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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nature_and_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature_and_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nature and functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature_and_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Black_comedy_in_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_comedy_in_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Black comedy in film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_comedy_in_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_comedy_in_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_comedy_in_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Black comedy in television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_comedy_in_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallows_speeches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallows_speeches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Gallows speeches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallows_speeches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergency_service_workers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergency_service_workers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Emergency service workers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergency_service_workers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Black comedy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galgehumor" title="Galgehumor – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Galgehumor" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="كوميديا سوداء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوميديا سوداء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor_negro" title="Humor negro – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Humor negro" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukar%C3%A3_tie%27%E1%BB%B9" title="Pukarã tie'ỹ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pukarã tie'ỹ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_yumor" title="Qara yumor – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qara yumor" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="তিক্ত হাস্যরসাত্মক সৃষ্টিকর্ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তিক্ত হাস্যরসাত্মক সৃষ্টিকর্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Черна комедия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Черна комедия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor_negre" title="Humor negre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Humor negre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cern%C3%BD_humor" title="Černý humor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Černý humor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedi_ddu" title="Comedi ddu – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Comedi ddu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sort_humor" title="Sort humor – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sort humor" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%83%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9" title="كوميديا كحلة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كوميديا كحلة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzer_Humor" title="Schwarzer Humor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwarzer Humor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_huumor" title="Must huumor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Must huumor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B7_%CE%BA%CF%89%CE%BC%CF%89%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μαύρη κωμωδία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαύρη κωμωδία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor_negro" title="Humor negro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Humor negro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigra_humuro" title="Nigra humuro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nigra humuro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umore_beltz" title="Umore beltz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Umore beltz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87" title="کمدی سیاه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کمدی سیاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humour_noir" title="Humour noir – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Humour noir" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarte_humor" title="Swarte humor – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Swarte humor" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor_negro" title="Humor negro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Humor negro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99_%EC%BD%94%EB%AF%B8%EB%94%94" title="블랙 코미디 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="블랙 코미디" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D6%87_%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Սև հումոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սև հումոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crni_humor" title="Crni humor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Crni humor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komedi_gelap" title="Komedi gelap – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komedi gelap" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartur_h%C3%BAmor" title="Svartur húmor – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Svartur húmor" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umorismo_nero" title="Umorismo nero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Umorismo nero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94" title="קומדיה שחורה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קומדיה שחורה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B3_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A6" title="ಕರಾಳ ವಿನೋದ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕರಾಳ ವಿನೋದ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="შავი იუმორი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შავი იუმორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D3%99%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Қара әзіл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қара әзіл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juodoji_komedija" title="Juodoji komedija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Juodoji komedija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Црн хумор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црн хумор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="უჩა იუმორი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უჩა იუმორი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komedi_gelap" title="Komedi gelap – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Komedi gelap" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwarte_humor" title="Zwarte humor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zwarte humor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF" title="ブラックジョーク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブラックジョーク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svart_humor" title="Svart humor – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Svart humor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qora_yumor" title="Qora yumor – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qora yumor" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swart_Humor" title="Swart Humor – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Swart Humor" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czarny_humor" title="Czarny humor – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czarny humor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor_negro" title="Humor negro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Humor negro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedie_neagr%C4%83" title="Comedie neagră – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Comedie neagră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Чорный гумор – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чорный гумор" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Чёрный юмор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чёрный юмор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umorismu_nieddu" title="Umorismu nieddu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Umorismu nieddu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komedia_e_zez%C3%AB" title="Komedia e zezë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Komedia e zezë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Black comedy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cierny_humor" title="Čierny humor – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čierny humor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%95%D8%B4" title="کۆمیدیای ڕەش – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆمیدیای ڕەش" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Црни хумор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Црни хумор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crni_humor" title="Crni humor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Crni humor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musta_huumori" title="Musta huumori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Musta huumori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svart_humor" title="Svart humor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Svart humor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%94" title="สุขนาฏกรรมมืด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สุขนาฏกรรมมืด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_mizah" title="Kara mizah – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kara mizah" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Чорний гумор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чорний гумор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%81_%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C%DB%81_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85" title="سیاہ مزاحیہ فلم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیاہ مزاحیہ فلم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0i_%C4%91en" title="Hài đen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hài đen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Comedy&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Comedy">Black Comedy</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Comedic work based on taboo subject matter</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the style of humor. For sitcoms with a predominantly black cast, see <a href="/wiki/Black_sitcom" title="Black sitcom">Black sitcom</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Black_comedy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Black comedy (disambiguation)">Black comedy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Black humor" redirects here. For the 1965 film, see <a href="/wiki/Black_Humor_(film)" title="Black Humor (film)">Black Humor (film)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Dark comedy" redirects here. For the album by Open Mike Eagle, see <a href="/wiki/Dark_Comedy_(album)" title="Dark Comedy (album)">Dark Comedy (album)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hopscotch_to_oblivion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hopscotch_to_oblivion.jpg/220px-Hopscotch_to_oblivion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hopscotch_to_oblivion.jpg/330px-Hopscotch_to_oblivion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hopscotch_to_oblivion.jpg/440px-Hopscotch_to_oblivion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Hopscotch" title="Hopscotch">Hopscotch</a> to oblivion" in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Spain, alluding to <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Irony.jpg/220px-Irony.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Irony.jpg/330px-Irony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Irony.jpg/440px-Irony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>A cemetery with a "Dead End" sign, creating a <a href="/wiki/Word_play" title="Word play">play on words</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Black comedy</b>, also known as <b>black humor</b>, <b>bleak comedy</b>, <b>dark comedy</b>, <b>dark humor</b>, <b>gallows humor</b> or <b>morbid humor</b>, is a style of <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedy</a> that makes light of subject matter that is generally considered <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboo</a>, particularly subjects that are normally considered serious or painful to discuss. Writers and comedians often use it as a tool for exploring vulgar issues by provoking discomfort, serious thought, and amusement for their audience. Thus, in <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a>, for example, the term <i>black comedy</i> can also refer to a genre in which dark humor is a core component. Cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Addams" title="Charles Addams">Charles Addams</a> was famous for such humor, e.g. depicting a boy decorating his bedroom with stolen warning signs including "NO DIVING – POOL EMPTY", "STOP – BRIDGE OUT" and "SPRING CONDEMNED." </p><p>Black comedy differs from both <a href="/wiki/Ribaldry#Blue_comedy" title="Ribaldry">blue comedy</a>—which focuses more on crude topics such as <a href="/wiki/Nudity" title="Nudity">nudity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">sex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Body_fluid" title="Body fluid">body fluids</a>—and from straightforward <a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">obscenity</a>. Whereas the term <i>black comedy</i> is a relatively broad term covering humour relating to many serious subjects, <i>gallows humor</i> tends to be used more specifically in relation to death, or situations that are reminiscent of dying. Black humour can occasionally be related to the <a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">grotesque</a> genre.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Literary critics have associated black comedy and black humour with authors as early as the ancient Greeks with <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hobby1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hobby1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garrick2006p175_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrick2006p175-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vonnegut1971_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vonnegut1971-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dark_Humor_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dark_Humor-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim has too many footnotes for reading to be smooth. (January 2022)">excessive citations</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_comedy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>black humour</i> (from the French <i>humour noir</i>) was coined by the <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealist</a> theorist <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a> in 1935 while interpreting the writings of <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Real05_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Real05-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GuardianBreton_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuardianBreton-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breton's preference was to identify some of Swift's writings as a subgenre of <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a><sup id="cite_ref-Black_Humor_from_the_Columbia_Encyclopedia,_6th_Edition,_2008_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_Humor_from_the_Columbia_Encyclopedia,_6th_Edition,_2008-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Black_Humour,_The_Hutchinson_Encyclopedia_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_Humour,_The_Hutchinson_Encyclopedia-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which laughter arises from <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(contemporary)" title="Cynicism (contemporary)">cynicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">skepticism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Real05_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Real05-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BretonSwiftIntro_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BretonSwiftIntro-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often relying on topics such as death.