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<li id="toc-The_Russian_Mountains_and_the_Aerial_Promenades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Russian_Mountains_and_the_Aerial_Promenades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The Russian Mountains and the Aerial Promenades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Russian_Mountains_and_the_Aerial_Promenades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scenic_railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scenic_railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Scenic railways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scenic_railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popularity,_decline,_and_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularity,_decline,_and_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Popularity, decline, and revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popularity,_decline,_and_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mechanics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Safety-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Safety subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Safety_mechanisms_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_mechanisms_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Safety mechanisms and technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_mechanisms_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roller_coaster_design_and_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roller_coaster_design_and_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Roller coaster design and statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roller_coaster_design_and_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_train_type" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_train_type"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>By train type</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_train_type-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>By model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_track_layout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_track_layout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>By track layout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_track_layout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_mechanics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_mechanics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>By mechanics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_mechanics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_height" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_height"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>By height</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_height-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hypercoaster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypercoaster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>Hypercoaster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypercoaster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Giga_coaster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Giga_coaster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2</span> <span>Giga coaster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Giga_coaster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strata_coaster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strata_coaster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.3</span> <span>Strata coaster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strata_coaster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exa_coaster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exa_coaster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.4</span> <span>Exa coaster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exa_coaster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_roller_coaster_manufacturers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_roller_coaster_manufacturers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Major roller coaster manufacturers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_roller_coaster_manufacturers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Roller coaster</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hweogolr%C7%A3sere" title="Hweogolrǣsere – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hweogolrǣsere" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أفعوانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أفعوانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_rusu" title="Monte rusu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Monte rusu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntanya_russa" title="Muntanya russa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Muntanya russa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsk%C3%A1_dr%C3%A1ha" title="Horská dráha – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Horská dráha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%AAn_Rola-bola" title="Trên Rola-bola – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Trên Rola-bola" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutsjebane" title="Rutsjebane – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rutsjebane" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achterbahn" title="Achterbahn – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Achterbahn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_m%C3%A4ed" title="Ameerika mäed – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ameerika mäed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monta%C3%B1a_rusa" title="Montaña rusa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Montaña rusa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onda_fervojo" title="Onda fervojo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Onda fervojo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errusiar_mendi" title="Errusiar mendi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errusiar mendi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ترن هوایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترن هوایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montagnes_russes" title="Montagnes russes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Montagnes russes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monta%C3%B1a_rusa" title="Montaña rusa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Montaña rusa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%A4%EB%9F%AC%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0" title="롤러코스터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="롤러코스터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlak_smrti" title="Vlak smrti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vlak smrti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahana_halilintar" title="Wahana halilintar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wahana halilintar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAss%C3%ADbani" title="Rússíbani – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rússíbani" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montagne_russe" title="Montagne russe – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Montagne russe" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="רכבת הרים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רכבת הרים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A9ta_luncur" title="Kréta luncur – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kréta luncur" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum_retroflexum" title="Curriculum retroflexum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Curriculum retroflexum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull%C3%A1mvas%C3%BAt" title="Hullámvasút – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hullámvasút" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_coaster" title="Roller coaster – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Roller coaster" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC" title="ရိုလာကိုစတာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရိုလာကိုစတာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achtbaan" title="Achtbaan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Achtbaan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="ローラーコースター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ローラーコースター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berg-og-dal-bane" title="Berg-og-dal-bane – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Berg-og-dal-bane" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berg-og-dal-bane" title="Berg-og-dal-bane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Berg-og-dal-bane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanhas_russas" title="Montanhas russas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Montanhas russas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1" title="رولر کوسٹر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رولر کوسٹر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolejka_g%C3%B3rska" title="Kolejka górska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kolejka górska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanha-russa" title="Montanha-russa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Montanha-russa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_coaster" title="Roller coaster – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Roller coaster" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Американские горки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Американские горки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_coaster" title="Roller coaster – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Roller coaster" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsk%C3%A1_dr%C3%A1ha" title="Horská dráha – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Horská dráha" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ролеркостер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ролеркостер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlak_smrti" title="Vlak smrti – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vlak smrti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuoristorata" title="Vuoristorata – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vuoristorata" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berg-_och_dalbana" title="Berg- och dalbana – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Berg- och dalbana" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasakyang_rodilyo" title="Sasakyang rodilyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sasakyang rodilyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2" title="รถไฟเหาะตีลังกา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รถไฟเหาะตีลังกา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunapark_treni" title="Lunapark treni – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lunapark treni" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Американські гірки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Американські гірки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1" title="رولر کوسٹر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رولر کوسٹر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0u_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3n_si%C3%AAu_t%E1%BB%91c" title="Tàu lượn siêu tốc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tàu lượn siêu tốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_coaster" title="Roller coaster – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Roller coaster" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Roller_coaster_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Roller coaster (disambiguation)">Roller coaster (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luna_Park_Melbourne_scenic_railway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Luna_Park_Melbourne_scenic_railway.jpg/260px-Luna_Park_Melbourne_scenic_railway.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Luna_Park_Melbourne_scenic_railway.jpg/390px-Luna_Park_Melbourne_scenic_railway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Luna_Park_Melbourne_scenic_railway.jpg/520px-Luna_Park_Melbourne_scenic_railway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1147" data-file-height="1458" /></a><figcaption>The Scenic Railway at <a href="/wiki/Luna_Park,_Melbourne" title="Luna Park, Melbourne">Luna Park, Melbourne</a>, is the world's oldest operating roller coaster, built in 1912.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>roller coaster</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/List_of_amusement_rides" title="List of amusement rides">amusement ride</a> employing a form of elevated <a href="/wiki/Railway_track" title="Railway track">railroad track</a> that carries passengers on a <a href="/wiki/Roller_coaster_train" title="Roller coaster train">train</a> through tight turns, steep slopes, and other elements usually designed to produce a thrilling experience.<sup id="cite_ref-Definition_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Definition-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trains consist of open cars connected in a single line, and the rides are often found in <a href="/wiki/Theme_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme park">theme parks</a> around the world. Roller coasters first appeared in the 17th century, and <a href="/wiki/LaMarcus_Adna_Thompson" title="LaMarcus Adna Thompson">LaMarcus Adna Thompson</a> obtained one of the first known patents for a roller coaster design in 1885, based on the <a href="/wiki/Switchback_Railway" title="Switchback Railway">Switchback Railway</a> which opened a year earlier at <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island" title="Coney Island">Coney Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tracks are typically built and designed as a complete circuit in which trains depart from and return to the same <a href="/wiki/Station_(roller_coaster)" class="mw-redirect" title="Station (roller coaster)">loading station</a>. One variation, a <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_roller_coaster" title="Shuttle roller coaster">shuttle roller coaster</a>, reverses at some point throughout the course of the ride to traverse the same track backwards. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roller_coaster&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_roller_coaster" title="History of the roller coaster">History of the roller coaster</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Russian_Mountains_and_the_Aerial_Promenades">The Russian Mountains and the Aerial Promenades</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roller_coaster&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Russian Mountains and the Aerial Promenades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Russian_Mountains"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Russian Mountains" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Russian_Mountains_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Russian Mountains (disambiguation)">Russian Mountains (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>The oldest roller coasters are believed to have originated from the so-called "Russian Mountains", specially constructed hills of ice located in the area that is now <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg, Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Built in the 17th century, the slides were built to a height of between 21 and 24 m (70 and 80 feet), had a 50-degree drop, and were reinforced by wooden supports. Later, in 1784, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a> is said to have constructed a sledding hill in the gardens of her palace at <a href="/wiki/Oranienbaum,_Russia" title="Oranienbaum, Russia">Oranienbaum</a> in St. Petersburg.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Grand_Glisade_(stitched,_hi-res).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/La_Grand_Glisade_%28stitched%2C_hi-res%29.png/800px-La_Grand_Glisade_%28stitched%2C_hi-res%29.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/La_Grand_Glisade_%28stitched%2C_hi-res%29.png/1200px-La_Grand_Glisade_%28stitched%2C_hi-res%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/La_Grand_Glisade_%28stitched%2C_hi-res%29.png/1600px-La_Grand_Glisade_%28stitched%2C_hi-res%29.png 2x" data-file-width="4696" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>La Grande Glisade, <a href="/wiki/Tsarskoye_Selo" title="Tsarskoye Selo">Tsarskoye Selo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Riding_Mountain_(roller_coaster)" title="Riding Mountain (roller coaster)">Riding Mountain</a> (a.k.a. <i>La Grande Glisade</i>) entertainment pavilion designed by <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Francesco_Rastrelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli">Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli</a> for <a href="/wiki/Tsarskoye_Selo" title="Tsarskoye Selo">Tsarskoye Selo</a> royal residence was built in 1754–1757. In Russian it was known as <i>Katalnaya gora</i> (Катальная гора, literally "Mountain for riding")<sup id="cite_ref-grate_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grate-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a huge building in the shape of <a href="/wiki/Rotunda_(architecture)" title="Rotunda (architecture)">rotunda</a>. It had a trail with five hills which can be covered with ice in winter. In the summer time the trails used trolleys on wheels secured in the steel grooves mounted on the wooden trails. Due to a pendulum-like motion based on inertia all five hills could be traversed in one ride.