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Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>ÂGE DE LA TERRE</strong> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC170047_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC170047_0"></i><p> Que la Terre et même l’Univers aient un âge est de nos jours une évidence. Le fait que ces âges se comptent par milliards d’années est lui-même couramment connu : 4,55 pour la Terre et sans doute environ trois fois plus pour l’Univers, comme l’ont respectivement établi les géochimistes au milieu du <span class="pc">x</span><span class="pc">x</span><sup>e</sup> siècle et les cosmologistes dans les décennies suivantes. Or ces résultats furent l’aboutissement d’une très longue quête qui débuta dès l’Antiquité gréco-romaine et peut être découpée en quatre grandes périodes se recoupant partiellement. La première débuta vers le <span class="pc">v</span><sup>e</sup> siècle avant notre ère avec les premiers philosophes grecs ; elle fut philosophique, en ayant eu pour trait saillant que, malgré leurs présupposés divergents, toutes les écoles antiques s’accordèrent sur l’idée que le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le terme de monde est utilisé dans des contextes très divers pour indiquer, d'une manière ou de l'autre, une totalité d'appartenance. Ainsi on parle du « monde grec » ou du « monde de la Renaissance », pour désigner des ensembles culturels spécifiques, situés dans notre passé historique et auxquels nous avons accès à travers un certain nombre d'œuvres qui sont venues jusqu'à ..." title="Article : MONDE" href="/encyclopedie/monde/">monde</a> – Terre incluse – n’avait pas été créé ex nihilo. Du début de notre ère jusqu’au <span class="pc">xviii</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, la deuxième période fut théologique ; elle s’inscrivit en effet dans le cadre d’une création temporelle du monde telle qu’elle avait été révélée par le récit biblique de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Dans la Bible juive (texte massorétique), le Livre de la Genèse a pour titre son premier mot, Bereshit (« au commencement »). Dans la version des Septante, c'est Genesis (« origine »), terme immortalisé par sa latinisation dans la Vulgate. D'une manière large, le titre « Genèse » s'explique par le fait que le livre débute par le récit des origines du monde, de l'homme et d..." title="Article : LIVRE DE LA GENÈSE" href="/encyclopedie/livre-de-la-genese/">Genèse</a>, à partir duquel des âges de la Terre et du monde de quelques milliers d’années seulement furent déduits. Du début du <span class="pc">xviii</span><sup>e</sup> siècle à la fin du <span class="pc">x</span><span class="pc">ix</span><sup>e</sup>, la troisième période fut naturaliste ; elle se trouva marquée par de nouvelles manières d’observer la nature qui mirent peu à peu en cause ces très courtes échelles de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Chacun sait à quel aspect de son expérience répond le mot de temps ; mais aucune définition de la notion correspondante n'a reçu jusqu'ici, chez les savants comme chez les philosophes, une approbation unanime. Sensible à cette difficulté qu'il jugeait caractéristique de toutes les notions premières, Pascal estimait que le temps est de ces choses qu'il est impossible et même inutile de..." title="Article : TEMPS" href="/encyclopedie/temps/">temps</a>, en n’ayant toutefois pu établir de chronologies que relatives. De véritables datations durent donc attendre le début de la dernière période, physique, pour voir le jour à la fin du <span class="pc">xviii</span><sup>e</sup> siècle ; l’âge de la Terre passa alors de dizaines de milliers à des centaines de millions d’années avec la physique classique, et enfin à des milliards d’années au début du <span class="pc">x</span><span class="pc">x</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, quand la physique nucléaire vit le jour. En toile de fond de l’histoire de l’âge de la Terre se trouve ainsi une histoire générale des sciences, elle-même mâtinée de considérations philosophiques et théologiques puisque la question était bien sûr intimement liée au problème clé qui s’est toujours posé à l’homme, celui de l’origine du monde.