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<span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aspects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Societies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksikografie" title="Leksikografie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Leksikografie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%85" title="علم صناعة المعاجم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم صناعة المعاجم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicograf%C3%ADa" title="Lexicografía – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Lexicografía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksikoqrafiya" title="Leksikoqrafiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Leksikoqrafiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="অভিধান বিজ্ঞান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অভিধান বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Лексикография – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Лексикография" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Лексікаграфія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лексікаграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Лексыкаграфія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лексыкаграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80" title="लेक्सिकोग्राफी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लेक्सिकोग्राफी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Лексикография – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лексикография" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicografia" title="Lexicografia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lexicografia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Лексикографи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Лексикографи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexikografie" title="Lexikografie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lexikografie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiriadureg" title="Geiriadureg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Geiriadureg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksikografi" title="Leksikografi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Leksikografi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexikografie" title="Lexikografie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lexikografie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksikograafia" title="Leksikograafia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Leksikograafia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Λεξικογραφία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λεξικογραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicograf%C3%ADa" title="Lexicografía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lexicografía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksikografio" title="Leksikografio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Leksikografio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiztegigintza" title="Hiztegigintza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hiztegigintza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="فرهنگ‌نویسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرهنگ‌نویسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicographie" title="Lexicographie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lexicographie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicograf%C3%ADa" title="Lexicografía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lexicografía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%84_%ED%8E%B8%EC%B0%AC" title="사전 편찬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사전 편찬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բառարանագրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բառարանագրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="कोशकर्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोशकर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksikografija" title="Leksikografija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Leksikografija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksikografi" title="Leksikografi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Leksikografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicographia" title="Lexicographia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lexicographia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lessicografia" title="Lessicografia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lessicografia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA" title="מילונאות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מילונאות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B6_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಕೋಶ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೋಶ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Лексикография – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лексикография" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Лексикография – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лексикография" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksikogr%C4%81fija" title="Leksikogrāfija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Leksikogrāfija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksikografija" title="Leksikografija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Leksikografija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essomankuluze" title="Essomankuluze – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Essomankuluze" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexikogr%C3%A1fia" title="Lexikográfia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lexikográfia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksikografi" title="Leksikografi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Leksikografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicografie" title="Lexicografie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lexicografie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%9E%E6%9B%B8%E5%AD%A6" title="辞書学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="辞書学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksikografi" title="Leksikografi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Leksikografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksikografi" title="Leksikografi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Leksikografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicografia" title="Lexicografia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lexicografia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Лексикографий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Лексикографий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksikografiya" title="Leksikografiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Leksikografiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਕੋਸ਼ਕਾਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੋਸ਼ਕਾਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicografia" title="Lexicografia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Lexicografia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksykografia" title="Leksykografia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Leksykografia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicografia" title="Lexicografia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lexicografia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicografie" title="Lexicografie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lexicografie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Лексикография – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Лексикография" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Лексикография – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лексикография" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Лексикография – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Лексикография" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksikografia" title="Leksikografia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Leksikografia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lexicography" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%AA_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="لغت نويسي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لغت نويسي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexikografia" title="Lexikografia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lexikografia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksikografija" title="Leksikografija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Leksikografija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF" title="نووسینی فەرھەنگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نووسینی فەرھەنگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Лексикографија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лексикографија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksikografija" title="Leksikografija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Leksikografija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexikografi" title="Lexikografi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lexikografi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksikograpiya" title="Leksikograpiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Leksikograpiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="அகராதியியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அகராதியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Фарҳангнависӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фарҳангнависӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6zl%C3%BCkbilim" title="Sözlükbilim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sözlükbilim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Лексикографія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лексикографія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%AA_%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="لغت نگاری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لغت نگاری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diccionairaedje" title="Diccionairaedje – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Diccionairaedje" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksikograpiya" title="Leksikograpiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Leksikograpiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%9E%E4%B9%A6%E5%AD%A6" title="辞书学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="辞书学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="辭典學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="辭典學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%AD%E6%9B%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="辭書學 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="辭書學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicographer&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexicographer">Lexicographer</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Art and science of compiling dictionaries</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Dictionary structure" redirects here. For the dictionary data structure, see <a href="/wiki/Associative_array" title="Associative array">Associative array</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the term in mathematics, see <a href="/wiki/Lexicographic_order" title="Lexicographic order">Lexicographic order</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Lexicology" title="Lexicology">Lexicology</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1234201967">.mw-parser-output .linguistics-body{max-width:20em}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks linguistics-body"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistics" title="Category:Linguistics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics" title="Outline of linguistics">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_linguistics" title="History of linguistics">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_linguistics_articles" title="Index of linguistics articles">Index</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General linguistics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Diachronic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lexicography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">Morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">Syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface" title="Syntax–semantics interface">Syntax–semantics interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">Typology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Applied linguistics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">Acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_linguistics" title="Anthropological linguistics">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_linguistics" title="Applied linguistics">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">Conversation analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_linguistics" title="Corpus linguistics">Corpus linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_distance" title="Linguistic distance">Distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_documentation" title="Language documentation">Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography_of_communication" title="Ethnography of communication">Ethnography of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomethodology" title="Ethnomethodology">Ethnomethodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_linguistics" title="Forensic linguistics">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_linguistics" title="History of linguistics">History of linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlinguistics" title="Interlinguistics">Interlinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurolinguistics" title="Neurolinguistics">Neurolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">Phonetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_linguistics" title="Text linguistics">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_studies" title="Translation studies">Translating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Language_interpretation" title="Language interpretation">interpreting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing systems</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical frameworks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(linguistics)" title="Formalism (linguistics)">Formalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phrase_structure_grammar" title="Phrase structure grammar">Constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_grammar" title="Dependency grammar">Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributionalism" title="Distributionalism">Distributionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_grammar" title="Generative grammar">Generative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossematics" title="Glossematics">Glossematics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_linguistics" title="Functional linguistics">Functional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_grammar" title="Cognitive grammar">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_grammar" title="Construction grammar">Construction grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_discourse_grammar" title="Functional discourse grammar">Functional discourse grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammaticalization" title="Grammaticalization">Grammaticalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactional_linguistics" title="Interactional linguistics">Interactional linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_linguistic_circle" title="Prague linguistic circle">Prague circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_functional_linguistics" title="Systemic functional linguistics">Systemic functional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage-based_models_of_language" title="Usage-based models of language">Usage-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_linguistics" title="Structural linguistics">Structuralism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_of_syntax" title="Autonomy of syntax">Autonomy of syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_compositionality" title="Principle of compositionality">Compositionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_and_innovative_language" title="Conservative and innovative language">Conservative and innovative language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_description" title="Linguistic description">Descriptivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconicity" title="Iconicity">Iconicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(linguistics)" title="Internationalism (linguistics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_linguistics" title="Internet linguistics">Internet linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_linguistics" title="LGBTQ linguistics">LGBTQ linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orismology" title="Orismology">Orismology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_linguistics" title="Philosophy of linguistics">Philosophy of linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">Prescriptivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-language_acquisition" title="Second-language acquisition">Second-language acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_language" title="Theory of language">Theory of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology" title="Terminology">Terminology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Linguistics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lexicography</b> is the study of <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicons</a> and the art of compiling dictionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is divided into two separate <a href="/wiki/Academic_discipline" title="Academic discipline">academic disciplines</a>: </p> <ul><li><b>Practical lexicography</b> is the art or <a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">craft</a> of compiling, writing and editing <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionaries</a>.</li> <li><b>Theoretical lexicography</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Scholarly" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholarly">scholarly</a> study of <a href="/wiki/Semantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic">semantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthographic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syntagma_(linguistics)" title="Syntagma (linguistics)">syntagmatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">paradigmatic</a> features of <a href="/wiki/Lexeme" title="Lexeme">lexemes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a>) of a <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>, developing theories of dictionary components and structures linking the data in dictionaries, the needs for information by users in specific types of situations, and how users may best access the data incorporated in printed and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dictionary" title="Electronic dictionary">electronic dictionaries</a>. This is sometimes referred to as "metalexicography".</li></ul> <p>There is some disagreement on the definition of <a href="/wiki/Lexicology" title="Lexicology">lexicology</a>, as distinct from lexicography. Some use "lexicology" as a synonym for theoretical lexicography; others use it to mean a branch of <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> pertaining to the inventory of words in a particular language. </p><p>A person devoted to lexicography is called a <b>lexicographer</b> and is, according to a jest of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a>, a "harmless drudge".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Focus">Focus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Focus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generally, lexicography focuses on the design, compilation, use and evaluation of general dictionaries, i.e. dictionaries that provide a description of the language in general use. Such a dictionary is usually called a general dictionary or LGP dictionary (Language for General Purpose). Specialized lexicography focuses on the design, compilation, use and evaluation of specialized dictionaries, i.e. dictionaries that are devoted to a (relatively restricted) set of linguistic and factual elements of one or more specialist subject fields, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Legal_lexicography" title="Legal lexicography">legal lexicography</a>. Such a dictionary is usually called a <a href="/wiki/Specialized_dictionary" title="Specialized dictionary">specialized dictionary</a> or <a href="/wiki/Language_for_specific_purposes_dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Language for specific purposes dictionary">Language for specific purposes dictionary</a> and following Nielsen 1994, specialized dictionaries are either multi-field, single-field or sub-field dictionaries. </p><p>It is now widely accepted that lexicography is a scholarly discipline in its own right and not a sub-branch of <a href="/wiki/Applied_linguistics" title="Applied linguistics">applied linguistics</a>, as the chief object of study in lexicography is the dictionary (see e.g. Bergenholtz/Nielsen/Tarp 2009). </p><p>Lexicography is the practice of creating books, computer programs, or databases that reflect lexicographical work and are intended for <a href="/wiki/Public" title="Public">public</a> use. These include dictionaries and <a href="/wiki/Thesaurus" title="Thesaurus">thesauri</a> which are widely accessible resources that present various aspects of lexicology, such as spelling, pronunciation, and meaning. </p><p><a href="/wiki/List_of_lexicographers" title="List of lexicographers">Lexicographers</a> are tasked with defining simple words as well as figuring out how compound or complex words or words with many meanings can be clearly explained. They also make decisions regarding which words should be kept, added, or removed from a dictionary. They are responsible for arranging lexical material (usually <a href="/wiki/Alphabetical_order" title="Alphabetical order">alphabetically</a>) to facilitate understanding and navigation.