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Dans la version des Septante, c'est Genesis (\u00ab\u00a0origine\u00a0\u00bb), terme immortalis\u00e9 par sa latinisation dans la Vulgate. D'une mani\u00e8re large, le titre \u00ab\u00a0Gen\u00e8se\u00a0\u00bb s'explique par le fait que le livre d\u00e9bute par le r\u00e9cit des origines du monde, de l'homme et des races. Cependant, au pluriel ( geneseis ), le mot se trouve dans la formule Biblos genese\u00f4s , traduction grecque de l'h\u00e9breu Toledot (\u00ab\u00a0g\u00e9n\u00e9rations\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0g\u00e9n\u00e9alogie\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0origine\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0histoire\u00a0\u00bb). 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data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><p class="text-sm text-muted mb-1">Article modifié le <time datetime="2025-01-29"> 29/01/2025 </time></p><div class="content whole type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yT231171_0"><i class="anchor" id="yT231171_0"></i><p> Dans la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La Bible a été longtemps le seul recueil littéraire connu de la culture ancienne du Proche-Orient et elle en reste un des témoins majeurs, même si les découvertes du xix e siècle ont permis de la replacer dans un contexte plus large. À ce seul titre, elle mérite l'intérêt de l'homme cultivé. Mais cet intérêt est encore renforcé par son immense influence sur la civilisation occi..." title="Article : BIBLE - Les livres de la Bible" href="/encyclopedie/bible-les-livres-de-la-bible/">Bible</a> juive (texte massorétique), le Livre de la Genèse a pour titre son premier mot, <em>Bereshit</em> (« au commencement »). Dans la version des Septante, c'est <em>Genesis</em> (« origine »), terme immortalisé par sa latinisation dans la Vulgate. D'une manière large, le titre « Genèse » s'explique par le fait que le livre débute par le récit des origines du monde, de l'homme et des races. Cependant, au pluriel (<em>geneseis</em>), le mot se trouve dans la formule <em>Biblos geneseôs</em>, traduction grecque de l'hébreu <em>Toledot</em> (« générations », « généalogie », « origine », « histoire »). <em>Toledot </em>revient à dix reprises tout au long de la Genèse : formule clé ouvrant les grandes sections du livre, dix en tout, qui se regroupent en deux grandes parties.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PA082133" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Noé et la colombe, enluminure" href="/media/noe-et-la-colombe-enluminure-pa082133/"><img id="PA082133" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/2/csm_pa082133_ccfb316d2c.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Noé et la colombe, enluminure - crédits : British Library/ AKG-images" data-description="Noé et la colombe. Bible de Holkham, 1327. British Library, Londres." data-copyright="British Library/ AKG-images" width="589" height="800" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Noé et la colombe, enluminure </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> British Library/ AKG-images </p></figcaption></figure></div><p>L'<em>histoire primitive</em> (<span class="pc">i</span>, 1-<span class="pc">xi</span>, 26). Elle se déploie sur un horizon universaliste : l'humanité entière est concernée par la Providence divine. Après le prologue (premier récit, P, de la création, <span class="pc">i</span>, 1-<span class="pc">ii</span>, 4 a), on peut énumérer les cinq <em>Toledot</em> suivantes : histoire d'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="En hébreu, le nom commun adam , toujours employé au singulier, signifie « homme » en tant qu'espèce et non en tant qu'individu de sexe masculin. L'étymologie en est discutée. Le récit de la Genèse ( ii , 7) l'a rapproché du mot adamah , « terre », mais c'est peut-être là jeu de mots significatif plutôt qu'étymologie véritable. Ce nom d' adam est employé dans les récits..." title="Article : ADAM" href="/encyclopedie/adam/">Adam</a> et Ève (<span class="pc">ii</span>, 4 b-<span class="pc">iv</span>, 25) — le paradis et la chute ; histoire des Adamites (<span class="pc">v</span>, 1-<span class="pc">vi</span>, 8) — liste des patriarches antédiluviens, corruption universelle et propos divin de détruire l'humanité ; histoire de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Personnage biblique qui appartient à la race de Caïn , composée de tribus attachées au développement de la civilisation matérielle ; par là s'expliquent ses aptitudes à construire l'arche du Déluge. Héros du Déluge (Genèse, vi - ix ) et père de Sem , de Cham et de Japhet, Noé était fils de Lamech (Genèse, v , 29). Dans la Bible et même en dehors d'elle, il garde de maniè..." title="Article : NOÉ" href="/encyclopedie/noe/">Noé</a> (<span class="pc">vi</span>, 9-<span class="pc">ix</span>, 29) — Déluge ; liste récapitulative des descendants de Noé (<span class="pc">x</span>, 1-<span class="pc">xi</span>, 9) — carte des peuples de la terre et histoire de la tour de Babel ; histoire des fils de Sem (<span class="pc">xi</span>, 10-26) — jusqu'à Térah, père d'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La Bible nous présente Abram (Père puissant), surnommé par la suite Abraham (Père d'une multitude de nations, ou selon l'akkadien : Aimant le Père), comme l'ancêtre commun des Ismaélites et des Israélites. L'histoire d'Abraham – le premier monothéiste – et celle de ses pérégrinations occupent une place importante dans le livre de la Genèse ( xii-xxv ).. Son père, Terah, ..." title="Article : ABRAHAM" href="/encyclopedie/abraham/">Abraham</a>.