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id="toc-Course_of_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Course_of_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Course of events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Course_of_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_situation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_situation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Current situation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Background </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Background subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assad_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assad_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Assad government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assad_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socioeconomic_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socioeconomic_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Socioeconomic background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socioeconomic_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Drought </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_natural_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_natural_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Impact of natural gas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_natural_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Timeline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belligerents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belligerents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Belligerents </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Belligerents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Belligerents subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Belligerents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syrian_factions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian_factions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Syrian factions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian_factions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Foreign involvement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spillover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spillover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Spillover </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spillover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weaponry_and_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weaponry_and_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Weaponry and warfare </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Weaponry_and_warfare-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Weaponry and warfare subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Weaponry_and_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chemical_weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Chemical weapons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cluster_bombs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cluster_bombs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Cluster bombs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cluster_bombs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermobaric_weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermobaric_weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Thermobaric weapons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermobaric_weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-tank_missiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-tank_missiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Anti-tank missiles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-tank_missiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ballistic_missiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ballistic_missiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Ballistic missiles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ballistic_missiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 War crimes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sectarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sectarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Sectarianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sectarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurdish_autonomy_in_northeastern_Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurdish_autonomy_in_northeastern_Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Kurdish autonomy in northeastern Syria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurdish_autonomy_in_northeastern_Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humanitarian_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanitarian_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Humanitarian impact </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Humanitarian_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Humanitarian impact subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Humanitarian_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Refugees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refugees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Refugees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refugees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Return_of_refugees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_of_refugees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Return of refugees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_of_refugees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internally_displaced_refugees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internally_displaced_refugees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Internally displaced refugees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internally_displaced_refugees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights_violations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights_violations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Human rights violations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights_violations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime_wave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime_wave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Crime wave </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime_wave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Epidemics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humanitarian_aid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanitarian_aid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Humanitarian aid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humanitarian_aid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2019_UN_cross-border_aid_dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019_UN_cross-border_aid_dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7.1 2019 UN cross-border aid dispute </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019_UN_cross-border_aid_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Cultural impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Media coverage </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media_coverage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Media coverage subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Media_coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ISIL_executions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ISIL_executions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 ISIL executions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ISIL_executions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_reactions_and_diplomacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_reactions_and_diplomacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 International reactions and diplomacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_reactions_and_diplomacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International reactions and diplomacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_reactions_and_diplomacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_sanctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_sanctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Economic sanctions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_sanctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019_negotiations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019_negotiations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 2019 negotiations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019_negotiations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buffer_zone_with_Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buffer_zone_with_Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Buffer zone with Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buffer_zone_with_Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrian_Constitutional_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian_Constitutional_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Syrian Constitutional Committee </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian_Constitutional_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_League" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_League"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Arab League </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_League-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Reconstruction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Events_within_Syrian_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events_within_Syrian_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Events within Syrian society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events_within_Syrian_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Historical aspects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lists_and_statistical_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists_and_statistical_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Lists and statistical records </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists_and_statistical_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_offensives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_offensives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4 Specific offensives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_offensives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_efforts_and_civil_society_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_efforts_and_civil_society_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.5 Peace efforts and civil society groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_efforts_and_civil_society_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_other_local_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_other_local_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.6 History of other local conflicts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_other_local_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Syrian civil war</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" > 91 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siriese_Burgeroorlog" title="Siriese Burgeroorlog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Siriese Burgeroorlog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحرب الأهلية السورية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب الأهلية السورية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civil_siria" title="Guerra civil siria – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra civil siria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriyada_v%C9%99t%C9%99nda%C5%9F_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Suriyada vətəndaş müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Suriyada vətəndaş müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="سوریه ایچ ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سوریه ایچ ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="সিরীয় গৃহযুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিরীয় গৃহযুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su-l%C4%AB-a_L%C5%8De-chi%C3%A0n" title="Su-lī-a Lōe-chiàn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Su-lī-a Lōe-chiàn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B8%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D2%BB%D1%83%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Сүриәлә граждандар һуғышы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сүриәлә граждандар һуғышы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%9E_%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Грамадзянская вайна ў Сірыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грамадзянская вайна ў Сірыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%9E_%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Грамадзянская вайна ў Сырыі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Грамадзянская вайна ў Сырыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гражданска война в Сирия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гражданска война в Сирия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biagakriag_in_Syrien" title="Biagakriag in Syrien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Biagakriag in Syrien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra%C4%91anski_rat_u_Siriji" title="Građanski rat u Siriji – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Građanski rat u Siriji" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel_diabarzh_Siria" title="Brezel diabarzh Siria – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezel diabarzh Siria" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Civil_siriana" title="Guerra Civil siriana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra Civil siriana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob%C4%8Dansk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka_v_S%C3%BDrii" title="Občanská válka v Sýrii – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Občanská válka v Sýrii" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyfel_Cartref_Syria" title="Rhyfel Cartref Syria – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhyfel Cartref Syria" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgerkrigen_i_Syrien" title="Borgerkrigen i Syrien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Borgerkrigen i Syrien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%81_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="لحرب ف سوريا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لحرب ف سوريا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerkrieg_in_Syrien_seit_2011" title="Bürgerkrieg in Syrien seit 2011 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bürgerkrieg in Syrien seit 2011" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BC%C3%BCria_kodus%C3%B5da" title="Süüria kodusõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Süüria kodusõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%95%CE%BC%CF%86%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Συριακός Εμφύλιος Πόλεμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συριακός Εμφύλιος Πόλεμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civil_siria" title="Guerra civil siria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra civil siria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siria_enlanda_milito" title="Siria enlanda milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Siria enlanda milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siriako_Gerra_Zibila" title="Siriako Gerra Zibila – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Siriako Gerra Zibila" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87" title="جنگ داخلی سوریه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ داخلی سوریه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgarakr%C3%ADggi%C3%B0_%C3%AD_S%C3%BDria" title="Borgarakríggið í Sýria – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Borgarakríggið í Sýria" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_civile_syrienne" title="Guerre civile syrienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre civile syrienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogadh_Cathartha_na_Siria" title="Cogadh Cathartha na Siria – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cogadh Cathartha na Siria" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civil_siria" title="Guerra civil siria – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guerra civil siria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EB%82%B4%EC%A0%84" title="시리아 내전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시리아 내전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B3%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Սիրիական ճգնաժամ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիրիական ճգնաժամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="सीरियाई गृहयुद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सीरियाई गृहयुद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra%C4%91anski_rat_u_Siriji" title="Građanski rat u Siriji – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Građanski rat u Siriji" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Saudara_Suriah" title="Perang Saudara Suriah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Saudara Suriah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BDrlenska_borgarastyrj%C3%B6ldin" title="Sýrlenska borgarastyrjöldin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sýrlenska borgarastyrjöldin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civile_siriana" title="Guerra civile siriana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra civile siriana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="מלחמת האזרחים בסוריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת האזרחים בסוריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7" title="ಸಿರಿಯನ್ ಅಂತರ್ಯುದ್ಧ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಿರಿಯನ್ ಅಂತರ್ಯುದ್ಧ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="სირიის სამოქალაქო ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სირიის სამოქალაქო ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Сирия азаматтық соғысы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сирия азаматтық соғысы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eer%C3%AA_navxwey%C3%AE_y%C3%AA_S%C3%BBriy%C3%AA" title="Şerê navxweyî yê Sûriyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şerê navxweyî yê Sûriyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%ABrijas_pilso%C5%86u_kar%C5%A1" title="Sīrijas pilsoņu karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sīrijas pilsoņu karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirijos_pilietinis_karas" title="Sirijos pilietinis karas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sirijos pilietinis karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%ADriai_polg%C3%A1rh%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Szíriai polgárháború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szíriai polgárháború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Граѓанска војна во Сирија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Граѓанска војна во Сирија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82" title="സിറിയൻ ആഭ്യന്തരയുദ്ധം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിറിയൻ ആഭ്യന്തരയുദ്ധം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwerra_%C4%8Bivili_Sirjana" title="Gwerra ċivili Sirjana – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Gwerra ċivili Sirjana" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="حرب اهليه سوريا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حرب اهليه سوريا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="سوریه دله‌یی جنگ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سوریه دله‌یی جنگ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Saudara_Syria" title="Perang Saudara Syria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Saudara Syria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrische_Burgeroorlog" title="Syrische Burgeroorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Syrische Burgeroorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="सिरियाली गृहयुद्ध – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सिरियाली गृहयुद्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E5%86%85%E6%88%A6" title="シリア内戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シリア内戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgerkrigen_i_Syria" title="Borgerkrigen i Syria – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Borgerkrigen i Syria" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_syriske_borgarkrigen" title="Den syriske borgarkrigen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den syriske borgarkrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_Civila_Siriana" title="Guèrra Civila Siriana – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra Civila Siriana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriya_fuqarolar_urushi" title="Suriya fuqarolar urushi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Suriya fuqarolar urushi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%98%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਸੀਰੀਆਈ ਘਰੇਲੂ ਜੰਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੀਰੀਆਈ ਘਰੇਲੂ ਜੰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%84%DA%91%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="شامی دیسی لڑائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شامی دیسی لڑائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guera_Sivil_Sirio" title="Guera Sivil Sirio – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Guera Sivil Sirio" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%90_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8D_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="د سوریې کورنۍ جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د سوریې کورنۍ جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_domowa_w_Syrii" title="Wojna domowa w Syrii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna domowa w Syrii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Civil_S%C3%ADria" title="Guerra Civil Síria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra Civil Síria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_Civil_Sirian" title="Războiul Civil Sirian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul Civil Sirian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Гражданская война в Сирии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гражданская война в Сирии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Сирия гражданскай сэриитэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сирия гражданскай сэриитэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrien_civil_war" title="Syrien civil war – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Syrien civil war" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_civile_n%C3%AB_Siri" title="Lufta civile në Siri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta civile në Siri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civili_siriana" title="Guerra civili siriana – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Guerra civili siriana" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Syrian civil war" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob%C4%8Dianska_vojna_v_S%C3%BDrii" title="Občianska vojna v Sýrii – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Občianska vojna v Sýrii" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirska_dr%C5%BEavljanska_vojna" title="Sirska državljanska vojna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sirska državljanska vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagaalki_Suuriya" title="Dagaalki Suuriya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dagaalki Suuriya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AE%DB%86%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="شەڕی ناوخۆیی سووریا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەڕی ناوخۆیی سووریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Грађански рат у Сирији – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грађански рат у Сирији" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra%C4%91anski_rat_u_Siriji" title="Građanski rat u Siriji – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Građanski rat u Siriji" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syyrian_sis%C3%A4llissota" title="Syyrian sisällissota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Syyrian sisällissota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriska_inb%C3%B6rdeskriget" title="Syriska inbördeskriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Syriska inbördeskriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="சிரிய உள்நாட்டுப் போர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிரிய உள்நாட்டுப் போர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCri%C3%A4_watanda%C5%9Flar_su%C4%9F%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Süriä watandaşlar suğışı – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Süriä watandaşlar suğışı" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="สงครามกลางเมืองซีเรีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามกลางเมืองซีเรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriye_%C4%B0%C3%A7_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Suriye İç Savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Suriye İç Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Громадянська війна в Сирії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Громадянська війна в Сирії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="سوری خانہ جنگی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سوری خانہ جنگی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BB%99i_chi%E1%BA%BFn_Syria" title="Nội chiến Syria – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nội chiến Syria" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guere_civile_siryinne" title="Guere civile siryinne – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Guere civile siryinne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="叙利亚内战 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="叙利亚内战" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Multi-sided war in Syria (2011–present)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Syrian civil war</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a>, spillover of the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">Iraqi civil war</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State" title="War against the Islamic State">war against the Islamic State</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict">Kurdish–Turkish conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi proxy wars</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Destroyed_neighborhood_in_Raqqa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Destroyed_neighborhood_in_Raqqa.png/300px-Destroyed_neighborhood_in_Raqqa.