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coined in English 1680, the word "lexicography" derives from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> λεξικογράφος (<i>lexikographos</i>), "lexicographer",<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from λεξικόν (<i>lexicon</i>), neut. of λεξικός <i>lexikos</i>, "of or for words",<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from λέξις (<i>lexis</i>), "speech", "word"<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in turn from λέγω (<i>lego</i>), "to say", "to speak"<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and γράφω (<i>grapho</i>), "to scratch, to inscribe, to write".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aspects">Aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Practical lexicographic work involves several activities, and the compilation of well-crafted dictionaries requires careful consideration of all or some of the following aspects: </p> <ul><li>profiling the intended users (i.e. linguistic and non-linguistic competences) and identifying their needs</li> <li>defining the communicative and cognitive functions of the dictionary</li> <li>selecting and organizing the components of the dictionary</li> <li>choosing the appropriate structures for presenting the data in the dictionary (i.e. frame structure, distribution structure, macro-structure, micro-structure and <a href="/wiki/Cross-reference" title="Cross-reference">cross-reference</a> structure)</li> <li>selecting words and affixes for systematization as entries</li> <li>selecting <a href="/wiki/Collocation" title="Collocation">collocations</a>, phrases and examples</li> <li>choosing <a href="/wiki/Lemma_(morphology)" title="Lemma (morphology)">lemma</a> forms for each word or part of word to be lemmatized</li> <li>defining words</li> <li>organizing definitions</li> <li>specifying pronunciations of words</li> <li>labeling definitions and pronunciations for <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">register</a> and dialect, where appropriate</li> <li>selecting equivalents in bi- and multi-lingual dictionaries</li> <li>translating collocations, phrases and examples in bi- and multilingual dictionaries</li> <li>designing the best way in which users can access the data in printed and electronic dictionaries</li></ul> <p>One important goal of lexicography is to keep the <a href="/wiki/Lexicographic_information_cost" title="Lexicographic information cost">lexicographic information costs</a> incurred by dictionary users as low as possible. Nielsen (2008) suggests relevant aspects for lexicographers to consider when making dictionaries as they all affect the users' impression and actual use of specific dictionaries. </p><p>Theoretical lexicography concerns the same aspects as lexicography, but aims to develop principles that can improve the quality of future dictionaries, for instance in terms of access to data and lexicographic information costs. Several perspectives or branches of such academic dictionary research have been distinguished: 'dictionary criticism' (or evaluating the quality of one or more dictionaries, e.g. by means of reviews (see Nielsen 1999), 'dictionary history' (or tracing the traditions of a type of dictionary or of lexicography in a particular country or language), 'dictionary typology' (or classifying the various genres of reference works, such as dictionary versus encyclopedia, monolingual versus bilingual dictionary, general versus technical or pedagogical dictionary), 'dictionary structure' (or formatting the various ways in which the information is presented in a dictionary), 'dictionary use' (or observing the reference acts and skills of dictionary users), and 'dictionary IT' (or applying <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_writing_system" title="Dictionary writing system">computer aids</a> to the process of dictionary compilation). </p><p>One important consideration is the status of 'bilingual lexicography', or the compilation and use of the <a href="/wiki/Bilingual_dictionary" title="Bilingual dictionary">bilingual dictionary</a> in all its aspects (see e.g. Nielsen 1994). In spite of a relatively long history of this type of dictionary, it is often said<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (September 2015)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to be less developed in a number of respects than its unilingual counterpart, especially in cases where one of the languages involved is not a major language. Not all genres of reference works are available in interlingual versions, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Language_for_specific_purposes" title="Language for specific purposes">LSP</a>, learners' and encyclopedic types, although sometimes these challenges produce new subtypes, e.g. 'semi-bilingual' or 'bilingualised' dictionaries such as Hornby's <i>(Oxford) Advanced Learner's Dictionary English-Chinese</i>, which have been developed by translating existing monolingual dictionaries (see Marello 1998). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traces of lexicography can be identified as early late 4th millennium BCE, with the first known examples being <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumerian cuneiform">Sumerian cuneiform</a> texts uncovered in the city of <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>. Ancient lexicography usually consisted of word lists documenting a language's <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a>. Other early word lists have been discovered in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Eblaite</a>, and take the shape of mono- and bilingual word lists. They were organized in different ways including by subject and part of speech. The first extensive <a href="/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)" title="Gloss (annotation)">glosses</a>, or word lists with accompanying definitions, began to appear around 300 BCE, and the discipline begins to develop more steadily. Lengthier glosses started to emerge in the literary cultures of antiquity, including Greece, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a>, China, India, <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanian Persia">Sasanian Persia</a>, and the Middle East. In 636, <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a> published