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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AAl%C3%A9e_(Kriegf%C3%BChrung)" title="Mêlée (Kriegführung) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mêlée (Kriegführung)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel%C3%A9" title="Melé – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Melé" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mele" title="Mele – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mele" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AAl%C3%A9e_(combat)" title="Mêlée (combat) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mêlée (combat)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%BC%EC%A0%84" title="혼전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="혼전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melee" title="Melee – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Melee" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a 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For more information, see the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Guide to deletion">guide to deletion</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Melee%22">"Melee"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Melee%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Melee%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Melee%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Melee%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Melee%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small><span id="delete-reason" style="display:none;">%5B%5BWikipedia%3AArticles+for+deletion%2FMelee+%282nd+nomination%29%5D%5D</span><span id="delete-criterion" style="display:none;">AFD</span> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BattleofSluys.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BattleofSluys.jpeg/330px-BattleofSluys.jpeg" decoding="async" width="330" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BattleofSluys.jpeg/495px-BattleofSluys.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BattleofSluys.jpeg/660px-BattleofSluys.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1665" data-file-height="1560" /></a><figcaption>Mêlée aboard ships at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sluys" title="Battle of Sluys">Battle of Sluys</a> in 1340 (<a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a> Fr. 2643, 15th century)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_of_King_Gustav_II_Adolf_of_Sweden_at_the_Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(Carl_Wahlbom)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18031.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Death_of_King_Gustav_II_Adolf_of_Sweden_at_the_Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_%28Carl_Wahlbom%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18031.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Death_of_King_Gustav_II_Adolf_of_Sweden_at_the_Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_%28Carl_Wahlbom%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18031.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Death_of_King_Gustav_II_Adolf_of_Sweden_at_the_Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_%28Carl_Wahlbom%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18031.tif/lossy-page1-495px-Death_of_King_Gustav_II_Adolf_of_Sweden_at_the_Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_%28Carl_Wahlbom%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18031.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Death_of_King_Gustav_II_Adolf_of_Sweden_at_the_Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_%28Carl_Wahlbom%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18031.tif/lossy-page1-660px-Death_of_King_Gustav_II_Adolf_of_Sweden_at_the_Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_%28Carl_Wahlbom%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18031.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5779" data-file-height="3923" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1632)" title="Battle of Lützen (1632)">Battle of Lützen</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wahlbom" title="Carl Wahlbom">Carl Wahlbom</a> depicting a mêlée in which King <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus" title="Gustavus Adolphus">Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden</a> was killed on 6 November 1632</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>melee</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>, French: <b>mêlée</b>, (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[mɛle]</a></span>)) or <b>pell-mell</b> is disorganized <a href="/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat" title="Hand-to-hand combat">hand-to-hand combat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Close_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Close combat">battles fought at abnormally close range</a> with little central control once it starts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED2015_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Military_aviation" title="Military aviation">military aviation</a>, a mêlée has been defined as "an air battle in which several aircraft, both friend and foe, are confusingly intermingled".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumarDeRemerMarshall2004462_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumarDeRemerMarshall2004462-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_term">History of the term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melee&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>melee</i> originates in the 1640s from the French word <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">mêlée</i></span></i>, which refers to disorganized hand-to-hand combat, a close-quarters battle, a brawl, or a confused fight; especially involving many combatants.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1579 translation of <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Noble_Grecians_and_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans">Lives of the noble Grecians and Romanes</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas North">Sir Thomas North</a> uses the term '<span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><span lang="enm" style="font-style: normal;">pelmel</span></span>' to refer to a disorganized retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-phrases_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phrases-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phrase was later used in its current spelling in <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_(play)" title="Richard III (play)">Richard III</a></i>, 1594: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"March on, ioine brauelie, let vs to it pell mell, / If not to heauen then hand in hand to hell."</p></blockquote> <p>The phrase comes from the French expression <i>pêle-mêle</i>, a rhyme based on the old French <i>mesler</i>, meaning to mix or mingle.<sup id="cite_ref-phrases_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phrases-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French term <i>melee</i> was first used in English in c. 1640 (also derived from the old French <i>mesler</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the Old French stem survives in <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/medley" class="extiw" title="wikt:medley">medley</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/meddle" class="extiw" title="wikt:meddle">meddle</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED2015_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lord_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Nelson">Lord Nelson</a> described his tactics for the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a> as inducing a "pell mell battle" focused on engagements between individual ships where the superior morale and skill of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> would prevail.