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Destroyed_neighborhood_in_Raqqa.png/450px-Destroyed_neighborhood_in_Raqqa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Destroyed_neighborhood_in_Raqqa.png/600px-Destroyed_neighborhood_in_Raqqa.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="865" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_Civil_War_map_(November_24,_2023).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28November_24%2C_2023%29.svg/300px-Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28November_24%2C_2023%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28November_24%2C_2023%29.svg/450px-Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28November_24%2C_2023%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28November_24%2C_2023%29.svg/600px-Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28November_24%2C_2023%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="762" /></a> Top: A ruined neighborhood in Raqqa in 2017 Bottom: Military situation as of November 2024: <div style="float:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Republic">Syrian Arab Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">SAAF</a>)</div> <div style="float:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Interim_Government" title="Syrian Interim Government">Syrian Interim Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">SNA</a>) & <a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation</a></div> <div style="float:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Free_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Free Army">Syrian Free Army</a> & <a href="/wiki/U.S._intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. intervention in the Syrian civil war">American occupation</a></div> <div style="float:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Salvation_Government" title="Syrian Salvation Government">Syrian Salvation Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hayat_Tahrir_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayat Tahrir al-Sham">HTS</a>)<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></div> <div style="float:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">SDF</a>)</div> <div style="float:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Opposition groups</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">reconciliation</a>                    </div> <div style="float:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>(<a href="/wiki/Belligerents_in_the_Syrian_civil_war#Opposing_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Belligerents in the Syrian civil war">full list of combatants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Template:Syrian_Civil_War_detailed_map" title="Template:Syrian Civil War detailed map">detailed map</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>15 March 2011 (2011-03-15)<a href="#cite_note-10">[b]</a> – present (13 years, 8 months, 1 week and 2 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">spillovers</a> in neighboring countries)</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Status</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts" title="List of ongoing armed conflicts">Ongoing</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a> since 6 March 2020, with sporadic clashes</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> As of 1 January 2023: the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Armed Forces">SAAF</a> controlled 63.4% of Syrian territories; <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">SDF</a> controlled 25.6%; and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a> forces (<a href="/wiki/Syrian_Free_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Free Army">SFA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">SNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hay%27at_Tahrir_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham">HTS</a>) controlled 11.0%.<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:100%"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_armed_factions_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War#Opposing_forces" title="List of armed factions in the Syrian Civil War">See full list</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:100%"> <div class="center"> Total deaths 580,000<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a>–617,910+<a href="#cite_note-SOHR2024-13">[11]</a> Civilian deaths 219,223–306,887+<a href="#cite_note-16">[c]</a> Displaced people <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>6.7 million <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">internally</a> </li> <li>6.6 million <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">externally (refugees)</a> (March 2021)<a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a></li></ul> </div> 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(January–April 2013)">January–April 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–December 2013)">May–December 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2014)">January–July 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2014)">August–December 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2015)">January–July 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2015)">August–December 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2016)">January–April 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2016)">May–August 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2016)">September–December 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2017)">January–April 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2017)">May–August 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2017)">September–December 2017</a></li> <li><a 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2019)">September–December 2019</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2020)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2021)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2022)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2023)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2023)">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2024)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2024)">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the Syrian civil war">Background and causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties</a></li> <li><a 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#CEE0F2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_uprising_in_Syria_(March–August_2011)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil uprising phase of 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(2011)">Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Latakia" title="Siege of Latakia">Latakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox early insurgency phase of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox early insurgency phase of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox early insurgency phase of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Start_of_insurgency_(Sept._2011_–_April_2012)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Early insurgency phase of the Syrian civil war">Start of insurgency</a> (Sept. 2011 – April 2012)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Homs" title="Siege of Homs">Homs (2011–14)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Homs_offensive" title="2012 Homs offensive">Homs offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(September_2011_%E2%80%93_March_2012)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (September 2011 – March 2012)">1st Idlib Gov.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clash" title="December 2011 Syrian–Turkish border clash">Syrian–Turkish border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_massacres" title="December 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya massacres">Jabal al-Zawiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2012)" title="Battle of Idlib (2012)">1st Idlib City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saraqib" title="Battle of Saraqib">Saraqeb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(2011)" title="Battle of Rastan (2011)">1st Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_Governorate_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932012)" title="Hama Governorate clashes (2011–2012)">Hama Gov.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayrat_and_Tiyas_airbase_ambush" title="Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush">Shayrat & Tiyas ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Daraa Governorate clashes (2011–2013)">Daraa Gov.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_clashes_(November_2011%E2%80%93March_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq clashes (November 2011–March 2012)">1st Rif Dimashq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zabadani_(2012)" title="Battle of Zabadani (2012)">1st Zabadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Douma" title="Battle of Douma">Douma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)">Deir ez-Zor (2011–2014)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatla_massacre" title="Hatla massacre">Hatla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Aleppo_Governorate_clashes" title="2012 Aleppo Governorate clashes">Aleppo Gov.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Azaz_(2012)" title="Battle of Azaz (2012)">Azaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(January%E2%80%93February_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (January–February 2012)">2nd Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2012)">1st al-Qusayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2012_Idlib_Governorate_Operation" title="April 2012 Idlib Governorate Operation">2nd Idlib Gov.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taftanaz" title="Battle of Taftanaz">Taftanaz</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_cease-fire_period_and_start_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox cease-fire period and start of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_cease-fire_period_and_start_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox cease-fire period and start of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_cease-fire_period_and_start_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox cease-fire period and start of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="UN_ceasefire;_Rebel_advances_(May_2012_–_Dec._2013)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan">UN ceasefire</a>; <a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="2012–2013 escalation of the Syrian civil war">Rebel advances</a> (May 2012 – Dec. 2013)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(May_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (May 2012)">3rd Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houla_massacre" title="Houla massacre">Houla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Northern_Homs" title="Siege of Northern Homs">Northern Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Haffah" title="Battle of al-Haffah">Al-Haffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qubeir_massacre" title="Al-Qubeir massacre">Al-Qubeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tremseh" title="Battle of Tremseh">Al-Tremseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(June_2012%E2%80%93April_2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2012–April 2013)">3rd Idlib Gov.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(2012)" title="Battle of Damascus (2012)">1st Damascus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18_July_2012_Damascus_bombing" title="18 July 2012 Damascus bombing">Bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Aleppo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anadan" title="Battle of Anadan">Anadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Menagh_Air_Base" title="Siege of Menagh Air Base">Menagh Air Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Base_46" title="Siege of Base 46">Base 46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_massacre" title="Khan al-Assal massacre">Khan al-Assal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)">1st Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Canopus_Star" title="Operation Canopus Star">2nd Aleppo offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Syrian Kurdistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rojava%E2%80%93Islamist_conflict" title="Rojava–Islamist conflict">Kurdish–Islamist conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932014)" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2014)">Hasaka campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2012%E2%80%9313)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2012–13)">Ras al-Ayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Yaarubiyah" title="Battle of al-Yaarubiyah">al-Yaarubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Hamis_and_Tell_Brak_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (2013–2014)">Tell Hamis and Tell Brak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2013)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2013)">Tell Abyad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nubl_and_al-Zahraa" title="Siege of Nubl and al-Zahraa">Nubl & Al-Zahraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93October_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–October 2012)">2nd Rif Dimashq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Darayya_massacre" title="Darayya massacre">1st Darayya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Abu_al-Duhur_Airbase" title="Siege of Abu al-Duhur Airbase">Abu al-Duhur Airbase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_Governorate_clashes_(2012%E2%80%932014)" title="Quneitra Governorate clashes (2012–2014)">Quneitra Gov.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (November 2012–February 2013)">3rd Rif Dimashq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk_Camp_(December_2012)" title="Battle of Yarmouk Camp (December 2012)">1st Yarmouk camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">2nd Darayya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Darayya_and_Muadamiyat" title="Siege of Darayya and Muadamiyat">Darayya & Muadamiyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqrab_massacre" title="Aqrab massacre">Aqrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Hama_offensive" title="2012 Hama offensive">1st Hama offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halfaya_massacre_(2012)" title="Halfaya massacre (2012)">Halfaya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Safira" title="Battle of Safira">1st Safira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shaddadi_(2013)" title="Battle of Shaddadi (2013)">Shadadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_offensive_(2013)" title="Damascus offensive (2013)">2nd Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)">1st Raqqa campaign</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2013)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2013)">1st Raqqa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Daraa_offensive" title="2013 Daraa offensive">1st Daraa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(March%E2%80%93August_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (March–August 2013)">4th Rif Dimashq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jdaidet_al-Fadl" title="Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl">Jdaidet al-Fadl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadamon_massacre" title="Tadamon massacre">Tadamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack" title="Ghouta chemical attack">Ghouta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr_offensive" title="Al-Qusayr offensive">Al-Qusayr offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2013)">2nd al-Qusayr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eastern_Ghouta" title="Siege of Eastern Ghouta">Eastern Ghouta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Hama_offensive" title="2013 Hama offensive">2nd Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayda_and_Baniyas_massacres" title="Bayda and Baniyas massacres">Bayda and Baniyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Latakia_offensive" title="2013 Latakia offensive">1st Latakia offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maaloula" title="Battle of Maaloula">Ma'loula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadad" title="Battle of Sadad">Sadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September–November 2013)">5th Rif Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qalamoun_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Battle of Qalamoun (2013–2014)">1st Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adra_massacre" title="Adra massacre">Adra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_rise_of_the_Islamists_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox rise of the Islamists in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_rise_of_the_Islamists_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox rise of the Islamists in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_rise_of_the_Islamists_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox rise of the Islamists in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rise_of_ISIS_in_2014" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Rise of ISIS</a> in <a href="/wiki/2014_in_Syria" title="2014 in Syria">2014</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Inter-rebel conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February–July 2014)">Northern Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Markada" title="Battle of Markada">Markada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(April%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (April–July 2014)">1st Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Otaiba_ambush" title="Al-Otaiba ambush">al-Otaiba ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maan_massacre" title="Maan massacre">Maan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hosn" title="Battle of Hosn">Hosn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morek" title="Battle of Morek">Morek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93May_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (February–May 2014)">2nd Daraa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Latakia_offensive" title="2014 Latakia offensive">2nd Latakia offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Idlib_offensive" title="2014 Idlib offensive">4th Idlib Gov.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Malihah" title="Battle of Al-Malihah">Al-Malihah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2014)" title="Siege of Wadi Deif (2014)">2nd Wadi Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2014)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2014)">2nd Qalamoun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arsal_(2014)" title="Battle of Arsal (2014)">Arsal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Deir_ez-Zor_(2014%E2%80%932017)" title="Siege of Deir ez-Zor (2014–2017)">Deir ez-Zor (2014–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(July_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (July 2014)">1st Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Eastern_Syria_offensive" title="2014 Eastern Syria offensive">1st Eastern Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa_Airbase" title="Battle of Tabqa Airbase">Tabqa Airbase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hama_offensive" title="2014 Hama offensive">3rd Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–November 2014)">6th Rif Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Quneitra_offensive" title="2014 Quneitra offensive">1st Quneitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">Kobanî</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_intervention_against_ISIL_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox intervention against ISIL in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_intervention_against_ISIL_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox intervention against ISIL in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_intervention_against_ISIL_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox intervention against ISIL in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S.-led_intervention,_Rebel_and_ISIL_advances_(Sept._2014_–_Sept._2015)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war">U.S.-led intervention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93June_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–June 2015)">Rebel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(May_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (May 2015)">ISIL advances</a> (Sept. 2014 – Sept. 2015)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war">U.S.-led intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_school_bombing" title="Homs school bombing">Homs school bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(October_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (October 2014)">3rd Daraa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Al-Safira_offensive" title="2014 Al-Safira offensive">2nd Safira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_raid_on_Idlib_city" title="2014 raid on Idlib city">2014 Idlib city raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front%E2%80%93SRF/Hazzm_Movement_conflict" title="Al-Nusra Front–SRF/Hazzm Movement conflict">Nusra–FSA conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(October%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (October–November 2014)">2nd Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2014)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2014)">1st Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(December_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (December 2014)">2nd Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rainbow_(Syrian_civil_war)" title="Operation Rainbow (Syrian civil war)">3rd Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Syrian_Air_Force_An-26_crash" title="2015 Syrian Air Force An-26 crash">An-26 crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(January_2015)" title="Daraa offensive (January 2015)">4th Daraa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2015 Southern Syria offensive">Southern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Eastern al-Hasakah offensive">Eastern al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)">1st Sarrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_and_Homs_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Hama and Homs offensive (March–April 2015)">Hama/Homs offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosra_(2015)" title="Battle of Bosra (2015)">Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Idlib_offensive" title="2015 Idlib offensive">5th Idlib Gov</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2015)" title="Battle of Idlib (2015)">2nd Idlib city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_al-Fu%27ah_and_Kafriya" title="Siege of al-Fu'ah and Kafriya">Al-Fu'ah-Kafriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nasib_Border_Crossing" title="Battle of Nasib Border Crossing">Nasib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk_Camp_(2015)" title="Battle of Yarmouk Camp (2015)">2nd Yarmouk camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93June_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–June 2015)">1st Northwestern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(May%E2%80%93June_2015)" title="Qalamoun offensive (May–June 2015)">3rd Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(May_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (May 2015)">1st Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Western al-Hasakah offensive">Western al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_city_offensive" title="Al-Hasakah city offensive">1st Al-Hasakah city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad_offensive" title="Tell Abyad offensive">Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_and_As-Suwayda_offensive_(June_2015)" title="Daraa and As-Suwayda offensive (June 2015)">Daraa/As-Suwayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2015)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2015)">2nd Quneitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)">2nd Sarrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Daraa offensive (June–July 2015)">5th Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2015)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2015)">2nd Al-Hasakah city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">2nd Kobanî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(July_2015)" title="Aleppo offensive (July 2015)">4th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zabadani_(2015)" title="Battle of Zabadani (2015)">2nd Zabadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (July–August 2015)">2nd Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghab_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2015)" title="Al-Ghab offensive (July–August 2015)">Al-Ghab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qaryatayn_(2015)" title="Battle of al-Qaryatayn (2015)">1st al-Qaryatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douma_massacre_(2015)" title="Douma massacre (2015)">Douma market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September_2015)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September 2015)">7th Rif Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuweires_offensive" title="Kuweires offensive">Kuweires offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Russian intervention in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Russian intervention in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Russian intervention in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russian_intervention_(Sept._2015_–_March_2016)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention</a> (Sept. 2015 – March 