</p><p>L'<em>histoire patriarcale</em> (<span class="pc">xi</span>, 27-<span class="pc">l</span>, 16). Elle comprend : l'histoire de Térah (<span class="pc">xi</span>, 27-<span class="pc">xxv</span>, 11) — vocation d'Abraham, son alliance avec Dieu et le sacrifice d'Isaac ; l'histoire d'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Nom (en hébreu, Yishma-El : « Dieu entend ») du fils que le patriarche Abraham eut avec son esclave Agar. Le livre de la Genèse l'explique par cette phrase placée dans la bouche de l'« ange de Yahvé » : « [...] tu enfanteras un fils, et tu lui donneras le nom d'Ismaël, car Yahvé a entendu ta détresse » ( xvi , 11). Selon le récit biblique, Ismaël fut répudié par son p..." title="Article : ISMAËL" href="/encyclopedie/ismael/">Ismaël</a> (<span class="pc">xxv</span>, 12-18) ; l'histoire d'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Deuxième personnage de l'histoire patriarcale et de la généalogie qui la sous-tend, Isaac se situe comme fils d' Abraham et père de Jacob . « Isaac » est un nom théophore (dont l'élément divin se trouve absent : Yischaq, « que [Dieu] rie », ou « [Dieu] a ri ». Les trois documents qui s'entrecroisent dans le livre de la Genèse ont rendu compte, chacun à sa façon, de cet..." title="Article : ISAAC" href="/encyclopedie/isaac/">Isaac</a> (<span class="pc">xxv</span>, 19-<span class="pc">xxxv</span>, 29) — usurpation du droit d'aînesse et mariage de Jacob ; l'histoire d'Ésaü (<span class="pc">xxxvi</span>, 1-43) ; l'histoire de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Nom du patriarche qui, dans la tradition biblique définitivement sertie (l'unité religieuse et l'unité politique s'étant de concert façonnées, les douze tribus vénèrent ce personnage comme leur père commun), est présenté comme l'ancêtre éponyme commun d'Israël, dont il prit le nom en même temps que les qualités distinctives.. La véritable origine du terme est inconnue. Les étymol..." title="Article : JACOB" href="/encyclopedie/jacob/">Jacob</a> (<span class="pc">xxxvii</span>, 1-<span class="pc">l</span>, 26), qui est en fait celle de son fils Joseph.</p><p>Si l'on excepte quelques miettes éparses, les trois grands documents yahviste, élohiste et sacerdotal (J, E et P) s'enchevêtrent dans la composition de la Genèse. J est central et majoritaire, E fragmentaire, tandis que P dote le récit d'éléments originaux, tels les généalogies ou le prologue, qui, malgré leur sécheresse, donnent à l'ensemble cohérence et solennité. Sous sa forme actuelle, cette vaste synthèse a probablement été faite vers la seconde partie du ~ <span class="pc">v</span><sup>e</sup> siècle.</p><p>La Genèse est l'un des livres de l'Ancien Testament qui furent le plus commentés. Bien des traités ont été tout spécialement rédigés à partir du récit de la création du monde en six jours : sous le titre d'<em>Hexaméron</em>, plusieurs d'entre eux nous ont été conservés (Basile, Grégoire de Nysse, Ambroise). Les commentateurs de l'ensemble du Livre sont nombreux, surtout à l'âge patristique.</p><p>Une mention particulière doit être faite du grand commentaire juif, le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Terme dérivé de la racine dorash , qui signifie, en hébreu biblique, « rechercher », « examiner ». Il acquiert à l'époque du second Temple le sens d'éducation et d'étude (cf. II Chron., xiii , 22). Il désigne une exégèse approfondie de l'Écriture, qui s'applique aussi bien au domaine juridique (halakha) qu'au domaine éthique et historique (haggadah). Du point de vue de la for..." title="Article : MIDRASH" href="/encyclopedie/midrash/">midrash</a><em>Bereshit Rabbah</em>, vaste et célèbre compilation tardive, dont la base est une œuvre palestinienne du <span class="pc">v</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, elle-même reprenant des matériaux homilétiques ou explicatifs antérieurs et, pour d'aucuns, anciens. Il s'agit d'un commentaire verset par verset et parfois mot à mot, avec çà et là (comme c'est le cas pour Gen., <span class="pc">i-iii</span>) de larges développements du plus grand intérêt pour l'étude de l'exégèse et de la théologie juives.