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ride was engineered by Russian scientist <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Nartov" title="Andrey Nartov">Andrey Nartov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-grate_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grate-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Anglican clergyman <a href="/wiki/John_Glen_King" title="John Glen King">John Glen King</a> mentioned that some Englishmen visiting Russia called them "Flying Mountains" and described them as follows: </p> <blockquote> <p>You will observe that there are five mounts of unequal height: the first and the highest is full thirty feet perpendicular altitude; the momentum with which they descend this carries them over the second, which is about five or six feet lower, just sufficient to allow for the friction and resistance; and so on to the last, from which they are conveyed by a gentle descent, with nearly same velocity, over a piece of water into a little island. These slides, which are about a <a href="/wiki/Furlong" title="Furlong">furlong</a> and a half in length, are made of wood, that may be used in summer as well as in winter. The process is, two of four persons fit in a little carriage and one stands behind, for more there are in it the greater the swiftness with which it goes; it runs on <a href="/wiki/Caster" title="Caster">castors</a> and in grooves to keep it on its right direction, and it descends with a wonderful rapidity. Under the hill, is a machine worked by horses for drawing the carriages back again, with the company in them. Such a work as this would have been enormous in most countries for the labour and expense in cost, as well as the vast quantity of wood used in it. At the same place, there is another artificial mount which goes in a spiral line, and in my opinion, for I have tried it also, is very disagreable; as it seems always leaning on one side, and the person feels in danger of falling out of seat. <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p><i>Katalnaya gora</i> was dismantled in 1792–1795. Currently in its place is the Granite Terrace in the <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Park" title="Catherine Park">Catherine Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-grate_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grate-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montagnes_russes_de_Belleville_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Montagnes_russes_de_Belleville_3.png/220px-Montagnes_russes_de_Belleville_3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Montagnes_russes_de_Belleville_3.png/330px-Montagnes_russes_de_Belleville_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Montagnes_russes_de_Belleville_3.png/440px-Montagnes_russes_de_Belleville_3.png 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption><i>Les Montagnes de Belleville</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Promenades_Aeriennes_Jardin_Baujon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Promenades_Aeriennes_Jardin_Baujon.jpg/260px-Promenades_Aeriennes_Jardin_Baujon.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Promenades_Aeriennes_Jardin_Baujon.jpg/390px-Promenades_Aeriennes_Jardin_Baujon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Promenades_Aeriennes_Jardin_Baujon.jpg/520px-Promenades_Aeriennes_Jardin_Baujon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1998" data-file-height="1265" /></a><figcaption>The Promenades-Aériennes in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, 1817</figcaption></figure> <p>Two roller-coasters were built in France in 1817.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Les Montagnes de Belleville</i> (<i>Les Montagnes Russes à Belleville</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Belleville,_Paris" title="Belleville, Paris">Belleville, Paris</a> had wheels attached to carriages and locked on tracks.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Promenades Aériennes</i>, opened in Parc Beaujon in Paris on July 8, 1817<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had wheeled cars securely locked to the track, guide rails to keep them on course, and higher speeds.<sup id="cite_ref-Urbanowicz_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urbanowicz-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It spawned half a dozen imitators, but their popularity soon declined. </p><p>However, during the <a href="/wiki/Paris_in_the_Belle_Epoque" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris in the Belle Epoque">Belle Epoque</a> they returned to fashion. In 1887, Spanish entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Oller" title="Joseph Oller">Joseph Oller</a>, co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Moulin_Rouge" title="Moulin Rouge">Moulin Rouge</a> music hall, constructed the <i>Montagnes Russes de Belleville</i>, "Russian Mountains of Belleville" with 656 feet (200 m) of track laid out in a double-eight, later enlarged to four figure-eight-shaped loops.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thompsons_Switchback_Railway_1884.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Thompsons_Switchback_Railway_1884.jpg/260px-Thompsons_Switchback_Railway_1884.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Thompsons_Switchback_Railway_1884.jpg/390px-Thompsons_Switchback_Railway_1884.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Thompsons_Switchback_Railway_1884.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>Thompson's <a href="/wiki/Switchback_Railway" title="Switchback Railway">Switchback Railway</a>, 1884</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scenic_railways">Scenic railways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roller_coaster&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scenic railways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Side_friction_roller_coaster" title="Side friction roller coaster">Side friction roller coaster</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Scenic_Railway" title="The Great Scenic Railway">The Great Scenic Railway</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scenic_Railway_(Dreamland_Margate)" title="Scenic Railway (Dreamland Margate)">Scenic Railway (Dreamland Margate)</a>.</div> <p>In 1827, a mining company in Summit Hill, Pennsylvania constructed the <a href="/wiki/Mauch_Chunk_Switchback_Railway" title="Mauch Chunk Switchback Railway">Mauch Chunk Switchback Railway</a>, a downhill <a href="/wiki/Gravity_railroad" title="Gravity railroad">gravity railroad</a> used to deliver coal to Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania – now known as <a href="/wiki/Jim_Thorpe,_Pennsylvania" title="Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania">Jim Thorpe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1850s, the "Gravity Road" (as it became known) was selling rides to thrill seekers. Railway companies used similar tracks to provide amusement on days when ridership was low. </p><p>Using this idea as a basis, <a href="/wiki/LaMarcus_Adna_Thompson" title="LaMarcus Adna Thompson">LaMarcus Adna Thompson</a> began work on a gravity <a href="/wiki/Switchback_Railway" title="Switchback Railway">Switchback Railway</a> that opened at <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island" title="Coney Island">Coney Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(State)" class="mw-redirect" title="New York (State)">New York</a>, in 1884.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passengers climbed to the top of a platform and rode a bench-like car down the 600-foot (183 m) track up to the top of another tower where the vehicle was switched to a return track and the passengers took the return trip.<sup id="cite_ref-Rutherford_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rutherford-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This track design was soon replaced with an oval complete circuit.<sup id="cite_ref-Urbanowicz_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urbanowicz-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1885, Phillip Hinkle introduced the first full-circuit coaster with a <a href="/wiki/Lift_hill" title="Lift hill">lift hill</a>, the <i>Gravity Pleasure Road</i>, which became the most popular attraction at Coney Island.<sup id="cite_ref-Urbanowicz_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urbanowicz-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not to be outdone, in 1886 Thompson patented his design of roller coaster that included dark tunnels with painted scenery. "Scenic railways" were soon found in <a href="/wiki/Amusement_park" title="Amusement park">amusement parks</a> across the county.<sup id="cite_ref-Urbanowicz_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urbanowicz-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popularity,_decline,_and_revival"><span id="Popularity.2C_decline.2C_and_revival"></span>Popularity, decline, and revival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roller_coaster&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Popularity, decline, and revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1919, the first <a href="/wiki/Underfriction" title="Underfriction">underfriction</a> roller coaster had been developed by <a href="/wiki/John_Miller_(entrepreneur)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Miller (entrepreneur)">John Miller</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next decade, roller coasters spread to amusement parks around the world and began an era in the industry often referred to as the "Golden Age". One of the most well known from the period is the historical <i><a href="/wiki/Coney_Island_Cyclone" title="Coney Island Cyclone">Cyclone</a></i> that opened at Coney Island in 1927. The onset of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> in the 1930s, however, significantly impacted the amusement park industry and brought an end to the rapid growth experienced during the Golden Age. This aside, roller coasters were still built with varying success from location to location. In May 1932, the Scene Railway witnessed somewhat of a revival in the UK, including the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Roller_Coaster_(Great_Yarmouth_Pleasure_Beach)" title="Roller Coaster (Great Yarmouth Pleasure Beach)">roller coaster at Great Yarmouth</a>. Today it is one of only two scenic railways still in operation in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1959, <a href="/wiki/Disneyland" title="Disneyland">Disneyland</a> introduced a design breakthrough with <i><a href="/wiki/Matterhorn_Bobsleds" title="Matterhorn Bobsleds">Matterhorn Bobsleds</a></i>, the first permanent roller coaster to use a tubular steel track. Designed by <a href="/wiki/Arrow_Development" title="Arrow Development">Arrow Development</a>, the tubular track was unlike standard rail design on wooden coasters, allowing the track to bend in sharper angles in any direction, leading to the incorporation of loops, corkscrews, and inversion elements into track layouts. A little more than a decade later, the immediate success of <i><a href="/wiki/Racer_(Kings_Island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Racer (Kings Island)">The Racer</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Kings_Island" title="Kings Island">Kings Island</a> in 1972 sparked a new era of roller coaster enthusiasm, which led to a resurgence across the amusement park industry over the next several decades.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roller_coaster&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dorney_Park_Steel_Force_Thunderhawk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dorney_Park_Steel_Force_Thunderhawk.jpg/290px-Dorney_Park_Steel_Force_Thunderhawk.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dorney_Park_Steel_Force_Thunderhawk.jpg/435px-Dorney_Park_Steel_Force_Thunderhawk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dorney_Park_Steel_Force_Thunderhawk.jpg/580px-Dorney_Park_Steel_Force_Thunderhawk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="673" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Steel_Force" title="Steel Force">Steel Force</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Thunderhawk_(Dorney_Park)" title="Thunderhawk (Dorney Park)">Thunderhawk</a> (right), two roller coasters at <a href="/wiki/Dorney_Park_%26_Wildwater_Kingdom" title="Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom">Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown, Pennsylvania</a>. Steel Force is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_roller_coaster_rankings#Longest_steel_roller_coasters" title="List of roller coaster rankings">eighth longest steel roller coaster</a> in the world.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are several explanations for the name <i>roller coaster</i>. It is said to have originated from an early American design where slides or ramps were fitted with rollers over which a sled would coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Urbanowicz_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urbanowicz-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This design was abandoned in favor of fitting the wheels to the sled or other vehicles, but the name endured. </p><p>Another explanation is that the phrase originated from a ride located in a <a href="/wiki/Roller_rink" title="Roller rink">roller skating rink</a> in <a href="/wiki/Haverhill,_Massachusetts" title="Haverhill, Massachusetts">Haverhill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> in 1887. A <a href="/wiki/Toboggan" title="Toboggan">toboggan</a>-like sled was raised to the top of a track which consisted of hundreds of rollers. This <i>Roller Toboggan</i> then took off down gently rolling hills to the floor. The inventors of this ride, Stephen E. Jackman and Byron B. Floyd, claim that they were the first to use the term "roller coaster".<sup id="cite_ref-Rutherford_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rutherford-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>jet coaster</i> is used for roller coasters in Japan, where such amusement park rides are very popular.<sup id="cite_ref-Alvey_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alvey-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many languages, including most Romance languages, the name refers to "Russian mountains". Conversely, in Russian, they are called "Американские горки" (<i>Amerikanskiye gorki</i>, "American hills"). In the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian languages">Scandinavian languages</a>, the roller coaster is referred as "mountain-and-valley railway". German has the word <i>Achterbahn</i>, stemming from <i>Figur-8-Bahn</i>, relating to the form of the number 8 (<i>acht</i> in German). This is similar to the Dutch <i>Achtbaan</i>, in which <i>acht</i> also means "eight". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanics">Mechanics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roller_coaster&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mechanics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Physics_of_roller_coasters" title="Physics of roller coasters">Physics of roller coasters</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Roller_coaster" title="Special:EditPage/Roller coaster">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Helix_POV_video.webm/260px--Helix_POV_video.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="260" height="146" data-durationhint="79" data-mwtitle="Helix_POV_video.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Helix_POV_video.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Helix_POV_video.webm/Helix_POV_video.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Helix_POV_video.webm/Helix_POV_video.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Helix_POV_video.webm/Helix_POV_video.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Helix_POV_video.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Helix_POV_video.webm/Helix_POV_video.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Helix_POV_video.webm/Helix_POV_video.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Helix_POV_video.webm/Helix_POV_video.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Helix_POV_video.webm/Helix_POV_video.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Video from inside a roller coaster car (<a href="/wiki/Helix_(roller_coaster)" title="Helix (roller coaster)">Helix</a> at <a href="/wiki/Liseberg" title="Liseberg">Liseberg</a> in Gothenburg, Sweden)</figcaption></figure> <p>Roller coaster trains are not typically powered. Most are pulled up a <a href="/wiki/Lift_hill" title="Lift hill">lift hill</a> by a chain or cable and released downhill. The <a href="/wiki/Potential_energy" title="Potential energy">potential energy</a> accumulated by the rise in height is transferred to <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a>, which is then converted back into potential energy as the train rises up the next hill. Changes in elevation become smaller throughout the track's course, as some mechanical energy is lost to <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">air drag</a>. A properly-designed, outdoor track will result in a train having enough kinetic energy to complete the entire course under a variety of stressful weather conditions. </p><p>Not all coasters feature a lift hill, however. A train may also be set into motion by a launch mechanism such as a flywheel, <a href="/wiki/Linear_induction_motor" title="Linear induction motor">linear induction motor</a> (LIM), <a href="/wiki/Linear_motor" title="Linear motor">linear synchronous motor</a> (LSM), hydraulic launch, or drive tire. Some <a href="/wiki/Launched_roller_coaster" title="Launched roller coaster">launched roller coasters</a> are capable of reaching greater speeds using less track when compared to traditional coasters that rely on a conventional lift hill. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Brake_run" title="Brake run">brake run</a> at the end of the circuit is the most common method of stopping a roller coaster train as it returns to the station. One notable exception is a <a href="/wiki/Powered_coaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Powered coaster">powered roller coaster</a>, which instead of relying on gravity uses one or more motors to propel the trains along the course. </p><p>In 2006, NASA announced that it would build a system using principles similar to those of a roller coaster to help astronauts escape the <a href="/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I">Ares I</a> launch pad in an emergency,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this has since been scrapped along with the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Ares_I-X" title="Ares I-X">Ares program</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roller_coaster&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some sources have shown concern over the ability of roller coasters to cause head trauma and serious injury such as the tearing of axons and damaging of blood vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety_mechanisms_and_technology">Safety mechanisms and technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roller_coaster&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Safety mechanisms and technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A variety of safety mechanisms protect riders on roller coasters. One of these is the <a href="/wiki/Signaling_block_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Signaling block system"><i>block</i> system</a>. Most large roller coasters have the ability to run two or more trains at once, and the block system prevents these trains from colliding. In this system, the track is divided into two or more sections known as blocks. Only one train is permitted in each block at any given time. There is a section of track at the end of each block where a train can be stopped if necessary, such as preventing dispatch from the station, stopping a lift, or applying brakes. Sensors detect when a train passes so that the system's computer is aware of which blocks are occupied. If a train attempts to enter an occupied block, the stopping mechanisms in all blocks are engaged.