2016)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(October_2015)" title="Quneitra offensive (October 2015)">3rd Quneitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (October–November 2015)">2nd Northwestern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Latakia_offensive" title="2015–2016 Latakia offensive">3rd Latakia offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown" title="2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown">Su-24 shootdown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2015)">5th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_al-Hawl_offensive" title="2015 al-Hawl offensive">al-Hawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Homs offensive (November–December 2015)">Homs offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)">6th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Hama_offensive" title="2015 Hama offensive">4th Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Tamer_bombings" title="Tell Tamer bombings">Tell Tamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishrin_Dam_offensive" title="Tishrin Dam offensive">Tishrin Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2015–2016)">2nd Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Qamishli_bombings" title="2015 Qamishli bombings">al-Qamishli bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontes_River_offensive" title="Orontes River offensive">Orontes River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2016)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2016)">3rd Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">1st Sayyidah Zaynab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)">7th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93March_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (February–March 2016)">1st Ithriyah-Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadi_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)">Al-Shaddadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Homs_bombings" title="February 2016 Homs bombings">Homs bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">2nd Sayyidah Zaynab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Khanasir_offensive" title="2016 Khanasir offensive">Khanasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2016)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2016)">2nd Tel Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tanf_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Tanf offensive (2016)">Al-Tanf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qaryatayn_(2016)" title="Battle of al-Qaryatayn (2016)">2nd Al-Qaryatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(March_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (March 2016)">3rd Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarat_al-Numan_(2016)" title="Battle of Maarat al-Numan (2016)">2nd Maarat al-Nu'man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Aleppo_escalation_period_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Aleppo escalation period in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Aleppo_escalation_period_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Aleppo escalation period in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Aleppo_escalation_period_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Aleppo escalation period in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aleppo_escalation_and_Euphrates_Shield_(March_2016_–_February_2017)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Aleppo escalation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Euphrates Shield</a> (March 2016 – February 2017)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(March%E2%80%93June_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016)">8th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2016)" title="Daraa offensive (March–April 2016)">6th Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Southern_Aleppo_campaign" title="2016 Southern Aleppo campaign">9th–11th Aleppo offensives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dumayr_offensive_(April_2016)" title="Al-Dumayr offensive (April 2016)">Al-Dumayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2016)">1st East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2016)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2016)">1st Qamishli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_bombings_(April%E2%80%93July_2016)" title="Aleppo bombings (April–July 2016)">Aleppo bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (April–May 2016)">8th Rif Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(2016)" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (2016)">3rd Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Raqqa_offensive" title="Northern Raqqa offensive">Northern Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Jableh_and_Tartus_bombings" title="May 2016 Jableh and Tartus bombings">Jableh & Tartus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive" title="Manbij offensive">Manbij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokhar_airstrike" title="Tokhar airstrike">Tokhar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(June_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (June 2016)">2nd Ithriyah-Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(June%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (June–October 2016)">9th Rif Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Aleppo_summer_campaign" title="2016 Aleppo summer campaign">12th–14th Aleppo offensives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(June%E2%80%93July_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (June–July 2016)">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (July–August 2016)">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(August%E2%80%93September_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (August–September 2016)">14th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Latakia_offensive" title="2016 Latakia offensive">4th Latakia offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2016 Abu Kamal offensive">1st Abu Kamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2016_Qamishli_bombings" title="July 2016 Qamishli bombings">3rd Qamishli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Atmeh_attack" title="2016 Atmeh attack">Atmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Rai_(August_2016)" title="Battle of al-Rai (August 2016)">al-Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2016)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2016)">3rd Al-Hasakah City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Operation Euphrates Shield</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Northern al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">Northern al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Dabiq_offensive" title="2016 Dabiq offensive">Dabiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab" title="Battle of al-Bab">al-Bab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Hama_offensive" title="2016 Hama offensive">5th Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">1st Western al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qalamoun_offensive_(September%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Eastern Qalamoun offensive (September–October 2016)">1st Eastern Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_September_2016_Syria_bombings" title="5 September 2016 Syria bombings">September bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Quneitra offensive (September 2016)">4th Quneitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Deir_ez-Zor_air_raid" title="September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid">Deir ez-Zor airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Urum_al-Kubra_aid_convoy_attack" title="September 2016 Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack">Aleppo aid convoy attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(September%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016)">15th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Shih_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Khan al-Shih offensive (October–November 2016)">Khan al-Shih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2016_Idlib_Governorate_clashes" title="October 2016 Idlib Governorate clashes">1st Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)">2nd Western al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–November 2016)">16th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)">2nd Raqqa campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)">17th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(December_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (December 2016)">4th Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Barada_offensive_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)">Wadi Barada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2016%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2016–April 2017)">1st Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2017_Azaz_bombing" title="January 2017 Azaz bombing">Azaz bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(2017)" title="Palmyra offensive (2017)">5th Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (January–February 2017)">4th Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2017)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2017)">18th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(January%E2%80%93March_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (January–March 2017)">2nd Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (February–June 2017)">7th Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaboun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qaboun offensive (2017)">Qaboun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Daraa_offensive_(February_2017)" title="Southwestern Daraa offensive (February 2017)">8th Daraa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Collapse_of_Islamic_State_in_Syria" title="Template:Campaignbox Collapse of Islamic State in Syria"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Collapse_of_Islamic_State_in_Syria" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Collapse of Islamic State in Syria"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Collapse_of_Islamic_State_in_Syria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Collapse of Islamic State in Syria"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Collapse_of_ISIS_in_Syria_(2017)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Collapse of <a href="/wiki/ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS">ISIS</a> in Syria (<a href="/wiki/2017_in_Syria" title="2017 in Syria">2017</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Homs_offensive_(2017)" title="Eastern Homs offensive (2017)">Eastern Homs offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_al-Jinah_airstrike" title="2017 al-Jinah airstrike">al-Jina mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Hama offensive (March–April 2017)">6th Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa" title="Battle of Tabqa">Tabqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun_chemical_attack" title="Khan Shaykhun chemical attack">Khan Shaykhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike" title="2017 Shayrat missile strike">US Shayrat strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Aleppo_suicide_car_bombing" title="2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing">Aleppo bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">April 2017 Turkish airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2017)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2017)">2nd East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(May%E2%80%93July_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (May–July 2017)">2nd Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskanah_Plains_offensive" title="Maskanah Plains offensive">Maskanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hama_offensive_(2017)" title="East Hama offensive (2017)">East Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">2nd Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (June 2017)">9th Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Southern_Raqqa_offensive" title="2017 Southern Raqqa offensive">Southern Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Laylat_al-Qadr" title="Operation Laylat al-Qadr">Iranian Deir ez-Zor strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27Din_shootdown_incident" title="Ja'Din shootdown incident">Ja'din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Jobar_offensive" title="2017 Jobar offensive">Jobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2017)">5th Quneitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Syria_campaign" title="Central Syria campaign">Central Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(July_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (July 2017)">3rd Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2017)">4th Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%932019)" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)">Deir ez-Zor (2017–2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_campaign_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017)">2nd Eastern Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (September–November 2017)">Deir ez-Zor city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates_Crossing_offensive_(2017)" title="Euphrates Crossing offensive (2017)">Euphrates Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Mayadin_offensive" title="2017 Mayadin offensive">Mayadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2017 Abu Kamal offensive">2nd Abu Kamal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(September_2017)" title="Hama offensive (September 2017)">7th Hama offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Idlib_escalation_period_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Idlib escalation period in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Idlib_escalation_period_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Idlib escalation period in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Idlib_escalation_period_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Idlib escalation period in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rebels_in_retreat_and_Operation_Olive_Branch(Nov._2017_–_Sep._2018)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rebels in retreat and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a> (Nov. 2017 – Sep. 2018)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_campaign_(October_2017%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–February 2018)">3rd Northwestern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_insurgency" title="Eastern Syria insurgency">Eastern Syria insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atarib_market_massacre" title="Atarib market massacre">Atarib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harasta_(2017%E2%80%932018)" title="Battle of Harasta (2017–2018)">Harasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Jinn_offensive" title="Beit Jinn offensive">Beit Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)">3rd Syrian Desert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2018)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2018)">5th Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (January–February 2018)">1st Southern Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Olive Branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrin_offensive_(January%E2%80%93March_2018)" title="Afrin offensive (January–March 2018)">Afrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDF_insurgency_in_Northern_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="SDF insurgency in Northern Aleppo">SDF insurgency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khasham" title="Battle of Khasham">Khasham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">Feb 2018 Israel–Syria incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(February%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)">10th Rif Dimashq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Douma_chemical_attack" title="Douma chemical attack">Douma</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Liberation_Front%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">4th Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(March_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (March 2018)">2nd Southern Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria" title="April 2018 missile strikes against Syria">U.S.-led missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Homs_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Northern Homs offensive (April–May 2018)">Northern Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qalamoun_offensive_(April_2018)" title="Eastern Qalamoun offensive (April 2018)">2nd Eastern Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (April–May 2018)">3rd Southern Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate_clashes" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate clashes">Deir ez-Zor SAA-SDF clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">House of Cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(June_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (June 2018)">1st As-Suwayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2018 Southern Syria offensive">2nd Southern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_As-Suwayda_attacks" title="2018 As-Suwayda attacks">2nd As-Suwayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (August–November 2018)">3rd As-Suwayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamishli_clashes_(2018)" title="Qamishli clashes (2018)">2nd Qamishli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Idlib_demilitarization_and_frozen_conflict" title="Template:Campaignbox Idlib demilitarization and frozen conflict"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Idlib_demilitarization_and_frozen_conflict" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Idlib demilitarization and frozen conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Idlib_demilitarization_and_frozen_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Idlib demilitarization and frozen conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Idlib_demilitarization(Sep._2018_–_April_2019)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Idlib demilitarization</a> (Sep. 2018 – April 2019)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Idlib demilitarization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">5th Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(September_2018)" title="Syria missile strikes (September 2018)">Sep. 2018 missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahvaz_military_parade_attack#Retaliatory_missile_and_drone_strikes" title="Ahvaz military parade attack">Iranian Eastern Euphrates strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian-Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Syrian-Turkish border clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_insurgency" title="Daraa insurgency">Daraa insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Manbij_bombing" title="2019 Manbij bombing">Manbij bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghuz_Fawqani" title="Battle of Baghuz Fawqani">Baghuz Fawqani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_U.S._airstrike_in_Baghuz" title="2019 U.S. airstrike in Baghuz">U.S. airstrike</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Failure_of_the_demilitarization_and_renewed_fighting" title="Template:Campaignbox Failure of the demilitarization and renewed fighting"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Failure_of_the_demilitarization_and_renewed_fighting" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Failure of the demilitarization and renewed fighting"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Failure_of_the_demilitarization_and_renewed_fighting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Failure of the demilitarization and renewed fighting"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_Idlib_offensive,_Operation_Peace_Spring,_&amp;_Second_Idlib_offensive_(April_2019_–_March_2020)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)">First Idlib offensive</a>, <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Operation Peace Spring</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">Second Idlib offensive</a> (April 2019 – March 2020)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)">4th Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Tell_Rifaat_clashes" title="2019 Tell Rifaat clashes">Tell Rifaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2019_Syria_bombings" title="June 2019 Syria bombings">Raqqa & Azaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hass_refugee_camp_bombing" title="Hass refugee camp bombing">Hass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(August_2019)" title="Syria missile strikes (August 2019)">2nd Israeli missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Peace Spring</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2019)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2019)">2nd Ras al-Ayn</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Kayla Mueller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Syria_bombings" title="November 2019 Syria bombings">Northern bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Israeli_missile_strikes_in_Syria" title="November 2019 Israeli missile strikes in Syria">3rd Israeli missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qah_missile_strike" title="Qah missile strike">Qah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">5th Northwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Balyun_airstrikes" title="2020 Balyun airstrikes">Balyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Shield" title="Operation Spring Shield">Spring Shield</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">2nd U.S. missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2020_Daraa_clashes" title="March 2020 Daraa clashes">10th Daraa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Idlib_ceasefire" title="Template:Campaignbox Idlib ceasefire"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Idlib_ceasefire" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Idlib ceasefire"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Idlib_ceasefire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Idlib ceasefire"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Idlib_ceasefire_(March_2020_–_present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Idlib ceasefire (March 2020 – present)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(June_2020)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2020)">6th Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Ayn_Issa_clashes" title="2020–2021 Ayn Issa clashes">Ayn Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Qamishli_and_Al-Hasakah" title="Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah">Qamishli & Al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(January_2021)" title="Syria missile strikes (January 2021)">4th Israeli missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2021)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2021)">3rd Qamishli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Daraa_offensive" title="2021 Daraa offensive">11th Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham%E2%80%93Junud_al-Sham_conflict" title="Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict">7th Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2022)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2022)">3rd Al-Hasakah city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Ahrar_al-Sham%E2%80%93Levant_Front_clashes" title="2022 Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes">1st Aleppo inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Jabal_al-Bishr%C4%AB_clashes" title="2022 Jabal al-Bishrī clashes">Jabal al-Bishrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_clashes_(October_2022)" title="Northern Aleppo clashes (October 2022)">2nd Aleppo inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Sword" title="Operation Claw-Sword">Claw-Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_clashes_(December_2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Northwestern Syria clashes (December 2022–present)">Northwestern clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2023_northeastern_Syria_clashes" title="March 2023 northeastern Syria clashes">3rd U.S. missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2023_Northeastern_Syria_clashes" title="June 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes">2nd Northern clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_clashes_(2023)" title="Deir ez-Zor clashes (2023)">Deir ez-Zor (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2023_Northern_Syria_clashes" title="October 2023 Northern Syria clashes">3rd Northern clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Homs_drone_strike" title="2023 Homs drone strike">Homs drone strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel-Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel-Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Israel–Hezbollah conflict</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_consulate_airstrike_in_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian consulate airstrike in Damascus">Iranian consulate airstrike</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2024_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="February 2024 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">February 2024 airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_anti-Turkish_riots_in_Syria" title="2024 anti-Turkish riots in Syria">Anti-Turkish riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Spillover_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Spillover of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Spillover_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Spillover of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Spillover_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Spillover of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syrian_War_spillover_and_international_incidents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Syrian War spillover and international incidents</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Lebanon spillover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93Syria_border_clashes" title="Lebanon–Syria border clashes">Lebanese–Syrian