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Breton coined the term for his 1940 book <i><a href="/wiki/Anthology_of_Black_Humor" title="Anthology of Black Humor">Anthology of Black Humor</a></i> (<i>Anthologie de l'humour noir</i>), in which he credited <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a> as the originator of black humor and gallows humor (particularly in his pieces <i><a href="/wiki/Directions_to_Servants" title="Directions to Servants">Directions to Servants</a></i> (1731), <i><a href="/wiki/A_Modest_Proposal" title="A Modest Proposal">A Modest Proposal</a></i> (1729), <i><a href="/wiki/Meditation_Upon_a_Broomstick" title="Meditation Upon a Broomstick">Meditation Upon a Broomstick</a></i> (1710), and in a few <a href="/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism">aphorisms</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-GuardianBreton_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuardianBreton-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BretonSwiftIntro_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BretonSwiftIntro-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his book, Breton also included excerpts from 45 other writers, including both examples in which the wit arises from a victim with which the audience empathizes, as is more typical in the tradition of gallows humor, and examples in which the comedy is used to mock the victim. In the last cases, the victim's suffering is trivialized, which leads to sympathizing with the victimizer, as analogously found in the social commentary and social criticism of the writings of (for instance) <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_comedy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>deal primarily with US and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_comedy&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Black_comedy" title="Talk:Black comedy">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Among the first American writers who employed black comedy in their works were <a href="/wiki/Nathanael_West" title="Nathanael West">Nathanael West</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of black humor first came to nationwide attention after the publication of a 1965 mass-market <a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">paperback</a> titled <i>Black Humor</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Jay_Friedman" title="Bruce Jay Friedman">Bruce Jay Friedman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dark_Humor_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dark_Humor-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paperback was one of the first American anthologies devoted to the concept of black humor as a literary genre. With the paperback, Friedman labeled as "black humorists" a variety of authors, such as <a href="/wiki/J._P._Donleavy" title="J. P. Donleavy">J. P. Donleavy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Albee" title="Edward Albee">Edward Albee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Heller" title="Joseph Heller">Joseph Heller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon">Thomas Pynchon</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Barth" title="John Barth">John Barth</a>, Vladimir Nabokov, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Jay_Friedman" title="Bruce Jay Friedman">Bruce Jay Friedman</a> himself, and <a href="/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline">Louis-Ferdinand Céline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dark_Humor_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dark_Humor-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the recent writers suggested as black humorists by journalists and literary critics are <a href="/wiki/Roald_Dahl" title="Roald Dahl">Roald Dahl</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut" title="Kurt Vonnegut">Kurt Vonnegut</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Black_Humor_from_the_Columbia_Encyclopedia,_6th_Edition,_2008_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_Humor_from_the_Columbia_Encyclopedia,_6th_Edition,_2008-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Warren_Zevon" title="Warren Zevon">Warren Zevon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Durang" title="Christopher Durang">Christopher Durang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Roth" title="Philip Roth">Philip Roth</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Black_Humor_from_the_Columbia_Encyclopedia,_6th_Edition,_2008_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_Humor_from_the_Columbia_Encyclopedia,_6th_Edition,_2008-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Veikko_Huovinen" title="Veikko Huovinen">Veikko Huovinen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Evelyn Waugh</a> has been called "the first contemporary writer to produce the sustained black comic novel."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The motive for applying the label black humorist to the writers cited above is that they have written novels, poems, stories, plays, and songs in which profound or horrific events were portrayed in a comic manner. Comedians like <a href="/wiki/Lenny_Bruce" title="Lenny Bruce">Lenny Bruce</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Black_Humour,_The_Hutchinson_Encyclopedia_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_Humour,_The_Hutchinson_Encyclopedia-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who since the late 1950s have been labeled as using "<a href="/wiki/Sick_comedy" title="Sick comedy">sick comedy</a>" by mainstream journalists, have also been labeled with "black comedy". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nature_and_functions">Nature and functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_comedy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nature and functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:18251112_Nine-pin_bowler_execution_-_gallows_humor_-_Sag_Harbor_Corrector.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/18251112_Nine-pin_bowler_execution_-_gallows_humor_-_Sag_Harbor_Corrector.jpg/220px-18251112_Nine-pin_bowler_execution_-_gallows_humor_-_Sag_Harbor_Corrector.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/18251112_Nine-pin_bowler_execution_-_gallows_humor_-_Sag_Harbor_Corrector.jpg/330px-18251112_Nine-pin_bowler_execution_-_gallows_humor_-_Sag_Harbor_Corrector.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/18251112_Nine-pin_bowler_execution_-_gallows_humor_-_Sag_Harbor_Corrector.jpg/440px-18251112_Nine-pin_bowler_execution_-_gallows_humor_-_Sag_Harbor_Corrector.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>An 1825 newspaper used a gallows humor "story" of a criminal whose last wish before being beheaded was to go <a href="/wiki/Nine-pin_bowling" title="Nine-pin bowling">nine-pin bowling</a>, using his own severed head on his final roll, and taking delight in having achieved a strike.<sup id="cite_ref-Corrector_18251211_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corrector_18251211-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>, in his 1927 essay <i>Humour</i> (<i>Der Humor</i>), although not mentioning 'black humour' specifically, cites a literal instance of gallows humour before going on to write: "The ego refuses to be distressed by the provocations of reality, to let itself be compelled to suffer. It insists that it cannot be affected by the traumas of the external world; it shows, in fact, that such traumas are no more than occasions for it to gain pleasure."<sup id="cite_ref-Freud_1927_Humor_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freud_1927_Humor-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some other sociologists elaborated this concept further. At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lewis_(professor)" title="Paul Lewis (professor)">Paul Lewis</a> warns that this "relieving" aspect of gallows jokes depends on the context of the joke: whether the joke is being told by the threatened person themselves or by someone else.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black comedy has the social effect of strengthening the <a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">morale</a> of the oppressed and undermines the morale of the oppressors.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Wylie_Sypher" title="Wylie Sypher">Wylie Sypher</a>, "to be able to laugh at evil and error means we have surmounted them."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black comedy is a natural human instinct and examples of it can be found in stories from antiquity. Its use was widespread in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Europe">middle Europe</a>, from where it was imported to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Vonnegut1971_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vonnegut1971-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (July 2021)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is rendered with the German expression <i>Galgenhumor</i> (cynical last words before getting hanged<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The concept of gallows humor is comparable to the French expression <i>rire jaune</i> (lit. <i>yellow laughing</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which also has a <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">Germanic</a> equivalent in the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_dialects" title="Flemish dialects">Belgian Dutch</a> expression <i>groen lachen</i> (lit. <i>green laughing</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Brachin85p101_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brachin85p101-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DeGrèveDitl_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeGrèveDitl-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italian comedian <a href="/wiki/Daniele_Luttazzi" title="Daniele Luttazzi">Daniele Luttazzi</a> discussed gallows humour focusing on the particular type of laughter that it arouses (<i>risata verde</i> or <i>groen lachen</i>), and said that <a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">grotesque</a> <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a>, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">ironic</a> satire, is the one that most often arouses this kind of laughter.<sup id="cite_ref-Pardo2001_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pardo2001-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DLRS2004_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DLRS2004-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marmo2004_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marmo2004-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar era</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Kabarett" title="Kabarett">Kabaretts</a></i>, this genre was particularly common, and according to Luttazzi, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Valentin" title="Karl Valentin">Karl Valentin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kraus_(writer)" title="Karl Kraus (writer)">Karl Kraus</a> were the major masters of it.<sup id="cite_ref-Marmo2004_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marmo2004-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black comedy is common in professions and environments where workers routinely have to deal with dark subject matter. This includes <a href="/wiki/Police_officer" title="Police officer">police officers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-wettone_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wettone-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Firefighter" title="Firefighter">firefighters</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-fire-chief_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fire-chief-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ambulance" title="Ambulance">ambulance</a> crews,<sup id="cite_ref-jpp_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpp-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> personnel, journalists, lawyers, and <a href="/wiki/Funeral_director" title="Funeral director">funeral directors</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it is an acknowledged <a href="/wiki/Coping" title="Coping">coping</a> mechanism. It has been encouraged within these professions to make note of the context in which these jokes are told, as outsiders may not react the way that those with mutual knowledge do.<sup id="cite_ref-fire-chief_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fire-chief-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jpp_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpp-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2017 study published in the journal <i>Cognitive Processing</i><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> concludes that people who appreciate dark humor "may have higher IQs, show lower aggression, and resist negative feelings more effectively than people who turn up their noses at it."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_comedy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>. The specific issue is: <b>Almost all of the film and television examples are American or British.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_comedy&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Black_comedy" title="Talk:Black comedy">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Strangelove_-_Riding_the_Bomb.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dr._Strangelove_-_Riding_the_Bomb.png/220px-Dr._Strangelove_-_Riding_the_Bomb.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dr._Strangelove_-_Riding_the_Bomb.png/330px-Dr._Strangelove_-_Riding_the_Bomb.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dr._Strangelove_-_Riding_the_Bomb.png/440px-Dr._Strangelove_-_Riding_the_Bomb.png 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>Major "King" Kong (played by Slim Pickens) rides the nuclear bomb to oblivion in Stanley Kubrick's <i>Dr. Strangelove</i>, widely considered one of the best dark comedy films.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_comedy_in_film">Black comedy in film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_comedy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Black comedy in film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of black comedy in film include: </p> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_and_Old_Lace_(film)" title="Arsenic and Old Lace (film)"><i><b>Arsenic and Old Lace</b></i></a></b></i> (1944) – A drama critic's engagement announcement is interrupted by the revelation that his spinster aunts and estranged brother have been independently committing multiple murders.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/A_Bucket_of_Blood" title="A Bucket of Blood">A Bucket of Blood</a></b></i> (1959) – A busboy achieves acclaim as a sculptor by encasing corpses in clay.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Dr._Strangelove" title="Dr. Strangelove">Dr. Strangelove</a></b></i> (1964) – A <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> satire dealing with the attempts of government officials to avoid nuclear annihilation.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pink_Flamingos" title="Pink Flamingos">Pink Flamingos</a></b></i> (1972) - A Baltimore criminal known by the name Divine fights to keep her title as "The Filthiest Person Alive" against local perverts Connie and Raymond Marbles.