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFremont-Barnes200538_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFremont-Barnes200538-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_in_tabletop_games">Usage in tabletop games</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melee&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Usage in tabletop games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1812 tabletop war game <i><a href="/wiki/Kriegsspiel" title="Kriegsspiel">Kriegsspiel</a></i> referred to the hand-combat stage of the game as a <i>melee</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later war games would follow this pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From there, gamers would eventually begin to call the weapons used in that stage <i>melee weapons</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/H.G._Wells" class="mw-redirect" title="H.G. Wells">H.G. Wells</a>' 1913 <i><a href="/wiki/Little_Wars" title="Little Wars">Little Wars</a></i> was the first to specifically outline a "melee" rule in his eponymous war game.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many later wargames (and video games) can trace their origins to the rulesets first laid out in <i>Little Wars</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Gygax" title="Gary Gygax">Gary Gygax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Perren" title="Jeff Perren">Jeff Perren</a> adopted and modified the rules for <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bodenburg" title="Siege of Bodenburg">Siege of Bodenburg</a></i>, a medieval war game, and expanded on rules for one-on-one melee combat and specific melee weapon rules.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This modified ruleset was published as <i><a href="/wiki/Chainmail_(game)" title="Chainmail (game)">Chainmail</a></i> and included a fantasy supplement which would later be known as <i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i>. The popularity of <i>Dungeons & Dragons</i>, which featured a "melee phase" to represent the fighting of characters outside of bows and magic, would help spread the use of "melee" as a phrase for other table-top and video games regarding any form of combat involving close proximity to and direct physical contact with an opponent, wether unarmed or with weapons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melee&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/melee" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:melee">melee</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/m%C3%AAl%C3%A9e" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:mêlée">mêlée</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Close-quarters_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Close-quarters combat">Close-quarters combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat" title="Hand-to-hand combat">Hand-to-hand combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melee_(gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Melee (gaming)">Melee (gaming)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melee&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED2015-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED2015_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED2015_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOED2015">OED 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumarDeRemerMarshall2004462-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumarDeRemerMarshall2004462_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKumarDeRemerMarshall2004">Kumar, DeRemer & Marshall 2004</a>, p. 462.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/melee">"the definition of melee"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302095052/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/melee">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=the+definition+of+melee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fmelee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/melee">"Definition of MELEE"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302095052/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/melee">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+MELEE&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmelee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>. 2015. mêlée. "A battle or engagement at close quarters, a skirmish; a confused struggle or scuffle, esp. one involving many people. Also hist.: a tournament involving two groups of combatants."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phrases-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-phrases_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phrases_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/pell-mell.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Pell-mell' - the meaning and origin of this phrase"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Pell-mell%27+-+the+meaning+and+origin+of+this+phrase&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phrases.org.uk%2Fmeanings%2Fpell-mell.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pell-mell">"Pell-mell"</a>. 26 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pell-mell&rft.date=2021-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2Fpell-mell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/melee#English">"Melee"</a>. 29 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Melee&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2Fmelee%23English&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFremont-Barnes200538-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFremont-Barnes200538_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFremont-Barnes2005">Fremont-Barnes 2005</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._R._Livermore1882" class="citation book cs1">W. R. Livermore (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/service/gdc/scd0001/2013/20130610001am/20130610001am.pdf"><i>The American Kriegsspiel</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Riverside Press, Cambridge. p. 105. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604195240/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/service/gdc/scd0001/2013/20130610001am/20130610001am.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-14</span></span>. <q>The first point to be considered is the number of combatants on either side and the relative advantages under which they are fighting; the second the losses and duration of the melee</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Kriegsspiel&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Riverside+Press%2C+Cambridge&rft.date=1882&rft.au=W.+R.+Livermore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fservice%2Fgdc%2Fscd0001%2F2013%2F20130610001am%2F20130610001am.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH.G._Wells1913" class="citation book cs1">H.G. Wells (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/littlewarsgamefo00well"><i>Little Wars</i></a>. Frank Palmer Publishing. <q>We did at last contrive to do so ; we invented what we call the melee, and our revised rules in the event of a melee will be found set out upon a later page</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Little+Wars&rft.pub=Frank+Palmer+Publishing&rft.date=1913&rft.au=H.G.