border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sidon_clash" title="2013 Sidon clash">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Iranian_embassy_bombing_in_Beirut" title="2013 Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut">Iranian embassy bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lebanon_clashes_(2014)" title="North Lebanon clashes (2014)">North Lebanon clashes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian civil war">Syrian–Turkish border incidents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Turkish_F-4_Phantom_shootdown" title="2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown">Turkish F4 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Reyhanl%C4%B1_car_bombings" title="2013 Reyhanlı car bombings">Reyhanlı bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Koban%C3%AE_protests" title="2014 Kobanî protests">Kurdish riots</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">Jordanian–Syrian border incidents</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Syrian_ceasefire_line_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war">Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">February 2018 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">May 2018 incident</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">Iraqi–Syrian border incidents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashat_ambush" title="Akashat ambush">Akashat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_al-Shabah" title="Operation al-Shabah">al-Shabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Nineveh_offensive_(2017)" title="Western Nineveh offensive (2017)">Western Nineveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Western_Iraq_campaign" title="2017 Western Iraq campaign">Western Iraq</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Spillover in Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Tehran_attacks" title="2017 Tehran attacks">2017 Tehran attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Laylat_al-Qadr" title="Operation Laylat al-Qadr">2017 Deir ez-Zor missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Erbil_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Erbil attack">2024 Iranian airstrikes in Syria</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Islamic_State_conflict" title="Turkey–Islamic State conflict">Spillover in Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown" title="2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown">Russian Su-24 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Andrei_Karlov" title="Assassination of Andrei Karlov">Andrei Karlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Balyun_airstrikes" title="2020 Balyun airstrikes">Balyun airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Kafr_Takharim_airstrike" title="2020 Kafr Takharim airstrike">Kafr Takharim airstrikes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li></ul> <hr /> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism_in_Europe" title="Islamic terrorism in Europe">Spillover in Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Foreign intervention on behalf of Syrian Arab Republic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Iranian intervention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Laylat_al-Qadr" title="Operation Laylat al-Qadr">2017 missile strike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">2012 Hezbollah involvement</a></li></ul> Foreign intervention in behalf of Syrian rebels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign fighters in the Syrian civil war">Foreign rebel fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkish involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Islamic_State_conflict" title="Turkey–Islamic State conflict">Turkey–Islamic State conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Suleyman_Shah#Events_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Tomb of Suleyman Shah">Tomb of Suleyman Shah relocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Euphrates Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">2017 airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Idlib_Governorate" title="Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate">Idlib Governorate operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Afrin operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%27s_role_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel's role in the Syrian civil war">Israel's role</a></li></ul> U.S.-led intervention against ISIL <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of US intervention in the Syrian civil war">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_attacks_on_Syria_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of United States attacks on Syria during the Syrian civil war">List of attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_American_rescue_mission_in_Syria" title="2014 American rescue mission in Syria">2014 rescue operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2015_U.S._special_forces_raid_in_Syria" title="May 2015 U.S. special forces raid in Syria">May 2015 raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike" title="2017 Shayrat missile strike">2017 missile strikes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Qatari involvement in the Syrian civil war">Qatari involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Jordanian intervention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Martyr_Muath" title="Operation Martyr Muath">Operation Martyr Muath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%27s_role_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanon's role in the Syrian civil war">Lebanon's role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Saudi involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria" title="April 2018 missile strikes against Syria">April 2018 missile strikes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Dutch involvement in the Syrian civil war">Dutch involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_intervention_against_the_Islamic_State" title="German intervention against the Islamic State">German intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Chammal" title="Opération Chammal">French intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Okra" title="Operation Okra">Australian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shader" title="Operation Shader">UK intervention</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 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div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="border: 4px double #d69d36;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size: 110%; padding: 0; line-height: 150%;"><table><tbody><tr> <td style="background:#ce1126; vertical-align:middle; padding:5px;"> <a href="/wiki/File:Bashar_al-Assad_(2018-05-17)_02_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="File:Bashar al-Assad (2018-05-17) 02 (cropped).jpg"><img alt="File:Bashar al-Assad (2018-05-17) 02 (cropped).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bashar_al-Assad_%282018-05-17%29_02_%28cropped%29.jpg/70px-Bashar_al-Assad_%282018-05-17%29_02_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bashar_al-Assad_%282018-05-17%29_02_%28cropped%29.jpg/105px-Bashar_al-Assad_%282018-05-17%29_02_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bashar_al-Assad_%282018-05-17%29_02_%28cropped%29.jpg/140px-Bashar_al-Assad_%282018-05-17%29_02_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1876" /></a></td> <td style="background:#ce1126; vertical-align:middle; padding:6px; width:100%;">This article is part of a series about <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad#Early_life" title="Bashar al-Assad">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Assad_family" title="Al-Assad family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad#Public_and_personal_life" title="Bashar al-Assad">Personal life</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria">President of Syria</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Secretary-General of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Syrian Ba'ath Party</a> (2000–) </li> <li>Marshal, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a> (1988–)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad#Presidency" title="Bashar al-Assad">Presidency</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Spring" title="Damascus Spring">Damascus Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">Syrian occupation of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State" title="War against the Islamic State">War against ISIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Syria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Syria">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Bashar_al-Assad" title="List of international presidential trips made by Bashar al-Assad">Presidential trips</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Governments</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Mustafa_Mero_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Mustafa Mero government (page does not exist)">Mero I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mustafa_Mero_government" title="Second Mustafa Mero government">Mero II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Naji_al-Otari_government" title="Muhammad Naji al-Otari government">Al-Otari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adel_Safar_government" title="Adel Safar government">Safar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyad_Hijab_government" title="Riyad Hijab government">Hijab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Wael_al-Halqi_government" title="First Wael al-Halqi government">Al-Halqi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Wael_al-Halqi_government" title="Second Wael al-Halqi government">Al-Halqi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imad_Khamis_government" title="Imad Khamis government">Khamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hussein_Arnous_government" title="First Hussein Arnous government">Arnous I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hussein_Arnous_government" title="Second Hussein Arnous government">Arnous II</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Elections</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2000 Syrian presidential election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2007 Syrian presidential election">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2014 Syrian presidential election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2021 Syrian presidential election">2021</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_Syria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Seal_of_the_President_of_Syria.svg/70px-Seal_of_the_President_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Seal_of_the_President_of_Syria.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_President_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Seal_of_the_President_of_Syria.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_President_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="424" /></a></li></ul> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bashar_al-Assad" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bashar al-Assad">Media gallery</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ba%27athism" title="Category:Ba'athism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom: 0; font-size: 175%;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Ba'ath Party"><img alt="Flag of the Ba'ath Party" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ba%27athist_movements#Major_groups" title="List of Ba'athist movements">Organisations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath" title="Arab Ba'ath">Arab Ba'ath</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1940–1947</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Arab Ba'ath Movement">Arab Ba'ath Movement</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1940–1947</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1947–1966</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">Baath Party (pro-Iraqi)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1968–2003</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">Baath Party (pro-Syrian)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1966–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">Zaki al-Arsuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Rimawi" title="Abdullah Rimawi">Abdullah Rimawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahib_al-Ghanim" title="Wahib al-Ghanim">Wahib al-Ghanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzat_Ibrahim_al-Douri" title="Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri">Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;;font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Way_of_Resurrection" title="On the Way of Resurrection">On the Way of Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_for_One_Destiny" title="The Battle for One Destiny">The Battle for One Destiny</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">The Genius of Arabic in Its Tongue</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">November 1963 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">UN sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Ba%27athification" title="De-Ba'athification">De-Ba'athification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Syria" title="Modern history of Syria">Baathist Syria</a> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Committee_to_Help_Iraq" title="Syrian Committee to Help Iraq">Syrian Committee to Help Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963</a> / <a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 coup d'états</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_intervention_in_the_Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Syrian intervention in the Lebanese Civil War">Intervention in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">Syrian occupation of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assadist-Saddamist_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Assadist-Saddamist conflict">Assadist-Saddamist conflict</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syrian civil war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ba%27athist_movements#Regional_branches" title="List of Ba'athist movements">Regional organisations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;text-align:center;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Algeria</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_of_Algeria" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party of Algeria">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)#Algeria" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Bahrain</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Democratic_Assembly" title="Nationalist Democratic Assembly">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)#Bahrain" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Egypt</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Egypt_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Egypt Region">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)#Egypt" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Iraq</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)#Iraq" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Jordan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Jordanian Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Progressive_Party" title="Arab Ba'ath Progressive Party">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Kuwait</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)#Kuwait" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">pro-Iraq</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Lebanon</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Arab_Lebanon_Vanguard_Party" title="Socialist Arab Lebanon Vanguard Party">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Lebanon_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Lebanon Region">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Libya</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Libyan Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party">pro-Iraq</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Mauritania</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Vanguard_Party" title="National Vanguard Party">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Socialist Democratic Unionist Party">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Palestine</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Front" title="Arab Liberation Front">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/As-Sa%27iqa" title="As-Sa'iqa">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Sudan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Region_of_Sudan" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Region of Sudan">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Organization_of_Sudan" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Organization of Sudan">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Syria</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)#Syria" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Tunisia</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Tunisian Ba'ath Movement">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)#Tunisia" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Yemen</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Yemen_Region" title="National Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Yemen Region">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Yemen_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Yemen Region">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ba%27athist_movements#Splinter-groups" title="List of Ba'athist movements">Splinter groups</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Revolutionary_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party">Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1960–1962/63</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Lebanon" title="Socialist Lebanon">Socialist Lebanon</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1965–1970</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolutionary_Workers_Party" title="Arab Revolutionary Workers Party">Arab Revolutionary Workers Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1966–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Arab_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party">Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1970–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Sudanese Ba'ath Party">Sudanese Ba'ath Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2002–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddamism" title="Saddamism">Saddamism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ba%27athism_sidebar" title="Template:Ba'athism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ba%27athism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Ba'athism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ba%27athism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ba'athism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Syrian civil war is an ongoing multi-sided conflict in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> involving various state-sponsored and <a href="/wiki/Non-state_actor" title="Non-state actor">non-state actors</a>. In March 2011, popular discontent with the rule of <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> triggered <a href="/wiki/Syrian_revolution" title="Syrian revolution">large-scale protests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-democracy">pro-democracy</a> rallies across Syria, as part of the wider <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> protests in the region. After months of crackdown by the government's <a href="/wiki/Security_agency" title="Security agency">security</a> apparatus, various armed <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">rebel groups</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> began forming across the country, marking the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Insurgency">Syrian insurgency</a>. By mid-2012, the crisis had escalated into a full-blown civil war. Rebel forces, receiving arms from <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a> states, initially made significant advances against the government forces, who were receiving arms from <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. Rebels captured the regional capitals of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2013)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2013)">Raqqa</a> in 2013 and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2015)" title="Battle of Idlib (2015)">Idlib</a> in 2015. Consequently, <a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russia launched a military intervention</a> in support of the government in September 2015, shifting the balance of the conflict. By late 2018, all rebel strongholds except parts of <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib region</a> had fallen to the government forces. In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> group seized control of large parts of <a href="/wiki/2014_Eastern_Syria_offensive" title="2014 Eastern Syria offensive">Eastern Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)">Western Iraq</a>, prompting the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve">CJTF</a> coalition to launch an aerial <a href="/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State" title="War against the Islamic State">bombing campaign</a> against it, while providing <a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">ground support</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a>-majority <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a>. Culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">Battle of Raqqa</a>, the Islamic State was territorially defeated by late 2017. In August 2016, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> launched a multi-pronged <a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">invasion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">northern Syria</a>, in response to the creation of <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Rojava</a>, while also <a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">fighting Islamic State</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Shield" title="Operation Spring Shield">government forces</a> in the process. Since the March 2020 <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">Idlib ceasefire</a>, frontline fighting has mostly subsided, but is characterized by regular skirmishes. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_of_war">Origins of war</h3></div> In March 2011, popular discontent with the Ba'athist government led to large-scale protests and <a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-democracy">pro-democracy</a> rallies across Syria, as part of the wider <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> protests in the region.<a href="#cite_note-Kassam,_Becker_3-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Syria:_The_story_of_the_conflict-19">[16]</a> Numerous protests were violently suppressed by security forces in <a href="/wiki/Syrian_revolution#Crackdown" title="Syrian revolution">deadly crackdowns</a> ordered by Bashar al-Assad, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths and <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">detentions</a>, many of whom were civilians<a href="#cite_note-Kassam,_Becker_3-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Syria:_The_story_of_the_conflict-19">[16]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Syrian_revolution" title="Syrian revolution">Syrian revolution</a> transformed into an <a href="/wiki/Early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Early insurgency phase of the Syrian civil war">insurgency</a> with the formation of <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army#2011_–_formation" title="Free Syrian Army">resistance militias</a> across the country, deteriorating into a full-blown civil war by 2012.<a href="#cite_note-20">[d]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Course_of_events">Course of events</h3></div> The war is fought by several factions. The <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Armed Forces">Syrian Arab Armed Forces</a>, alongside its domestic and foreign allies, represent the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Republic">Syrian Arab Republic</a> and Assad government. Opposed to it is the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Interim_Government" title="Syrian Interim Government">Syrian Interim Government</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent">big-tent</a> alliance of <a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-democracy">pro-democratic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">opposition</a> groups (whose military forces consist of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a> and allied <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_militias" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Syrian militias">Free Syrian militias</a>). Another opposition faction is the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Salvation_Government" title="Syrian Salvation Government">Syrian Salvation Government</a>, whose armed forces are represented by a coalition of <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> militias led by <a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham" title="Tahrir al-Sham">Tahrir al-Sham</a>. Independent of them is the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a>, whose military force is the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> (SDF), a multi-ethnic, Arab-majority force led by the Kurdish YPG. Other competing factions include <a href="/wiki/Jihadist" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist">Jihadist</a> organizations such as the al-Qaeda-branch <a href="/wiki/Hurras_al-Din" title="Hurras al-Din">Hurras al-Din</a> (successor of <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> (IS). A number of foreign countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, have been <a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">directly involved in the civil war</a>, providing support to opposing factions in the conflict. Iran, Russia and <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> support the Syrian Arab Republic militarily, with Russia conducting <a href="/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war">airstrikes and ground operations</a> in the country since September 2015. Since 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve">U.S.