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Restraints are another critical aspect to roller coaster safety. Roller coasters usually have two different types: Over-the-shoulder-restraints and lap bar restraints. With both, either <a href="/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">hydraulic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">mechanical</a> safety mechanisms are used within the restraints. Mechanical restraints use a system known as a ratchet and pawl. When riding a roller coaster with a ratchet and pawl system, the sound of clicks can be heard when pulling down the restraint.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydraulic restraints use a piston and cylinder. Unlike mechanical restraints, there is no feeling of physical or sound of clicks from the restraint being locked in place.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most modern day roller coasters have sensors that are used to make sure each restraint is locked. If all the restraints are locked, it will send a signal to the ride computer letting it know that it is clear for dispatch. If all restraints are not locked, the train will not be able to move out of the station until each restraint is locked.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Braking systems such as pivoting pawls are used on the bottom of the train and on the inclined lift hill. While the cart goes up the lift hill, it is usually pulled by a chain. The pawl moves over bumps that are separated closely apart. In the event that the train ever becomes disconnected from the chain, the anti roll-back system will engage and it will fall back into the nearest downhill stop preventing the train from falling down the lift hill.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another key to safety is the <a href="/wiki/Programmable_logic_controller" title="Programmable logic controller">programmable logic controller</a> (PLC), an essential component of a roller coaster's computer system. Multiple PLCs work together to detect faults associated with operation and automate decisions to engage various elements (e.g. lift, brakes, etc.). Periodic maintenance and visual inspection by ride engineers are also important to verify that structures and materials are within expected wear tolerances and functioning correctly. Effective operating procedures further enhance safety.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roller_coaster_design_and_statistics">Roller coaster design and statistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roller_coaster&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Roller coaster design and statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roller coaster design is another important aspect that requires a working knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Kinematics" title="Kinematics">basic physics</a> to enhance ride comfort and avoid harmful strain to the rider. Ride designers must carefully analyze the movement a ride subjects its riders to, ensuring it is within a reasonable tolerance. The human body needs sufficient time to react to sudden changes in force in order to control muscle tension and avoid harmful consequences such as <a href="/wiki/Whiplash_(medicine)" title="Whiplash (medicine)">whiplash</a>. Designers typically stay in the range of 4–6<a href="/wiki/G-Force" class="mw-redirect" title="G-Force">Gs</a> (40–60 m s<sup>−2</sup>) as a maximum for positive g-force acceleration, which increases the feeling of weight and pushes riders downward into their seat. For negative g-force, or the feeling of weightlessness, the target is 1.5–2Gs (15–20 m s<sup>−2</sup>) as a maximum. These fall into a range considered safe to a majority of the population. Lateral acceleration is also typically kept under 2Gs using various techniques including the banking of curves.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wheels are a critical part in rollercoaster design. The purpose of wheels is to keep the train on the track and to prevent it from flying off. A majority of roller coaster wheels are made from polyurethane. There are 3 kinds of roller coaster wheels which include road wheels, side friction wheels, and up-stop wheels. Road wheels ride on top of the track. Side friction wheels ride on the side of the track to keep the train on the track throughout turns. Up-stop wheels ride below the track and prevent the train from lifting off the track.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roller coasters are statistically very safe when compared to other activities, but despite all the safety measures in place, <a href="/wiki/Amusement_park_accidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Amusement park accidents">accidents</a> still occur. The <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Amusement_Parks_and_Attractions" title="International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions">International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions</a> (IAAPA) reports that a rider has one chance in 15.5 million of being injured on a ride. Also, "In a typical year, more than 385 million guests enjoyed in excess of 1.7 billion rides at approximately 400 North American fixed-site facilities". IAAPA is required to report annual ride incidents to the National Safety Council.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roller_coaster&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Roller_coaster" title="Special:EditPage/Roller coaster">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roller_coaster_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Roller coaster elements">Roller coaster elements</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nokkakivi_-_Cyclon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Nokkakivi_-_Cyclon.jpg/260px-Nokkakivi_-_Cyclon.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Nokkakivi_-_Cyclon.jpg/390px-Nokkakivi_-_Cyclon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Nokkakivi_-_Cyclon.jpg/520px-Nokkakivi_-_Cyclon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4048" data-file-height="2456" /></a><figcaption>Cyclon roller coaster in the <a href="/wiki/Nokkakivi" title="Nokkakivi">Nokkakivi</a> amusement park in <a href="/wiki/Laukaa" title="Laukaa">Laukaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Roller coasters are divided into two main categories: <a href="/wiki/Steel_roller_coaster" title="Steel roller coaster">steel roller coasters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wooden_roller_coaster" title="Wooden roller coaster">wooden roller coasters</a>. Steel coasters have tubular steel tracks, and compared to wooden coasters, they are typically known for offering a smoother ride and their ability to turn riders upside-down. Wooden coasters have flat steel tracks, and are typically renowned for producing "air time" through the use of negative G-forces when reaching the crest of some hill elements. Newer types of track, such as I-Box and Topper introduced by <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Construction" title="Rocky Mountain Construction">Rocky Mountain Construction</a> (RMC), improve the ride experience on wooden coasters, lower maintenance costs, and add the ability to invert riders. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Thunder_Dolphin_-_roller_coaster_-_Oct_15_2021.ogg/260px--Thunder_Dolphin_-_roller_coaster_-_Oct_15_2021.ogg.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="260" height="146" data-durationhint="31" data-mwtitle="Thunder_Dolphin_-_roller_coaster_-_Oct_15_2021.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Thunder_Dolphin_-_roller_coaster_-_Oct_15_2021.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Thunder_Dolphin_-_roller_coaster_-_Oct_15_2021.ogg/Thunder_Dolphin_-_roller_coaster_-_Oct_15_2021.ogg.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Thunder_Dolphin_-_roller_coaster_-_Oct_15_2021.ogg/Thunder_Dolphin_-_roller_coaster_-_Oct_15_2021.ogg.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Thunder_Dolphin_-_roller_coaster_-_Oct_15_2021.ogg/Thunder_Dolphin_-_roller_coaster_-_Oct_15_2021.ogg.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Thunder_Dolphin_-_roller_coaster_-_Oct_15_2021.ogg" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="3840" data-height="2160" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Thunder_Dolphin_-_roller_coaster_-_Oct_15_2021.ogg/Thunder_Dolphin_-_roller_coaster_-_Oct_15_2021.ogg.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Thunder_Dolphin_-_roller_coaster_-_Oct_15_2021.ogg/Thunder_Dolphin_-_roller_coaster_-_Oct_15_2021.ogg.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Thunder_Dolphin_-_roller_coaster_-_Oct_15_2021.ogg/Thunder_Dolphin_-_roller_coaster_-_Oct_15_2021.ogg.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thunder_Dolphin" title="Thunder Dolphin">Thunder Dolphin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Steel_roller_coaster" title="Steel roller coaster">steel roller coaster</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, at dusk</figcaption></figure> <p>A third classification type is often referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_roller_coaster" title="Hybrid roller coaster">hybrid roller coaster</a>, which utilize a mixture of wood and steel elements for the track and structure. Many, for example, have a track made out of steel and a support structure made from wood.<sup id="cite_ref-Weisenberger_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weisenberger-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Throgmorton_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Throgmorton-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hybrid-TripSavvy_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hybrid-TripSavvy-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RMC has notably redesigned wood coasters that have either deteriorated from age or been deemed by parks as too costly to maintain.<sup id="cite_ref-Hybrid-TripSavvy_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hybrid-TripSavvy-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hybrid-CoasterCritic_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hybrid-CoasterCritic-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RMC often replaces the wood track with their patented steel I-Box track design, while reusing much of the ride's wooden structure, resulting in a smoother ride with the incorporation of new design elements, such as inversions, sharper turns, and steeper drops.<sup id="cite_ref-Hybrid-CoasterCritic_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hybrid-CoasterCritic-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the term wasn't widely used or accepted until the 21st century, one of the oldest examples is <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island_Cyclone" title="Coney Island Cyclone">Cyclone</a> at <a href="/wiki/Luna_Park_(Coney_Island,_2010)" title="Luna Park (Coney Island, 2010)">Luna Park</a>, which opened in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It features a wood track and steel structure.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other older examples include <a href="/wiki/Mine_train_roller_coaster" title="Mine train roller coaster">mine train roller coasters</a>, many of which were built by <a href="/wiki/Arrow_Dynamics" title="Arrow Dynamics">Arrow Dynamics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arrow-CoasterForce_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrow-CoasterForce-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>hybrid</i> became more prominent after the introduction of <a href="/wiki/New_Texas_Giant" title="New Texas Giant">New Texas Giant</a> at <a href="/wiki/Six_Flags_Over_Texas" title="Six Flags Over Texas">Six Flags Over Texas</a> in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many in the industry, however, continue to classify coasters strictly by their track type only, labeling them either steel or wood.<sup id="cite_ref-Weisenberger_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weisenberger-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern roller coasters are constantly evolving to provide a variety of different experiences. More focus is being placed on the position of riders in relation to the overall experience. Traditionally, riders sit facing forward, but newer variations such as <a href="/wiki/Stand-up_roller_coaster" title="Stand-up roller coaster">stand-up</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flying_roller_coaster" title="Flying roller coaster">flying</a> models position the rider in different ways to change the experiences. A flying model, for example, places riders lying down and facing forward with their chests and feet strapped in. Other ways of enhancing the experience involve removing the floor beneath passengers riding above the track, as featured in <a href="/wiki/Floorless_roller_coaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Floorless roller coaster">floorless roller coasters</a>. Unique track elements, such as new inversions, are often introduced to provide entirely new experiences. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_train_type">By train type</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roller_coaster&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: By train type"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobsled_roller_coaster" title="Bobsled roller coaster">Bobsled</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Turns" title="Flying Turns">Flying Turns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floorless_roller_coaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Floorless roller coaster">Floorless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_roller_coaster" title="Flying roller coaster">Flying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-dimension_roller_coaster" title="Fourth-dimension roller coaster">Fourth-dimension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_roller_coaster" title="Inverted roller coaster">Inverted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_train_roller_coaster" title="Mine train roller coaster">Mine train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorbike_roller_coaster" title="Motorbike roller coaster">Motorbike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_toboggan" title="Summer toboggan">Mountain/Alpine coaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline_roller_coaster" title="Pipeline roller coaster">Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_friction_roller_coaster" title="Side friction roller coaster">Side friction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-rail_roller_coaster" title="Single-rail roller coaster">Single-rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_roller_coaster" title="Spinning roller coaster">Spinning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Reel_roller_coaster" title="Virginia Reel roller coaster">Virginia Reel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_roller_coaster" title="Stand-up roller coaster">Stand-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeplechase_roller_coaster" title="Steeplechase roller coaster">Steeplechase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspended_roller_coaster" title="Suspended roller coaster">Suspended</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_coaster_(roller_coaster)" title="Water coaster (roller coaster)">Water coaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_Coaster" title="Wing Coaster">Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_mouse" title="Wild mouse">Wild mouse</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_model">By model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roller_coaster&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: By model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerator_Coaster" title="Accelerator Coaster">Accelerator Coaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang_(roller_coaster)" title="Boomerang (roller coaster)">Boomerang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_Coaster" title="Dive Coaster">Dive Coaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Loco_(roller_coaster)" title="El Loco (roller coaster)">El Loco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxi" title="Galaxi">Galaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerstlauer_Euro-Fighter" title="Gerstlauer Euro-Fighter">Euro-Fighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_Inverted_Boomerang" title="Giant Inverted Boomerang">Giant Inverted Boomerang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impulse_roller_coaster" title="Impulse roller coaster">Impulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinity_Coaster" title="Infinity Coaster">Infinity Coaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invertigo_(roller_coaster)" title="Invertigo (roller coaster)">Invertigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launched_Loop_(Arrow_Dynamics)" title="Launched Loop (Arrow Dynamics)">Launched Loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polercoaster" title="Polercoaster">Polercoaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFX_Coaster" title="SFX Coaster">SFX Coaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Loop" title="Shuttle Loop">Shuttle Loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Rocket_II" title="Sky Rocket II">Sky Rocket II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SkyLoop" title="SkyLoop">SkyLoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspended_Family_Coaster" title="Suspended Family Coaster">Suspended Family Coaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspended_Looping_Coaster" title="Suspended Looping Coaster">Suspended Looping Coaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_Air_2000" title="Thrust Air 2000">Thrust Air 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toboggan_(roller_coaster)" title="Toboggan (roller coaster)">Toboggan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vekoma_Junior_Coaster" title="Vekoma Junior Coaster">Vekoma Junior Coaster</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_track_layout">By track layout</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roller_coaster&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: By track layout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual-tracked_roller_coaster" title="Dual-tracked roller coaster">Dual-tracked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_8_roller_coaster" title="Figure 8 roller coaster">Figure 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out_and_back_roller_coaster" title="Out and back roller coaster">Out and back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_roller_coaster" title="Shuttle roller coaster">Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrain_roller_coaster" title="Terrain roller coaster">Terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twister_roller_coaster" title="Twister roller coaster">Twister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_mouse" title="Wild mouse">Wild mouse</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_mechanics">By mechanics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roller_coaster&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: By mechanics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lift_hill" title="Lift hill">Lift hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launched_roller_coaster" title="Launched roller coaster">Launched</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powered_roller_coaster" title="Powered roller coaster">Powered</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_height">By height</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roller_coaster&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: By height"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_roller_coaster_rankings" title="List of roller coaster rankings">List of roller coaster rankings</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_Coaster_002.