the first formal etymological compendium. The word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">dictionarium</i></span> was first applied to this type of text by the late 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the invention and spread of Gutenberg's <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> in the 15th century, lexicography flourished. Dictionaries became increasingly widespread, and their purpose shifted from a way to store lexical knowledge to a mode of disseminating lexical information. Modern lexicographical practices began taking shape during the 18th and 19th centuries, led by notable lexicographers such as <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Dal" title="Vladimir Dal">Vladimir Dal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noah_Webster" title="Noah Webster">Noah Webster</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Murray_(lexicographer)" title="James Murray (lexicographer)">James Murray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mark_Roget" title="Peter Mark Roget">Peter Mark Roget</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Emerson_Worcester" title="Joseph Emerson Worcester">Joseph Emerson Worcester</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="History of computers">invention of computers</a> changed lexicography again. With access to large databases, finding lexical evidence became significantly faster and easier. <a href="/wiki/Corpus_linguistics" title="Corpus linguistics">Corpus research</a> also enables lexicographers to discriminate different senses of a word based on said evidence. Additionally, lexicographers were now able to work nonlinearly, rather than being bound to a traditional <a href="/wiki/Lexicographical_ordering" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexicographical ordering">lexicographical ordering</a> like <a href="/wiki/Alphabetical_ordering" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphabetical ordering">alphabetical ordering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 21st century, the increasing ubiquity of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> began to impact the field, which had traditionally been a time-consuming, detail-oriented task. The advent of AI has been hailed by some as the "end of lexicography".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others are skeptical that human lexicographers will be outmoded in a field studying the particularly human substance of language.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">Dictionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilingual_dictionary" title="Bilingual dictionary">Bilingual dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolingual_learner%27s_dictionary" title="Monolingual learner's dictionary">Monolingual learner's dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialized_dictionary" title="Specialized dictionary">Specialized dictionary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Picture_dictionary" title="Picture dictionary">Picture dictionary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multi-field_dictionary" title="Multi-field dictionary">Multi-field dictionary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Single-field_dictionary" title="Single-field dictionary">Single-field dictionary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sub-field_dictionary" title="Sub-field dictionary">Sub-field dictionary</a>, <a href="/wiki/LSP_dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="LSP dictionary">LSP dictionary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary" title="Glossary">Glossary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Defining_dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Defining dictionary">defining dictionary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Core_glossary" class="mw-redirect" title="Core glossary">Core glossary</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_description" title="Linguistic description">Linguistic description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lexicographers" title="List of lexicographers">List of lexicographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexicology" title="Lexicology">Lexicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">Lexicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_definition" title="Lexical definition">Lexical definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idioms_Lexicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Idioms Lexicon">Idioms Lexicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialised_lexicography" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialised lexicography">Specialised lexicography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_lexicology_and_lexicography" title="English lexicology and lexicography">English lexicology and lexicography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology" title="Terminology">Terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_Society_of_North_America" title="Dictionary Society of North America">Dictionary Society of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreaming_of_Words" title="Dreaming of Words">Dreaming of Words</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJackson2017" class="citation cs2">Jackson, Howard (2017-10-02), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315104942-34">"English lexicography in the Internet era"</a>, <i>The Routledge Handbook of Lexicography</i>, Routledge, pp. 540–553, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315104942-34">10.4324/9781315104942-34</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-10494-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-10494-2"><bdi>978-1-315-10494-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-16</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Lexicography&rft.atitle=English+lexicography+in+the+Internet+era&rft.pages=540-553&rft.date=2017-10-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315104942-34&rft.isbn=978-1-315-10494-2&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4324%2F9781315104942-34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexicography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/lexicographer">"Lexicographer job profile | Prospects.ac.uk"</a>. <i>www.prospects.ac.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181029152407/https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/lexicographer">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.prospects.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Lexicographer+job+profile+%7C+Prospects.ac.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prospects.ac.uk%2Fjob-profiles%2Flexicographer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexicography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1785" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson, Samuel</a> (1785). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofengl02johnuoft/page/n38/mode/1up"><i>A Dictionary of the English Language</i></a>. London: J.F. and C. Rivington, et al.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.F.+and+C.