-led international coalition</a> has been <a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war">conducting air and ground operations</a> primarily against the Islamic State and occasionally <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_attacks_on_Syria_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of United States attacks on Syria during the Syrian civil war">against pro-Assad forces</a>, and has been militarily and logistically supporting factions such as the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Commando_Army" title="Revolutionary Commando Army">Revolutionary Commando Army</a> and the Autonomous Administration's <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> (SDF). <a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkish forces</a> currently <a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">occupy parts of northern Syria</a> and, since 2016, have fought the SDF, IS and the Assad government while actively supporting the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a> (SNA). Between 2011 and 2017, fighting from the Syrian civil war <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">spilled over</a> into <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> as opponents and supporters of the Syrian government traveled to Lebanon to fight and attack each other on Lebanese soil. While officially neutral, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> has <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Syrian_ceasefire_line_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war">exchanged border fire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war">conducted repeated strikes</a> against Hezbollah and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Iranian forces</a>, whose presence in western Syria it <a href="/wiki/Israel%27s_role_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel's role in the Syrian civil war">views as a threat.</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a> Violence in the war peaked during 2012–2017, but the situation remains a crisis.<a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a> By 2020, the Syrian government controlled about two-thirds of the country and was consolidating power.<a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a> Frontline fighting between the Assad government and opposition groups had mostly subsided by 2023, but there had been regular flareups in northwestern Syria and <a href="/wiki/2023_Syrian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Syrian protests">large-scale protests</a> emerged in southern Syria and spread nationwide in response to extensive autocratic policies and the economic situation. The protests were noted as resembling the 2011 revolution that preceded the civil war.<a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a> The war has resulted in an estimated 470,000–610,000 violent deaths, making it the second-deadliest conflict of the 21st century, after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a> International organizations have accused virtually all sides involved—the Assad government, IS, opposition groups, Iran, Russia,<a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-33">[29]</a> Turkey,<a href="#cite_note-amnesty1-34">[30]</a> and the U.S.-led coalition<a href="#cite_note-35">[31]</a>—of severe <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations">human rights violations</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of massacres during the Syrian civil war">massacres</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[32]</a> The conflict has caused a major <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">refugee crisis</a>, with millions of people fleeing to neighboring countries such as Turkey, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>;<a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-PBS-38">[34]</a> however, a sizable minority has also sought refuge in countries outside of the Middle East, with <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> alone accepting over half a million Syrians since 2011.<a href="#cite_note-PBS-38">[34]</a> Over the course of the war, a number of peace initiatives have been launched, including the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_peace_talks_on_Syria_(2017)" title="Geneva peace talks on Syria (2017)">March 2017 Geneva peace talks on Syria</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, but fighting has continued.<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_situation">Current situation</h3></div> In October 2019, Kurdish leaders of <a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Rojava</a>, a region within Syria, announced they had reached a major deal with the government of Syria under Assad. This deal was enacted in the wake of the U.S. withdrawal from Syria. The Kurdish leaders made this deal in order to obtain Syria's help in stopping hostile Turkish forces who were invading Syria and attacking Kurds.<a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a> The civil war had largely subsided, settling into a stalemate, by early 2023. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Institute_of_Peace" title="United States Institute of Peace">United States Institute of Peace</a> said: <blockquote>Twelve years into Syria's devastating civil war, the conflict appears to have settled into a frozen state. Although roughly 30% of the country is controlled by opposition forces, heavy fighting has largely ceased and there is a growing regional trend toward normalizing relations with the regime of Bashar al-Assad. Over the last decade, the conflict erupted into one of the most complicated in the world, with a dizzying array of international and regional powers, opposition groups, proxies, local militias and extremist groups all playing a role. The Syrian population has been brutalized, with nearly a half a million killed, 12 million fleeing their homes to find safety elsewhere, and widespread poverty and hunger. Meanwhile, efforts to broker a political settlement have gone nowhere, leaving the Assad regime firmly in power.<a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a> </blockquote> The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a> said: <blockquote> The war whose brutality once dominated headlines has settled into an uncomfortable stalemate. Hopes for regime change have largely died out, peace talks have been fruitless, and some regional governments are reconsidering their opposition to engaging with Syrian leader Bashar al-Assad. The government has regained control of most of the country, and Assad's hold on power seems secure.<a href="#cite_note-cfr_2023-44">[40]</a> </blockquote> In 2023, the main military conflict was not between the Syrian government and rebels, but between Turkish forces and factions within Syria. In late 2023, Turkish forces continued to attack Kurdish forces in the region of Rojava.<a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a> Starting on 5 October 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a> launched a series of air and ground strikes targeting the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> in <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Northeastern Syria</a>. The airstrikes were launched in response to the <a href="/wiki/2023_Ankara_bombing" title="2023 Ankara bombing">2023 Ankara bombing</a>, which the Turkish government alleges was carried out by attackers originating from Northeastern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-reuters1-46">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_2011_Syrian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the 2011 Syrian Revolution">Background and Causes of the Syrian Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Syria" title="Modern history of Syria">Modern history of Syria</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assad_government">Assad government</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Hafez_al-Assad" title="Presidency of Hafez al-Assad">Presidency of Hafez al-Assad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bashar_al-Assad" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Bashar al-Assad">Presidency of Bashar al-Assad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Assad_family" title="Al-Assad family">Al-Assad family</a></div> The non-religious <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Ba'ath Syrian Regional Branch</a> government came to power through <a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">a coup d'état in 1963</a>. For several years, Syria went through additional coups and changes in leadership,<a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a> until in March 1971, General <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Alawite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawite">Alawite</a>, declared himself <a href="/wiki/President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria">President</a>. It marked the beginning of the domination of personality cults centred around the Assad dynasty that pervaded all aspects of Syrian daily life and was accompanied by a systematic suppression of civil and political freedoms, becoming the central feature of state propaganda. Authority in <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'athist Syria">Ba'athist Syria</a> is monopolised by three power-centres: Alawite loyalist clans, <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">armed forces</a>; glued together by unwavering allegiance towards the <a href="/wiki/Al-Assad_family" title="Al-Assad family">Assad dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a> The Syrian Regional Branch remained the dominant political authority in what had been a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a> until the first <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party</a> <a href="/wiki/2012_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2012 Syrian parliamentary election">election</a> to the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Council_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Council of Syria">People's Council of Syria</a> was held in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a> On 31 January 1973, Hafez al-Assad implemented a new constitution, leading to a national crisis. The <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Constitution_of_1973" title="Syrian Constitution of 1973">1973 Constitution</a> entrusted <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Arab Socialist Baath party</a> with the distinctive role as the "leader of the state and society", empowering it to mobilise the civilians for party programmes, issue decrees to ascertain their loyalty and supervise all legal trade unions. <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athist</a> ideology was imposed upon children as compulsory part of school curriculum and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a> were tightly controlled to the Party. The constitution removed Islam from being recognised as the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> and stripped existing provisions such as the president of Syria being required to be a <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>. These measures caused widespread furore amongst the public, leading to fierce demonstrations in <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> organized by the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> and the ulama. Assad regime violently crushed the <a href="/wiki/Islamist_uprising_in_Syria" title="Islamist uprising in Syria">Islamic revolts</a> that occurred during 1976–1982, waged by revolutionaries from the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Muslim_Brotherhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Muslim Brotherhood">Syrian Muslim Brotherhood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> The Ba'ath party carefully constructed Assad as the guiding father figure of the party and modern Syrian nation, advocating the continuation of <a href="/wiki/Assad_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Assad dynasty">Assad dynastic</a> rule of Syria. As part of the publicity efforts to brand the nation and Assad dynasty as inseparable; slogans such as "Assad or we burn the country", "Assad or to hell with the country" and "Hafez Assad, forever" became an integral part of the state and party discourse during the 1980s. Eventually the party organisation itself became a rubber stamp and the power structures became deeply dependent on sectarian affiliation to the Assad family and the central role of <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">armed forces</a> needed to crack down on dissent in the society. Critics of the regime have pointed out that deployment of violence is at the crux of <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'athist Syria">Ba'athist Syria</a> and describe it as "a dictatorship with <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocidal</a> tendencies".<a href="#cite_note-Kmak,_Björklund_2022_73–74-53">[49]</a> Hafez ruled Syria for 3 decades with an iron first, using methods ranging from censorship to violent measures of <a href="/wiki/State_terror" class="mw-redirect" title="State terror">state terror</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mass_murders" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass murders">mass murders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">forced deportations</a> and brutal practices such as <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, which were unleashed collectively upon the civilian population.<a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a> Upon Hafez al-Assad's death in 2000, his son <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> succeeded him as the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria">President of Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kmak,_Björklund_2022_73–74-53">[49]</a> Bashar's wife <a href="/wiki/Asma_al-Assad" title="Asma al-Assad">Asma</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslim">Sunni Muslim</a> born and educated in Britain, was initially hailed in the Western press a "rose in the desert".<a href="#cite_note-rose-55">[51]</a> The couple once raised hopes amongst Syrian intellectuals and outside Western observers as wanting to implement economic and political reforms. However, Bashar failed to deliver on promised reforms, instead crushing the civil society groups, political reformists and democratic activists that emerged during the <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Spring" title="Damascus Spring">Damascus spring</a> in the 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-nyt1Apr11-56">[52]</a> Bashar Al-Assad claims that no 'moderate opposition' to his government exists, and that all opposition forces are <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamists</a> focused on destroying his <a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">secular leadership</a>; his view was that terrorist groups operating in Syria are 'linked to the agendas of foreign countries'.<a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Syria" title="Demographics of Syria">Demographics of Syria</a></div> The total population in July 2018 was estimated at 19,454,263 people; ethnic groups—approximately <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Arab</a> 50%, <a href="/wiki/Alawite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawite">Alawite</a> 15%, <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Syria" title="Kurds in Syria">Kurd</a> 10%, <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine</a> 10%, other 15% (includes <a href="/wiki/Druze_people_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze people in Syria">Druze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismaili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imamate_(Twelver_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamate (Twelver doctrine)">Imami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Turkmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Syria" title="Armenians in Syria">Armenian</a>); religions—<a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> 87% (official; includes <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> 74% and Alawi, Ismaili and <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> 13%), <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> 10% (mainly of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christian churches</a><a href="#cite_note-IRFR2006-58">[54]</a>—may be smaller as a result of Christians fleeing the country), <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> 3% and <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> (few remaining in Damascus and Aleppo).<a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socioeconomic_background">Socioeconomic background</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">Socioeconomic</a> inequality increased significantly after <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> policies were initiated by Hafez al-Assad in his later years, and it accelerated after Bashar al-Assad came to power. With an emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Service_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Service sector">service sector</a>, these policies benefited a minority of the nation's population, mostly people who had connections with the government, and members of the Sunni merchant class of Damascus and Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-Poor_rural_rebels-60">[56]</a> In 2010, Syria's nominal GDP per capita was only $2,834, comparable to Sub-Saharan African countries such as Nigeria and far lower than its neighbors such as Lebanon, with an annual growth rate of 3.39%, below most other developing countries.<a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a> The country also faced particularly high youth unemployment rates.<a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> At the start of the war, discontent against the government was strongest in Syria's poor areas, predominantly among conservative Sunnis.<a href="#cite_note-Poor_rural_rebels-60">[56]</a> These included cities with high poverty rates, such as <a href="/wiki/Daraa" title="Daraa">Daraa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>, and the poorer districts of large cities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drought">Drought</h3></div> This coincided with the most intense drought ever recorded in Syria, which lasted from 2006 to 2011 and resulted in widespread crop failure, an increase in <a href="/wiki/Food_prices" title="Food prices">food prices</a> and a mass migration of farming families to urban centers.<a href="#cite_note-Kelley_drought_2015-63">[59]</a> This migration strained infrastructure already burdened by the influx of some 1.5 million refugees from the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a> The drought has been linked to <a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic global warming">anthropogenic global warming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> Subsequent analysis, however, has challenged the narrative of the drought as a major contributor to the start of the war.<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> Adequate water supply continues to be an issue in the ongoing civil war and it is frequently the target of military action.<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Human rights in Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war</a></div> The human rights situation in Syria has long been the subject of harsh critique from global organizations.<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> The rights of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">free expression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">association</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">assembly</a> were strictly controlled in Syria even before the uprising.<a href="#cite_note-HRW-73">[69]</a> The country was under <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">emergency rule</a> from 1963 until 2011 and public gatherings of more than five people were banned.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters16Apr11-74">[70]</a> Security forces had sweeping powers of arrest and detention.<a href="#cite_note-AmInt2009-75">[71]</a> Despite hopes for democratic change with the 2000 <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Spring" title="Damascus Spring">Damascus Spring</a>, Bashar al-Assad was widely reported as having failed to implement any improvements. In 2010, he imposed a controversial national ban on female <a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Islamic dress codes</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Niq%C4%81b" title="Niqāb">face veils</a>) across universities, where reportedly over a thousand primary school teachers that wore the niqab were reassigned to administrative jobs.<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> report issued just before the beginning of the 2011 uprising stated that Assad had failed to substantially improve the state of human rights since taking power.<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_of_natural_gas">Impact of natural gas</h3></div> The United States and its allies intended to build the <a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Turkey_pipeline" title="Qatar–Turkey pipeline">Qatar–Turkey pipeline</a> which would relieve Europe of its dependence on Russian natural gas, especially during winter months where many European homes rely on Russia to survive the winter. On the contrary, Russia and its allies intended to stop this planned pipeline and instead build the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq%E2%80%93Syria_pipeline" title="Iran–Iraq–Syria pipeline">Iran–Iraq–Syria pipeline</a>.<a href="#cite_note-honveledem-78">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-ecowatch-79">[75]</a> Syrian president Bashar al-Assad declined Qatar's year 2000 proposal to build a $10 billion Qatar–Turkey pipeline through Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Syria and Turkey, allegedly prompting covert CIA operations to spark a Syrian civil war to pressure Bashar al-Assad to resign and allow a pro-American president to step in and sign off on the deal. Leaked documents have shown that in 2009, the CIA began funding and supporting opposition groups in Syria to foment a civil war.<a href="#cite_note-wp1-80">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-ecowatch-79">[75]</a> Harvard Professor Mitchell A Orenstein and George Romer stated that this pipeline feud is the true motivation behind Russia entering the war in support of Bashar al-Assad, supporting his rejection of the Qatar-Turkey pipeline and hoping to pave the way for the Iran-Iraq-Syria pipeline which would bolster Russia's allies and stimulate Iran's economy.<a href="#cite_note-aunews-81">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-foreignaffairs-82">[78]</a> The U.S. military has set up bases near gas pipelines in Syria, purportedly to fight ISIS but perhaps also to defend their own natural gas assets, which have been allegedly targeted by Iranian militias.<a href="#cite_note-voanews-83">[79]</a> The Conoco gas fields have been a point of contention for United States since falling in the hands of ISIS, which were captured by American-backed <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-84">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline of the Syrian civil war</a>.</div> Protests, civil uprising, and defections (March–July 2011) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_revolution" title="Syrian revolution">Syrian revolution</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war#Protests,_civil_uprising,_and_defections_(March–July_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline of the Syrian civil war § Protests, civil uprising, and defections (March–July 2011)</a></div> Initial armed insurgency (July 2011 – April 2012) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Early insurgency phase of the Syrian civil war">Early insurgency phase of the Syrian civil war</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war#Initial_armed_insurgency_(July_2011_–_April_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline of the Syrian civil war § Initial armed insurgency (July 2011 – April 2012)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_Civil_War_map_(March_15_2013).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28March_15_2013%29.svg/220px-Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28March_15_2013%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28March_15_2013%29.svg/330px-Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28March_15_2013%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28March_15_2013%29.svg/440px-Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28March_15_2013%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Military situation in March 2013</figcaption></figure> Kofi Annan ceasefire attempt (April–May 2012) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan">Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war#Kofi_Annan_ceasefire_attempt_(April–May_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline of the Syrian civil war § Kofi Annan ceasefire attempt (April–May 2012)</a></div> Next phase of the war starts: escalation (2012–2013) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="2012–2013 escalation of the Syrian civil war">2012–2013 escalation of the Syrian civil war</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war#Next_phase_of_the_war_starts:_escalation_(2012–2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline of the Syrian civil war § Next phase of the war starts: escalation (2012–2013)</a></div> Rise of the Islamist groups (January–September 2014) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war#Rise_of_the_Islamist_groups_(January–September_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline of the Syrian civil war § Rise of the Islamist groups (January–September 2014)</a></div> U.S. intervention (September 2014 – September 2015) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war">American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war</a>, <a href="/wiki/2015_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2015 Southern Syria offensive">2015 Southern Syria offensive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93June_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–June 2015)">Northwestern Syria offensive (April–June 2015)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2015)" title="Battle of Idlib (2015)">Battle of Idlib (2015)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(May_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (May 2015)">Palmyra offensive (May 2015)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (July–August 2015)">Palmyra offensive (July–August 2015)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2015)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2015)">Battle of al-Hasakah (2015)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war#U.S._intervention_and_rebel_offensives_(September_2014_–_September_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline of the Syrian civil war § U.S. intervention and rebel offensives (September 2014 – September 2015)</a></div> Russian intervention (September 2015 – March 2016), including first partial ceasefire <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2015)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2015)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2016)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2016)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war#Russian_intervention_and_Vienna_peace_talks_(30_September_2015_–_July_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline of the Syrian civil war § Russian intervention and Vienna peace talks (30 September 2015 – July 2016)</a></div> Aleppo recaptured; Russian/Iranian/Turkish-backed ceasefire (December 2016 – April 2017) <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_civil_war_01_08_2016.