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><p class="author"> — André PAUL</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="T231171_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="PAUL, André"><a title="Auteur : André PAUL" rel="author" href="/auteurs/andre-paul/"><strong>André PAUL</strong></a> : bibliste </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : GENÈSE LIVRE DE LA" href="/carte-mentale/livre-de-la-genese/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yT231171_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Religions" href="/classification/religions/"> Religions </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Textes sacrés et canoniques" href="/classification/religions/textes-sacres-et-canoniques/"> Textes sacrés et canoniques </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Bible" href="/classification/religions/textes-sacres-et-canoniques/bible/"> Bible </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Ancien Testament"> <a title="Classification : Ancien Testament" href="/classification/religions/textes-sacres-et-canoniques/bible/ancien-testament/"> Ancien Testament </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 2"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Religions" href="/classification/religions/"> Religions </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Textes sacrés et canoniques" href="/classification/religions/textes-sacres-et-canoniques/"> Textes sacrés et canoniques </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Bible" href="/classification/religions/textes-sacres-et-canoniques/bible/"> Bible </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Livres de la Bible"> <a title="Classification : Livres de la Bible" href="/classification/religions/textes-sacres-et-canoniques/bible/livres-de-la-bible/"> Livres de la Bible </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yT231171_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Média</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-12 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PA082133" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Noé et la colombe, enluminure" href="/media/noe-et-la-colombe-enluminure-pa082133/"> <img id="PA082133" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/2/csm_pa082133_ccfb316d2c.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Noé et la colombe, enluminure - crédits : British Library/ AKG-images" data-description="Noé et la colombe. Bible de Holkham, 1327. British Library, Londres." data-copyright="British Library/ AKG-images" width="589" height="800" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Noé et la colombe, enluminure </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> British Library/ AKG-images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yT231171_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/abel/"> <span class="rg">ABEL</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">André PAUL</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">352 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Selon le Livre de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Dans la Bible juive (texte massorétique), le Livre de la Genèse a pour titre son premier mot, Bereshit (« au commencement »). Dans la version des Septante, c'est Genesis (« origine »), terme immortalisé par sa latinisation dans la Vulgate. D'une manière large, le titre « Genèse » s'explique par le fait que le livre débute par le récit des origines du monde, de l'homme et d..." title="Article : LIVRE DE LA GENÈSE" href="/encyclopedie/livre-de-la-genese/">Genèse</a>, Abel, le berger, était le second fils d'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="En hébreu, le nom commun adam , toujours employé au singulier, signifie « homme » en tant qu'espèce et non en tant qu'individu de sexe masculin. L'étymologie en est discutée. Le récit de la Genèse ( ii , 7) l'a rapproché du mot adamah , « terre », mais c'est peut-être là jeu de mots significatif plutôt qu'étymologie véritable. Ce nom d' adam est employé dans les récits..." title="Article : ADAM" href="/encyclopedie/adam/">Adam</a> et d'Ève. Il fut tué par son aîné, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le premier fils d' Adam et d'Ève, dont l'histoire tragique est rapportée dans le Livre de la Genèse ( iv ). Étymologiquement, le nom peut se rattacher au travail du métal : qayn en arabe et qaynâ en araméen signifient « forgeron » (étymologie cohérente avec Gen., iv , 22). La parole d'Ève à la naissance de Caïn a conservé une explication populaire du nom sous la forme d'u..." title="Article : CAÏN" href="/encyclopedie/cain/">Caïn</a>, l'agriculteur, son sacrifice ayant été agréé par Dieu et celui de son frère refusé (<span class="pc">iv</span>, 1-9). Il semble qu'il ne faille plus retenir l'explication courante...