+Wells&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flittlewarsgamefo00well&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor_Timpson2013" class="citation web cs1">Trevor Timpson (August 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-22777029">"Little Wars: How HG Wells created hobby war gaming"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171007120027/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-22777029">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Little+Wars%3A+How+HG+Wells+created+hobby+war+gaming&rft.date=2013-08-03&rft.au=Trevor+Timpson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-22777029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuke_Plunkett2012" class="citation web cs1">Luke Plunkett (September 18, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotaku.com/5944058/hg-wells-practically-invented-modern-tabletop-wargaming">"HG Wells Practically Invented Modern Tabletop Wargaming"</a>. Kotaku. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171007115803/https://kotaku.com/5944058/hg-wells-practically-invented-modern-tabletop-wargaming">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HG+Wells+Practically+Invented+Modern+Tabletop+Wargaming&rft.pub=Kotaku&rft.date=2012-09-18&rft.au=Luke+Plunkett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkotaku.com%2F5944058%2Fhg-wells-practically-invented-modern-tabletop-wargaming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090203084227/http://www.gamebanshee.com/interviews/garygygax1.php">"Interview with Gary Gygax"</a>. Gamebanshee. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamebanshee.com/interviews/garygygax1.php">the original</a> on 2009-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with+Gary+Gygax&rft.pub=Gamebanshee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamebanshee.com%2Finterviews%2Fgarygygax1.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_J._Tresca2010" class="citation book cs1">Michael J. Tresca (November 10, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8H8bzqj6S4sC&q=melee&pg=PA60"><i>The Evolution of Fantasy Role-Playing Games</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786460090" title="Special:BookSources/9780786460090"><bdi>9780786460090</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327030807/https://books.google.com/books?id=8H8bzqj6S4sC&q=melee&pg=PA60">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Fantasy+Role-Playing+Games&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010-11-10&rft.isbn=9780786460090&rft.au=Michael+J.+Tresca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8H8bzqj6S4sC%26q%3Dmelee%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH.G._Wells1913" class="citation book cs1">H.G. Wells (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/littlewarsgamefo00welluoft"><i>Little Wars</i></a>. Frank Palmer Publishing. <q>We did at last contrive to do so ; we invented what we call the melee, and our revised rules in the event of a melee will be found set out upon a later page</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Little+Wars&rft.pub=Frank+Palmer+Publishing&rft.date=1913&rft.au=H.G.+Wells&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flittlewarsgamefo00welluoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor_Timpson2013" class="citation web cs1">Trevor Timpson (August 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-22777029">"Little Wars: How HG Wells created hobby war gaming"</a>. BBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Little+Wars%3A+How+HG+Wells+created+hobby+war+gaming&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2013-08-03&rft.au=Trevor+Timpson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-22777029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuke_Plunkett2012" class="citation web cs1">Luke Plunkett (September 18, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotaku.com/5944058/hg-wells-practically-invented-modern-tabletop-wargaming">"HG Wells Practically Invented Modern Tabletop Wargaming"</a>. Kotaku<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HG+Wells+Practically+Invented+Modern+Tabletop+Wargaming&rft.pub=Kotaku&rft.date=2012-09-18&rft.au=Luke+Plunkett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkotaku.com%2F5944058%2Fhg-wells-practically-invented-modern-tabletop-wargaming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090203084227/http://www.gamebanshee.com/interviews/garygygax1.php">"Interview with Gary Gygax"</a>. Gamebanshee. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamebanshee.com/interviews/garygygax1.php">the original</a> on 2009-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with+Gary+Gygax&rft.pub=Gamebanshee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamebanshee.com%2Finterviews%2Fgarygygax1.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_J._Tresca2010" class="citation book cs1">Michael J. Tresca (November 10, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8H8bzqj6S4sC&q=melee&pg=PA60"><i>The Evolution of Fantasy Role-Playing Games</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786460090" title="Special:BookSources/9780786460090"><bdi>9780786460090</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Fantasy+Role-Playing+Games&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010-11-10&rft.isbn=9780786460090&rft.au=Michael+J.+Tresca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8H8bzqj6S4sC%26q%3Dmelee%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melee&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFremont-Barnes2005" class="citation cs2">Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2005), <i>Trafalgar 1805: Nelson's Crowning Victory</i>, Osprey Publishing, p. 38 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6i0ImfJlYcEC&pg=PA38">38</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-892-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-892-2"><bdi>978-1-84176-892-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trafalgar+1805%3A+Nelson%27s+Crowning+Victory&rft.pages=38+38&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-892-2&rft.aulast=Fremont-Barnes&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelee" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumarDeRemerMarshall2004" class="citation cs2">Kumar, Bharat; DeRemer, Dale; Marshall, Douglas (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g_Zei3jR1U4C"><i>An Illustrated Dictionary of Aviation</i></a>, McGraw Hill Professional, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g_Zei3jR1U4C&q=Melee">462</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-178260-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-178260-9"><bdi>978-0-07-178260-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Illustrated+Dictionary+of+Aviation&rft.pages=462&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill+Professional&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-07-178260-9&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Bharat&rft.au=DeRemer%2C+Dale&rft.au=Marshall%2C+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg_Zei3jR1U4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelee" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOED2015" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/116086">"mêlée n."</a>, <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> (online ed.), Oxford University Press, March 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=m%C3%AAl%C3%A9e+n.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F116086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelee" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1012311289">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon_vojn.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stub icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Icon_vojn.svg/30px-Icon_vojn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Icon_vojn.svg/45px-Icon_vojn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Icon_vojn.svg/60px-Icon_vojn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="126" data-file-height="133" /></a></span></td><td><p class="asbox-body">This <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a>-related article is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. 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