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Syrian_civil_war_01_08_2016.png/220px-Syrian_civil_war_01_08_2016.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Syrian_civil_war_01_08_2016.png/330px-Syrian_civil_war_01_08_2016.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Syrian_civil_war_01_08_2016.png/440px-Syrian_civil_war_01_08_2016.png 2x" data-file-width="2502" data-file-height="2107" /></a><figcaption>Military situation in August 2016</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2017)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2017)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war#Aleppo_recaptured;_Russian/Iranian/Turkish-backed_ceasefire_(December_2016_–_April_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline of the Syrian civil war § Aleppo recaptured; Russian/Iranian/Turkish-backed ceasefire (December 2016 – April 2017)</a></div> Syrian-American conflict; de-escalation zones (April–June 2017) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun_chemical_attack" title="Khan Shaykhun chemical attack">Khan Shaykhun chemical attack</a>, <a href="/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike" title="2017 Shayrat missile strike">2017 Shayrat missile strike</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Hama offensive (March–April 2017)">Hama offensive (March–April 2017)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war#Syrian-American_conflict;_de-escalation_zones_(April–June_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline of the Syrian civil war § Syrian-American conflict; de-escalation zones (April–June 2017)</a></div> ISIL siege of Deir ez-Zor broken; CIA program halted; Russian forces permanent (July–December 2017) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2017)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2017)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (September–November 2017)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (September–November 2017)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Deir_ez-Zor_(2014%E2%80%932017)" title="Siege of Deir ez-Zor (2014–2017)">Siege of Deir ez-Zor (2014–2017)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war#ISIL_siege_of_Deir_ez-Zor_broken;_CIA_program_halted;_Russian_forces_permanent_(July–December_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline of the Syrian civil war § ISIL siege of Deir ez-Zor broken; CIA program halted; Russian forces permanent (July–December 2017)</a></div> Army advance in Hama province and Ghouta; Turkish intervention in Afrin (January–March 2018) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_campaign_(October_2017_%E2%80%93_February_2018)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017 – February 2018)">Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017 – February 2018)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(February%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)">Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">February 2018 Israel–Syria incident</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war#Army_advance_in_Hama_province_and_Ghouta;_Operation_Olive_Branch_(January–March_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline of the Syrian civil war § Army advance in Hama province and Ghouta; Operation Olive Branch (January–March 2018)</a></div> Douma chemical attack; U.S.-led missile strikes; southern Syria offensive (April–August 2018) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Douma_chemical_attack" title="Douma chemical attack">Douma chemical attack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">Operation House of Cards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(September_2018)" title="Syria missile strikes (September 2018)">Syria missile strikes (September 2018)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war#Douma_chemical_attack;_U.S.-led_missile_strikes;_Southern_Syria_offensive_(April–August_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline of the Syrian civil war § Douma chemical attack; U.S.-led missile strikes; Southern Syria offensive (April–August 2018)</a></div> Idlib demilitarization; Trump announces U.S. withdrawal; Iraq strikes ISIL targets (September–December 2018) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)</a> and <a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war">American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war#Trump_announces_US_withdrawal;_Iraq_strikes_ISIL_targets_(September–December_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline of the Syrian civil war § Trump announces US withdrawal; Iraq strikes ISIL targets (September–December 2018)</a></div> ISIL attacks continue; U.S. states conditions of withdrawal; fifth inter-rebel conflict (January–May 2019) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2019)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2019)</a>, <a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war">American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war#ISIL_attacks_continue;_US_states_conditions_of_withdrawal;_fifth_inter-rebel_conflict_(January–May_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline of the Syrian civil war § ISIL attacks continue; US states conditions of withdrawal; fifth inter-rebel conflict (January–May 2019)</a></div> Demilitarization agreement falls apart; 2019 northwestern Syria offensive; northern Syria buffer zone established (May–October 2019) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2019)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2019)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)">Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war#Demilitarization_agreement_falls_apart;_2019_Northwestern_Syria_offensive;_(May–September_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline of the Syrian civil war § Demilitarization agreement falls apart; 2019 Northwestern Syria offensive; (May–September 2019)</a></div> U.S. forces withdraw from buffer zone; Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria (October 2019) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2019)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2019)</a> and <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war#Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria;_Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone;_Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi_(October_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline of the Syrian civil war § Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria; Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone; Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (October 2019)</a></div> Northwestern offensive; Baylun airstrikes; Operation Spring Shield; Daraa clashes; Afrin bombing (late 2019; 2020) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Shield" title="Operation Spring Shield">Operation Spring Shield</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war#Fourth_northwestern_Syria_offensive;_Operation_Spring_Shield;_continued_refugee_crisis_(December_2019_–_March_2020)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline of the Syrian civil war § Fourth northwestern Syria offensive; Operation Spring Shield; continued refugee crisis (December 2019 – March 2020)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_Civil_War_map_(November_24,_2023).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28November_24%2C_2023%29.svg/220px-Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28November_24%2C_2023%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28November_24%2C_2023%29.svg/330px-Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28November_24%2C_2023%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28November_24%2C_2023%29.svg/440px-Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28November_24%2C_2023%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Military situation in November 2023</figcaption></figure> New economic crisis and stalemate conflict (June 2020–present) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2020)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2020)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2020)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2021)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2021)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2021)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2022)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2023)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2023)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2023)</a>, <a href="/wiki/2023_Syrian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Syrian protests">2023 Syrian protests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2024)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2024)">Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2024)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war#Caesar_Act_sanctions,_economic_crisis,_frozen_conflict_(May_2020–June_2022)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline of the Syrian civil war § Caesar Act sanctions, economic crisis, frozen conflict (May 2020–June 2022)</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war#Conflicts_with_Turkey_and_ISIS,_discussions_between_Kurdish_leaders_and_Syrian_government,_June_2022―Present)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline of the Syrian civil war § Conflicts with Turkey and ISIS, discussions between Kurdish leaders and Syrian government, June 2022―Present)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Belligerents">Belligerents</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Belligerents_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Belligerents in the Syrian civil war">Belligerents in the Syrian civil war</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Participants_in_Syrian_Civil_War-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Participants_in_Syrian_Civil_War-en.svg/300px-Participants_in_Syrian_Civil_War-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Participants_in_Syrian_Civil_War-en.svg/450px-Participants_in_Syrian_Civil_War-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Participants_in_Syrian_Civil_War-en.svg/600px-Participants_in_Syrian_Civil_War-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Local, regional and international actors involved in the Syrian civil war.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syrian_factions">Syrian factions</h3></div> There are numerous factions, both foreign and domestic, involved in the Syrian civil war. These can be divided into four main groups. First, <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'athist Syria">Ba'athist Syria</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> and backed by his <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> allies. Second, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a> consisting of two alternative governments: i) the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Interim_Government" title="Syrian Interim Government">Syrian Interim Government</a>, a big-tent coalition of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syrian nationalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Islamic political</a> groups whose defense forces consist of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a>, and ii) the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Salvation_Government" title="Syrian Salvation Government">Syrian Salvation Government</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Sunni Islamist</a> coalition led by <a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham" title="Tahrir al-Sham">Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a> Third, the Kurdish-dominated <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a> and its military-wing <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> supported by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve">coalition allies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> Fourth, the <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Global Jihadist</a> camp consisting of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">al-Qaeda</a> affiliate <a href="/wiki/Hurras_al-Din" title="Hurras al-Din">Guardians of Religion Organisation</a> and its rival <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> The Syrian government, the opposition and the SDF have all received support—militarily, logistically and diplomatically—from foreign countries, leading the conflict to often be described as a <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_involvement">Foreign involvement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria_military_involvement.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Syria_military_involvement.svg/300px-Syria_military_involvement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Syria_military_involvement.svg/450px-Syria_military_involvement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Syria_military_involvement.svg/600px-Syria_military_involvement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Map of states with military/paramilitary forces deployed in Syria.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Syria</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Supporting the Syrian government with troops</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Supporting the Syrian government with militia</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Supporting Syrian rebels or a non-government faction with troops</div></figcaption></figure> The major parties supporting the Syrian government are <a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Iran</a>,<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-91">[87]</a> and Lebanese <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah</a>. Syrian rebel groups received political, logistic and military support from the <a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Syria–United States relations">United States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkey</a>,<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi Arabia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Qatari_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Qatari involvement in the Syrian civil war">Qatar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> Britain, France,<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Israel%27s_role_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel's role in the Syrian civil war">Israel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> Under the aegis of operation <a href="/wiki/Timber_Sycamore" title="Timber Sycamore">Timber Sycamore</a> and other clandestine activities, <a href="/wiki/Special_Activities_Center" title="Special Activities Center">CIA operatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_special_operations_forces" title="United States special operations forces">U.S. special operations troops</a> have trained and armed nearly 10,000 rebel fighters at a cost of $1 billion a year since 2012.<a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> had also been involved in supporting the Syrian government, but mostly against <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIL</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>, the Lebanese Shia militant group, was significantly involved in the Syrian Civil War. Starting from the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Syrian_revolution" title="Syrian revolution">Syrian revolution</a>, Hezbollah provided active support to the Ba'athist government forces.<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> By 2012, the group escalated its involvement, deploying troops across Syria.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> In 2013, Hezbollah publicly acknowledged its presence in Syria, intensifying its ground commitment. This involvement included an estimated 5,000 to 8,000 fighters at any given time, comprising <a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special Forces</a>, standing forces from all units, part-time fighters and new recruits with accelerated combat training. Hezbollah's presence, supported by Iranian weaponry and training, further complicated the conflict dynamics, drawing Israeli airstrikes against Hezbollah and Iranian targets in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spillover">Spillover</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover of the Syrian civil war</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a></div> In June 2014, members of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIL) crossed the border from Syria into northern Iraq, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)">took control</a> of large swaths of Iraqi territory as the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Army">Iraqi Army</a> abandoned its positions. Fighting between rebels and government forces also spilled over into Lebanon on several occasions. There were repeated incidents of sectarian violence in the <a href="/wiki/North_Governorate" title="North Governorate">North Governorate</a> of Lebanon between supporters and opponents of the Syrian government, as well as armed clashes between Sunnis and Alawites in <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a> Starting on 5 June 2014, <a href="/wiki/ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL">ISIL</a> seized swathes of territory in Iraq. As of 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Air Force">Syrian Arab Air Force</a> used airstrikes targeted against ISIL in <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">al-Hasakah</a> in coordination with the Iraqi government.<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weaponry_and_warfare">Weaponry and warfare</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_Syrian_Army" title="List of equipment of the Syrian Army">List of equipment of the Syrian Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_military_equipment_used_by_Syrian_opposition_forces" title="List of military equipment used by Syrian opposition forces">List of military equipment used by Syrian opposition forces</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Improvised_artillery_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Improvised artillery in the Syrian civil war">Improvised artillery in the Syrian civil war</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Mine_Action_Center_in_Syria_(Aleppo)_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/International_Mine_Action_Center_in_Syria_%28Aleppo%29_12.jpg/220px-International_Mine_Action_Center_in_Syria_%28Aleppo%29_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/International_Mine_Action_Center_in_Syria_%28Aleppo%29_12.jpg/330px-International_Mine_Action_Center_in_Syria_%28Aleppo%29_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/International_Mine_Action_Center_in_Syria_%28Aleppo%29_12.jpg/440px-International_Mine_Action_Center_in_Syria_%28Aleppo%29_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Improvised_artillery_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Improvised artillery in the Syrian civil war">Improvised artillery</a> found after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">battle of Aleppo</a> in 2016</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_Army_tanks_1_(Operation_Damascus_Steel,_March_2018).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Syrian_Army_tanks_1_%28Operation_Damascus_Steel%2C_March_2018%29.png/220px-Syrian_Army_tanks_1_%28Operation_Damascus_Steel%2C_March_2018%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Syrian_Army_tanks_1_%28Operation_Damascus_Steel%2C_March_2018%29.png/330px-Syrian_Army_tanks_1_%28Operation_Damascus_Steel%2C_March_2018%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Syrian_Army_tanks_1_%28Operation_Damascus_Steel%2C_March_2018%29.png/440px-Syrian_Army_tanks_1_%28Operation_Damascus_Steel%2C_March_2018%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="841" /></a><figcaption>Syrian Army <a href="/wiki/T-72" title="T-72">T-72</a> tank during the <a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(February%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)">2018 Rif Dimashq offensive</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_weapons">Chemical weapons</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Use_of_chemical_weapons_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war">Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Syria%27s_chemical_weapons" title="Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons">Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Syria_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Syria and weapons of mass destruction">Syria and weapons of mass destruction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria_chemical_weapons_program" title="Syria chemical weapons program">Syria chemical weapons program</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Sarin" title="Sarin">Sarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustard_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustard agent">mustard agent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlorine#Use_as_a_weapon" title="Chlorine">chlorine gas</a> have been used during the conflict. Numerous casualties led to an international reaction, especially the 2013 <a href="/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack" title="Ghouta chemical attack">Ghouta chemical attack</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_to_Investigate_Alleged_Uses_of_Chemical_Weapons_in_the_Syrian_Arab_Republic" title="United Nations Mission to Investigate Alleged Uses of Chemical Weapons in the Syrian Arab Republic">A UN fact-finding mission</a> was requested to investigate reported chemical weapons attacks. In four cases UN inspectors confirmed the use of <a href="/wiki/Sarin" title="Sarin">sarin</a> gas.<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a> In August 2016, a confidential report by the United Nations and the <a href="/wiki/OPCW" class="mw-redirect" title="OPCW">OPCW</a> explicitly blamed the Syrian military of <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> for dropping chemical weapons (chlorine bombs) on the towns of Talmenes in April 2014 and Sarmin in March 2015 and <a href="/wiki/ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS">ISIS</a> for using sulfur mustard on the town of Marea in August 2015.<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> The United States and the European Union have said the Syrian government has conducted several chemical attacks. Following the 2013 Ghouta attacks and international pressure, the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Syria%27s_chemical_weapons" title="Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons">destruction of Syria's chemical weapons</a> began. In 2015 the UN mission disclosed previously undeclared traces of sarin compounds in a "military research site".<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> After the April 2017 <a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun_chemical_attack" title="Khan Shaykhun chemical attack">Khan Shaykhun chemical attack</a>, the United States launched its first intentional attack against Syrian government forces. Investigation conducted by Tobias Schneider and Theresa Lutkefend of the <a href="/wiki/Global_Public_Policy_Institute" title="Global Public Policy Institute">GPPi</a> research institute documented 336 confirmed attacks involving chemical weapons in Syria between 23 December 2012 and 18 January 2019. The study attributed 98% of the total chemical attacks to the Assad regime. Almost 90% of the attacks occurred after <a href="/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack" title="Ghouta chemical attack">Ghouta chemical attack</a> in August 2013.<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a> In April 2020, the UN Security Council briefing was held on the findings of a global chemical weapons watchdog, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a> (OPCW), which found that the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Force" title="Syrian Air Force">Syrian Air Force</a> used <a href="/wiki/Sarin" title="Sarin">sarin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> for multiple attacks, in 2017. The close allies of Syria, Russia and European countries debated on the issue, where the OPCW findings were dismissed by Moscow while many Western European countries called for accountability for the government's <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war-crimes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> The UN Deputy ambassador from Britain, Jonathan Allen stated that report by OPCW's Investigation Identification Team (IIT) claimed that the Syrian regime is responsible for using <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapon" title="Chemical weapon">chemical weapons</a> in the war on at least four occasions. The information was also noted in two UN-mandated investigations.