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Kingdom_Coaster_002.JPG/260px-Kingdom_Coaster_002.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Kingdom_Coaster_002.JPG/390px-Kingdom_Coaster_002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Kingdom_Coaster_002.JPG/520px-Kingdom_Coaster_002.JPG 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption><b>Family coaster:</b> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Coaster" title="Kingdom Coaster">Kingdom Coaster</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Wonderland" title="Dutch Wonderland">Dutch Wonderland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster, Pennsylvania</a>, is a 55-foot tall (17 m) coaster that reaches a top speed of 40 mph (64 km/h)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitro_coaster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Nitro_coaster.jpg/260px-Nitro_coaster.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Nitro_coaster.jpg/390px-Nitro_coaster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Nitro_coaster.jpg/520px-Nitro_coaster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><b>Mega/Hyper coaster:</b> <a href="/wiki/Nitro_(Six_Flags_Great_Adventure)" title="Nitro (Six Flags Great Adventure)">Nitro</a> at <a href="/wiki/Six_Flags_Great_Adventure" title="Six Flags Great Adventure">Six Flags Great Adventure</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bolliger_%26_Mabillard" title="Bolliger & Mabillard">Bolliger & Mabillard</a> out and back coaster</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingda_Ka_tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Kingda_Ka_tower.jpg/260px-Kingda_Ka_tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Kingda_Ka_tower.jpg/390px-Kingda_Ka_tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Kingda_Ka_tower.jpg/520px-Kingda_Ka_tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><b>Strata coaster:</b> The tallest coaster in the world, the 456-foot tall (139 m) <a href="/wiki/Kingda_Ka" title="Kingda Ka">Kingda Ka</a> at <a href="/wiki/Six_Flags_Great_Adventure" title="Six Flags Great Adventure">Six Flags Great Adventure</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Several height classifications have been used by parks and manufacturers in marketing their roller coasters, as well as enthusiasts within the industry. One classification, the <b>kiddie coaster</b>, is a roller coaster specifically designed for younger riders. Following World War II, parks began pushing for more of them to be built in contrast to the height and age restrictions of standard designs at the time. Companies like Philadelphia Toboggan Company (PTC) developed scaled-down versions of their larger models to accommodate the demand. These typically featured lift hills smaller than 25 feet (7.6 m), and still do today. The rise of kiddie coasters soon led to the development of "junior" models that had lift hills up to 45 feet (14 m). A notable example of a junior coaster is the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Dragon_(roller_coaster)" title="Sea Dragon (roller coaster)">Sea Dragon</a> – the oldest operating roller coaster from PTC's legendary designer John Allen – which opened at <a href="/wiki/Rides_At_Adventure_Cove" title="Rides At Adventure Cove">Wyandot Lake</a> in 1956 near Powell, Ohio.<sup id="cite_ref-Rutherford_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rutherford-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hypercoaster">Hypercoaster</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roller_coaster&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hypercoaster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a list of hypercoasters, see <a href="/wiki/Hypercoaster#List_of_hypercoasters" title="Hypercoaster">Hypercoaster § List of hypercoasters</a>.</div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Hypercoaster" title="Hypercoaster">hypercoaster</a>, occasionally stylized as hyper coaster, is a type of roller coaster with a height or drop of at least 200 feet (61 m). <a href="/wiki/Moonsault_Scramble" title="Moonsault Scramble">Moonsault Scramble</a>, which debuted at <a href="/wiki/Fuji-Q_Highland" title="Fuji-Q Highland">Fuji-Q Highland</a> in 1984, was the first to break this barrier, though the term <i>hypercoaster</i> was first coined by Cedar Point and <a href="/wiki/Arrow_Dynamics" title="Arrow Dynamics">Arrow Dynamics</a> with the opening of <a href="/wiki/Magnum_XL-200" title="Magnum XL-200">Magnum XL-200</a> in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-Moonsault-NYDailyNews_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moonsault-NYDailyNews-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Magnum-ACE_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magnum-ACE-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hypercoasters have become one of the most predominant types of roller coasters in the world, now led by manufacturers <a href="/wiki/Bolliger_%26_Mabillard" title="Bolliger & Mabillard">Bolliger & Mabillard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intamin" title="Intamin">Intamin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Giga_coaster">Giga coaster</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roller_coaster&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Giga coaster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A giga coaster is a type of roller coaster with a height or drop of at least 300 feet (91 m).<sup id="cite_ref-Giga_-_NY_Times_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giga_-_NY_Times-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was coined during the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Force" title="Millennium Force">Millennium Force</a>, a roller coaster built by <a href="/wiki/Intamin" title="Intamin">Intamin</a> on <a href="/wiki/Cedar_Point" title="Cedar Point">Cedar Point</a> amusement park.<sup id="cite_ref-Giga_coinage_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giga_coinage-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/D._H._Morgan_Manufacturing" title="D. H. Morgan Manufacturing">Morgan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bolliger_%26_Mabillard" title="Bolliger & Mabillard">Bolliger & Mabillard</a> have not used the term <i>giga</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both have also produced roller coasters in this class. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Park</th> <th>Manufacturer</th> <th>Status</th> <th>Opened</th> <th>Height</th> <th>Drop </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Force" title="Millennium Force">Millennium Force</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Point" title="Cedar Point">Cedar Point</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Intamin" title="Intamin">Intamin</a></td> <td>Operating</td> <td>May 13, 2000<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>310 feet (94 m)</td> <td>300 feet (91 m) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Steel_Dragon_2000" title="Steel Dragon 2000">Steel Dragon 2000</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nagashima_Spa_Land" title="Nagashima Spa Land">Nagashima Spa Land</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/D._H._Morgan_Manufacturing" title="D. H. Morgan Manufacturing">Morgan</a></td> <td>Operating</td> <td>August 1, 2000<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>318.3 feet (97.0 m)</td> <td>306.8 feet (93.5 m) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pantherian" title="Pantherian">Pantherian</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kings_Dominion" title="Kings Dominion">Kings Dominion</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Intamin" title="Intamin">Intamin</a></td> <td>Operating</td> <td>April 2, 2010<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>305 feet (93 m)</td> <td>300 feet (91 m) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Canada%27s_Wonderland)" title="Leviathan (Canada's Wonderland)">Leviathan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada%27s_Wonderland" title="Canada's Wonderland">Canada's Wonderland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bolliger_%26_Mabillard" title="Bolliger & Mabillard">Bolliger & Mabillard</a></td> <td>Operating</td> <td>May 6, 2012<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>306 feet (93 m)</td> <td>306 feet (93 m) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fury_325" title="Fury 325">Fury 325</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carowinds" title="Carowinds">Carowinds</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bolliger_%26_Mabillard" title="Bolliger & Mabillard">Bolliger & Mabillard</a></td> <td>Operating<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>March 25, 2015<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>325 feet (99 m)</td> <td>320 feet (98 m) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Red_Force_(roller_coaster)" title="Red Force (roller coaster)">Red Force</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/PortAventura_World#Ferrari_Land" title="PortAventura World">Ferrari Land</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Intamin" title="Intamin">Intamin</a></td> <td>Operating</td> <td>April 7, 2017<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>367 feet (112 m)</td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Orion_(roller_coaster)" title="Orion (roller coaster)">Orion</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kings_Island" title="Kings Island">Kings Island</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bolliger_%26_Mabillard" title="Bolliger & Mabillard">Bolliger & Mabillard</a></td> <td>Operating</td> <td>July 2, 2020<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>287 feet (87 m)</td> <td>300 feet (91 m) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Strata_coaster">Strata coaster</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roller_coaster&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Strata coaster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A strata coaster is a type of roller coaster with a height or drop of at least 400 feet (120 m).<sup id="cite_ref-Giga_-_NY_Times_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giga_-_NY_Times-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with the other two height classifications, the term <i>strata</i> was first introduced by Cedar Point with the release of Top Thrill Dragster, a 420-foot-tall (130 m) roller coaster that opened in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-Strata_coaster_-_Guinness_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strata_coaster_-_Guinness-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kingda_Ka" title="Kingda Ka">Kingda Ka</a> was the second strata coaster, and it opened at <a href="/wiki/Six_Flags_Great_Adventure" title="Six Flags Great Adventure">Six Flags Great Adventure</a> in 2005 as the tallest roller coaster in the world with a height of 456 feet (139 m). Top Thrill Dragster closed in 2021 following a serious incident in which a bracket came off the top of the ride and hit a woman in the head while she was waiting in line. The woman did not die, and she reached a settlement with Cedar Point amusement park in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ride was subsequently refurbished and modified, and it reopened in 2024 as <a href="/wiki/Top_Thrill_2" title="Top Thrill 2">Top Thrill 2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TT2_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT2-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kingda Ka closed on November 10, 2024. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Superman:_Escape_From_Krypton" class="mw-redirect" title="Superman: Escape From Krypton">Superman: Escape From Krypton</a>, a 415-foot (126 m) coaster, opened in 1997 at <a href="/wiki/Six_Flags_Magic_Mountain" title="Six Flags Magic Mountain">Six Flags Magic Mountain</a>. It is not typically classified as a strata coaster due to its <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_roller_coaster" title="Shuttle roller coaster">shuttle coaster</a> design, where trains do not travel a complete circuit.<sup id="cite_ref-Strata_coaster_-_Guinness_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strata_coaster_-_Guinness-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Full-circuit_limitation_-_USA_Today_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Full-circuit_limitation_-_USA_Today-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Park</th> <th>Manufacturer</th> <th>Status</th> <th>Opened</th> <th>Modified</th> <th>Height </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Top_Thrill_2" title="Top Thrill 2">Top Thrill 2</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Point" title="Cedar Point">Cedar Point</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Intamin" title="Intamin">Intamin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zamperla" title="Zamperla">Zamperla</a><sup id="cite_ref-ZamperlaIntamin_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZamperlaIntamin-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>SBNO</td> <td>May 4, 2003</td> <td>May 4, 2024</td> <td>420 feet (130 m) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingda_Ka" title="Kingda Ka">Kingda Ka</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Six_Flags_Great_Adventure" title="Six Flags Great Adventure">Six Flags Great Adventure</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Intamin" title="Intamin">Intamin</a></td> <td>SBNO</td> <td>May 21, 2005</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>456 feet (139 m) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exa_coaster">Exa coaster</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roller_coaster&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Exa coaster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An exa coaster is a type of roller coaster with a height or drop of at least 600 feet (180 m).<sup id="cite_ref-Exa_Coaster_-_New_York_Post_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exa_Coaster_-_New_York_Post-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>exa</i> was first introduced by Intamin for Falcon's Flight, a 640-foot (200 m) coaster expected to open at <a href="/wiki/Qiddiya" title="Qiddiya">Six Flags Qiddiya</a> in 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-Exa_Coaster_-_Fact_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exa_Coaster_-_Fact-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Exa_Coaster_-_Interesting_Engineering_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exa_Coaster_-_Interesting_Engineering-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon completion, it will be the tallest roller coaster in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Exa_Coaster_-_Coaster101_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exa_Coaster_-_Coaster101-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Park</th> <th>Manufacturer</th> <th>Status</th> <th>Opening</th> <th>Height </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qiddiya#Falcon's_Flight" title="Qiddiya">Falcon's Flight</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Six_Flags_Qiddiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Flags Qiddiya">Six Flags Qiddiya</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Intamin" title="Intamin">Intamin</a></td> <td>Under construction</td> <td>2025</td> <td>640 feet (200 m) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_roller_coaster_manufacturers">Major roller coaster manufacturers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roller_coaster&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Major roller coaster manufacturers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Herschell_Company" title="Allan Herschell Company">Allan Herschell Company</a> (defunct, merged with Chance Rides)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Development" title="Arrow Development">Arrow Development</a> (acquired by Huss Trading Corporation, formed into Arrow-Huss)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Dynamics" title="Arrow Dynamics">Arrow Dynamics</a> (defunct, assets bought by <a href="/wiki/S%26S_Arrow" class="mw-redirect" title="S&S Arrow">S&S Arrow</a>)</li> <li>ART Engineering</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HUSS_Park_Attractions" title="HUSS Park Attractions">Arrow-Huss</a> (defunct, reformed as Arrow Dynamics)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B.A._Schiff_%26_Associates" title="B.A. Schiff & Associates">B.A. Schiff & Associates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolliger_%26_Mabillard" title="Bolliger & Mabillard">Bolliger & Mabillard</a></li> <li>Bradley and Kaye (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chance_Morgan" title="Chance Morgan">Chance Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chance_Rides" title="Chance Rides">Chance Rides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custom_Coasters_International" title="Custom Coasters International">Custom Coasters International</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._H._Morgan_Manufacturing" title="D. H. Morgan Manufacturing">D. H. Morgan Manufacturing</a> (acquired by Michael Chance, formed into Chance Morgan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinn_Corporation" title="Dinn Corporation">Dinn Corporation</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Structures" title="Dynamic Structures">Dynamic Structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%26F_Miler_Industries" title="E&F Miler Industries">E&F Miler Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabbri_Group" title="Fabbri Group">Fabbri Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerstlauer" title="Gerstlauer">Gerstlauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanola" title="Giovanola">Giovanola</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gravity_Group" title="The Gravity Group">The Gravity Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Coasters_International" title="Great Coasters International">Great Coasters International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopkins_Rides" title="Hopkins Rides">Hopkins Rides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intamin" title="Intamin">Intamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mack_Rides" title="Mack Rides">Mack Rides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurer_AG" title="Maurer AG">Maurer AG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_%26_Vleminckx" title="Martin & Vleminckx">Martin & Vleminckx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Toboggan_Coasters" title="Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters">Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinfari" title="Pinfari">Pinfari</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_Rides" title="Premier Rides">Premier Rides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_%26_Barbieri" title="Preston & Barbieri">Preston & Barbieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverchon_Industries" title="Reverchon Industries">Reverchon Industries</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Construction" title="Rocky Mountain Construction">Rocky Mountain Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_Coaster_Corporation_of_America" title="Roller Coaster Corporation of America">Roller Coaster Corporation of America</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansei_Technologies" title="Sansei Technologies">Sansei Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%26S_-_Sansei_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="S&S - Sansei Technologies">S&S - Sansei Technologies</a> (formerly known as S&S Worldwide)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBF_Visa_Group" title="SBF Visa Group">SBF Visa Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Schwarzkopf" title="Anton Schwarzkopf">Schwarzkopf</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOGO" title="TOGO">TOGO</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vekoma" title="Vekoma">Vekoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamperla" title="Zamperla">Zamperla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zierer" title="Zierer">Zierer</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roller_coaster&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Roller Coasters</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%A4rk%C3%A4nniemi_-_Tornado.