e.g. via wires) to the place from which the telecommand is sent. The word is derived from <i>tele</i> = remote (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>), and <i>command</i> = to entrust/order (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>). Systems that need remote measurement and reporting of information of interest to the system designer or operator require the counterpart of telecommand, <a href="/wiki/Telemetry" title="Telemetry">telemetry</a>. The <i>telecommand</i> can be done in <a href="/wiki/Real-time_Control_System" title="Real-time Control System">real time</a> or not depending on the circumstances (in space, delay may be of days), as was the case of <a href="/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)#Marsokhod" title="Rover (space exploration)">Marsokhod</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommand&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Control of a TV via a remote</li> <li>Remote guidance of weapons or missiles</li> <li>Control of a satellite from a ground station</li> <li>Flying a <a href="/wiki/Radio-controlled_airplane" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio-controlled airplane">radio-controlled airplane</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transmission_of_commands">Transmission of commands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommand&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Transmission of commands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For a Telecommand (TC) to be effective, it must be compiled into a pre-arranged format (which may follow a standard structure), modulated onto a carrier wave which is then transmitted with adequate power to the remote system. The remote system will then demodulate the digital signal from the carrier, decode the TC, and execute it. Transmission of the carrier wave can be by ultrasound, infra-red or other electromagnetic means. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrared">Infrared</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommand&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Infrared"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">Infrared</a> light makes up the invisible section of the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-howstuffworks1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howstuffworks1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This light, also classified as heat, transmits signals between the transmitter and receiver of the remote system.<sup id="cite_ref-howstuffworks1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howstuffworks1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telecommand systems usually include a physical remote, which contains four key parts: buttons, <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a>, button contacts, and a <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diode</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-softpedia1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-softpedia1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the buttons on a remote are pressed they touch and close their corresponding contacts below them within the remote.<sup id="cite_ref-softpedia1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-softpedia1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This completes the necessary circuit on the circuit board along with a change in <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance" title="Electrical resistance and conductance">electrical resistance</a>, which is detected by the integrated circuit. Based on the change in electrical resistance, the integrated circuit distinguishes which button was pushed and sends a corresponding <a href="/wiki/Binary_code" title="Binary code">binary code</a> to the light-emitting diode (LED) usually located at the front of the remote.<sup id="cite_ref-softpedia1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-softpedia1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To transfer the information from the remote to the receiver, the LED turns the electrical signals into an invisible beam of infrared light that corresponds with the binary code and sends this light to the receiver.<sup id="cite_ref-softpedia1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-softpedia1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The receiver then detects the light signal via a <a href="/wiki/Photodiode" title="Photodiode">photodiode</a> and it is transformed into an electrical signal for the command and is sent to the receiver’s integrated circuit/<a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a> to process and complete the command.<sup id="cite_ref-softpedia1_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-softpedia1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strength of the transmitting LED can vary and determines the required positioning accuracy of the remote in relevance to the receiver.<sup id="cite_ref-howstuffworks1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howstuffworks1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infrared remotes have a maximum range of approximately 30 feet and require the remote control or transmitter and receiver to be within a <a href="/wiki/Sightline" class="mw-redirect" title="Sightline">line of sight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-howstuffworks1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howstuffworks1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ultrasonic">Ultrasonic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommand&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ultrasonic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ultrasonic is a technology used more frequently in the past for telecommand. Inventor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Adler" title="Robert Adler">Robert Adler</a> is known for inventing the <a href="/wiki/Remote_control" title="Remote control">remote control</a> which did not require batteries and used ultrasonic technology.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are four aluminum rods inside the transmitter that produce high frequency sounds when they are hit at one end. Each rod is a different length, which enables them to produce varying sound pitches, which control the receiving unit.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technology was widely used but had certain issues such as dogs being bothered by the high frequency sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_applications">New applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommand&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: New applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Often the smaller new remote controlled airplanes and helicopters are incorrectly advertised as radio controlled devices (see <a href="/wiki/Radio_control" title="Radio control">Radio control</a>) but they are either controlled via infra-red transmission or electromagnetically guided. Both of these systems are part of the telecommand area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Encryption">Encryption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommand&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Encryption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To prevent unauthorised access to the remote system, TC <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encryption</a> may be employed. <a href="/wiki/Secret_sharing" title="Secret sharing">Secret sharing</a> may be used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommand&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_control" title="Radio control">Radio control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleoperation" title="Teleoperation">Teleoperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telerobotics" title="Telerobotics">Telerobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemetry" title="Telemetry">Telemetry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommand&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output 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