<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> In April 2021, Syria was suspended from OPCW through the public vote of member states, for not co-operating with the IIT and violating the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Weapons_Convention" title="Chemical Weapons Convention">Chemical Weapons Convention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> Findings of another OPCW investigation report published in July 2021 concluded that the Syrian regime had engaged in confirmed chemical attacks at least 17 times, out of the 77 reported incidents of chemical weapons usage attributed to <a href="/wiki/Assadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Assadism">Assadist</a> forces.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cluster_bombs">Cluster bombs</h3></div> Syria is not a party to the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Cluster_Munitions" title="Convention on Cluster Munitions">Convention on Cluster Munitions</a> and does not recognize the ban on the use of <a href="/wiki/Cluster_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster bomb">cluster bombs</a>. The Syrian Army is reported to have begun using cluster bombs in September 2012. Steve Goose, director of the Arms Division at <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> said "Syria is expanding its relentless use of cluster munitions, a banned weapon, and civilians are paying the price with their lives and limbs", "The initial toll is only the beginning because cluster munitions often leave unexploded bomblets that kill and maim long afterward".<a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermobaric_weapons">Thermobaric weapons</h3></div> Russian <a href="/wiki/Thermobaric_weapon" title="Thermobaric weapon">thermobaric weapons</a>, also known as "fuel-air bombs", were used by the government side during the war. On 2 December 2015, <a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a> reported that Russia was deploying the <a href="/wiki/TOS-1" title="TOS-1">TOS-1</a> Buratino multiple rocket launch system to Syria, which is "designed to launch massive thermobaric charges against infantry in confined spaces such as urban areas".<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> One <a href="/wiki/TOS-1" title="TOS-1">Buratino thermobaric rocket launcher</a> "can obliterate a roughly 200 by 400 metres (660 by 1,310 feet) area with a single salvo".<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a> Since 2012, rebels have said that the Syrian Air Force (government forces) is using thermobaric weapons against residential areas occupied by the rebel fighters, such as during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Battle of Aleppo</a> and also in <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Batna" title="Kafr Batna">Kafr Batna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a> A panel of United Nations human rights investigators reported that the Syrian government used thermobaric bombs against the strategic town of Qusayr in March 2013.<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> In August 2013, the BBC reported on the use of napalm-like incendiary bombs on a school in northern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-tank_missiles">Anti-tank missiles</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Army_of_Glory_fighter_launch_a_BGM-71_TOW_missile.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Army_of_Glory_fighter_launch_a_BGM-71_TOW_missile.png/220px-Army_of_Glory_fighter_launch_a_BGM-71_TOW_missile.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Army_of_Glory_fighter_launch_a_BGM-71_TOW_missile.png/330px-Army_of_Glory_fighter_launch_a_BGM-71_TOW_missile.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Army_of_Glory_fighter_launch_a_BGM-71_TOW_missile.png/440px-Army_of_Glory_fighter_launch_a_BGM-71_TOW_missile.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Izza" title="Jaysh al-Izza">Army of Glory</a> fighter launches a <a href="/wiki/BGM-71_TOW" title="BGM-71 TOW">BGM-71 TOW</a> anti-tank missile at a Syrian government position during the <a href="/wiki/2017_Hama_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Hama offensive">2017 Hama offensive</a>.</figcaption></figure> Several types of <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-tank missile">anti-tank missiles</a> are in use in Syria. Russia has sent <a href="/wiki/9M133_Kornet" title="9M133 Kornet">9M133 Kornet</a>, third-generation anti-tank guided missiles to the Syrian government whose forces have used them extensively against armour and other ground targets to fight jihadists and rebels.<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> U.S.-made <a href="/wiki/BGM-71_TOW" title="BGM-71 TOW">BGM-71 TOW</a> missiles are one of the primary weapons of rebel groups and have been primarily provided by the United States and Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> The U.S. has also supplied many Eastern European sourced <a href="/wiki/9K111_Fagot" title="9K111 Fagot">9K111 Fagot</a> launchers and warheads to Syrian rebel groups under its <a href="/wiki/Timber_Sycamore" title="Timber Sycamore">Timber Sycamore</a> program.<a href="#cite_note-janes-20160408-130">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ballistic_missiles">Ballistic missiles</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Laylat_al-Qadr" title="Operation Laylat al-Qadr">Operation Laylat al-Qadr</a></div> In June 2017, Iran attacked ISIL targets in the <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor">Deir ez-Zor</a> area in eastern Syria with <a href="/wiki/Zolfaghar_(missile)" title="Zolfaghar (missile)">Zolfaghar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missiles</a> fired from western Iran,<a href="#cite_note-janes.com-131">[127]</a> in the first use of mid-range missiles by Iran in 30 years.<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Jane%27s_Defence_Weekly" title="Jane's Defence Weekly">Jane's Defence Weekly</a>, the missiles travelled 650–700 kilometres.<a href="#cite_note-janes.com-131">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_crimes">War crimes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Inherent_Resolve#Talon_Anvil" title="Operation Inherent Resolve">Operation Inherent Resolve § Talon Anvil</a></div> In 2022, a German court sentenced <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Raslan" title="Anwar Raslan">Anwar Raslan</a>, 58, a high-ranking official of President <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>'s regime to life imprisonment after he sought asylum in Germany and was arrested in 2019. He was charged with being complicit to the murder of at least 27 people coupled with the sexual assault and torture of at least another 4,000 people between 29 April 2011, and 7 September 2012. Raslan was a mid-level officer in Branch 251 and oversaw the torture of detainees. His trial was one of an unprecedented nature because Germany took on a trial of crimes committed in the Syrian war and the human rights lawyers took this on under the principle of "universal jurisdiction". Universal Jurisdiction is a concept in German law that allows for serious crimes to be tried in Germany even if they did not happen in the country. His co-defendant Eyad al-Gharib, 44, a low-level officer in <a href="/wiki/Branch_251" class="mw-redirect" title="Branch 251">Branch 251</a> was also sentenced to 4 years and 6 months in prison on 24 February 2021. Eyad's duties included the transport of detainees to location where they would be tortured for days on end. It was his knowledge of the fact that torture was happening there that landed him the sentence.<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war">Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federalization_of_Syria" title="Federalization of Syria">Federalization of Syria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria_Ethno-religious_composition..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Syria_Ethno-religious_composition..jpg/220px-Syria_Ethno-religious_composition..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Syria_Ethno-religious_composition..jpg/330px-Syria_Ethno-religious_composition..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Syria_Ethno-religious_composition..jpg/440px-Syria_Ethno-religious_composition..jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption>Map of Syria's ethno-religious composition in 1976</figcaption></figure> The successive governments of Hafez and Bashar al-Assad have been closely associated with the country's minority <a href="/wiki/Alawite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawite">Alawite</a> religious group<a href="#cite_note-Behari-135">[131]</a> an offshoot of Shia, whereas the majority of the population, and most of the opposition, is <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>. This resulted in calls for persecution of the Alawites by parts of the opposition.<a href="#cite_note-Behari-135">[131]</a> A third of 250,000 Alawite men of military age have been killed fighting in the Syrian civil war.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> In May 2013, <a href="/wiki/SOHR" class="mw-redirect" title="SOHR">SOHR</a> stated that out of 94,000 killed during the war, at least 41,000 were Alawites.<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a> news website, many <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Syria" title="Christianity in Syria">Syrian Christians</a> stated in November 2013 that they had fled after they were targeted by the anti-government rebels.<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> As militias and non-Syrian Shia—motivated by pro-Shia sentiment rather than loyalty to the Assad government—have taken over fighting the anti-government forces from the weakened Syrian Army, fighting has taken on a more sectarian nature. One opposition leader has said that the Shia militias often "try to occupy and control the religious symbols in the Sunni community to achieve not just a territorial victory but a sectarian one as well"<a href="#cite_note-nelson-defector-139">[135]</a>—reportedly occupying mosques and replacing Sunni icons with pictures of Shia leaders.<a href="#cite_note-nelson-defector-139">[135]</a> According to the Syrian Network for Human Rights, human rights abuses have been committed by the militias including "a series of sectarian massacres between March 2011 and January 2014 that left 962 civilians dead".<a href="#cite_note-nelson-defector-139">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kurdish_autonomy_in_northeastern_Syria">Kurdish autonomy in northeastern Syria</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a> (AANES), also known as Rojava,<a href="#cite_note-143">[e]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> in northeastern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201911,_95-144">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabad2017219,_228-145">[140]</a> The region does not claim to pursue full independence but autonomy within a federal and democratic Syria.<a href="#cite_note-MiddleEastEye-146">[141]</a> Rojava consists of self-governing <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of North and East Syria">sub-regions</a> in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Afrin_Region" title="Afrin Region">Afrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazira_Region" title="Jazira Region">Jazira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_Region" title="Euphrates Region">Euphrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Thawrah" title="Al-Thawrah">Tabqa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate">Deir Ez-Zor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Second_conference_of_Shahba_region-147">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201997–98-148">[143]</a> The region gained its de facto autonomy in 2012 in the context of the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a>, in which its official military force, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> (SDF), has taken part.<a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a> While entertaining <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Rojava" title="Foreign relations of Rojava">some foreign relations</a>, the region is not officially recognized as autonomous by the government of Syria or any state except for the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Catalonia" title="Parliament of Catalonia">Catalan Parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[147]</a> The AANES has widespread support for its universal <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological">sustainable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autonomous" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous">autonomous</a> <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">pluralist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">equal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">feminist</a> policies in dialogues with other <a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">parties</a> and organizations.<a href="#cite_note-tandfonline.com-153">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a> Northeastern Syria is <a href="/wiki/Polyethnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyethnic">polyethnic</a> and home to sizeable ethnic <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> populations, with smaller communities of ethnic <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Turkmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Syria" title="Armenians in Syria">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019xviii,_112-157">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabad2017219,_228–229-158">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[154]</a> The supporters of the region's administration state that it is an officially <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular</a> <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019xviii,_66,_200-160">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-marriage-161">[156]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democratic</a> ambitions based on an <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_confederalism" title="Democratic confederalism">libertarian socialist ideology</a> promoting <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabad2017219-162">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019156–163-163">[158]</a> environmental <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>, social <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a> and pluralistic tolerance for religious, cultural and political <a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">diversity</a>, and that these values are mirrored in its <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of North and East Syria">constitution</a>, society and politics, stating it to be a model for a <a href="/wiki/Federalization_of_Syria" title="Federalization of Syria">federalized Syria</a> as a whole, rather than outright independence.<a href="#cite_note-MiddleEastEye-146">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-utopia-165">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jongerden-167">[162]</a> The region's administration has also been accused by some <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(politics)" title="Partisan (politics)">partisan</a> and non-partisan sources of <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>, support of the Syrian government,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201994,_130–131,_184-168">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurdification" title="Kurdification">Kurdification</a>, and displacement.<a href="#cite_note-:4-169">[164]</a> However, despite this the AANES has been the most <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">democratic</a> system in Syria, with direct open elections, <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">universal equality</a>, respecting <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> within the region, as well as defense of <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minority</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious rights">religious rights</a> within Syria.<a href="#cite_note-tandfonline.com-153">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[170]</a> In March 2015, the Syrian Information Minister announced that his government considered recognizing Kurdish autonomy "within the law and constitution".<a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a> While the region's administration was not invited to the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_peace_talks_on_Syria_(2016)" title="Geneva peace talks on Syria (2016)">Geneva III peace talks on Syria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a> or any of the earlier talks, Russia in particular called for the region's inclusion and did to some degree carry the region's positions into the talks, as documented in Russia's May 2016 draft for a new constitution for Syria.<a href="#cite_note-Now.MMedia/Al-Akhbar-178">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-Al-Monitor-179">[174]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_Democratic_Forces_announce_Deir_ez-Zor_offensive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_announce_Deir_ez-Zor_offensive.jpg/220px-Syrian_Democratic_Forces_announce_Deir_ez-Zor_offensive.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_announce_Deir_ez-Zor_offensive.jpg/330px-Syrian_Democratic_Forces_announce_Deir_ez-Zor_offensive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_announce_Deir_ez-Zor_offensive.jpg/440px-Syrian_Democratic_Forces_announce_Deir_ez-Zor_offensive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The Kurdish-led <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> announcing the <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%932019)" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)">Deir ez-Zor campaign</a> in 2017</figcaption></figure> An analysis released in June 2017 described the region's "relationship with the government fraught but functional" and a "semi-cooperative dynamic".<a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a> In late September 2017, Syria's Foreign Minister said that Damascus would consider granting Kurds more autonomy in the region once ISIL was defeated.<a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a> On 13 October 2019, the SDF announced that it had reached an agreement with the Syrian Army which allowed the latter to enter the SDF-held cities of Manbij and Kobani in order to dissuade a Turkish attack on those cities as part of the cross-border offensive by Turkish and Turkish-backed Syrian rebels.<a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a> The Syrian Army also deployed in the north of Syria together with the SDF along the Syrian-Turkish border and entered into several SDF-held cities such as Ayn Issa and Tell Tamer.<a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[179]</a> Following the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a> the SDF stated that it was ready to work cooperatively with the Syrian Army if a political settlement between the Syrian government and the SDF was achieved.<a href="#cite_note-185">[180]</a> According to information gathered in December 2021, Iraqi authorities have repatriated 100 Iraqi fighters from the ISIL (ISIS) group who were being held by Kurdish forces in northeast Syria.<a href="#cite_note-186">[181]</a> As of 2022, the main military threat and conflict faced by Rojava's official defense force, the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), are firstly, an ongoing conflict with ISIS; and secondly, ongoing concerns of possible invasion of the northeast regions of Syria by Turkish forces, in order to strike Kurdish groups in general, and Rojava in particular.<a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a> An official report by the Rojava government noted Turkey-backed militias as the main threat to the region of Rojava and its government.<a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a> In May 2022 Turkish and opposition Syrian officials said that Turkey's Armed Forces and the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a> are planning a new operation against the SDF, composed mostly of the YPG/YPJ.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-191">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-192">[187]</a> The new operation is set to resume efforts to create 30-kilometre-wide (19 mi) "safe zones" along Turkey's border with Syria, President Erdoğan said in a statement.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-193">[188]</a> The operation aims at the <a href="/wiki/Tal_Rifaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tal Rifaat">Tal Rifaat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a> regions west of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> and other areas further east. Meanwhile, Ankara is in talks with Moscow over the operation. President Erdoğan reiterated his determination for the operation on 8 August 2022.<a href="#cite_note-auto5-194">[189]</a> On 5 June 2022, the leader of the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), Mazloum Abdi, said that forces of the Kurdish government in the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a> (AANES) were willing to work with Syrian government forces to defend against Turkey, saying "Damascus should use its air defense systems against Turkish planes." Abdi said that Kurdish groups would be able to cooperate with the Syrian government, and still retain their autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-195">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[194]</a> The joint discussions were a result of the negotiation processes that had begun in October 2019.<a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a> In early 2023, reports indicated that the forces of Islamic State in Syria had mostly been defeated, with only a few cells remaining in various remote locations.<a href="#cite_note-201">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[198]</a> As of 2023, Turkey was continuing its support for various militias within Syria, consisting mostly of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a>, which periodically attempted some operations against Kurdish groups.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-191">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-192">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[199]</a> One stated goal was to create "safe zones" along Turkey's border with Syria, according to a statement by Turkish President Erdoğan.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-193">[188]</a> The operations were generally aimed at the <a href="/wiki/Tal_Rifaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tal Rifaat">Tal Rifaat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a> regions west of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> and other areas further east. President Erdoğan openly stated his support for the operations, in talks with Moscow in mid-2022.<a href="#cite_note-auto5-194">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Humanitarian_impact">Humanitarian impact</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Human toll of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syrian civil war</a></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Syria" title="Demographics of Syria">Pre-war population</a> 22 ±.5; Internally displaced 6 ±.5, Refugees 5.5 ±.5, Fatalities 0.5 ±.1 (millions)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ccc;"><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Syrian refugees</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-size:80%;">By country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_in_Egypt" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war in Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_in_Lebanon" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_in_Jordan" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war in Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_in_Turkey" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war in Turkey">Turkey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-size:80%;">Settlements</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_refugee_camps" title="Syrian refugee camps">Camps</a>: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Syrian_refugee_camps_in_Jordan" title="List of Syrian refugee camps in Jordan">Jordan</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ccc;"><a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_persons_in_Syria" title="Internally displaced persons in Syria">Internally displaced Syrians</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ccc;"><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties of the war</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-size:80%;">Crimes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="War crimes in the Syrian civil war">War crimes</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of massacres during the Syrian civil war">massacres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Rape during the Syrian civil war">rape</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background-color:LightSteelBlue;"><a href="/wiki/Return_of_refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Return of refugees of the Syrian civil war">Return of refugees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refugees_as_weapons#Syrian_Civil_War" title="Refugees as weapons">Refugees as weapons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prosecution_of_Syrian_civil_war_criminals" title="Prosecution of Syrian civil war criminals">Prosecution of war criminals</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_toll_of_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Human toll of Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_toll_of_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Human toll of Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_toll_of_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human toll of Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refugees">Refugees</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_refugees_in_lebanon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Syrian_refugees_in_lebanon.jpg/220px-Syrian_refugees_in_lebanon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Syrian_refugees_in_lebanon.jpg/330px-Syrian_refugees_in_lebanon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Syrian_refugees_in_lebanon.jpg/440px-Syrian_refugees_in_lebanon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>Syrian refugees in Lebanon living in cramped quarters (6 August 2012)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Refugees of the Syrian civil war</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syrian_civil_war&action=edit">[update]</a>, 3.8 million have been made refugees.