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M*A*S*H_(film)" title="M*A*S*H (film)"><b>M.A.S.H</b></a></i> (1970) - A unit of medical personnel is stationed at an army hospital during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_(1976_film)" title="Network (1976 film)"><i><b>Network</b></i></a> (1976) – A TV station exploits the rantings of an insane anchorman for ratings and profit.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wrong_Is_Right" title="Wrong Is Right">Wrong Is Right</a></b></i> (1982) – A <a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">false flag</a> attack is used to justify war and the <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">media</a> is complicit in exchange for ratings.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_King_of_Comedy_(film)" title="The King of Comedy (film)"><i><b>The King of Comedy</b></i></a> (1982) - A delusional aspiring comedian kidnaps a talk show host to receive his dream of fame.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/After_Hours_(film)" title="After Hours (film)">After Hours</a></b></i> (1983) - A office worker experiences a series of misadventures while attempting to make his way home from Manhattan's <a href="/wiki/SoHo,_Manhattan" title="SoHo, Manhattan">SoHo</a> district during the night.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brazil_(1985_film)" title="Brazil (1985 film)"><b>Brazil</b></a></i> (1985) - A low-ranking <a href="/wiki/Bureaucrat" title="Bureaucrat">bureaucrat</a> tries to find a woman who appears in his dreams.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Beetlejuice" title="Beetlejuice">Beetlejuice</a></b></i> (1988) – A recently deceased couple hire an obnoxious poltergeist to scare away a family who has moved into their old house.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Scrooged" title="Scrooged">Scrooged</a></b></i> (1988) - A cynical and selfish television executive is visited by a succession of ghosts on Christmas Eve intent on helping him regain his Christmas spirit.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Heathers" title="Heathers">Heathers</a></b></i> (1989) - A high school girl teams up with a new student to kill off the popular Heathers clique.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Frankenhooker" title="Frankenhooker">Frankenhooker</a></b></i> (1990) <i>–</i> After his fiancée is dismembered in a lawnmower accident, a power plant worker attempts to reconstruct and reanimate her using parts of murdered prostitutes.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Clerks_(1994_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerks (1994 film)">Clerks</a></b></i> (1994) – Two convenient store clerks, tries to get through a day with their mundane jobs.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pulp_Fiction" title="Pulp Fiction">Pulp Fiction</a></b></i> (1994) – The lives of two hitmen, a washed-up boxer, a mob wife and a couple of restaurant thieves intertwine in 1990s Los Angeles.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Ruth" title="Citizen Ruth">Citizen Ruth</a></b></i> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fargo_(1996_film)" title="Fargo (1996 film)"><i><b>Fargo</b></i></a> (1996) – A car salesman's plan to have his own wife kidnapped goes awry.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trainspotting_(film)" title="Trainspotting (film)"><i><b>Trainspotting</b></i></a> (1996) - A group of heroin addicts in Edinburgh desperately search for their next high.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/The_Cable_Guy" title="The Cable Guy">The Cable Guy</a></b></i> (1996) - A lonely cable installer becomes dangerously obsessed with a new customer, turning the man's life into a nightmare.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wag_the_Dog" title="Wag the Dog">Wag the Dog</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Suicide_Kings" title="Suicide Kings">Suicide Kings</a></b></i> (1997) - A group of students kidnap a respected former Mafia figure.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Grosse_Pointe_Blank" title="Grosse Pointe Blank">Grosse Pointe Blank</a></b></i> (1997) - An assassin returns to his hometown to attend a high school reunion.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_and_Loathing_in_Las_Vegas_(film)" title="Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)"><i><b>Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas</b></i></a> (1998) – A drug-addled journalist and his insane lawyer search for the American Dream in 1970s Las Vegas.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_(1998_film)" title="Happiness (1998 film)"><i><b>Happiness</b></i></a> (1998) – Three sisters, their perverted neighbor, and a pedophile therapist search for pleasure and meaning in their empty lives.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/The_Truman_Show" title="The Truman Show">The Truman Show</a></b></i> (1998) - An insurance salesman whose entire life is a TV show starts to doubt his own reality.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Office_Space" title="Office Space">Office Space</a></b></i> (1999) - A satire of work life of a typical 1990s <a href="/wiki/Software_company" title="Software company">software company</a>, focusing on a handful of individuals weary of their jobs.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/American_Beauty_(1999_film)" title="American Beauty (1999 film)">American Beauty</a></b></i> (1999) - An advertising executive has a <a href="/wiki/Midlife_crisis" title="Midlife crisis">midlife crisis</a> when he becomes infatuated with his teenage daughter's best friend.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Election_(1999_film)" title="Election (1999 film)">Election</a></b></i> (1999) - A high school teacher tries to sabotage the student body campaign of a student he doesn't like.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Psycho_(film)" title="American Psycho (film)"><i><b>American Psycho</b></i></a> (2000) – A young Wall-Street investment banker lives a double life as a serial killer.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bad_Santa" title="Bad Santa">Bad Santa</a></b></i> (2003) – A drunken, sex-addicted professional thief poses as a department store Santa and befriends a lonely young boy.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kiss_Kiss_Bang_Bang" title="Kiss Kiss Bang Bang">Kiss Kiss Bang Bang</a></b></i> (2005) - A small-time thief is mistaken for an actor and thrown into a Hollywood murder mystery.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Thank_You_for_Smoking" title="Thank You for Smoking">Thank You for Smoking</a></b></i> (2005) - Big Tobacco's spokesman tries to campaign in favour of cigarettes while also trying to become a role model for his son.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wristcutters:_A_Love_Story" title="Wristcutters: A Love Story">Wristcutters: A Love Story</a></b></i> (2006) - A strange <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a> <a href="/wiki/Layover" title="Layover">way-station</a> that has been reserved for people who committed <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Borat" title="Borat">Borat! Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan</a></b></i> (2006) – A Kazakhstani journalist heads to America and makes a documentary to learn more about their culture and improve his own.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Little_Miss_Sunshine" title="Little Miss Sunshine">Little Miss Sunshine</a></b></i> (2006) - A family goes on a road trip to support its youngest daughter in a beauty pageant.</li> <li><i><b> <a href="/wiki/In_Bruges" title="In Bruges">In Bruges</a></b></i> (2008) - Two hitmen hide out and lay low in Belgium.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/World%27s_Greatest_Dad" title="World's Greatest Dad">World's Greatest Dad</a></b></i> (2009) – A failed novelist makes his son's death from autoerotic asphyxiation look like a suicide.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/It%27s_Such_a_Beautiful_Day_(film)" title="It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)"><i><b>It's Such a Beautiful Day</b></i></a> (2012) – Follows a man grappling with the meaning of life in the wake of troubling events.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wolf_of_Wall_Street_(2013_film)" title="The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film)"><i><b>The Wolf of Wall Street</b></i></a> (2013) – A depraved stockbroker uses increasingly illegal methods to make money.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birdman_(film)" title="Birdman (film)"><i><b>BIRDMAN (or The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)</b></i></a> (2014) - A washed up actor attempts a comeback by starring in a <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> production.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/The_Brand_New_Testament" title="The Brand New Testament">The Brand New Testament</a></b></i> (2015) – God exists. He lives in Brussels.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Short_(film)" title="The Big Short (film)">The Big Short</a></b></i> (2015) - Follows a group of investors who foresaw the 2008 financial crisis and exploited it for their own gain.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Stalin" title="The Death of Stalin">The Death of Stalin</a></b></i> (2017) – A satirical depiction of the power struggle following the death of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin in 1953.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Knives_Out" title="Knives Out">Knives Out</a></b></i> (2019) – An eccentric detective investigates the death of a famous mystery novelist.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Hollywood" title="Once Upon a Time in Hollywood">Once Upon a Time in Hollywood</a></b></i> (2019) - A fading TV actor tries to secure his biggest film role yet alongside his stunt double in 1969 Hollywood.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Parasite_(2019_film)" title="Parasite (2019 film)">Parasite</a></b></i> (2019) - A poor family infiltrate the life of a wealthy family.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Jojo_Rabbit" title="Jojo Rabbit">Jojo Rabbit</a></b></i> (2019) - A young German boy discovers his mother is hiding a Jewish girl in their home during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, all while his imaginary friend - a quirky version of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> - gives him misguided advice.</li> <li><i><b> <a href="/wiki/Red_Rocket_(film)" title="Red Rocket (film)">Red Rocket</a></b></i> (2021) – A middle-aged adult entertainer returns to his rural hometown and begins dating a seventeen-year-old girl.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Look_Up" title="Don't Look Up">Don't Look Up</a></b></i> (2021) - A satire of indifference to the <a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">climate crisis</a>, it follows two astronomers trying to warn people of a comet that will wipe out humanity.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Triangle_of_Sadness" title="Triangle of Sadness">Triangle of Sadness</a></b></i> (2022) – A celebrity couple on a luxury cruise with wealthy guests are stranded on a desert island.</li> <li><i><b> <a href="/wiki/The_Menu_(2022_film)" title="The Menu (2022 film)">The Menu</a></b></i> (2022) – A foodie and his date travel to an exclusive restaurant with a celebrity chef on a remote island.</li> <li><i><b> <a href="/wiki/Saltburn_(film)" title="Saltburn (film)">Saltburn</a></b></i> (2023) – A scholarship student fixated with an aristocratic fellow student is invited to spend the summer at his eccentric family's estate.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_comedy_in_television">Black comedy in television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_comedy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Black comedy in television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of black comedy in television include: </p> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Seinfeld" title="Seinfeld">Seinfeld</a></b></i> (1989–1998) – Comedian <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Seinfeld_(character)" title="Jerry Seinfeld (character)">Jerry Seinfeld</a> and his three friends <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Benes" title="Elaine Benes">Elaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Costanza" title="George Costanza"> George</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmo_Kramer" title="Cosmo Kramer">Kramer</a> deal with the absurdities of everyday life in New York City.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/South_Park" title="South Park">South Park</a></b></i> (1997–present) – Four grade-school friends have surreal misadventures in their not-so-quiet Colorado mountain town.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Family_Guy" title="Family Guy">Family Guy</a></b></i> (1999–2002, 2005- present) – The adventures of the Griffins, a eccentric family living in Quahog, led by father <a href="/wiki/Peter_Griffin" title="Peter Griffin">Peter Griffin</a>.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Curb_Your_Enthusiasm" title="Curb Your Enthusiasm">Curb Your Enthusiasm </a></b></i> (2000–2024) – <a href="/wiki/Larry_David" title="Larry David">Larry David</a> stars as a fictionalized version of himself as a semi-retired television writer and producer in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> and, for one season, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Jam_(TV_series)" title="Jam (TV series)">Jam</a></b></i> (2000) - An unconnected series of disturbing and surreal sketches.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Six_Feet_Under_(TV_series)" title="Six Feet Under (TV series)">Six Feet Under</a></b></i> (2001–2005) - A dysfunctional family runs a funeral home in Los Angeles.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Peep_Show_(British_TV_series)" title="Peep Show (British TV series)">Peep Show</a></b></i> (2003–2015) – A socially awkward loan manager and a slacker navigate their daily lives as roommates in South London.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Arrested_Development" title="Arrested Development">Arrested Development</a></b></i> (2003–2019) - The story of a wealthy family who lost everything and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bluth" title="Michael Bluth">the one son</a> who had no choice but to keep them all together.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Desperate_Housewives" title="Desperate Housewives">Desperate Housewives</a></b></i> (2004-2012) - The seemingly perfect neighbourhood of Wisteria Lane is secretly shrouded in controversy and crime.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Robot_Chicken" title="Robot Chicken">Robot Chicken</a></b></i> (2005–present) – A series of pop-culture parodies using stop-motion animation of toys, action figures and dolls.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/It%27s_Always_Sunny_in_Philadelphia" title="It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia">It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia</a></b></i> (2005–present) – Five friends have various misadventures involving abortion, kidnapping, stalking, cannibalism, blackmail, etc.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/The_Boondocks_(TV_series)" title="The Boondocks (TV series)">The Boondocks</a></b></i> (2005–2014) – Based on the <a href="/wiki/The_Boondocks_(comic_strip)" title="The Boondocks (comic strip)">manga-influenced comic strip of the same name</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bdlead_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bdlead-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the show focuses on a <a href="/wiki/Black_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Black American">Black American</a> family, the Freemans, settling into the fictional, friendly and predominantly <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White</a> suburb of Woodcrest.