+Rivington%2C+et+al&rft.date=1785&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofengl02johnuoft%2Fpage%2Fn38%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexicography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDzharasova2020" class="citation book cs1">Dzharasova, T. T. (2020). <i>English lexicology and lexicography : theory and practice</i> (2 ed.). Almaty: Al-Farabi Kazakh National University. pp. 93–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-601-04-0595-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-601-04-0595-0"><bdi>978-601-04-0595-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+lexicology+and+lexicography+%3A+theory+and+practice&rft.place=Almaty&rft.pages=93-94&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Al-Farabi+Kazakh+National+University&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-601-04-0595-0&rft.aulast=Dzharasova&rft.aufirst=T.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexicography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dlecikogra%2Ffos">λεξικογράφος</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412075355/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dlecikogra%2Ffos">Archived</a> 2021-04-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek–English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus Digital Library</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dlecikos">λεξικός</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514152114/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=lecikos">Archived</a> 2021-05-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek–English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus Digital Library</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dle%2Fcis">λέξις</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417153436/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dle%2Fcis">Archived</a> 2021-04-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek–English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus Digital Library</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aentry%3Dle%2Fgw3">λέγω</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421181948/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aentry%3Dle%2Fgw3">Archived</a> 2021-04-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus Digital Library</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dgra%2Ffw">γράφω</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413205841/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dgra%2Ffw">Archived</a> 2021-04-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek–English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus Digital Library</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurkin2015" class="citation book cs1">Durkin, Philip (2015). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Lexicography</i> (online ed.). Oxford Academic. pp. 605–615.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Lexicography&rft.pages=605-615&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+Academic&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Durkin&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexicography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmann1986" class="citation book cs1">Hartmann, Reinhard (1986). <i>The History of Lexicography</i>. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Lexicography&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=Reinhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexicography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHans2013" class="citation book cs1">Hans, Patrick (1 July 2013). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics</i> (online ed.). Oxford Academic. pp. 506–521.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+History+of+Linguistics&rft.pages=506-521&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+Academic&rft.date=2013-07-01&rft.aulast=Hans&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexicography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHans2013" class="citation book cs1">Hans, Patrick (1 July 2013). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics</i> (online ed.). Oxford Academic. pp. 528–535.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+History+of+Linguistics&rft.pages=528-535&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+Academic&rft.date=2013-07-01&rft.aulast=Hans&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexicography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Schryver2023" class="citation journal cs1">de Schryver, Gilles-Maurice (December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecad021">"Generative AI and Lexicography: The Current State of the Art Using ChatGPT"</a>. <i>International Journal of Lexicography</i>. <b>36</b> (4): 356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fijl%2Fecad021">10.1093/ijl/ecad021</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2263%2F93462">2263/93462</a></span> – via Oxford Academic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Lexicography&rft.atitle=Generative+AI+and+Lexicography%3A+The+Current+State+of+the+Art+Using+ChatGPT&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=356&rft.date=2023-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2263%2F93462&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fijl%2Fecad021&rft.aulast=de+Schryver&rft.aufirst=Gilles-Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fijl%2Fecad021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexicography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Schryver2023" class="citation journal cs1">de Schryver, GIlles-Maurice (December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecad021">"Generative AI and Lexicography: The Current State of the Art Using ChatGPT"</a>. <i>International Journal of Lexicography</i>. <b>36</b> (4): 355–387. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fijl%2Fecad021">10.1093/ijl/ecad021</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2263%2F93462">2263/93462</a></span> – via Oxford Academic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Lexicography&rft.atitle=Generative+AI+and+Lexicography%3A+The+Current+State+of+the+Art+Using+ChatGPT&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=355-387&rft.date=2023-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2263%2F93462&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fijl%2Fecad021&rft.aulast=de+Schryver&rft.aufirst=GIlles-Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fijl%2Fecad021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexicography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._T._S._Atkins" class="mw-redirect" title="B. T. S. Atkins">Atkins, B.T.S.</a> & Rundell, Michael (2008) <i>The Oxford Guide to Practical Lexicography</i>, Oxford U.P. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927771-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927771-1">978-0-19-927771-1</a></li> <li>Béjoint, Henri (2000) <i>Modern Lexicography: An Introduction</i>, Oxford U.P. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829951-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829951-6">978-0-19-829951-6</a></li> <li>Considine, John, ed. (2019) <i>The Cambridge World History of Lexicography.