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tornado, located at Särkänniemi in Tampere, Pirkanmaa, Finland"><img alt="Tornado, located at Särkänniemi in Tampere, Pirkanmaa, Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/S%C3%A4rk%C3%A4nniemi_-_Tornado.jpg/100px-S%C3%A4rk%C3%A4nniemi_-_Tornado.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/S%C3%A4rk%C3%A4nniemi_-_Tornado.jpg/150px-S%C3%A4rk%C3%A4nniemi_-_Tornado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/S%C3%A4rk%C3%A4nniemi_-_Tornado.jpg/200px-S%C3%A4rk%C3%A4nniemi_-_Tornado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2744" data-file-height="2568" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tornado_(S%C3%A4rk%C3%A4nniemi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tornado (Särkänniemi)">Tornado</a>, located at <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4rk%C3%A4nniemi" title="Särkänniemi">Särkänniemi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pirkanmaa" title="Pirkanmaa">Pirkanmaa</a>, Finland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PKDHypersonicDrop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hypersonic XLC, the world's first production Thrust Air 2000 (now defunct)"><img alt="Hypersonic XLC, the world's first production Thrust Air 2000 (now defunct)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/PKDHypersonicDrop.jpg/64px-PKDHypersonicDrop.jpg" decoding="async" width="64" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/PKDHypersonicDrop.jpg/96px-PKDHypersonicDrop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/PKDHypersonicDrop.jpg/128px-PKDHypersonicDrop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1288" data-file-height="2004" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hypersonic_XLC" title="Hypersonic XLC">Hypersonic XLC</a>, the world's first production <a href="/wiki/Thrust_Air_2000" title="Thrust Air 2000">Thrust Air 2000</a> (now defunct)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Top_Thrill_Dragster_(Cedar_Point)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Top Thrill Dragster at Cedar Point was the first strata coaster ever built."><img alt="Top Thrill Dragster at Cedar Point was the first strata coaster ever built." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Top_Thrill_Dragster_%28Cedar_Point%29_01.jpg/66px-Top_Thrill_Dragster_%28Cedar_Point%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Top_Thrill_Dragster_%28Cedar_Point%29_01.jpg/100px-Top_Thrill_Dragster_%28Cedar_Point%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Top_Thrill_Dragster_%28Cedar_Point%29_01.jpg/133px-Top_Thrill_Dragster_%28Cedar_Point%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Top_Thrill_Dragster" class="mw-redirect" title="Top Thrill Dragster">Top Thrill Dragster</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cedar_Point" title="Cedar Point">Cedar Point</a> was the first strata coaster ever built.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rollercoaster_expedition_geforce_holiday_park_germany.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Riding Expedition GeForce at Holiday Park, Germany"><img alt="Riding Expedition GeForce at Holiday Park, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Rollercoaster_expedition_geforce_holiday_park_germany.jpg/75px-Rollercoaster_expedition_geforce_holiday_park_germany.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Rollercoaster_expedition_geforce_holiday_park_germany.jpg/112px-Rollercoaster_expedition_geforce_holiday_park_germany.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Rollercoaster_expedition_geforce_holiday_park_germany.jpg/150px-Rollercoaster_expedition_geforce_holiday_park_germany.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Riding <a href="/wiki/Expedition_GeForce" title="Expedition GeForce">Expedition GeForce</a> at <a href="/wiki/Holiday_Park,_Germany" title="Holiday Park, Germany">Holiday Park</a>, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cedar_point_raptor1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Raptor, a steel inverted coaster, is located at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio, United States."><img alt="Raptor, a steel inverted coaster, is located at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio, United States." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cedar_point_raptor1.jpg/100px-Cedar_point_raptor1.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cedar_point_raptor1.jpg/150px-Cedar_point_raptor1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cedar_point_raptor1.jpg/200px-Cedar_point_raptor1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Raptor_(Cedar_Point)" title="Raptor (Cedar Point)">Raptor</a>, a steel inverted coaster, is located at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio, United States.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wooden_roller_coaster_txgi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="New Texas Giant at Six Flags Over Texas before being refurbished into a hybrid steel-wood coaster."><img alt="New Texas Giant at Six Flags Over Texas before being refurbished into a hybrid steel-wood coaster." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Wooden_roller_coaster_txgi.jpg/81px-Wooden_roller_coaster_txgi.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Wooden_roller_coaster_txgi.jpg/121px-Wooden_roller_coaster_txgi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Wooden_roller_coaster_txgi.jpg/162px-Wooden_roller_coaster_txgi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="987" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/New_Texas_Giant" title="New Texas Giant">New Texas Giant</a> at <a href="/wiki/Six_Flags_Over_Texas" title="Six Flags Over Texas">Six Flags Over Texas</a> before being refurbished into a hybrid steel-wood coaster.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image-Lightning_Racer_at_Hersheypark_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lightning Racer at Hersheypark is a racing, dueling roller coaster made by GCI."><img alt="Lightning Racer at Hersheypark is a racing, dueling roller coaster made by GCI." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Image-Lightning_Racer_at_Hersheypark_station.jpg/100px-Image-Lightning_Racer_at_Hersheypark_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Image-Lightning_Racer_at_Hersheypark_station.jpg/150px-Image-Lightning_Racer_at_Hersheypark_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Image-Lightning_Racer_at_Hersheypark_station.jpg/200px-Image-Lightning_Racer_at_Hersheypark_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2334" data-file-height="1689" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lightning Racer at Hersheypark is a racing, dueling roller coaster made by <a href="/wiki/Great_Coasters_International" title="Great Coasters International">GCI</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Linnanrollerc.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="This all-wooden roller coaster, built in 1951, dominates the Linnanmäki amusement park in Helsinki, Finland."><img alt="This all-wooden roller coaster, built in 1951, dominates the Linnanmäki amusement park in Helsinki, Finland." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Linnanrollerc.JPG/100px-Linnanrollerc.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Linnanrollerc.JPG/150px-Linnanrollerc.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Linnanrollerc.JPG/200px-Linnanrollerc.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1284" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">This all-wooden roller coaster, built in 1951, dominates the <a href="/wiki/Linnanm%C3%A4ki" title="Linnanmäki">Linnanmäki</a> amusement park in Helsinki, Finland.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coney_Island_2010_109.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Coney Island Cyclone in Brooklyn, New York was built in 1927 and refurbished in 1975."><img alt="Coney Island Cyclone in Brooklyn, New York was built in 1927 and refurbished in 1975." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Coney_Island_2010_109.JPG/100px-Coney_Island_2010_109.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Coney_Island_2010_109.JPG/150px-Coney_Island_2010_109.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Coney_Island_2010_109.JPG/200px-Coney_Island_2010_109.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2134" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Coney_Island_Cyclone" title="Coney Island Cyclone">Coney Island Cyclone</a> in Brooklyn, New York was built in 1927 and refurbished in 1975.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PKI-Son_of_Beast.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Son of Beast in Kings Island was the only wooden coaster to have a vertical loop."><img alt="Son of Beast in Kings Island was the only wooden coaster to have a vertical loop." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/PKI-Son_of_Beast.jpg/100px-PKI-Son_of_Beast.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/PKI-Son_of_Beast.jpg/150px-PKI-Son_of_Beast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/PKI-Son_of_Beast.jpg/200px-PKI-Son_of_Beast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Son_of_Beast" title="Son of Beast">Son of Beast</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kings_Island" title="Kings Island">Kings Island</a> was the only wooden coaster to have a vertical loop.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kennywood_Jack_Rabbit_DSCN2786.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Jack Rabbit at Kennywood Park outside of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States was built in 1920."><img alt="Jack Rabbit at Kennywood Park outside of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States was built in 1920." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Kennywood_Jack_Rabbit_DSCN2786.JPG/100px-Kennywood_Jack_Rabbit_DSCN2786.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Kennywood_Jack_Rabbit_DSCN2786.JPG/150px-Kennywood_Jack_Rabbit_DSCN2786.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Kennywood_Jack_Rabbit_DSCN2786.JPG/200px-Kennywood_Jack_Rabbit_DSCN2786.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Rabbit_(Kennywood)" title="Jack Rabbit (Kennywood)">Jack Rabbit</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kennywood_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennywood Park">Kennywood Park</a> outside of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States was built in 1920.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Knoebels_Phoenix.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Phoenix, built in 1947, at Knoebels Amusement Resort in Elysburg, Pennsylvania, United States."><img alt="Phoenix, built in 1947, at Knoebels Amusement Resort in Elysburg, Pennsylvania, United States." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Knoebels_Phoenix.JPG/100px-Knoebels_Phoenix.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Knoebels_Phoenix.JPG/150px-Knoebels_Phoenix.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Knoebels_Phoenix.JPG/200px-Knoebels_Phoenix.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2855" data-file-height="1781" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(roller_coaster)" title="Phoenix (roller coaster)">Phoenix</a>, built in 1947, at <a href="/wiki/Knoebels_Amusement_Resort" title="Knoebels Amusement Resort">Knoebels Amusement Resort</a> in Elysburg, Pennsylvania, United States.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baron_1889.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baron 1898 at Efteling in Kaatsheuvel, The Netherlands"><img alt="Baron 1898 at Efteling in Kaatsheuvel, The Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Baron_1889.jpg/100px-Baron_1889.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Baron_1889.jpg/150px-Baron_1889.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Baron_1889.jpg/200px-Baron_1889.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3884" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Baron_1898" title="Baron 1898">Baron 1898</a> at <a href="/wiki/Efteling" title="Efteling">Efteling</a> in Kaatsheuvel, The Netherlands</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Griffon_(Busch_Gardens_Europe)_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Griffon splashing down into a pool at Busch Gardens Williamsburg, US."><img alt="Griffon splashing down into a pool at Busch Gardens Williamsburg, US." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Griffon_%28Busch_Gardens_Europe%29_02.JPG/75px-Griffon_%28Busch_Gardens_Europe%29_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Griffon_%28Busch_Gardens_Europe%29_02.JPG/112px-Griffon_%28Busch_Gardens_Europe%29_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Griffon_%28Busch_Gardens_Europe%29_02.JPG/150px-Griffon_%28Busch_Gardens_Europe%29_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Griffon_(roller_coaster)" title="Griffon (roller coaster)">Griffon</a> splashing down into a pool at <a href="/wiki/Busch_Gardens_Williamsburg" title="Busch Gardens Williamsburg">Busch Gardens Williamsburg</a>, US.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Bear_Helix.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Great Bear is the first steel inverted coaster in Pennsylvania, located at Hersheypark."><img alt="Great Bear is the first steel inverted coaster in Pennsylvania, located at Hersheypark." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Great_Bear_Helix.jpg/100px-Great_Bear_Helix.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Great_Bear_Helix.jpg/150px-Great_Bear_Helix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Great_Bear_Helix.jpg/200px-Great_Bear_Helix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="583" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Great_Bear_(roller_coaster)" title="Great Bear (roller coaster)">Great Bear</a> is the first steel inverted coaster in Pennsylvania, located at Hersheypark.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Behemoth_(Canada%27s_Wonderland)_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Behemoth, at Canada's Wonderland, at one point the highest and fastest coaster in Canada"><img alt="Behemoth, at Canada's Wonderland, at one point the highest and fastest coaster in Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Behemoth_%28Canada%27s_Wonderland%29_06.jpg/66px-Behemoth_%28Canada%27s_Wonderland%29_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Behemoth_%28Canada%27s_Wonderland%29_06.jpg/100px-Behemoth_%28Canada%27s_Wonderland%29_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Behemoth_%28Canada%27s_Wonderland%29_06.jpg/133px-Behemoth_%28Canada%27s_Wonderland%29_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1605" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Behemoth_(roller_coaster)" title="Behemoth (roller coaster)">Behemoth</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Canada%27s_Wonderland" title="Canada's Wonderland">Canada's Wonderland</a>, at one point the highest and fastest coaster in Canada</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Busch_Gardens_Tampa_Bay_-_Montu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Montu", a popular inverted roller coaster at Busch Gardens Tampa Bay, US"><img alt=""Montu", a popular inverted roller coaster at Busch Gardens Tampa Bay, US" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Busch_Gardens_Tampa_Bay_-_Montu.jpg/100px-Busch_Gardens_Tampa_Bay_-_Montu.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Busch_Gardens_Tampa_Bay_-_Montu.jpg/150px-Busch_Gardens_Tampa_Bay_-_Montu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Busch_Gardens_Tampa_Bay_-_Montu.jpg/200px-Busch_Gardens_Tampa_Bay_-_Montu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"<a href="/wiki/Montu_(roller_coaster)" title="Montu (roller coaster)">Montu</a>", a popular <a href="/wiki/Inverted_roller_coaster" title="Inverted roller coaster">inverted roller coaster</a> at <a href="/wiki/Busch_Gardens_Tampa_Bay" title="Busch Gardens Tampa Bay">Busch Gardens Tampa Bay</a>, US</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Millennium_Force_(Cedar_Point)_06.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Millennium Force"><img alt="Millennium Force" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Millennium_Force_%28Cedar_Point%29_06.JPG/100px-Millennium_Force_%28Cedar_Point%29_06.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Millennium_Force_%28Cedar_Point%29_06.JPG/150px-Millennium_Force_%28Cedar_Point%29_06.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Millennium_Force_%28Cedar_Point%29_06.JPG/200px-Millennium_Force_%28Cedar_Point%29_06.