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/The_Thick_of_It" title="The Thick of It">The Thick of It</a></b></i> (2005–2012) – Satirical spoof of the British political system, following the fictional Department of Social Affairs and Citizenship's regular blunders and the attempts of Communications Director <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Tucker" title="Malcolm Tucker">Malcolm Tucker</a> to halt the damage.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Eastbound_%26_Down" title="Eastbound & Down">Eastbound & Down</a></b></i> (2009–2013) - A washed up <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">major league</a> <a href="/wiki/Pitcher_(baseball)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitcher (baseball)">pitcher</a> becomes a gym teacher at his old school.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_(American_TV_series)" title="Wilfred (American TV series)">Wilfred</a></b></i> (2011–2014) – After a suicide attempt, a young man sees his neighbor's dog as a profane man in a dog suit.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bojack_Horseman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bojack Horseman">Bojack Horseman </a></b></i> (2014–2020) – A humanoid horse <a href="/wiki/BoJack_Horseman_(character)" title="BoJack Horseman (character)">BoJack Horseman</a>, struggles with his deteriorating popularity, depression, addiction, and maintaining the relationships with those he cares about after starring in a popular 80s sitcom.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Fleabag" title="Fleabag">Fleabag</a></b></i> (2016–2019) – An outspoken young woman in London tries to deal with life after suffering several personal tragedies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_(TV_series)" title="Atlanta (TV series)"><i><b>Atlanta</b></i></a> (2016–2022) – Earn and his cousin, Alfred, try to make their way in the world through Atlanta's rap scene. Along the way they come face-to-face with social and economic issues touching on race, relationships, poverty, status and parenthood.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_(TV_series)" title="Succession (TV series)"><i><b>Succession</b></i></a> (2018–2023) – Multiple people vie for control of a media conglomerate from its aging patriarch.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/You_(TV_series)" title="You (TV series)"><i><b>You</b></i></a> (2018–present) - A charming young man goes to many extreme lengths to date women he falls in love with.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Killing_Eve" title="Killing Eve">Killing Eve</a></b></i> (2018–2022) - An intelligence officer is tasked with capturing an assassin.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Doll_(TV_series)" title="Russian Doll (TV series)"><i><b>Russian Doll</b></i></a> (2019–present) – A woman tries to find her way out of a time loop after reliving the day of her death over and over.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Boys_(TV_series)" title="The Boys (TV series)"><i><b>The Boys</b></i></a> (2019–present) - Vigilantes team up to take down a group of corrupt superheroes.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Smiling_Friends" title="Smiling Friends">Smiling Friends</a></b></i> (2022–present) – The surreal misadventures of a small charity and its four employees dedicated to spreading happiness.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Slow_Horses" title="Slow Horses">Slow Horses</a></b></i> (2022–present) - A group of intelligence agents do work for <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a> at a low level due to their mistakes.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bad_Sisters" title="Bad Sisters">Bad Sisters</a></b></i> (2022–present) - 4 sisters band together following the death of their abusive brother-in-law.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_(TV_series)" title="Beef (TV series)"><i><b>Beef</b></i></a> (2023) – A minor road rage incident consumes the lives of two people, leading to a feud that spirals out of control.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Curse_(American_TV_series)" title="The Curse (American TV series)"><i><b>The Curse</b></i></a> (2023–present) – A couple tries to improve a small community while dealing with an obnoxious producer and an alleged curse on their heads.</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/The_Perfect_Couple_(TV_series)" title="The Perfect Couple (TV series)">The Perfect Couple</a></b></i> (2024) - Everyone is a suspect after a dead body turns up before a wedding ceremony.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallows_speeches">Gallows speeches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_comedy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gallows speeches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of <a href="/wiki/Final_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Final statement">gallows speeches</a> include: </p> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> Japan, condemned criminals were occasionally executed by expert swordsmen, who used living bodies to test the quality of their blade (<i><a href="/wiki/Tameshigiri" title="Tameshigiri">Tameshigiri</a></i>). There is an apocryphal story of one who, after being told he was to be executed by a sword tester, calmly joked that if he had known that was going to happen, he would have swallowed large stones to damage the blade.<sup id="cite_ref-Man2011_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Man2011-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>As <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a> climbed a rickety scaffold where he would be executed, he said to his executioner: "I pray you, Mr. Lieutenant, see me safe up; and for my coming down, let me shift for myself."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert-Fran%C3%A7ois_Damiens" title="Robert-François Damiens">Robert-François Damiens</a>, a French man who attempted to <a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">assassinate</a> King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XV of France">Louis XV</a>, was sentenced on 26 March 1757, to be executed in a <a href="/wiki/Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered" title="Hanged, drawn and quartered">gruesome and painstakingly detailed manner</a>. He would first be led to the gallows, holding a torch with two pounds of burning <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a>. Pliers would then be used to tear his skin at the breast, arms and legs. Then his right arm, which held the knife he had used for his crime, would be burned with <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>. The aforementioned areas with ripped skin would then be poured upon with molten <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Early_thermal_weapons" title="Early thermal weapons">boiling oil</a>, burning <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">pitch</a>, wax and sulfur. His body would then be <a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">dismembered</a> by four horses, the members and trunk consumed in fire, and the ashes would be spread in the wind. After hearing the sentence, Damiens is reported to have replied: "Well, it's going to be a tough day."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>During the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton" title="Georges Danton">Georges-Jacques Danton</a>, who had facial scars from <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, when he was about to be <a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">beheaded</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">guillotine</a> on 5 April 1794, is reported to have said to the <a href="/wiki/Executioner" title="Executioner">executioner</a>: "Don't forget to show my head to the people, it's well worth it!"<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>At his public execution, the murderer <a href="/wiki/William_Palmer_(murderer)#Execution" title="William Palmer (murderer)">William Palmer</a> is said to have looked at the trapdoor on the gallows and asked the hangman, "Are you sure it's safe?"<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Murderer <a href="/wiki/James_French_(murderer)" title="James French (murderer)">James French</a>, days prior to his death by electric chair, said to reporter Bob Gregory: "If I were covering my execution, do you know what I'd say in the newspaper headline? ... '<a href="/wiki/French_fries" title="French fries">French Fries</a>'. See ya."<sup id="cite_ref-They_Died_for_Their_Sins_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-They_Died_for_Their_Sins-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Amery" title="John Amery">John Amery</a>, hanged for treason in 1945, said to the executioner <a href="/wiki/Albert_Pierrepoint" title="Albert Pierrepoint">Albert Pierrepoint</a> "I've always wanted to meet you, Mr. Pierrepoint, though not of course under these circumstances!"<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Heath" title="Neville Heath">Neville Heath</a> was hanged for murder in 1946. A few minutes prior to his execution, as was the custom, Heath was offered a glass of whisky to steady his nerves by the prison governor. He replied, "While you're about it, sir, you might make that a double."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence" title="Saint Lawrence">Saint Lawrence</a>, after distributing treasures of the Church to the poor rather than turning them over to the prefect of Rome who demanded them as tribute, was martyred in the year 258 by being grilled alive upon a gridiron with hot coals beneath. It is reported that after a long while of enduring this torture, he quipped cheerfully to his executioners: "I'm well done on this side. Turn me over!"<sup id="cite_ref-SHMI_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SHMI-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-foley_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foley-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_comedy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Black_comedy" title="Special:EditPage/Black comedy">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Military_humor" title="Military humor">Military life</a> is full of gallows humor, as those in the services continuously live in the danger of being killed, especially in wartime. For example: </p> <ul><li>The Imperial Japanese Navy <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_G4M" title="Mitsubishi G4M">Mitsubishi G4M</a> (code named <a href="/wiki/Betty_bomber" class="mw-redirect" title="Betty bomber">Betty bomber</a>) [Isshikirikkо̄] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{nihongo}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 12) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">イッシキリッコウ</span></span>)</span> bomber aircraft was called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">"Hamaki"</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">葉巻</span></span>)</span>, meaning <a href="/wiki/Cigar" title="Cigar">cigar</a> by the Japanese crews not only because its fuselage was cigar-shaped, but because it had a tendency to ignite and burn violently when it was hit.</li> <li>When the survivors of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Sheffield_(D80)" title="HMS Sheffield (D80)">HMS <i>Sheffield</i></a>, sunk in 1982 in the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>, were awaiting rescue, they were reported to have sung the <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a> song, "<a href="/wiki/Always_Look_on_the_Bright_Side_of_Life" title="Always Look on the Bright Side of Life">Always Look on the Bright Side of Life</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Soviet pilots in World War II joked that the true meaning of the type designation of the <a href="/wiki/Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov_LaGG-3" title="Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3">LaGG-3</a> was "Лакированный Гарантированный Гроб" (romanized: <i>Lakirovannyy Garantirovannyy Grob</i>), "varnished guaranteed coffin".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In World War II, American <a href="/wiki/Escort_carrier" title="Escort carrier">escort carriers</a> had the hull classification code "CVE"; among their crews, CVE was sarcastically said to stand for "Combustible, Vulnerable, and Expendable". CVEs were called "Kaiser coffins" in honor of Casablanca-class manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Kaiser" title="Henry J. Kaiser">Henry J. Kaiser</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>American tanks of the Second World War, such as the <a href="/wiki/M3_Lee" title="M3 Lee">M3 Lee</a> medium tank, which were supplied to the USSR under the Lend-Lease program, got sarcastic name interpretations from Soviet soldiers. Thus, the letter sign <i>BM-7</i> ("General Lee" model) was understood as "братская могила на семерых" (romanized: <i>bratskaya mogila na semerykh</i>), and similarly, <i>BM-6</i> ("General Grant" model) as "братская могила на шестерых" (romanized: <i>bratskaya mogila na shesterykh</i>), meaning "mass grave for seven/six crewmen" – as penetrative hits would fragment inside the vehicles, killing the crew. Similar name reinterpretations were created for domestic multi-turreted tanks, chiefly the <a href="/wiki/T-28_(medium_tank)" title="T-28 (medium tank)">T-28</a> <a href="/wiki/Medium_tank" title="Medium tank">medium tank</a> and <a href="/wiki/T-35" title="T-35">T-35</a> <a href="/wiki/Heavy_tank" title="Heavy tank">heavy tank</a> models, for their cramped internal layouts and poor armor protection.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a> (31 May – 1 June 1916), the destroyer <a href="/wiki/HMS_Tipperary" title="HMS Tipperary">HMS <i>Tipperary</i></a> was sunk in an overnight engagement with the heavily armed German dreadnought <a href="/wiki/SMS_Westfalen" title="SMS Westfalen">SMS <i>Westfalen</i></a>. Only 13 crewmen survived out of a complement of 197 officers & men. The survivors were identified in the darkness by the crew of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Sparrowhawk_(1912)" title="HMS Sparrowhawk (1912)">HMS <i>Sparrowhawk</i></a> because they were heard in the distance, singing, "<a href="/wiki/It%27s_a_Long_Way_to_Tipperary" title="It's a Long Way to Tipperary">It's a long way to Tipperary</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergency_service_workers">Emergency service workers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_comedy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Emergency service workers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Workers in the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency services">emergency services</a> are also known for using black comedy: </p> <ul><li>Graham Wettone, a retired English police officer who wrote a book <i>How To Be A Police Officer</i>, noted the presence of black comedy in the police force. He described it as "often not the type of humour that can be understood outside policing or the other emergency services." For example, an officer who had attended four cases of suicide by hanging in six months was nicknamed "Albert" (after the hangman <a href="/wiki/Albert_Pierrepoint" title="Albert Pierrepoint">Albert Pierrepoint</a>) and encountered comments like "You hanging around the canteen today?"<sup id="cite_ref-wettone_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wettone-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2018, a Massachusetts firefighter was reprimanded for a response to a call about a cat stuck in a tree. The firefighter told the caller that the cat would probably make its own way down as he had never seen a cat skeleton in a tree before.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An opinion article in <i><a href="/wiki/Fire_Chief_(magazine)" title="Fire Chief (magazine)">Fire Chief</a></i> magazine said that these kinds of jokes were common in the fire service, but would be inappropriate to share with a concerned member of the public.