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/adam/"> <span class="rg">ADAM</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">André-Marie DUBARLE</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 758 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>En hébreu, le nom commun <em>adam</em>, toujours employé au singulier, signifie « homme » en tant qu'espèce et non en tant qu'individu de sexe masculin. L'étymologie en est discutée. Le récit de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Dans la Bible juive (texte massorétique), le Livre de la Genèse a pour titre son premier mot, Bereshit (« au commencement »). Dans la version des Septante, c'est Genesis (« origine »), terme immortalisé par sa latinisation dans la Vulgate. D'une manière large, le titre « Genèse » s'explique par le fait que le livre débute par le récit des origines du monde, de l'homme et d..." title="Article : LIVRE DE LA GENÈSE" href="/encyclopedie/livre-de-la-genese/"> Genèse</a><span class="oeuvre">(<span class="pc">ii</span>, 7)</span> l'a rapproché du mot <em>adamah</em>, « terre », mais c'est peut-être là...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/bonheur-notions-de-base/#c8956"> <span class="rg">BONHEUR </span><span class="rm">(notions de base)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Philippe GRANAROLO</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 594 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> monothéisme judéo-chrétien. L’un des plus vieux récits de l’humanité, la <em> Genèse</em> biblique, offre une saisissante description de la naissance de la conscience. En goûtant au fruit de l’Arbre de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La connaissance désigne un rapport de la pensée à la réalité extérieure et engage la notion de vérité comme adéquation de l' esprit et de la chose. Par extension, le terme connaissance désigne le contenu de la pensée qui correspond à la nature de la chose visée, et s'oppose à erreur ou illusion . Ses caractères sont l'universalité et la nécessité , ce qui suppose de réf..." title="Article : CONNAISSANCE" href="/encyclopedie/connaissance/">Connaissance</a>, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="En hébreu, le nom commun adam , toujours employé au singulier, signifie « homme » en tant qu'espèce et non en tant qu'individu de sexe masculin. L'étymologie en est discutée. Le récit de la Genèse ( ii , 7) l'a rapproché du mot adamah , « terre », mais c'est peut-être là jeu de mots significatif plutôt qu'étymologie véritable. Ce nom d' adam est employé dans les récits..." title="Article : ADAM" href="/encyclopedie/adam/">Adam</a> et Ève sortent de l’innocence animale présentée comme une forme évidente... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/cain/"> <span class="rg">CAÏN</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">André PAUL</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">213 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Le premier fils d'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="En hébreu, le nom commun adam , toujours employé au singulier, signifie « homme » en tant qu'espèce et non en tant qu'individu de sexe masculin. L'étymologie en est discutée. Le récit de la Genèse ( ii , 7) l'a rapproché du mot adamah , « terre », mais c'est peut-être là jeu de mots significatif plutôt qu'étymologie véritable. Ce nom d' adam est employé dans les récits..." title="Article : ADAM" href="/encyclopedie/adam/">Adam</a> et d'Ève, dont l'histoire tragique est rapportée dans le Livre de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Dans la Bible juive (texte massorétique), le Livre de la Genèse a pour titre son premier mot, Bereshit (« au commencement »). Dans la version des Septante, c'est Genesis (« origine »), terme immortalisé par sa latinisation dans la Vulgate. D'une manière large, le titre « Genèse » s'explique par le fait que le livre débute par le récit des origines du monde, de l'homme et d..." title="Article : LIVRE DE LA GENÈSE" href="/encyclopedie/livre-de-la-genese/">Genèse</a> (<span class="pc">iv</span>). Étymologiquement, le nom peut se rattacher au travail du métal : <em>qayn</em> en arabe et <em>qaynâ</em> en araméen signifient « forgeron » (étymologie cohérente avec Gen., <span class="pc">iv</span>, 22)....</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-unstyled text-center mt-3"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="Afficher la liste complète des références" rel="related" href="/index/livre-de-la-genese/"> Afficher les 23 références <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none article-indexes learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yT231171_INDEXES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Voir aussi</p> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet"> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : TESTAMENT ANCIEN" href="/index/ancien-testament/"> <span class="rg">TESTAMENT </span><span class="pc">ANCIEN</span> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_74169bae4d.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Crédits images Accueil" rel="nofollow" href="/credits-illustrations/">Crédits images</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire </a> de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2025 Encyclopædia Universalis France. 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