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Force" title="Millennium Force">Millennium Force</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_mamba_first_drop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Black Mamba at Phantasialand, Germany"><img alt="Black Mamba at Phantasialand, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Black_mamba_first_drop.jpg/75px-Black_mamba_first_drop.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Black_mamba_first_drop.jpg/112px-Black_mamba_first_drop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Black_mamba_first_drop.jpg/150px-Black_mamba_first_drop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Black_Mamba_(roller_coaster)" title="Black Mamba (roller coaster)">Black Mamba</a> at <a href="/wiki/Phantasialand" title="Phantasialand">Phantasialand</a>, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Euromir.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Euro-Mir, a spinning roller coaster at Europa-Park in Rust, Germany"><img alt="Euro-Mir, a spinning roller coaster at Europa-Park in Rust, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Euromir.jpg/75px-Euromir.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Euromir.jpg/112px-Euromir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Euromir.jpg/150px-Euromir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Euro-Mir" title="Euro-Mir">Euro-Mir</a>, a spinning roller coaster at <a href="/wiki/Europa-Park" title="Europa-Park">Europa-Park</a> in Rust, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rollercoaster_dragon_khan_universal_port_aventura_spain.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dragon Khan at PortAventura Park in Salou (Tarragona), Spain"><img alt="Dragon Khan at PortAventura Park in Salou (Tarragona), Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Rollercoaster_dragon_khan_universal_port_aventura_spain.jpg/100px-Rollercoaster_dragon_khan_universal_port_aventura_spain.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Rollercoaster_dragon_khan_universal_port_aventura_spain.jpg/150px-Rollercoaster_dragon_khan_universal_port_aventura_spain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Rollercoaster_dragon_khan_universal_port_aventura_spain.jpg/200px-Rollercoaster_dragon_khan_universal_port_aventura_spain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Khan" title="Dragon Khan">Dragon Khan</a> at <a href="/wiki/PortAventura_Park" title="PortAventura Park">PortAventura Park</a> in Salou (Tarragona), Spain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kennywood_Thunderbolt_DSCN2744.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Thunderbolt at Kennywood outside of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US was built in 1968."><img alt="Thunderbolt at Kennywood outside of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US was built in 1968." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kennywood_Thunderbolt_DSCN2744.JPG/100px-Kennywood_Thunderbolt_DSCN2744.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kennywood_Thunderbolt_DSCN2744.JPG/150px-Kennywood_Thunderbolt_DSCN2744.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kennywood_Thunderbolt_DSCN2744.JPG/200px-Kennywood_Thunderbolt_DSCN2744.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thunderbolt at <a href="/wiki/Kennywood" title="Kennywood">Kennywood</a> outside of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US was built in 1968.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leviathan_Reactions.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leviathan at Canada's Wonderland, the tallest coaster in Canada (93 m or 306 ft, 148 km/h or 92 mph)"><img alt="Leviathan at Canada's Wonderland, the tallest coaster in Canada (93 m or 306 ft, 148 km/h or 92 mph)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Leviathan_Reactions.jpg/67px-Leviathan_Reactions.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Leviathan_Reactions.jpg/100px-Leviathan_Reactions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Leviathan_Reactions.jpg/133px-Leviathan_Reactions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Canada%27s_Wonderland)" title="Leviathan (Canada's Wonderland)">Leviathan</a> at <a href="/wiki/Canada%27s_Wonderland" title="Canada's Wonderland">Canada's Wonderland</a>, the tallest coaster in Canada (93 m or 306 ft, 148 km/h or 92 mph)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingda_Ka.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kingda Ka is the world's tallest roller coaster and is the second strata coaster in the world after Top Thrill Dragster."><img alt="Kingda Ka is the world's tallest roller coaster and is the second strata coaster in the world after Top Thrill Dragster." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Kingda_Ka.jpg/100px-Kingda_Ka.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Kingda_Ka.jpg/150px-Kingda_Ka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Kingda_Ka.jpg/200px-Kingda_Ka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kingda_Ka" title="Kingda Ka">Kingda Ka</a> is the world's tallest roller coaster and is the second strata coaster in the world after <a href="/wiki/Top_Thrill_Dragster" class="mw-redirect" title="Top Thrill Dragster">Top Thrill Dragster</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ee-train.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Expedition Everest, a roller coaster at Disney's Animal Kingdom in Walt Disney World"><img alt="Expedition Everest, a roller coaster at Disney's Animal Kingdom in Walt Disney World" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ee-train.jpg/75px-Ee-train.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ee-train.jpg/112px-Ee-train.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ee-train.jpg/150px-Ee-train.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Expedition_Everest" title="Expedition Everest">Expedition Everest</a>, a roller coaster at <a href="/wiki/Disney%27s_Animal_Kingdom" title="Disney's Animal Kingdom">Disney's Animal Kingdom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_World" title="Walt Disney World">Walt Disney World</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Porcijunkulovo,_%C4%8Cakovec,_2017._-_vlak_smrti.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A small roller coaster at a local festival in Čakovec, Croatia"><img alt="A small roller coaster at a local festival in Čakovec, Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Porcijunkulovo%2C_%C4%8Cakovec%2C_2017._-_vlak_smrti.jpg/100px-Porcijunkulovo%2C_%C4%8Cakovec%2C_2017._-_vlak_smrti.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Porcijunkulovo%2C_%C4%8Cakovec%2C_2017._-_vlak_smrti.jpg/150px-Porcijunkulovo%2C_%C4%8Cakovec%2C_2017._-_vlak_smrti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Porcijunkulovo%2C_%C4%8Cakovec%2C_2017._-_vlak_smrti.jpg/200px-Porcijunkulovo%2C_%C4%8Cakovec%2C_2017._-_vlak_smrti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A small roller coaster at a local festival in <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cakovec" title="Čakovec">Čakovec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyperion,_Energylandia_-_2018_Aug_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hyperion at Energylandia in Zator, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland"><img alt="Hyperion at Energylandia in Zator, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Hyperion%2C_Energylandia_-_2018_Aug_06.jpg/66px-Hyperion%2C_Energylandia_-_2018_Aug_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Hyperion%2C_Energylandia_-_2018_Aug_06.jpg/100px-Hyperion%2C_Energylandia_-_2018_Aug_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Hyperion%2C_Energylandia_-_2018_Aug_06.jpg/133px-Hyperion%2C_Energylandia_-_2018_Aug_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="4350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(roller_coaster)" title="Hyperion (roller coaster)">Hyperion</a> at <a href="/wiki/Energylandia" title="Energylandia">Energylandia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zator,_Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Zator, Lesser Poland Voivodeship">Zator, Lesser Poland Voivodeship</a>, Poland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carowinds-Fury325Entry.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Fury 325 at Carowinds is the tallest roller coaster to use a traditional chain lift."><img alt="Fury 325 at Carowinds is the tallest roller coaster to use a traditional chain lift." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Carowinds-Fury325Entry.JPG/100px-Carowinds-Fury325Entry.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Carowinds-Fury325Entry.JPG/150px-Carowinds-Fury325Entry.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Carowinds-Fury325Entry.JPG/200px-Carowinds-Fury325Entry.JPG 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="474" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fury_325" title="Fury 325">Fury 325</a> at <a href="/wiki/Carowinds" title="Carowinds">Carowinds</a> is the tallest roller coaster to use a traditional chain lift.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Superman_Ultimate_Flight_(Six_Flags_Great_Adventure).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Superman The Ride at Six Flags Great Adventure"><img alt="Superman The Ride" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Superman_Ultimate_Flight_%28Six_Flags_Great_Adventure%29.jpg/100px-Superman_Ultimate_Flight_%28Six_Flags_Great_Adventure%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Superman_Ultimate_Flight_%28Six_Flags_Great_Adventure%29.jpg/150px-Superman_Ultimate_Flight_%28Six_Flags_Great_Adventure%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Superman_Ultimate_Flight_%28Six_Flags_Great_Adventure%29.jpg/200px-Superman_Ultimate_Flight_%28Six_Flags_Great_Adventure%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2070" data-file-height="1552" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Superman_The_Ride" title="Superman The Ride">Superman The Ride</a> at <a href="/wiki/Six_Flags_Great_Adventure" title="Six Flags Great Adventure">Six Flags Great Adventure</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Revere_Beach_Cyclone_Postcard_Crop.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Cyclone, Revere Beach, Massachusetts, USA"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Revere_Beach_Cyclone_Postcard_Crop.JPG/100px-Revere_Beach_Cyclone_Postcard_Crop.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Revere_Beach_Cyclone_Postcard_Crop.JPG/150px-Revere_Beach_Cyclone_Postcard_Crop.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Revere_Beach_Cyclone_Postcard_Crop.JPG/200px-Revere_Beach_Cyclone_Postcard_Crop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="318" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cyclone_(Revere_Beach)" title="Cyclone (Revere Beach)">The Cyclone</a>, Revere Beach, Massachusetts, USA</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roller_coaster&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amusement_park" title="Amusement park">Amusement park</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_amusement_parks" title="Lists of amusement parks">Lists of amusement parks</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_roller_coasters" title="Fear of roller coasters">Fear of roller coasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roller_coaster_elements" title="List of roller coaster elements">List of roller coaster elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roller_coaster_rankings" title="List of roller coaster rankings">List of roller coaster rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theme_park_management_video_games" title="List of theme park management video games">List of theme park management video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_coaster_train" title="Roller coaster train">Roller coaster train</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roller_coaster&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ZamperlaIntamin-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZamperlaIntamin_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Originally built in 2003 by Intamin and later renovated by Zamperla in 2024.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roller_coaster&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Definition-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Definition_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/roller-coaster">"Definition of roller coaster"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230806112204/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/roller-coaster">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+roller+coaster&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Froller-coaster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoller+coaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPescovitz" class="citation web cs1">Pescovitz, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/roller-coaster">"Roller coaster: Definition, History, & Facts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230806112548/https://www.britannica.com/topic/roller-coaster">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carowinds+reopens+Fury+325+rollercoaster%2C+closed+for+over+a+month&rft.pub=WRAL&rft.date=2023-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wral.com%2Fstory%2Fcarowinds-reopens-fury-325-rollercoaster-closed-for-over-a-month%2F20994593%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoller+coaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rcdb.com/12273.htm">"Fury325-Carowinds"</a>. <i>rcdb.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rcdb.com&rft.atitle=Fury325-Carowinds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frcdb.com%2F12273.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoller+coaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rcdb.com/10698.htm">"Red Force – Ferrari Land (Salou, Tarragona, Spain)"</a>. <i>rcdb.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rcdb.com&rft.atitle=Red+Force+%E2%80%93+Ferrari+Land+%28Salou%2C+Tarragona%2C+Spain%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frcdb.com%2F10698.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoller+coaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rcdb.com/11437.htm">"Orion – Kings Island (Mason, Ohio)"</a>. <i>rcdb.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rcdb.com&rft.atitle=Orion+%E2%80%93+Kings+Island+%28Mason%2C+Ohio%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frcdb.com%2F11437.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoller+coaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strata_coaster_-_Guinness-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strata_coaster_-_Guinness_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strata_coaster_-_Guinness_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2016/8/national-roller-coaster-day-10-incredible-coaster-records-for-every-thrill-seeke-439990">"National Roller Coaster Day: Ten incredible records for every thrill seeker"</a>. <i>guinnessworldrecords.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=World%27s+tallest%2C+longest+%26+fastest+rollercoaster+to+debut+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2023-11-20&rft.aulast=Malayil&rft.aufirst=Jijo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finterestingengineering.com%2Finnovation%2Fworlds-tallest-longest-fastest-rollercoaster-to-debut-in-saudi-arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoller+coaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Exa_Coaster_-_Coaster101-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Exa_Coaster_-_Coaster101_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStilwell2023" class="citation news cs1">Stilwell, Andrew (14 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coaster101.com/2023/11/14/intamin-reveals-falcons-flight-details/">"Intamin Reveals Falcon's Flight Details"</a>. Coaster101<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Intamin+Reveals+Falcon%27s+Flight+Details&rft.date=2023-11-14&rft.aulast=Stilwell&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coaster101.com%2F2023%2F11%2F14%2Fintamin-reveals-falcons-flight-details%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoller+coaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roller_coaster&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bennett, David (1998). <i>Roller Coaster: Wooden and Steel Coasters, Twisters and Corkscrews</i>. Edison, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Chartwell_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Chartwell Books">Chartwell Books</a>. 9. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786508853" title="Special:BookSources/9780786508853">9780786508853</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradyKnight2001" class="citation book cs1">Brady, Matthew K.; Knight, David Alan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eeyoCJBUiAsC&q=Hybrid+roller+coaster"><i>Rollercoaster Tycoon</i></a> (Paperback). <a href="/wiki/Prima_Games" title="Prima Games">Prima Games</a>. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761537656" title="Special:BookSources/9780761537656"><bdi>9780761537656</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rollercoaster+Tycoon&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Prima+Games&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780761537656&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=Matthew+K.&rft.au=Knight%2C+David+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeeyoCJBUiAsC%26q%3DHybrid%2Broller%2Bcoaster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoller+coaster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartmell1987" class="citation book cs1">Cartmell, Robert (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qtyoe7tlkVcC&q=Hybrid+roller+coaster"><i>The Incredible Scream Machine: A History of the Roller Coaster</i></a> (Paperback). Amusement Park Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879723422" title="Special:BookSources/9780879723422"><bdi>9780879723422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Incredible+Scream+Machine%3A+A+History+of+the+Roller+Coaster&rft.pub=Amusement+Park+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780879723422&rft.aulast=Cartmell&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQtyoe7tlkVcC%26q%3DHybrid%2Broller%2Bcoaster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoller+coaster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Coker, Robert (2002). <i>Roller Coasters: A Thrill Seeker's Guide to the Ultimate Scream Machines</i>. New York: Metrobooks. 14. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781586631727" title="Special:BookSources/9781586631727">9781586631727</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancisFrancis2002" class="citation book cs1">Francis, David W.; Francis, Diane DeMali (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T1H_lzFYRngC&q=Hybrid+roller+coaster"><i>Ohio's Amusement Parks in Vintage Postcards</i></a> (Paperback). <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Publishing" title="Arcadia Publishing">Arcadia Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738519975" title="Special:BookSources/9780738519975"><bdi>9780738519975</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ohio%27s+Amusement+Parks+in+Vintage+Postcards&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780738519975&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft.au=Francis%2C+Diane+DeMali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT1H_lzFYRngC%26q%3DHybrid%2Broller%2Bcoaster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoller+coaster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomero2007" class="citation book cs1">Romero, Pedro (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3LFl80xGY8sC&dq=%22Russian+Mountain%22+roller+coaster&pg=PA82"><i>Night+Day Mexico City - Pedro Romero</i></a>. ASDavis Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780977624560" title="Special:BookSources/9780977624560"><bdi>9780977624560</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Night%2BDay+Mexico+City+-+Pedro+Romero&rft.pub=ASDavis+Media&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780977624560&rft.aulast=Romero&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3LFl80xGY8sC%26dq%3D%2522Russian%2BMountain%2522%2Broller%2Bcoaster%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoller+coaster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutherford2004" class="citation book cs1">Rutherford, Scott (2004). <i>The American Roller Coaster</i> (Paperback). <a href="/wiki/Motorbooks_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorbooks International">Motorbooks International</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780760319291" title="Special:BookSources/9780760319291"><bdi>9780760319291</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Roller+Coaster&rft.pub=Motorbooks+International&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780760319291&rft.aulast=Rutherford&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoller+coaster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSphinx_Fine_ArtStrachanBolton2008" class="citation book cs1">Sphinx Fine Art; Strachan, Edward; Bolton, Roy (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vnf_0IVt1GgC&dq=Russian+Mountains+roller+coaster&pg=PA182"><i>Russia and Europe in the Nineteenth Century - Edward Strachan, Roy Bolton</i></a>. Sphinx Fine Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781907200021" title="Special:BookSources/9781907200021"><bdi>9781907200021</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+Europe+in+the+Nineteenth+Century+-+Edward+Strachan%2C+Roy+Bolton&rft.pub=Sphinx+Fine+Art&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781907200021&rft.au=Sphinx+Fine+Art&rft.au=Strachan%2C+Edward&rft.au=Bolton%2C+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvnf_0IVt1GgC%26dq%3DRussian%2BMountains%2Broller%2Bcoaster%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoller+coaster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrbanowicz2002" class="citation book cs1">Urbanowicz, Steven J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=06ifSJMnStQC&q=Hybrid+roller+coaster"><i>The Roller Coaster Lover's Companion: A Thrill Seeker's Guide to the World's Best Coasters</i></a> (Paperback). <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Publishing_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kensington Publishing Corporation">Kensington Publishing Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citadel_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Citadel Press">Citadel Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806523095" title="Special:BookSources/9780806523095"><bdi>9780806523095</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roller+Coaster+Lover%27s+Companion%3A+A+Thrill+Seeker%27s+Guide+to+the+World%27s+Best+Coasters&rft.pub=Kensington+Publishing+Corporation%2C+Citadel+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780806523095&rft.aulast=Urbanowicz&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D06ifSJMnStQC%26q%3DHybrid%2Broller%2Bcoaster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoller+coaster" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806523095" title="Special:BookSources/9780806523095">9780806523095</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisenberger2014" class="citation book cs1">Weisenberger, Nick (September 2, 2014). <i>The 50 Most Terrifying Roller Coasters Ever Built</i> (Paperback). Createspace Independent Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781500699963" title="Special:BookSources/9781500699963"><bdi>9781500699963</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+50+Most+Terrifying+Roller+Coasters+Ever+Built&rft.pub=Createspace+Independent+Publishing&rft.date=2014-09-02&rft.isbn=9781500699963&rft.aulast=Weisenberger&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoller+coaster" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roller_coaster&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Roller coaster</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Roller_coaster" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Roller coaster">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Roller_coaster" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Roller coaster">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ultimaterollercoaster.com/coasters/glossary/">Roller Coaster Glossary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ultimaterollercoaster.com/coasters/history/">Roller Coaster History</a> – History of the roller coaster</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rcdb.com/">Roller Coaster Database</a> – Information, statistics and photos for over 3700 roller coasters throughout the world</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/v/a/vac3/table.html">Roller Coaster Patents</a> – With links to the U.S. Patent office</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vip.vast.org/BOOK/HOME.HTM">Roller Coaster Physics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160316000956/http://vip.vast.org/BOOK/HOME.HTM">Archived</a> 2016-03-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Classic physics explained in terms of roller coasters</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.howstuffworks.com/roller-coaster.htm">How Roller Coasters Work</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.excelunusual.com/a-2d-animated-excel-roller-coaster-video-preview/">3D Animated Roller Coaster in MS Excel</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ktla.com/2014/08/28/magic-mountain-announces-twisted-plans-for-iconic-colossus-roller-coaster/">Magic Mountain Announces ‘Twisted’ Plans for Iconic Colossus Roller Coaster</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rollercoastermuseum.org/collection/">National Roller Coaster Museum & Archives</a> – Collection of historic ride vehicles</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roller_coaster" title="Template:Roller coaster"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roller_coaster" title="Template talk:Roller coaster"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roller_coaster" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roller coaster"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roller_coasters" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roller coasters</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roller_coasters_by_country" title="Category:Roller coasters by country">Roller coasters by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roller_coaster_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Roller coaster elements">Elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_roller_coaster" title="History of the roller coaster">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roller_coaster_manufacturers" title="Category:Roller coaster manufacturers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_of_roller_coasters" title="Physics of roller coasters">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roller_coaster_rankings" title="List of roller coaster rankings">Rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_roller_coaster" title="Category:Types of roller coaster">Types</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dorney_Park_Steel_Force_Thunderhawk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dorney_Park_Steel_Force_Thunderhawk.jpg/70px-Dorney_Park_Steel_Force_Thunderhawk.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dorney_Park_Steel_Force_Thunderhawk.jpg/105px-Dorney_Park_Steel_Force_Thunderhawk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dorney_Park_Steel_Force_Thunderhawk.jpg/140px-Dorney_Park_Steel_Force_Thunderhawk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="673" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Roller_coaster_technology" title="Category:Roller coaster technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brake_run" title="Brake run">Brake run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_coaster_inversion" title="Roller coaster inversion">Inversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_loop" title="Vertical loop">Vertical loop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_track" title="Launch track">Launch track</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rollback_(roller_coaster)" title="Rollback (roller coaster)">Rollback</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_hill" title="Lift hill">Lift hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-ride_camera" title="On-ride camera">On-ride camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-rail_roller_coaster" title="Single-rail roller coaster">Single-rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadium_seating" title="Stadium seating">Stadium seating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_(roller_coaster)" class="mw-redirect" title="Station (roller coaster)">Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_(roller_coaster)" class="mw-redirect" title="Train (roller coaster)">Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfriction" title="Underfriction">Underfriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_coaster_wheel_assembly" title="Roller coaster wheel assembly">Wheel assembly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Roller_coasters" title="Category:Roller coasters">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Roller_coasters" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Roller coasters">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_roller_coaster" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roller_coaster_types" title="Template:Roller coaster types"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roller_coaster_types" title="Template talk:Roller coaster types"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roller_coaster_types" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roller coaster types"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_roller_coaster" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">roller coaster</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Construction material</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steel_roller_coaster" title="Steel roller coaster">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooden_roller_coaster" title="Wooden roller coaster">Wooden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_roller_coaster" title="Hybrid roller coaster">Hybrid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Train configuration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-dimension_roller_coaster" title="Fourth-dimension roller coaster">Fourth dimension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobsled_roller_coaster" title="Bobsled roller coaster">Bobsled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_Coaster" title="Dive Coaster">Dive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floorless_Coaster" title="Floorless Coaster">Floorless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_roller_coaster" title="Flying roller coaster">Flying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_roller_coaster" title="Inverted roller coaster">Inverted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_train_roller_coaster" title="Mine train roller coaster">Mine train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorbike_roller_coaster" title="Motorbike roller coaster">Motorbike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline_roller_coaster" title="Pipeline roller coaster">Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powered_roller_coaster" title="Powered roller coaster">Powered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_friction_roller_coaster" title="Side friction roller coaster">Side friction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_roller_coaster" title="Spinning roller coaster">Spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_roller_coaster" title="Stand-up roller coaster">Stand-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeplechase_roller_coaster" title="Steeplechase roller coaster">Steeplechase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspended_roller_coaster" title="Suspended roller coaster">Suspended</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_toboggan" title="Summer toboggan">Summer toboggan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Reel_roller_coaster" title="Virginia Reel roller coaster">Virginia Reel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Coaster_(roller_coaster)" class="mw-redirect" title="Water Coaster (roller coaster)">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_Coaster" title="Wing Coaster">Wing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Track layout</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang_(roller_coaster)" title="Boomerang (roller coaster)">Boomerang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual-tracked_roller_coaster" title="Dual-tracked roller coaster">Dual-tracked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_8_roller_coaster" title="Figure 8 roller coaster">Figure 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launched_roller_coaster" title="Launched roller coaster">Launched</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out_and_back_roller_coaster" title="Out and back roller coaster">Out and back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_roller_coaster" title="Shuttle roller coaster">Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrain_roller_coaster" title="Terrain roller coaster">Terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twister_roller_coaster" title="Twister roller coaster">Twister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_mouse" title="Wild mouse">Wild mouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roller_coaster_manufacturers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roller_coaster_manufacturers" title="Template:Roller coaster manufacturers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roller_coaster_manufacturers" title="Template talk:Roller coaster manufacturers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roller_coaster_manufacturers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roller coaster manufacturers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roller_coaster_manufacturers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roller coaster</a> manufacturers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Development" title="Arrow Development">Arrow Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Dynamics" title="Arrow Dynamics">Arrow Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolliger_%26_Mabillard" title="Bolliger & Mabillard">Bolliger & Mabillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chance_Morgan" title="Chance Morgan">Chance Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chance_Rides" title="Chance Rides">Chance Rides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Metallurgical_Group_Corporation" title="China Metallurgical Group Corporation">China Metallurgical Group Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clermont_Steel_Fabricators" title="Clermont Steel Fabricators">Clermont Steel Fabricators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custom_Coasters_International" title="Custom Coasters International">Custom Coasters International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._H._Morgan_Manufacturing" title="D. H. Morgan Manufacturing">D. H. Morgan Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinn_Corporation" title="Dinn Corporation">Dinn Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Structures" title="Dynamic Structures">Dynamic Structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%26F_Miler_Industries" title="E&F Miler Industries">E&F Miler Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabbri_Group" title="Fabbri Group">Fabbri Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerstlauer" title="Gerstlauer">Gerstlauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanola" title="Giovanola">Giovanola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gravity_Group" title="The Gravity Group">The Gravity Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Coasters_International" title="Great Coasters International">Great Coasters International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Herschell_Company" title="Allan Herschell Company">Allan Herschell Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopkins_Rides" title="Hopkins Rides">Hopkins Rides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intamin" title="Intamin">Intamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbak" title="Kumbak">Kumbak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mack_Rides" title="Mack Rides">Mack Rides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_%26_Vleminckx" title="Martin & Vleminckx">Martin & Vleminckx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurer_AG" title="Maurer AG">Maurer AG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Toboggan_Coasters" title="Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters">Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinfari" title="Pinfari">Pinfari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_Rides" title="Premier Rides">Premier Rides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_%26_Barbieri" title="Preston & Barbieri">Preston & Barbieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Construction" title="Rocky Mountain Construction">Rocky Mountain Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_Coaster_Corporation_of_America" title="Roller Coaster Corporation of America">Roller Coaster Corporation of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%26S_%E2%80%93_Sansei_Technologies" title="S&S – Sansei Technologies">S&S – Sansei Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanoyas_Hishino_Meisho" title="Sanoyas Hishino Meisho">Sanoyas Hishino Meisho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansei_Technologies" title="Sansei Technologies">Sansei Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBF_Visa_Group" title="SBF Visa Group">SBF Visa Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B.A._Schiff_%26_Associates" title="B.A. Schiff & Associates">B.A. Schiff & Associates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Schwarzkopf" title="Anton Schwarzkopf">Anton Schwarzkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senyo_Kogyo" title="Senyo Kogyo">Senyo Kogyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyline_Attractions" title="Skyline Attractions">Skyline Attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOGO" title="TOGO">TOGO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Thrill_Rides" title="US Thrill Rides">US Thrill Rides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vekoma" title="Vekoma">Vekoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WGH_(company)" title="WGH (company)">WGH (company)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamperla" title="Zamperla">Zamperla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zierer" title="Zierer">Zierer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Amusement_rides" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Amusement_rides" title="Template:Amusement rides"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Amusement_rides" title="Template talk:Amusement rides"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amusement_rides" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Amusement rides"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Amusement_rides" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_amusement_rides" title="List of amusement rides">Amusement rides</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Baba_(ride)" title="Ali Baba (ride)">Ali Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balloon_Race_(ride)" title="Balloon Race (ride)">Balloon Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayern_Kurve" title="Bayern Kurve">Bayern Kurve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booster_(Fabbri_ride)" title="Booster (Fabbri ride)">Booster (Fabbri)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booster_(HUSS_ride)" title="Booster (HUSS ride)">Booster (HUSS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakdance_(ride)" title="Breakdance (ride)">Breakdance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgy_the_Whale" title="Bulgy the Whale">Bulgy the Whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumper_boats" title="Bumper boats">Bumper boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumper_cars" title="Bumper cars">Bumper cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungee_trampoline" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungee trampoline">Bungee trampoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carousel" title="Carousel">Carousel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caterpillar_(ride)" title="Caterpillar (ride)">Caterpillar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffhanger_(ride)" title="Cliffhanger (ride)">Cliffhanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condor_(ride)" title="Condor (ride)">Condor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desperados_(ride)" title="Desperados (ride)">Desperados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_wheel" title="Devil's wheel">Devil's wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk%27O" title="Disk'O">Disk'O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Shot_(ride)" title="Double Shot (ride)">Double Shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_(ride)" title="Enterprise (ride)">Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_(ride)" title="Evolution (ride)">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferris_wheel" title="Ferris wheel">Ferris Wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_Ball" title="Fire Ball">Fire Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Scooters" title="Flying Scooters">Flying Scooters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying theatre">Flying theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freefall_(ride)" title="Freefall (ride)">Freefall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisbee_(ride)" title="Frisbee (ride)">Frisbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fun_Slide" title="Fun Slide">Fun Slide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitron" title="Gravitron">Gravitron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haunted_swing" title="Haunted swing">Haunted swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayride" title="Hayride">Hayride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helter_skelter_(ride)" title="Helter skelter (ride)">Helter skelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_(ride)" title="Hurricane (ride)">Hurricane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jump_and_Smile" title="Jump and Smile">Jump and Smile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze_(ride)" title="Kamikaze (ride)">Kamikaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_flume_(ride)" title="Log flume (ride)">Log flume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop-O-Plane" title="Loop-O-Plane">Loop-O-Plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looping_Starship" title="Looping Starship">Looping Starship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhouse_(ride)" title="Madhouse (ride)">Madhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matterhorn_(ride)" title="Matterhorn (ride)">Matterhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_bull" title="Mechanical bull">Mechanical bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_(ride)" title="Monster (ride)">Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_simulator" title="Motion simulator">Motion simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Express" title="Music Express">Music Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_(ride)" title="Octopus (ride)">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Mill_(ride)" title="Old Mill (ride)">Old Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiter_(ride)" title="Orbiter (ride)">Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paratrooper_(ride)" title="Paratrooper (ride)">Paratrooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_ship_(ride)" title="Pirate ship (ride)">Pirate Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_Surge_(ride)" title="Power Surge (ride)">Power Surge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_(ride)" title="Rainbow (ride)">Rainbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_(ride)" title="Ranger (ride)">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Baron_(ride)" title="Red Baron (ride)">Red Baron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock-O-Plane" title="Rock-O-Plane">Rock-O-Plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockin%27_Tug" title="Rockin' Tug">Rockin' Tug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll-O-Plane" title="Roll-O-Plane">Roll-O-Plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotor_(ride)" title="Rotor (ride)">Rotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Up_(ride)" title="Round Up (ride)">Round Up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrambler_(ride)" title="Scrambler (ride)">Scrambler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screamin%27_Swing" title="Screamin' Swing">Screamin' Swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_the_Chute" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoot the Chute">Shoot the Chute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Swatter" title="Sky Swatter">Sky Swatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skycoaster" title="Skycoaster">Skycoaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skydiver_(ride)" title="Skydiver (ride)">Skydiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shot_(ride)" title="Space Shot (ride)">Space Shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_(ride)" title="Speed (ride)">Speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_shot_(ride)" title="Super shot (ride)">Super Shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Star_(ride)" title="Super Star (ride)">Super Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_Around" title="Swing Around">Swing Around</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_boat" title="Swing boat">Swing boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagada" title="Tagada">Tagada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tango_(ride)" title="Tango (ride)">Tango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacups" title="Teacups">Teacups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt-A-Whirl" title="Tilt-A-Whirl">Tilt-A-Whirl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_Scan" title="Top Scan">Top Scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topple_Tower" title="Topple Tower">Topple Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornado_(Wisdom_ride)" title="Tornado (Wisdom ride)">Tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troika_(ride)" title="Troika (ride)">Troika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumble_Bug" title="Tumble Bug">Tumble Bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo_Drop" title="Turbo Drop">Turbo Drop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_(ride)" title="UFO (ride)">UFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waltzer" title="Waltzer">Waltzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Whip_(ride)" title="The Whip (ride)">The Whip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wipeout_(ride)" title="Wipeout (ride)">Wipeout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipper_(ride)" title="Zipper (ride)">Zipper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_ride" title="Dark ride">Dark ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_tower" title="Drop tower">Drop tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyro_tower" title="Gyro tower">Gyro tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haunted_attraction_(simulated)" title="Haunted attraction (simulated)">Haunted attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiddie_ride" title="Kiddie ride">Kiddie ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendulum_ride" title="Pendulum ride">Pendulum ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_bungee" title="Reverse bungee">Reverse bungee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_rapids_ride" title="River rapids ride">River rapids ride</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roller coaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulator_ride" title="Simulator ride">Simulator ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slot_car_ride" title="Slot car ride">Slot car ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_toboggan" title="Summer toboggan">Summer toboggan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_ride" title="Swing ride">Swing ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tow_boat_ride" title="Tow boat ride">Tow boat ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_ride" title="Water ride">Water ride</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Herschell_Company" title="Allan Herschell Company">Allan Herschell Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Schwarzkopf" title="Anton Schwarzkopf">Anton Schwarzkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Development" title="Arrow Development">Arrow Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B.A._Schiff_%26_Associates" title="B.A. Schiff & Associates">B.A. Schiff & Associates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertazzon" title="Bertazzon">Bertazzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolliger_%26_Mabillard" title="Bolliger & Mabillard">Bolliger & Mabillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chance_Morgan" title="Chance Morgan">Chance Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chance_Rides" title="Chance Rides">Chance Rides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I._D._Looff" title="Charles I. D. Looff">Charles I. D. Looff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Metal_Products" title="Crown Metal Products">Crown Metal Products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._H._Morgan_Manufacturing" title="D. H. Morgan Manufacturing">D. H. Morgan Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentzel_Carousel_Company" title="Dentzel Carousel Company">Dentzel Carousel Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Structures" title="Dynamic Structures">Dynamic Structures</a></li> <li>Eli Bridge Company</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETF_Ride_Systems" title="ETF Ride Systems">ETF Ride Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyerly_Aircraft_Company" title="Eyerly Aircraft Company">Eyerly Aircraft Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabbri_Group" title="Fabbri Group">Fabbri Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hrubetz_%26_Company" title="Frank Hrubetz & Company">Frank Hrubetz & Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Church_(engineer)" title="Frederick Church (engineer)">Frederick Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funtime_(manufacturer)" title="Funtime (manufacturer)">Funtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Gale_Ferris_Jr." title="George Washington Gale Ferris Jr.">George Washington Gale Ferris Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanola" title="Giovanola">Giovanola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gravity_Group" title="The Gravity Group">The Gravity Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Dentzel" title="Gustav Dentzel">Gustav Dentzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_C._Baker" title="Harry C. Baker">Harry C. Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Traver" title="Harry Traver">Harry Traver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Schmeck" title="Herbert Schmeck">Herbert Schmeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopkins_Rides" title="Hopkins Rides">Hopkins Rides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HUSS_Park_Attractions" title="HUSS Park Attractions">HUSS Park Attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intamin" title="Intamin">Intamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Surrell" title="Jason Surrell">Jason Surrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Miller" title="John A. Miller">John A. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Allen" title="John C. Allen">John C. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wardley" title="John Wardley">John Wardley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jora_Vision" title="Jora Vision">Jora Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Sparks" title="Keith Sparks">Keith Sparks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KMG_(company)" title="KMG (company)">KMG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KUKA" title="KUKA">KUKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbak" title="Kumbak">Kumbak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaMarcus_Adna_Thompson" title="LaMarcus Adna Thompson">LaMarcus Adna Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Eyerly" title="Lee Eyerly">Lee Eyerly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mack_Rides" title="Mack Rides">Mack Rides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Illions" title="Marcus Illions">Marcus Illions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondial_(amusement_ride_manufacturer)" title="Mondial (amusement ride manufacturer)">Mondial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moser%27s_Rides" title="Moser's Rides">Moser's Rides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_Rides" title="New Wave Rides">New Wave Rides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O.D._Hopkins" title="O.D. Hopkins">O.D. Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Toboggan_Coasters" title="Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters">Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polin_Waterparks" title="Polin Waterparks">Polin Waterparks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_%26_Barbieri" title="Preston & Barbieri">Preston & Barbieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretzel_Amusement_Ride_Company" title="Pretzel Amusement Ride Company">Pretzel Amusement Ride Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProSlide_Technology" title="ProSlide Technology">ProSlide Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverchon_Industries" title="Reverchon Industries">Reverchon Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_%26_Show_Engineering,_Inc." title="Ride & Show Engineering, Inc.">Ride & Show Engineering, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Entertainment_Group" title="Ride Entertainment Group">Ride Entertainment Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RoboCoaster" title="RoboCoaster">RoboCoaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Toomer" title="Ron Toomer">Ron Toomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Bussink" title="Ronald Bussink">Ronald Bussink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%26S_%E2%80%93_Sansei_Technologies" title="S&S – Sansei Technologies">S&S – Sansei Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Corporation" title="Sally Corporation">Sally Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanoyas_Hishino_Meisho" title="Sanoyas Hishino Meisho">Sanoyas Hishino Meisho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansei_Technologies" title="Sansei Technologies">Sansei Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBF_Visa_Group" title="SBF Visa Group">SBF Visa Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senyo_Kogyo" title="Senyo Kogyo">Senyo Kogyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonacase" title="Sonacase">Sonacase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudden_Impact!_Entertainment_Company" title="Sudden Impact! Entertainment Company">Sudden Impact! Entertainment Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivoli_Enterprises" title="Tivoli Enterprises">Tivoli Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Baxter" title="Tony Baxter">Tony Baxter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Creative" title="Universal Creative">Universal Creative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Thrill_Rides" title="US Thrill Rides">US Thrill Rides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vekoma" title="Vekoma">Vekoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Keenan_(coaster_designer)" title="Vernon Keenan (coaster designer)">Vernon Keenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Imagineering" title="Walt Disney Imagineering">Walt Disney Imagineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_%22Bud%22_Hurlbut" title="Wendell "Bud" Hurlbut">Wendell "Bud" Hurlbut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Stengel" title="Werner Stengel">Werner Stengel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WhiteWater_West" title="WhiteWater West">WhiteWater West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Mangels" title="William F. Mangels">William F. 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