<sup id="cite_ref-fire-chief_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fire-chief-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_comedy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several titles such as <i><a href="/wiki/It_Only_Hurts_When_I_Laugh_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="It Only Hurts When I Laugh (disambiguation)">It Only Hurts When I Laugh</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Only_When_I_Laugh_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Only When I Laugh (disambiguation)">Only When I Laugh</a></i>, which allude to the punch line of a joke which exists in numerous versions since at least the 19th century. A typical setup is that someone badly hurt is asked "Does it hurt?" – "I am fine; it only hurts when I laugh."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_comedy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cruel_jokes" title="Cruel jokes">Cruel jokes</a> series</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cringe_comedy" title="Cringe comedy">Cringe comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue comedy">Blue comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_dark_comedies" title="List of British dark comedies">List of British dark comedies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macabre" title="Macabre">Macabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">Satire (film and television)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surreal_humour" title="Surreal humour">Surreal humour</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_comedy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merhi, Vanessa M. (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gradworks.umi.com/32/40/3240247.html"><i>Distortion as identity from the grotesque to l'humour noir</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hobby1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hobby1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dark Humor</i>. Edited by Blake Hobby. Chelsea House Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/67959/black-humour">"Black humour"</a>. <i>britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118125106/https://www.britannica.com/topic/black-humor">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britannica.com&rft.atitle=Black+humour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F67959%2Fblack-humour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+comedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garrick2006p175-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garrick2006p175_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garrick, Jacqueline and Williams, Mary Beth (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7jPyMPAsXwQC&pg=PA175"><i>Trauma treatment techniques: innovative trends</i></a> pp. 175–176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lipman, Steve (1991) <i>Laughter in hell: the use of humor during the Holocaust</i>, Northvale, N.J:J Aronson Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vonnegut1971-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vonnegut1971_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vonnegut1971_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut" title="Kurt Vonnegut">Kurt Vonnegut</a> (1971) <i>Running Experiments Off: An Interview</i>, interview by Laurie Clancy, published in <i>Meanjin Quarterly</i>, 30 (Autumn, 1971), pp. 46–54, and in <i>Conversations with Kurt Vonnegut</i>, quote:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The term was part of the language before Freud wrote an essay on it—'gallows humor.' This is middle European humor, a response to hopeless situations. It's what a man says faced with a perfectly hopeless situation and he still manages to say something funny. Freud gives examples: A man being led out to be hanged at dawn says, 'Well, the day is certainly starting well.' It's generally called Jewish humor in this country. Actually it's humor from the peasants' revolt, the forty years' war, and from the Napoleonic wars. It's small people being pushed this way and that way, enormous armies and plagues and so forth, and still hanging on in the face of hopelessness. Jewish jokes are middle European jokes and the black humorists are gallows humorists, as they try to be funny in the face of situations which they see as just horrible.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dark_Humor-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dark_Humor_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dark_Humor_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dark_Humor_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bloom, Harold (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Vf6nC8XKWsC&pg=PA80"><i>Dark Humor</i></a>, ch. <i>On dark humor in literature</i>, pp. 80–88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Real05-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Real05_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Real05_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Real, Hermann Josef (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L7jEg8rQZoUC">The reception of Jonathan Swift in Europe</a>, p.90 quote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At least, Swift's text is preserved, and so is a prefatory note by the French writer André Breton, which emphasizes Swift's importance as the originator of black humor, of laughter that arises from cynicism and scepticism.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GuardianBreton-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GuardianBreton_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GuardianBreton_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLezard2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Lezard" title="Nicholas Lezard">Lezard, Nicholas</a> (21 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/feb/21/anthology-of-black-humour">"From the sublime to the surreal"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116075232/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/feb/21/anthology-of-black-humour">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=From+the+sublime+to+the+surreal&rft.date=2009-02-21&rft.aulast=Lezard&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2009%2Ffeb%2F21%2Fanthology-of-black-humour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+comedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black_Humor_from_the_Columbia_Encyclopedia,_6th_Edition,_2008-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Black_Humor_from_the_Columbia_Encyclopedia,_6th_Edition,_2008_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_Humor_from_the_Columbia_Encyclopedia,_6th_Edition,_2008_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_Humor_from_the_Columbia_Encyclopedia,_6th_Edition,_2008_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-blackhum.html">"black humor – Dictionary definition of black humor – Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary"</a>. <i>encyclopedia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151020152750/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-blackhum.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=black+humor+%E2%80%93+Dictionary+definition+of+black+humor+%E2%80%93+Encyclopedia.com%3A+FREE+online+dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1E1-blackhum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+comedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black_Humour,_The_Hutchinson_Encyclopedia-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Black_Humour,_The_Hutchinson_Encyclopedia_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_Humour,_The_Hutchinson_Encyclopedia_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511105047/http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/black+humor">"black humor – Hutchinson encyclopedia article about black humor"</a>. Encyclopedia.farlex.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/black+humor">the original</a> on 11 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=black+humor+%E2%80%93+Hutchinson+encyclopedia+article+about+black+humor&rft.pub=Encyclopedia.farlex.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.farlex.com%2Fblack%2Bhumor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+comedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BretonSwiftIntro-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BretonSwiftIntro_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BretonSwiftIntro_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a> introduction to Swift in <i><a href="/wiki/Anthology_of_Black_Humor" title="Anthology of Black Humor">Anthology of Black Humor</a></i>, quote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When it comes to black humor, everything designates him as the true initiator. In fact, it is impossible to coordinate the fugitive traces of this kind of humor before him, not even in Heraclitus and the Cynics or in the works of Elizabethan dramatic poets. [...] historically justify his being presented as the first black humorist. Contrary to what Voltaire might have said, Swift was in no sense a "perfected Rabelais." He shared to the smallest possible degree Rabelais's taste for innocent, heavy-handed jokes and his constant drunken good humor. [...] a man who grasped things by reason and never by feeling, and who enclosed himself in skepticism; [...] Swift can rightfully be considered the inventor of "savage" or "gallows" humor.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Leclair (1975) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=589E4DCAE3AB2134D7AA2D9EBD790497.inst3_3a?docId=95258188"><i>Death and Black Humor</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118125110/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia?docId=95258188">Archived</a> 18 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <i>Critique</i>, Vol. 17, 1975</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowe1974" class="citation journal cs1">Rowe, W. Woodin (1974). "Observations on Black Humor in Gogol' and Nabokov". <i>The Slavic and East European Journal</i>. <b>18</b> (4): 392–399. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F306869">10.2307/306869</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/306869">306869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slavic+and+East+European+Journal&rft.atitle=Observations+on+Black+Humor+in+Gogol%27+and+Nabokov&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=392-399&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F306869&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F306869%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rowe&rft.aufirst=W.+Woodin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+comedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merriam-Webster, Inc (1995) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eKNK1YwHcQ4C&pg=PA144"><i>Merriam-Webster's encyclopedia of literature</i></a>, entry <i>black humor</i>, p.144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill2010" class="citation book cs1">O'Neill, Patrick (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Vf6nC8XKWsC&pg=PA80">"The Comedy of Entropy: The Contexts of Black Humor"</a>. In Harold Bloom; Blake Hobby (eds.). <i>Dark Humor</i>. Bloom's Literary Themes. New York, New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438131023" title="Special:BookSources/9781438131023"><bdi>9781438131023</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Comedy+of+Entropy%3A+The+Contexts+of+Black+Humor&rft.btitle=Dark+Humor&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.series=Bloom%27s+Literary+Themes&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781438131023&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Vf6nC8XKWsC%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+comedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Carter <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IQDVsfeTHeAC&q=roald+dahl+black+humour&pg=RA1-PA97">Talking Books: Children's Authors Talk About the Craft, Creativity and Process of Writing, Volume 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118125108/https://books.google.com/books?id=IQDVsfeTHeAC&pg=RA1-PA97#v=onepage&q=roald%20dahl%20black%20humour">Archived</a> 18 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p.97 Routledge, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.booksfromfinland.fi/2013/05/panu-rajala-hirmuinen-humoristi-veikko-huovisen-satiirit-ja-savotat-the-awesome-humorist-the-satires-and-logging-sites-of-veikko-huovinen/">"Panu Rajala: Hirmuinen humoristi. Veikko Huovisen satiirit ja savotat [The awesome humorist. The satires and logging sites of Veikko Huovinen] | Books from Finland"</a>. 16 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118125125/https://www.booksfromfinland.fi/2013/05/panu-rajala-hirmuinen-humoristi-veikko-huovisen-satiirit-ja-savotat-the-awesome-humorist-the-satires-and-logging-sites-of-veikko-huovinen/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Panu+Rajala%3A+Hirmuinen+humoristi.+Veikko+Huovisen+satiirit+ja+savotat+%5BThe+awesome+humorist.+The+satires+and+logging+sites+of+Veikko+Huovinen%5D+%26%23124%3B+Books+from+Finland&rft.date=2013-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.booksfromfinland.fi%2F2013%2F05%2Fpanu-rajala-hirmuinen-humoristi-veikko-huovisen-satiirit-ja-savotat-the-awesome-humorist-the-satires-and-logging-sites-of-veikko-huovinen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+comedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch1982" class="citation web cs1">Lynch, Tibbie Elizabet (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/DISSERTATIONS-516374">"Forms and functions of black humor in the fiction of Evelyn Waugh"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forms+and+functions+of+black+humor+in+the+fiction+of+Evelyn+Waugh&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Tibbie+Elizabet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.tamu.edu%2Fhandle%2F1969.1%2FDISSERTATIONS-516374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+comedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corrector_18251211-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Corrector_18251211_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newspaperarchive.com/sag-harbor-corrector-nov-12-1825-p-1/">"From a late German Paper"</a>. <i>The Corrector</i>. Sag Harbor, Long Island, New York, U.S. 12 November 1825. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Corrector&rft.atitle=From+a+late+German+Paper&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1825-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewspaperarchive.com%2Fsag-harbor-corrector-nov-12-1825-p-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+comedy" class="Z3988"></span> "Bowl" means <i><b>ball</b></i> in modern parlance. <a href="/wiki/Nine-pin_bowling" title="Nine-pin bowling">Nine-pin bowling</a> preceded modern <a href="/wiki/Ten-pin_bowling" title="Ten-pin bowling">ten-pin bowling</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freud_1927_Humor-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Freud_1927_Humor_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSigmund_Freud1927" class="citation web cs1">Sigmund Freud (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfcoffee.com/sigmund-freud-humor-1927-5-pdf-free.html">"Humor"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Humor&rft.date=1927&rft.au=Sigmund+Freud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfcoffee.com%2Fsigmund-freud-humor-1927-5-pdf-free.