</i> Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107178861" title="Special:BookSources/9781107178861">9781107178861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henning_Bergenholtz" title="Henning Bergenholtz">Bergenholtz, H.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Nielsen" title="Sandro Nielsen">Nielsen, S.</a>, Tarp, S. (eds.): <i>Lexicography at a Crossroads: Dictionaries and Encyclopedias Today, Lexicographical Tools Tomorrow</i>. Peter Lang 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03911-799-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03911-799-4">978-3-03911-799-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henning_Bergenholtz" title="Henning Bergenholtz">Bergenholtz, Henning</a> & Tarp, Sven (eds.) (1995) <i>Manual of Specialised Lexicography: The Preparation of Specialised Dictionaries</i>, J. Benjamins. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-1612-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-1612-0">978-90-272-1612-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathon_Green" title="Jonathon Green">Green, Jonathon</a> (1996) <i>Chasing the Sun: Dictionary-Makers and the Dictionaries They Made</i>, J. Cape. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-6216-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-6216-2">0-7126-6216-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Hartmann" title="Reinhard Hartmann">Hartmann, R.R.K.</a> (2001) <i>Teaching and Researching Lexicography</i>, Pearson Education. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-36977-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-36977-1">978-0-582-36977-1</a></li> <li>Hartmann, R.R.K. (ed.) (2003) <i>Lexicography: Critical Concepts</i>, Routledge/Taylor & Francis, 3 volumes. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25365-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25365-9">978-0-415-25365-9</a></li> <li>Hartmann, R.R.K. & James, Gregory (comps.) (1998/2001) <i>Dictionary of Lexicography</i>, Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14144-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14144-4">978-0-415-14144-4</a></li> <li>Inglis, Douglas (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7152886/Cognitive_Grammar_and_lexicography">Cognitive Grammar and lexicography</a>. Payap University Graduate School Linguistics Department.</li> <li>Kirkness, Alan (2004) "Lexicography", in <i>The Handbook of Applied Linguistics</i> ed. by A. Davies & C. Elder, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 54–81. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3809-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3809-3">978-1-4051-3809-3</a></li> <li>Landau, Sidney (2001) <i>Dictionaries: The Art and Craft of Lexicography</i>, Cambridge U.P. 2nd ed. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-78512-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-78512-X">0-521-78512-X</a></li> <li>Marello, Carla (1998) "Hornby's bilingualized dictionaries", in <i>International Journal of Lexicography</i> 11,4, pp. 292–314.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandro_Nielsen" title="Sandro Nielsen">Nielsen, Sandro</a> (1994) <i>The Bilingual LSP Dictionary</i>, G. Narr. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8233-4533-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8233-4533-6">978-3-8233-4533-6</a></li> <li>Nielsen, Sandro (2008) "The effect of lexicographical information costs on dictionary making and use", in <i>Lexikos</i> (AFRILEX-reeks/series 18), pp. 170–189.</li> <li>Nielsen, Sandro (2009): "Reviewing printed and electronic dictionaries: A theoretical and practical framework". In S. Nielsen/S. Tarp (eds): <i>Lexicography in the 21st Century. In honour of Henning Bergenholtz</i>. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 23–41. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-2336-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-2336-4">978-90-272-2336-4</a>.</li> <li>Ooi, Vincent (1998) <i>Computer Corpus Lexicography</i>, Edinburgh U.P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040302151935/http://www.fas.nus.edu.sg/ell/Vincent/">[1]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-0815-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-0815-X">0-7486-0815-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladislav_Zgusta" title="Ladislav Zgusta">Zgusta, Ladislav</a> (1971) <i>Manual of lexicography</i> (Janua Linguarum. Series maior 39). Prague: Academia / The Hague, Paris: Mouton. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-279-1921-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-279-1921-2">978-90-279-1921-2</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicography&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/lexicography" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/lexicography">lexicography</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lexicography" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lexicography">Lexicography</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050616082334/http://ijl.oxfordjournals.org/"><i>International Journal of Lexicography</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/lexi/"><i>Lexicographica. International Annual for Lexicography - Revue Internationale de Lexicographie - Internationales Jahrbuch für Lexikographie</i></a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Societies">Societies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicography&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060821195227/http://www.asb.dk/research/centresteams/centres/lexc.aspx">Centre for Lexicography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060821195227/http://www.asb.dk/research/centresteams/centres/lexc.aspx">EN version</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionarysociety.com/">Dictionary Society of North America</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euralex.org/">Euralex – European Association for Lexicography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afrilex.africanlanguages.com/">Afrilex – African Association for Lexicography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australex.org/">Australex – Australasian Association for Lexicography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031204163238/http://www.nordisk-sprakrad.no/nfl.htm">Nordic Federation for Lexicography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asialex.org/">Asialex – Asian Association for Lexicography</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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class="mw-selflink selflink">Lexicography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <a href="/wiki/Reference_work" title="Reference work">reference works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary" title="Glossary">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">Lexicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrase_book" title="Phrase book">Phrase book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesaurus" title="Thesaurus">Thesaurus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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