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC170047_1"><i class="anchor" id="yC170047_1"></i><h2>La force du raisonnement philosophique</h2><p> Tout comme le jour et la nuit, les saisons, les années et les générations semblent se répéter inlassablement. D'un bout à l'autre de la Terre, il en résulta une conception du temps qu’on a qualifié de cyclique. Comme l’a résumé <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de MIRCEA ELIADE (1907-1986). Né à Bucarest, Mircea Eliade part pour l'Inde après avoir obtenu, à l'âge de vingt et un ans une licence de philosophie. De ce voyage, véritable initiation qui marque toute son œuvre, il rentre en décembre 1931 et commence à rédiger sa thèse sur le yoga. Dans le même temps , il poursuit une carrière d'écrivain et obtient au printemps de 1933 ..." title="Article : MIRCEA ELIADE (1907-1986)" href="/encyclopedie/mircea-eliade/">Mircea Eliade</a> dans son classique <em>Mythe de l’éternel</em><em> retour</em> (1949), « tout recommence à son début à chaque instant. Le passé n’est que la préfiguration du futur. Aucun événement n’est irréversible et aucune transformation n’est définitive. Dans un certain sens, on peut même dire qu’il ne se produit rien de neuf dans le monde, car tout n’est que la répétition des mêmes archétypes primordiaux ».</p><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="TA170572" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Postulats des philosophes de l’Antiquité" href="/media/postulats-des-philosophes-de-lantiquite-ta170572/"><img id="TA170572" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/d/e/csm_ta170572_48a0209f33.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Postulats des philosophes de l’Antiquité - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Ce tableau illustre le contraste entre les principaux postulats des atomistes et de ceux des écoles platonicienne, péripatéticienne, stoïcienne et néoplatonicienne (d'après Furley, 1966)." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="2000" height="750" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Postulats des philosophes de l’Antiquité </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p></figcaption></figure></div><p> Un tel cadre se trouva conservé quand les grandes écoles philosophiques grecques furent fondées en un siècle et demi seulement par <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de DÉMOCRITE (460 av. J.-C.?-? 370 av. J.-C.). Démocrite d'Abdère est un contemporain (un peu plus jeune) de Socrate (468-399), auquel il a longtemps survécu. Son nom est lié à celui d'un maître plus ancien, Leucippe, sur lequel nous savons peu de choses, mais qui passe pour avoir été l'élève de Zénon d'Élée. Nous sommes également mal renseignés sur la vie de Démocrit..." title="Article : DÉMOCRITE (460 av. J.-C.?-? 370 av. J.-C.)" href="/encyclopedie/democrite/">Démocrite</a> (~460-~370), <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="— 429 Mort de Périclès.. — 428-— 427 Naissance de Platon , issu de noble lignée, à Athènes ou Égine.. — 415-— 413 Expédition de Sicile.. — 399 Procès et condamnation à mort de Socrate , à Athènes.. — 399-— 390 Platon rédige ses premiers dialogues : Hippias mineur , Ion , Lachès , Charmide , Protagoras , Euthyphron.. — 395-— 394 Spar..." title="Article : PLATON - repères chronologiques" href="/encyclopedie/platon-reperes-chronologiques/">Platon</a> (~428-347), <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie d'ARISTOTE (env. 385-322 av. J.-C.). Aristote n'est sans doute pas le philosophe le plus séduisant de l'Antiquité, celui auquel on se reporte le plus volontiers quand on veut remonter aux sources de ce que les Grecs ont nommé la « sagesse ». Mais nul n'a marqué autant que lui la philosophie et la science des siècles suivants, peut-être même – et cela jusqu'à nos jours in..." title="Article : ARISTOTE (env. 385-322 av. J.-C.)" href="/encyclopedie/aristote/">Aristote</a> (~385-~322), <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie d'ÉPICURE (341-270 av. J.-C.). Quand Épicure fonda son école à Athènes , en 306 avant J.-C., la vie culturelle de la Grèce était dominée par les deux grandes écoles qui avaient recueilli l'héritage de Platon et d'Aristote : l'Académie et le Lycée . Épicure eut clairement conscience qu'il lui fallait mener sa bataille philosophique contre elles et contre la culture dont..." title="Article : ÉPICURE (341-270 av. J.