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+comedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Lewis, "Three Jews and a Blindfold: The Politics of Gallows Humor", In: "Semites and Stereotypes: Characteristics of Jewish Humor" (1993), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-26135-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-26135-0">0-313-26135-0</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4k5rE4eHjMC&pg=PA53">p. 49</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118125115/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4k5rE4eHjMC&pg=PA53#PPA49,M1">Archived</a> 18 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obrdlik, Antonin J. (1942) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2769536"><i>"Gallows Humor"-A Sociological Phenomenon</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118125115/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2769536">Archived</a> 18 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 47, No. 5 (Mar. 1942), pp. 709–716</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mariah Snyder, Ruth Lindquist <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vdl4s1zHPdIC&pg=PA111"><i>Complementary and alternative therapies in nursing</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wylie_Sypher" title="Wylie Sypher">Wylie Sypher</a> quoted in ZhouRaymond, Jingqiong <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cLTsZ39XW80C&pg=PA132"><i>Carver's short fiction in the history of black humor</i></a> p.132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynch, Mark <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://es.toonpool.com/cartoons/Typical%20man_236420"><i>A witch, before being burned at the stake: Typical man! I can never get him to cook anything at home (cartoon)</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118125124/https://es.toonpool.com/cartoons/Typical%20man_236420">Archived</a> 18 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Redfern, W. D. and Redfern, Walter (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SU0MxAMRCawC&pg=PA211"><i>Calembours, ou les puns et les autres : traduit de l'intraduisible </i></a>, p.211 quote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Des termes parents du <i>Galgenhumor</i> sont: : comédie noire, plaisanterie macabre, rire jaune. (J'en offre un autre: gibêtises).</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Müller, Walter (1961) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nws8AAAAIAAJ"><i>Französische Idiomatik nach Sinngruppen</i></a>, p.178 quote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>humour macabre, humeur de désespéré, (action de) rire jaune <i>Galgenhumor</i> propos guilleret <i>etwas freie, gewagte Äußerung</i></p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dupriez, Bernard Marie (1991) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uff2N62Jx9wC&pg=PA313"><i>A dictionary of literary devices: gradus, A-Z</i></a>, p.313 quote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Walter Redfern, discussing puns about death, remarks: 'Related terms to gallows humour are: black comedy, sick humour, rire jaune. In all, pain and pleasure are mixed, perhaps the definitive recipe for all punning' (Puns, p. 127).</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brachin85p101-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brachin85p101_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrachin1985" class="citation book cs1">Brachin, Pierre (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GeUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA102"><i>The Dutch language: a survey</i></a>. Brill Archive. pp. 101–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004075931" title="Special:BookSources/9789004075931"><bdi>9789004075931</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+language%3A+a+survey&rft.pages=101-2&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9789004075931&rft.aulast=Brachin&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGeUUAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+comedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeGrèveDitl-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeGrèveDitl_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Claude et Marcel De Grève, Françoise Wuilmart, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flsh.unilim.fr/ditl/TRADUCTION.htm">TRADUCTION / Translation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110519173702/http://www.flsh.unilim.fr/ditl/TRADUCTION.htm">Archived</a> 19 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, section <i>Histoire et théorie de la traduction – Recherches sur les microstructures</i>, in: Grassin, Jean-Marie (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ditl.info">DITL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181108073314/http://ditl.info/">Archived</a> 8 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Dictionnaire International des Termes Littéraires), [22 November 2010]"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(1950) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=posrAQAAIAAJ"><i>Zaïre</i></a>, Volume 4, Part 1, p.138 quote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>En français on dit « rire jaune », en flamand « groen lachen »</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chédel, André (1965) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mQBAAAAAIAAJ"><i>Description moderne des langues du monde: le latin et le grec inutile?</i></a> p.171 quote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Les termes jaune, vert, bleu évoquent en français un certain nombre d'idées qui sont différentes de celles que suscitent les mots holandais correspondants geel, groen, blauw. Nous disons : rire jaune, le Hollandais dit : rire vert ( groen lachen ); ce que le Néerlandais appelle un vert (een groentje), c'est ce qu'en français on désigne du nom de bleu (un jeune soldat inexpéribenté)... On voit que des confrontations de ce genre permettent de concevoir une étude de la psychologie des peuples fondée sur les associations d'idées que révèlent les variations de sens (sémantique), les expressions figurées, les proverbes et les dictions.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pardo2001-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pardo2001_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pardo, Denise (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quattrostracci.altervista.org/SforzaItalia/intervis2.htm">Interview</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820100021/http://quattrostracci.altervista.org/SforzaItalia/intervis2.htm">Archived</a> 20 August 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> with Daniele Luttazzi, in <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Espresso" title="L'Espresso">L'Espresso</a></i>, 1 February 2001 quote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Q: Critiche feroci, interrogazioni parlamentari: momenti duri per la satira.<br /> A: Satira è far ridere a spese di chi è più ricco e potente di te. Io sono specialista nella risata verde, quella dei cabaret di Berlino degli anni Venti e Trenta. Nasce dalla disperazione. Esempio: l'Italia è un paese dove la commissione di vigilanza parlamentare Rai si comporta come la commissione stragi e viceversa. Oppure: il mistero di Ustica è irrisolto? Sono contento: il sistema funziona.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DLRS2004-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DLRS2004_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Luttazzi" title="Daniele Luttazzi">Daniele Luttazzi</a> (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060506133300/http://www.danieleluttazzi.it/?q=node%2F221">Interview</a>, in the Italian edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i>, November 2004. Quote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>racconto di satira grottesca [...] L'obiettivo del grottesco è far percepire l'orrore di una vicenda. Non è la satira cui siamo abituati in Italia: la si ritrova nel cabaret degli anni '20 e '30, poi è stata cancellata dal carico di sofferenze della guerra. Aggiungo che io avevo spiegato in apertura di serata che ci sarebbero stati momenti di satira molto diversi. Satira ironica, che fa ridere, e satira grottesca, che può far male. Perché porta alla risata della disperazione, dell'impotenza. La risata verde. Era forte, perché coinvolgeva in un colpo solo tutti i cardini satirici: politica, religione, sesso e morte. Quello che ho fatto è stato accentuare l'interazione tra gli elementi. Non era di buon gusto? Rabelais e Swift, che hanno esplorato questi lati oscuri della nostra personalità, non si sono mai posti il problema del buon gusto.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marmo2004-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marmo2004_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marmo2004_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marmo, Emanuela (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060506133300/http://www.danieleluttazzi.it/?q=node%2F221">Interview</a> with Daniele Luttazzi (March 2004) quote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Quando la satira poi riesce a far ridere su un argomento talmente drammatico di cui si ride perché non c'è altra soluzione possibile, si ha quella che nei cabaret di Berlino degli Anni '20 veniva chiamata la "risata verde". È opportuno distinguere una satira ironica, che lavora per sottrazione, da una satira grottesca, che lavora per addizione. Questo secondo tipo di satira genera più spesso la risata verde. Ne erano maestri Kraus e Valentin.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wettone-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wettone_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wettone_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWettone2017" class="citation book cs1">Wettone, Graham (2017). "1". <i>How To Be A Police Officer</i>. Biteback. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785902192" title="Special:BookSources/9781785902192"><bdi>9781785902192</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1&rft.btitle=How+To+Be+A+Police+Officer&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Biteback&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781785902192&rft.aulast=Wettone&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+comedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fire-chief-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fire-chief_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fire-chief_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fire-chief_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firechief.com/2018/03/21/firefighter-humor-stops-being-funny-when-civilians-arent-in-on-the-joke/">"Firefighter humor stops being funny when civilians aren't in on the joke"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fire_Chief_(magazine)" title="Fire Chief (magazine)">Fire Chief</a></i>. 21 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fire+Chief&rft.atitle=Firefighter+humor+stops+being+funny+when+civilians+aren%27t+in+on+the+joke&rft.date=2018-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firechief.com%2F2018%2F03%2F21%2Ffirefighter-humor-stops-being-funny-when-civilians-arent-in-on-the-joke%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+comedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jpp-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jpp_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpp_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher2015" class="citation journal cs1">Christopher, Sarah (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285582173">"An introduction to black humour as a coping mechanism for student paramedics"</a>. <i>Journal of Paramedic Practice</i>. <b>7</b> (12): 610–615. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12968%2Fjpar.2015.7.12.610">10.12968/jpar.2015.7.12.610</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Paramedic+Practice&rft.atitle=An+introduction+to+black+humour+as+a+coping+mechanism+for+student+paramedics&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=610-615&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12968%2Fjpar.2015.7.12.610&rft.aulast=Christopher&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F285582173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+comedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/topics/christmas/8162822/Funeral-directors-most-likely-to-laugh-at-Christmas-cracker-jokes.html">"Funeral directors most likely to laugh at Christmas cracker jokes"</a></span>. The Daily Telegraph. 27 November 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/topics/christmas/8162822/Funeral-directors-most-likely-to-laugh-at-Christmas-cracker-jokes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Funeral+directors+most+likely+to+laugh+at+Christmas+cracker+jokes&rft.date=2010-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftopics%2Fchristmas%2F8162822%2FFuneral-directors-most-likely-to-laugh-at-Christmas-cracker-jokes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+comedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillingerHergovichSchmoeger2017" class="citation journal cs1">Willinger, Ulrike; Hergovich, Andreas; Schmoeger, Michaela; et al. (1 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5383683">"Cognitive and emotional demands of black humour processing: the role of intelligence, aggressiveness and mood"</a>. <i>Cognitive Processing</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 159–167. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10339-016-0789-y">10.1007/s10339-016-0789-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1612-4790">1612-4790</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5383683">5383683</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28101812">28101812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cognitive+Processing&rft.atitle=Cognitive+and+emotional+demands+of+black+humour+processing%3A+the+role+of+intelligence%2C+aggressiveness+and+mood&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=159-167&rft.date=2017-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5383683%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1612-4790&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28101812&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10339-016-0789-y&rft.aulast=Willinger&rft.aufirst=Ulrike&rft.au=Hergovich%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Schmoeger%2C+Michaela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5383683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+comedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpecktor2017" class="citation web cs1">Specktor, Brandon (15 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rd.com/culture/dark-sense-of-humor-and-intelligence/">"If You Laugh at These Dark Jokes, You're Probably a Genius"</a>. <i>Reader's Digest</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reader%27s+Digest&rft.atitle=If+You+Laugh+at+These+Dark+Jokes%2C+You%27re+Probably+a+Genius&rft.date=2017-10-15&rft.aulast=Specktor&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rd.com%2Fculture%2Fdark-sense-of-humor-and-intelligence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+comedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bdlead-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bdlead_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOutlaw2011" class="citation web cs1">Outlaw, Kofi (23 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://screenrant.com/the-boondocks-season-4-announced-kofi-125008/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Boondocks' Season 4 Is In The Works"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Screen_Rant" title="Screen Rant">Screen Rant</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407010527/https://screenrant.com/the-boondocks-season-4-announced/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Screen+Rant&rft.atitle=%27The+Boondocks%27+Season+4+Is+In+The+Works&rft.date=2011-07-23&rft.aulast=Outlaw&rft.aufirst=Kofi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscreenrant.com%2Fthe-boondocks-season-4-announced-kofi-125008%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+comedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Man2011-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Man2011_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMan2011" class="citation book cs1">Man, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yRdqWcmZcH4C&pg=PA55"><i>Samurai</i></a>. Transworld. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4090-1105-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4090-1105-7"><bdi>978-1-4090-1105-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samurai&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Transworld&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4090-1105-7&rft.aulast=Man&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyRdqWcmZcH4C%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+comedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoper1909–1914" class="citation book cs1">Roper, William (1909–1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bartleby.com/36/2/2.html"><i>The Life of Sir Thomas More</i></a>. New York: Collier & Son.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Sir+Thomas+More&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Collier+%26+Son&rft.date=1909%2F1914&rft.aulast=Roper&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F36%2F2%2F2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+comedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610212716/http://www.coutumes-et-traditions.fr/vivre-autrefois/annees-par-annees/louis-xv-victime-dun-attentat-5-janvier-1757/">"Louis XV victime d'un attentat – 5 janvier 1757 | Coutumes et Traditions"</a>. 10 June 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coutumes-et-traditions.fr/vivre-autrefois/annees-par-annees/louis-xv-victime-dun-attentat-5-janvier-1757/">the original</a> on 10 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Louis+XV+victime+d%27un+attentat+%E2%80%93+5+janvier+1757+%7C+Coutumes+et+Traditions&rft.date=2015-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coutumes-et-traditions.fr%2Fvivre-autrefois%2Fannees-par-annees%2Flouis-xv-victime-dun-attentat-5-janvier-1757%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+comedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.V. Arnault, <i>Souvenirs d'un sexagénaire</i>, librairie Dufey, Paris, 1833. Re-released : Champion, Paris, 2003. Available on Gallica.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canongate.net/Lists/Crime/WitticismsOf9CondemnedCrimin">Witticisms Of 9 Condemned Criminals</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080314054424/http://www.canongate.net/Lists/Crime/WitticismsOf9CondemnedCrimin">Archived</a> 14 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at Canongate Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-They_Died_for_Their_Sins-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-They_Died_for_Their_Sins_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory1976" class="citation news cs1">Gregory, Bob (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thislandpress.com/2015/03/23/they-died-for-their-sins/">"They Died for Their Sins"</a>. Originally published in Oklahoma Monthly Magazine. This Land Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=They+Died+for+Their+Sins&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthislandpress.com%2F2015%2F03%2F23%2Fthey-died-for-their-sins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+comedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Fielding" title="Steve Fielding">Fielding, Steve</a>, <i>Pierrepoint: Family of Executioners</i> (London: John Blake Publishing, paperback, 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor,_Sean2013" class="citation book cs1">O'Connor, Sean (2013). <i>Handsome Brute</i>. Simon & Schuster. p. 382. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781471101359" title="Special:BookSources/9781471101359"><bdi>9781471101359</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handsome+Brute&rft.pages=382&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781471101359&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+comedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SHMI-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SHMI_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFr._Paolo_O._Pirlo,_SHMI1997" class="citation book cs1">Fr. Paolo O. Pirlo, SHMI (1997). "St. Lawrence". <i>My First Book of Saints</i>. Sons of Holy Mary Immaculate – Quality Catholic Publications. pp. 176–178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-91595-4-5" title="Special:BookSources/971-91595-4-5"><bdi>971-91595-4-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+Lawrence&rft.btitle=My+First+Book+of+Saints&rft.pages=176-178&rft.pub=Sons+of+Holy+Mary+Immaculate+%E2%80%93+Quality+Catholic+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=971-91595-4-5&rft.au=Fr.+Paolo+O.+Pirlo%2C+SHMI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+comedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-foley-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-foley_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americancatholic.org/features/saints/saint.aspx?id=1103">Foley, OFM, Leonard, "St. Lawrence", <i>Saint of the Day, Lives, Lessons, and Feast</i> (Revised by Pat McCloskey, OFM), Franciscan Media</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86716-887-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86716-887-7">978-0-86716-887-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717050535/http://www.icons.org.uk/nom/nominations/always-look-on-the-bright-side-of-life">"Icons of England, "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icons.org.uk/nom/nominations/always-look-on-the-bright-side-of-life">the original</a> on 17 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Icons+of+England%2C+%22Always+Look+on+the+Bright+Side+of+Life%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icons.org.uk%2Fnom%2Fnominations%2Falways-look-on-the-bright-side-of-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+comedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKayHerbert_Léonard2005" class="citation book cs1">McKay, Alan; Herbert Léonard (2005). <i>Chronological encyclopaedia of Soviet single-engined fighters, 1939–1951 : piston-engines or mixed power-plants : studies, projects, prototypes series and variants</i>. Paris: Histoire & collections. pp. 42–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-915239-60-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-915239-60-6"><bdi>2-915239-60-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronological+encyclopaedia+of+Soviet+single-engined+fighters%2C+1939%E2%80%931951+%3A+piston-engines+or+mixed+power-plants+%3A+studies%2C+projects%2C+prototypes+series+and+variants&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=42-46&rft.pub=Histoire+%26+collections&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=2-915239-60-6&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Herbert+L%C3%A9onard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+comedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://about.kaiserpermanente.org/our-story/our-history/in-defense-of-henry-j-kaisers-world-war-ii-ship-quality">"In defense of Henry J. Kaiser's World War II ship quality"</a>. <i>about.kaiserpermanente.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001204526/https://about.kaiserpermanente.org/our-story/our-history/in-defense-of-henry-j-kaisers-world-war-ii-ship-quality">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=about.kaiserpermanente.org&rft.atitle=In+defense+of+Henry+J.+Kaiser%27s+World+War+II+ship+quality&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabout.kaiserpermanente.org%2Four-story%2Four-history%2Fin-defense-of-henry-j-kaisers-world-war-ii-ship-quality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+comedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://about.kaiserpermanente.org/our-story/our-history/henry-kaisers-escort-carriers-and-the-battle-of-leyte-gulf">"Henry Kaiser's escort carriers and the Battle of Leyte Gulf"</a>. <i>about.kaiserpermanente.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221005113313/https://about.kaiserpermanente.org/our-story/our-history/henry-kaisers-escort-carriers-and-the-battle-of-leyte-gulf">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=about.kaiserpermanente.org&rft.atitle=Henry+Kaiser%27s+escort+carriers+and+the+Battle+of+Leyte+Gulf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabout.kaiserpermanente.org%2Four-story%2Four-history%2Fhenry-kaisers-escort-carriers-and-the-battle-of-leyte-gulf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+comedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/rg_seawarfare_jutlandfighting.htm">"The Fighting at Jutland"</a>. <i>Kipling Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kipling+Society&rft.atitle=The+Fighting+at+Jutland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kiplingsociety.co.uk%2Frg_seawarfare_jutlandfighting.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+comedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firerescue1.com/animal-rescue/articles/376309018-Firefighter-reprimanded-for-response-to-woman-who-reported-cat-in-tree/">"Firefighter reprimanded for response to woman who reported cat in tree"</a>. FireRescue1. 3 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Firefighter+reprimanded+for+response+to+woman+who+reported+cat+in+tree&rft.pub=FireRescue1&rft.date=2018-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firerescue1.com%2Fanimal-rescue%2Farticles%2F376309018-Firefighter-reprimanded-for-response-to-woman-who-reported-cat-in-tree%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+comedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leon Rappoport, <i>Punchlines: The Case for Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Humor</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P3HkmPhf2mYC&pg=PA83">p. 83</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(2006-02-17) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151003035750/https://www.memphisflyer.com/memphis/the-joke-stops-here/Content?oid=1124492">The Joke Stops Here | Editorial</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Flyer" title="Memphis Flyer">Memphis Flyer</a>.</i> Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.memphisflyer.com/memphis/the-joke-stops-here/Content?oid=1124492">the original</a> on 2015-10-13. 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedian" title="Comedian">Comedian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedic_device" title="Comedic device">Comedic device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_festival" title="Comedy festival">Comedy festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_troupe" title="Comedy troupe">Comedy troupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_timing" title="Comic timing">Comic timing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farce" title="Farce">Farce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humorist" title="Humorist">Humorist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impersonator" title="Impersonator">Impersonator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionist_(entertainment)" title="Impressionist (entertainment)">Impressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">Irony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke" title="Joke">Joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prank_call" title="Prank call">Prank call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_line" title="Punch line">Punch line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_gag" title="Visual gag">Visual gag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wit" title="Wit">Wit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_play" title="Word play">Word play</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_comedy_films" title="American comedy films">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_comedy_films" title="British comedy films">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_comedy_films" title="French comedy films">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comedy_(drama)" title="Comedy (drama)">Theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_comedy" title="Ancient Greek comedy">Ancient Greek comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Comédie-Française">Comédie-Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Italienne" title="Comédie-Italienne">Comédie-Italienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corral_de_comedias" title="Corral de comedias">Corral de comedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre of ancient Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_comedy" title="Chinese comedy">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiangsheng" title="Xiangsheng">Xiangsheng</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hong Kong <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenong" title="Lenong">Lenong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludruk" title="Ludruk">Ludruk</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dgen" title="Kyōgen">Kyōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzai" title="Manzai">Manzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owarai" title="Owarai">Owarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakugo" title="Rakugo">Rakugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarugaku" title="Sarugaku">Sarugaku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_comedy" title="Korean comedy">Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard_theatre_(aesthetic)" title="Boulevard theatre (aesthetic)">Boulevard theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Comedy drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_humours" title="Comedy of humours">Comedy of humours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_manners" title="Comedy of manners">Comedy of manners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_menace" title="Comedy of menace">Comedy of menace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_act" title="Double act">Double act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvisational_theatre" title="Improvisational theatre">Improvisational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macchietta" title="Macchietta">Macchietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-person_show" class="mw-redirect" title="One-person show">One-person show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">Pantomime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harlequinade" title="Harlequinade">Harlequinade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_comedy" title="Restoration comedy">Restoration comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentimental_comedy" title="Sentimental comedy">Sentimental comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die_larmoyante" title="Comédie larmoyante">Comédie larmoyante</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_play" title="Shadow play">Shadow play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_comedy" title="Shakespearean comedy">Shakespearean comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_comedy" title="Sketch comedy">Sketch comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spex_(theatre)" title="Spex (theatre)">Spex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_comedy" title="Stand-up comedy">Stand-up comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_theatre" title="Street theatre">Street theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Absurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of the Absurd">Theatre of the Absurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">Tragicomedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">Vaudeville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Music<br />and dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballad_opera" title="Ballad opera">Ballad opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">Cabaret</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9-chantant" title="Café-chantant">Café-chantant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9-th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre" title="Café-théâtre">Café-théâtre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-ballet" title="Comédie-ballet">Comédie-ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_club" title="Comedy club">Comedy club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_music" title="Light music">Light music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">Music hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">Musical theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_bouffe" title="Opéra bouffe">Opéra bouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_bouffon" title="Opéra bouffon">Opéra bouffon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_buffa" title="Opera buffa">Opera buffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_comique" title="Opéra comique">Opéra comique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue" title="Revue">Revue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_music" title="Comedy music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_album" title="Comedy album">Album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_rock" title="Comedy rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_hip_hop" title="Comedy hip hop">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_music" title="Parody music">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_comedians" title="List of musical comedians">Musical comedians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_novel" title="Comic novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_comedy" title="Radio comedy">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_comedy" title="Television comedy">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roast_(comedy)" title="Roast (comedy)">Roast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitcom" title="Sitcom">Sitcom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_sitcom" title="Animated sitcom">Animated sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_sitcom" title="Black sitcom">Black sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_sitcom" title="Teen sitcom">Teen sitcom</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comedic_genres" title="Comedic genres">Subgenres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_comedy" title="Alternative comedy">Alternative</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribaldry" title="Ribaldry">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_comedy" title="Character comedy">Character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_comedy" title="Christian comedy">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">Clown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cringe_comedy" title="Cringe comedy">Cringe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadpan" title="Deadpan">Deadpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_comedy" title="Documentary comedy">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_comedy" title="High comedy">High</a> / <a href="/wiki/Low_comedy" title="Low comedy">low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insult_comedy" title="Insult comedy">Insult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observational_comedy" title="Observational comedy">Observational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_comedy" title="Physical comedy">Physical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prop_comedy" title="Prop comedy">Prop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-referential_humor" title="Self-referential humor">Self-referential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_humour" title="Shock humour">Shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_comedy" title="Sick comedy">Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick" title="Slapstick">Slapstick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slapstick_comedy_topics" title="List of slapstick comedy topics">Topics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surreal_humour" title="Surreal humour">Surreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventriloquism" title="Ventriloquism">Ventriloquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Comedy" title="Category:Comedy">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Comedy" title="Portal:Comedy">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Film_genres" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Film_genres" title="Template:Film genres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Film_genres" title="Template talk:Film genres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Film_genres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Film genres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Film_genres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_film_industry" title="Christian film industry">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Sexy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_out" title="Gross out">Gross out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_symphony" title="City symphony">City symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">Docudrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-documentary" title="Pseudo-documentary">Pseudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_essay" title="Video essay">Video essay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_melodrama" title="Korean melodrama">Korean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_film" title="Sex in film">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_film" title="Pink film">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_film" title="Educational film">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_guidance_film" title="Social guidance film">Social guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">Epic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Exploitation_film" title="Template:Exploitation film">see <i>Exploitation film template</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media" title="List of body horror media">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">Chinese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Psycho-biddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_musical" title="Arthouse musical">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstage_musical" title="Backstage musical">Backstage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta_film" title="Operetta film">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover fiction">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Pornographic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_softcore_pornography" title="Malayalam softcore pornography">Malayalam</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_film" title="Reality film">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromantic_comedy" title="Bromantic comedy">Bromantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_science_fiction_film" title="Arthouse science fiction film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_film" title="Survival film">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_thriller" title="Financial thriller">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_film" title="Trick film">Trick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_animals" title="List of films about animals">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_party_film" title="Beach party film">Beach party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap" title="Body swap">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_film" title="Buddy film">Buddy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_cop" title="Buddy cop">Buddy cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_buddy_film" title="Female buddy film">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_cinema" title="Colonial cinema">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">Coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">Gangster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokud%C5%8D" title="Gokudō">Gokudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_film" title="Hood film">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_film" title="Mafia film">Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_comedy_film" title="Mafia comedy film">Mafia comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld film">Mumbai underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuza_film" title="Yakuza film">Yakuza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drug_films" title="List of drug films">Drug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_film" title="Psychedelic film">Psychedelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_film" title="Economics film">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexploitation" title="Mexploitation">Mexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turksploitation" title="Turksploitation">Turksploitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_food_and_drink" title="List of films about food and drink">Food and drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai-geki" title="Gendai-geki">Gendai-geki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goona-goona_epic" title="Goona-goona epic">Goona-goona epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchador_films" title="Luchador films">Luchador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_da_Boca_do_Lixo" title="Cinema da Boca do Lixo">Mouth of Garbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_social" title="Muslim social">Muslim social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">Outlaw biker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_film" title="Partisan film">Partisan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_prison_film" title="Women in prison film">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_movie" title="Road movie">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm" title="Trümmerfilm">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumberas_film" title="Rumberas film">Rumberas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_porn" title="Bavarian porn">Bavarian porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican sex comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornochanchada" title="Pornochanchada">Pornochanchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_report_film" title="Sex report film">Sex report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshimin-eiga" title="Shoshimin-eiga">Shoshimin-eiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film" title="Snuff film">Snuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_genre" title="South Seas genre">South Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_film" title="Surf film">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_voyage" title="Imaginary voyage">imaginary voyage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_War" title="Euro War">Euro War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Meat pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By movement <br /> or period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute film">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)" title="New Objectivity (filmmaking)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">Auteur films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_School_(filmmaking)" title="Berlin School (filmmaking)">Berlin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourekas_film" title="Bourekas film">Bourekas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_School_(filmmaking)" title="Brighton School (filmmaking)">Brighton School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_school" title="Budapest school">Budapest school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look" title="Cinéma du look">Cinéma du look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Erra Cinema">Erra Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_d%27art" title="Film d'art">Film d'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_gris" title="Film gris">Film gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema">Nigerian Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave" title="Hong Kong New Wave">Hong Kong New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave" title="Iranian New Wave">Iranian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema" title="Italian futurism in cinema">Italian futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspielfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.A._Rebellion" title="L.A. Rebellion">L.A. Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" title="New generation (Malayalam film movement)">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="No Wave Cinema">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano" title="Nuevo Cine Mexicano">Nuevo Cine Mexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-Indian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmfarsi" title="Filmfarsi">Persian Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Film_School" title="Polish Film School">Polish Film School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_film_school" title="The Prague film school">The Prague film school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_film" title="Prussian film">Prussian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Film_Movement" title="Pure Film Movement">Pure Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romanian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_parallel_cinema" title="Soviet parallel cinema">Soviet parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Surrealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Cinema" title="Third Cinema">Third Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_New_Wave" title="Toronto New Wave">Toronto New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Black_Wave" title="Yugoslav Black Wave">Yugoslav Black Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">Children and family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li>Men <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_film" title="Stag film">Stag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">Teen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">Chick flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format,<br /> technique,<br /> approach,<br /> or production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">Actuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_animation" title="Arthouse animation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind-the-scenes" title="Behind-the-scenes">Behind-the-scenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_film" title="Compilation film">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_film" title="Composite film">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenlife" title="Screenlife">Computer screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">Cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_cinema" title="Database cinema">Database cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featurette" title="Featurette">Featurette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_clef" title="Film à clef">Film à clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film-poem" title="Film-poem">Film-poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlink_cinema" title="Hyperlink cinema">Hyperlink cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_art" title="Interstitial art">Interstitial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">Live action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">Major film studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_picture" title="Message picture">Message picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacinema" title="Metacinema">Meta-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockbuster" title="Mockbuster">Mockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_short" title="Musical short">Musical short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_film" title="One-shot film">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracinema" title="Paracinema">Paracinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_cinema" title="Participatory cinema">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_film" title="Poetry film">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semidocumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_film" title="Serial film">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinpa" title="Shinpa">Shinpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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