-C.)" href="/encyclopedie/epicure/">Épicure</a> (~341-~270) ou Zénon de Cittium (~335-~264), le premier stoïcien. La question la plus importante, celle de l’origine du monde, ne fut bien sûr pas laissée de côté. Dans la grandiose <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La cosmologie se range parmi les plus anciennes disciplines intellectuelles de l'humanité. Bien qu'elle se consacre à l'étude de l' Univers , du cosmos englobant la totalité de ce qui nous est accessible dans la nature, elle possède une spécificité qui la distingue des autres sciences naturelles : elle ne s'intéresse aux différentes parties qui composent l'Univers que dans la mesure o�..." title="Article : COSMOLOGIE" href="/encyclopedie/cosmologie/">cosmologie</a> de son <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'entrée en dialogue paraît d'autant plus désirable que le partenaire est plus différent ou plus lointain. Le dialogue répond à une préoccupation éthique – il serait l'antiviolence par excellence – et à un souci politique : comment améliorer la circulation de l'information de manière à orienter les conflits vers un consensus résolutoire ? Pouvoir et parole sont liés d..." title="Article : DIALOGUE" href="/encyclopedie/dialogue/">dialogue</a> le <em>Timée</em>, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de PLATON (env. 428-env. 347 av. J.-C.). On a pu écrire que toute l'histoire de la philosophie se résumait à une série de notes en bas de page apposées à l'œuvre de Platon. Si pour certains il a déjà tout dit − l'être travaillé par le négatif et par la différence, la pensée transcendantale et les concepts a priori, la sublimation de l'énergie érotique, la gramma..." title="Article : PLATON (env. 428-env. 347 av. J.-C.)" href="/encyclopedie/platon/">Platon</a> affirma que le monde avait connu un début : il lui attribua comme auteur un <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La notion de démiurge revient à penser la réalité comme une création , puis de réduire celle-ci à une fabrication. L'histoire des civilisations et la continuité des traditions culturelles montrent que le thème du démiurge est largement réparti et singulièrement constant au cours de l'histoire humaine. Comment expliquer cette insistance et cette universalité ? Pour y répondre, il se..." title="Article : DÉMIURGE" href="/encyclopedie/demiurge/">démiurge</a> ayant ordonné la <em>khôra</em>, un « réceptacle » qui fut peu après considéré comme une matière informe. En dépit de leurs désaccords fondamentaux, les atomistes et les stoïciens partagèrent l’idée que le monde passait continuellement par des cycles de formation et de destruction, ces destructions résultant respectivement du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le hasard, que le calcul des probabilités a permis de maîtriser partiellement, apparaît d'abord comme un caractère fondamental de l'existence. Dans la mesure où l' incertitude enveloppe l'idée de risque, on a tenté de la réduire, dans le domaine philosophique, en cherchant à lui assigner une origine, et, sur le plan pratique et affectif, en inventant des rites et des mythes qui tempèr..." title="Article : HASARD" href="/encyclopedie/hasard/">hasard</a> des collisions atomiques et de conflagrations générales d’origine divine.</p><p>Sur le long terme, les idées qui exercèrent<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? 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Flammarion, …" data-copyright="D.R." width="692" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> La mort thermique de l’ Univers </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> D.R. </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="DE170564" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Profils de température à l’intérieur de la Terre" href="/media/profils-de-temperature-a-linterieur-de-la-terre-de170564/"> <img id="DE170564" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/7/1/csm_de170564_d4a21e68d0.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Profils de température à l’intérieur de la Terre - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Les profils de température à l'intérieur d'une Terre entièrement solide sont calculés avec la méthode de Kelvin. 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