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera-3-17-2015-205">[200]</a> As of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syrian_civil_war&action=edit">[update]</a>, one in three of Syrian refugees (about 667,000 people) sought safety in Lebanon (normally 4.8 million population).<a href="#cite_note-NYT5Sep-206">[201]</a> Others have fled to Jordan, Turkey and Iraq. Turkey has accepted 1.7 million (2015) Syrian refugees, half of whom are spread around cities and a dozen camps placed under the direct authority of the Turkish Government. Satellite images confirmed that the first Syrian camps appeared in Turkey in July 2011, shortly after the towns of Deraa, Homs and Hama were besieged.<a href="#cite_note-207">[202]</a> In September 2014, the UN stated that the number of Syrian refugees had exceeded three million.<a href="#cite_note-208">[203]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Center_for_Public_Affairs" title="Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs">Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs</a>, Sunnis are leaving for Lebanon and undermining Hezbollah's status. The Syrian refugee crisis has caused the "Jordan is Palestine" threat to be diminished due to the onslaught of new refugees in Jordan. Greek Catholic Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Gregory_III_Laham" title="Gregory III Laham">Gregorios III Laham</a> says more than 450,000 <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Syria" title="Christianity in Syria">Syrian Christians</a> have been displaced by the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-209">[204]</a> As of September 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syrian_civil_war&action=edit">[update]</a>, the European Union has reported that there are 13.5 million refugees in need of assistance in the country.<a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a> Australia is being appealed to rescue more than 60 women and children stuck in Syria's Al-Hawl camp ahead of a potential Turkish invasion.<a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a> A major statement from NGO <a href="/wiki/ACT_Alliance" title="ACT Alliance">ACT Alliance</a> found that millions of Syrian refugees remain displaced in countries around Syria. This includes around 1.5 million refugees in Lebanon. Also the report found that refugees in camps in north-eastern Syria have tripled this year.<a href="#cite_note-212">[207]</a> Numerous refugees remain in local refugee camps. Conditions there are reported to be severe, especially with winter approaching.<a href="#cite_note-washokani-213">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a> 4,000 people are housed at the Washokani Camp. No organizations are assisting them other than the Kurdish Red Cross. Numerous camp residents have called for assistance from international groups.<a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[211]</a> Refugees in Northeast Syria report they have received no help from international aid organizations.<a href="#cite_note-217">[212]</a> On 30 December 2019, over 50 Syrian refugees, including 27 children, were welcomed in Ireland, where they started afresh in their new temporary homes at the Mosney Accommodation Centre in Co Meath. The migrant refugees were pre-interviewed by Irish officials under the Irish Refugee Protection Programme (IRPP).<a href="#cite_note-218">[213]</a> As of 2022 there are over 5.6 million refugees. Over 3.7 million of those (about 65%) are in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a> These figures have seen a lot of blame lain on refugees across the political spectrum in the country. They are being blamed for the worsening economic crisis. Measures have been put in place to "drive them out" including raised fees on utilities such water and services such as marriage licences. There has been an increase on attacks targeting Syrian refugees in the country.<a href="#cite_note-220">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Return_of_refugees">Return of refugees</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Return_of_refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Return of refugees of the Syrian civil war">Return of refugees of the Syrian civil war</a></div> Another aspect of the post-war years will be how to repatriate the millions of refugees. The Syrian government has put forward a law commonly known as "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law 10 (page does not exist)">law 10</a>", which could strip refugees of property, such as damaged real estate. There are also fears among some refugees that if they return to claim this property they will face negative consequences, such as forced conscription or prison. The Syrian government has been criticized for using this law to reward those who have supported the government. However, the government said this statement was false and has expressed that it wants the return of refugees from Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[217]</a> In December 2018, it was also reported that the Syrian government has started to seize property under an anti-terrorism law, which is affecting government opponents negatively, with many losing their property. Some people's pensions have also been cancelled.<a href="#cite_note-223">[218]</a> Erdogan said that Turkey expects to resettle about 1 million refugees in the "buffer zone" that it controls.<a href="#cite_note-224">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[222]</a> Erdogan claimed that Turkey had spent billions on approximately five million refugees now being housed in Turkey; and called for more funding from wealthier nations and from the EU.<a href="#cite_note-228">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[228]</a> This plan raised concerns amongst Kurds about displacement of existing communities and groups in that area. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internally_displaced_refugees">Internally displaced refugees</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_persons_in_Syria" title="Internally displaced persons in Syria">Internally displaced persons in Syria</a></div> The violence in Syria caused millions to flee their homes. As of March 2015, Al-Jazeera estimate 10.9 million Syrians, or almost half the population, have been displaced.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera-3-17-2015-205">[200]</a> Violence erupted due to the ongoing crisis in northwest Syria has forced 6,500 children to flee every day over the last week of January 2020. The recorded count of displaced children in the area has reached more than 300,000 since December 2019.<a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a> As of 2022, there are 6.2 million internally displaced persons in Syria according to <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a>. 2.5 million of those are children. 2017 alone saw the displacement of at least 1.8 million people, many of them being displaced for the second and third time.<a href="#cite_note-235">[230]</a> Hundreds of boys are being held hostage by ISIS. As of 25 January 2022, The New York Times stated that the fight over a prison in northeastern Syria has brought attention to the plight of thousands of foreign children who were brought to Syria by their parents to join the Islamic State caliphate and have been detained for three years in camps and prisons in the region, abandoned by their home countries.<a href="#cite_note-:1-236">[231]</a> An estimated 40,000 foreigners, including children, travelled to Syria to fight for the caliphate or work for it. Thousands of them had brought their small children with them. There were also other children born there. When ISIS lost control of the last piece of territory in Syria, Baghuz, three years ago, surviving women and young children were detained in camps, while suspected militants and boys, some as young as 10, were imprisoned.<a href="#cite_note-:1-236">[231]</a> Furthermore, when the boys in the camps reach the age of adolescence, they are usually transferred to Hasaka's Sinaa prison, where they are packed into overcrowded cells with no access to sunlight. According to prison guards in the area, there is insufficient food and medical attention.<a href="#cite_note-:1-236">[231]</a> When the boys reach the age of 18, they are sent to the regular prison population, where wounded ISIS members are placed three to a bed.<a href="#cite_note-:1-236">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties of the Syrian civil war</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Total_deaths_during_the_syrian_civil_war_(October_2013).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Total_deaths_during_the_syrian_civil_war_%28October_2013%29.png/220px-Total_deaths_during_the_syrian_civil_war_%28October_2013%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Total_deaths_during_the_syrian_civil_war_%28October_2013%29.png/330px-Total_deaths_during_the_syrian_civil_war_%28October_2013%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Total_deaths_during_the_syrian_civil_war_%28October_2013%29.png/440px-Total_deaths_during_the_syrian_civil_war_%28October_2013%29.png 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>Total deaths over the course of the conflict in Syria (18 March 2011 – 18 October 2013) based on data from the Syrian National Council<a href="#cite_note-237">[232]</a></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Casualty_recording" title="Casualty recording">Casualty recording</a></div> On 2 January 2013, the United Nations stated that 60,000 had been killed since the civil war began, with UN <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner for Human Rights">High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> <a href="/wiki/Navi_Pillay" title="Navi Pillay">Navi Pillay</a> saying "The number of casualties is much higher than we expected, and is truly shocking".<a href="#cite_note-deathtolljump-238">[233]</a> Four months later, the UN's updated figure for the death toll had reached 80,000.<a href="#cite_note-UN80000Dead-239">[234]</a> On 13 June 2013, the UN released an updated figure of people killed since fighting began, the figure being exactly 92,901, for up to the end of April 2013. <a href="/wiki/Navi_Pillay" title="Navi Pillay">Navi Pillay</a>, UN high commissioner for human rights, stated that: "This is most likely a minimum casualty figure". The real toll was guessed to be over 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-UN-240">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN1-241">[236]</a> Some areas of the country have been affected disproportionately by the war; by some estimates, as many as a third of all deaths have occurred in the city of <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[237]</a> One problem has been determining the number of "armed combatants" who have died, due to some sources counting rebel fighters who were not government defectors as civilians.<a href="#cite_note-243">[238]</a> At least half of those confirmed killed have been estimated to be combatants from both sides, including 52,290 government fighters and 29,080 rebels, with an additional 50,000 unconfirmed combatant deaths.<a href="#cite_note-SOHR2-244">[239]</a> In addition, <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> reported that over 500 children had been killed by early February 2012,<a href="#cite_note-245">[240]</a> and another 400 children have been reportedly arrested and tortured in Syrian prisons;<a href="#cite_note-npr-246">[241]</a> both of these reports have been contested by the Syrian government. Additionally, over 600 detainees and political prisoners are known to have died under torture.<a href="#cite_note-247">[242]</a> In mid-October 2012, the opposition activist group <a href="/wiki/SOHR" class="mw-redirect" title="SOHR">SOHR</a> reported the number of children killed in the conflict had risen to 2,300,<a href="#cite_note-248">[243]</a> and in March 2013, opposition sources stated that over 5,000 children had been killed.<a href="#cite_note-Violations_Documenting_Center-249">[244]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] In January 2014, <a href="/wiki/2014_Syrian_detainee_report" title="2014 Syrian detainee report">a report</a> was released detailing the systematic killing of more than 11,000 detainees of the Syrian government.<a href="#cite_note-250">[245]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wounded_civilians_arrive_at_hospital_Aleppo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Wounded_civilians_arrive_at_hospital_Aleppo.jpg/220px-Wounded_civilians_arrive_at_hospital_Aleppo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Wounded_civilians_arrive_at_hospital_Aleppo.jpg/330px-Wounded_civilians_arrive_at_hospital_Aleppo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Wounded_civilians_arrive_at_hospital_Aleppo.jpg/440px-Wounded_civilians_arrive_at_hospital_Aleppo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1277" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption>Wounded civilians arrive at a hospital in Aleppo, October 2012</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_harek%C3%A2t%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Kam%C4%B1%C5%9Fl%C4%B1%27da_yaraland%C4%B1ktan_sonra_bir_aya%C4%9F%C4%B1_kesilen_di%C4%9Fer_aya%C4%9F%C4%B1_da_k%C4%B1r%C4%B1lan_8_ya%C5%9F%C4%B1ndaki_Sarah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_harek%C3%A2t%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Kam%C4%B1%C5%9Fl%C4%B1%27da_yaraland%C4%B1ktan_sonra_bir_aya%C4%9F%C4%B1_kesilen_di%C4%9Fer_aya%C4%9F%C4%B1_da_k%C4%B1r%C4%B1lan_8_ya%C5%9F%C4%B1ndaki_Sarah.jpg/220px-Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_harek%C3%A2t%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Kam%C4%B1%C5%9Fl%C4%B1%27da_yaraland%C4%B1ktan_sonra_bir_aya%C4%9F%C4%B1_kesilen_di%C4%9Fer_aya%C4%9F%C4%B1_da_k%C4%B1r%C4%B1lan_8_ya%C5%9F%C4%B1ndaki_Sarah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_harek%C3%A2t%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Kam%C4%B1%C5%9Fl%C4%B1%27da_yaraland%C4%B1ktan_sonra_bir_aya%C4%9F%C4%B1_kesilen_di%C4%9Fer_aya%C4%9F%C4%B1_da_k%C4%B1r%C4%B1lan_8_ya%C5%9F%C4%B1ndaki_Sarah.jpg/330px-Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_harek%C3%A2t%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Kam%C4%B1%C5%9Fl%C4%B1%27da_yaraland%C4%B1ktan_sonra_bir_aya%C4%9F%C4%B1_kesilen_di%C4%9Fer_aya%C4%9F%C4%B1_da_k%C4%B1r%C4%B1lan_8_ya%C5%9F%C4%B1ndaki_Sarah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_harek%C3%A2t%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Kam%C4%B1%C5%9Fl%C4%B1%27da_yaraland%C4%B1ktan_sonra_bir_aya%C4%9F%C4%B1_kesilen_di%C4%9Fer_aya%C4%9F%C4%B1_da_k%C4%B1r%C4%B1lan_8_ya%C5%9F%C4%B1ndaki_Sarah.jpg/440px-Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_P%C4%B1nar%C4%B1_harek%C3%A2t%C4%B1_sonras%C4%B1_Kam%C4%B1%C5%9Fl%C4%B1%27da_yaraland%C4%B1ktan_sonra_bir_aya%C4%9F%C4%B1_kesilen_di%C4%9Fer_aya%C4%9F%C4%B1_da_k%C4%B1r%C4%B1lan_8_ya%C5%9F%C4%B1ndaki_Sarah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5479" data-file-height="3545" /></a><figcaption>A girl from the Syrian city of <a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a> who lost her leg during the <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria</a> in October 2019</figcaption></figure> On 20 August 2014, a new U.N. study concluded that at least 191,369 people have died in the Syrian conflict.<a href="#cite_note-251">[246]</a> The UN thereafter stopped collecting statistics, but a study by the Syrian Centre for Policy Research released in February 2016 estimated the death toll to be 470,000, with 1.9m wounded (reaching a total of 11.5% of the entire population either wounded or killed).<a href="#cite_note-252">[247]</a> A report by the pro-opposition <a href="/wiki/SNHR" class="mw-redirect" title="SNHR">SNHR</a> in 2018 mentioned 82,000 victims that had been forcibly disappeared by the Syrian government, added to 14,000 confirmed deaths due to torture.<a href="#cite_note-253">[248]</a> According to various war monitors, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a> and pro-Assad forces has been responsible for over 90% of the total civilian casualties in the civil war.<a href="#cite_note-262">[f]</a> On 15 April 2017, a convoy of buses carrying evacuees from the besieged <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> towns of <a href="/wiki/Al-Fu%27ah" title="Al-Fu'ah">al-Fu'ah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kafriya" title="Kafriya">Kafriya</a>, which were surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Conquest" title="Army of Conquest">Army of Conquest</a>,<a href="#cite_note-263">[257]</a> was <a href="/wiki/2017_Aleppo_suicide_car_bombing" title="2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing">attacked by a suicide bomber</a> west of Aleppo,<a href="#cite_note-264">[258]</a> killing more than 126 people, including at least 80 children.<a href="#cite_note-265">[259]</a> On 1 January 2020, at least eight civilians, including four children, were killed in a rocket attack on a school in Idlib by Syrian government forces, the Syrian Human Rights Observatory (SOHR) said.<a href="#cite_note-266">[260]</a> In January 2020, UNICEF warned that children were bearing the brunt of escalating violence in northwestern Syria. More than 500 children were wounded or killed during the first three quarters of 2019, and over 65 children fell victim to the war in December alone.<a href="#cite_note-267">[261]</a> Over 380,000 people were killed since the war in Syria started nine years ago, war monitor Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said on 4 January 2020. The death toll comprises civilians, government soldiers, militia members and foreign troops.<a href="#cite_note-268">[262]</a> In an airstrike by Russian forces loyal to the Syrian government, at least five civilians were killed, out of which four belonged to the same family. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights claimed that the death toll included three children following the attack in the Idlib region on 18 January 2020.<a href="#cite_note-269">[263]</a> On 30 January 2020, Russian air strikes on a hospital and a bakery killed over 10 civilians in Syria's Idlib region. Moscow immediately rejected the allegation.<a href="#cite_note-270">[264]</a> On 23 June 2020, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> raids killed seven fighters, including two <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrian</a> in a central province. State media cited a military official as saying the attack targeted posts in rural areas of <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a> province.<a href="#cite_note-271">[265]</a> Just four days after the start of 2022, two children were killed and five others injured in northwest Syria. In 2021 alone, over 70% of violent attacks against children have been recorded in the region.<a href="#cite_note-272">[266]</a> On 14 January 2022, one person was killed by a car bomb and several others were wounded in the city of <a href="/wiki/Azaz" title="Azaz">Azaz</a> in northwest Syria, three people were wounded at a marketplace in a suspected suicide bombing in the town of al Bab and another suicide bomb went off in the city of Afrin at a roundabout.<a href="#cite_note-:0-273">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights_violations">Human rights violations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Human rights in Syria</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Islamic_State-controlled_territory" title="Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory">Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of massacres during the Syrian civil war">List of massacres during the Syrian civil war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Rape during the Syrian civil war">Rape during the Syrian civil war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Use_of_chemical_weapons_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war">Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prosecution_of_Syrian_civil_war_criminals" title="Prosecution of Syrian civil war criminals">Prosecution of Syrian civil war criminals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghouta_massacre1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ghouta_massacre1.JPG/220px-Ghouta_massacre1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ghouta_massacre1.JPG/330px-Ghouta_massacre1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ghouta_massacre1.JPG/440px-Ghouta_massacre1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Victims of the <a href="/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack" title="Ghouta chemical attack">Ghouta chemical attack</a> perpetrated by Syrian regime forces in August 2013</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights organizations">human rights organizations</a> have asserted that human rights violations have been committed by both the government and the rebel forces, with the "vast majority of the abuses having been committed by the Syrian government".<a href="#cite_note-274">[268]</a> Numerous <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights abuses">human rights abuses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">political repression</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> perpetrated by the <a href="/wiki/Syria#Ba'athist_Syria" title="Syria">Assad government</a> throughout the course of the conflict has led to international condemnation and widespread calls to convict <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> (ICC).<a href="#cite_note-280">[g]</a> The unprecedented scale of the atrocities launched by government forces since the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/2011_Syrian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Syrian Revolution">Syrian revolution</a> has led to international outrage, and Syria's membership was suspended from various international organizations.<a href="#cite_note-281">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto4-282">[275]</a> According to three international lawyers,<a href="#cite_note-283">[276]</a> Syrian government officials could face <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> charges in the light of a huge cache of evidence smuggled out of the country showing the "systematic killing" of about <a href="/wiki/2014_Syrian_detainee_report" title="2014 Syrian detainee report">11,000 detainees</a>. Most of the victims were young men and many corpses were emaciated, bloodstained and bore signs of torture. Some had no eyes; others showed signs of strangulation or electrocution.<a href="#cite_note-284">[277]</a> Experts said this evidence was more detailed and on a far larger scale than anything else that had emerged from the then 34-month crisis.<a href="#cite_note-285">[278]</a> Atrocities committed by the Assad regime have been described as the "greatest war crimes of the 21st century", with chilling revelations of <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rapes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacres</a>, and extermination being leaked through the <a href="/wiki/Caesar_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar Report">2014 Caesar Report</a>, which contained photographic evidence gathered by a dissident <a href="/wiki/Military_photographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Military photographer">army photographer</a> who worked in Ba'athist <a href="/wiki/Military_prison" title="Military prison">military prisons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-282">[275]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/International_lawyer" class="mw-redirect" title="International lawyer">international lawyer</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Rapp" title="Stephen Rapp">Stephen Rapp</a>: <blockquote>We've got better evidence—against Assad and his clique—than we had against <a href="/wiki/Milosevic" class="mw-redirect" title="Milosevic">Milosevic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, or we had in any of the war crimes tribunals in which I've involved in, some extent, even better than we had against the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazis</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg</a>, because the Nazis didn't actually take individual pictures of each of their victims with identifying information on them.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-282">[275]</a></blockquote> The UN reported in 2014 that "<a href="/wiki/Siege_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege warfare">siege warfare</a> is employed in a context of egregious human rights and international humanitarian law violations. The warring parties do not fear being held accountable for their acts". Armed forces of both sides of the conflict blocked access of humanitarian convoys, confiscated food, cut off water supplies and targeted farmers working their fields. The report pointed to four places besieged by the government forces: <a href="/wiki/Muadamiyat_al-Sham" title="Muadamiyat al-Sham">Muadamiyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darayya" title="Darayya">Daraya</a>, Yarmouk camp and Old City of Homs, as well as two areas under siege of rebel groups: Aleppo and Hama.<a href="#cite_note-UNHCRfeb2014-286">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-thenewage.co.za-287">[280]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_Camp" title="Yarmouk Camp">Yarmouk Camp</a> 20,000 residents faced death by starvation due to blockade by the Syrian government forces and fighting between the army and <a href="/wiki/Jabhat_al-Nusra" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat al-Nusra">Jabhat al-Nusra</a>, which prevents food distribution by UNRWA.<a href="#cite_note-UNHCRfeb2014-286">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-MMHYarmouk-288">[281]</a> In July 2015, the UN removed Yarmouk from its list of besieged areas in Syria, despite not having been able deliver aid there for four months, and declined to say why it had done so.<a href="#cite_note-IRIN_removal-289">[282]</a> After intense fighting in April/May 2018, Syrian government forces finally took the camp, its population now reduced to 100–200.<a href="#cite_note-cleric-290">[283]</a> ISIS forces have also been criticized by the UN of using public executions and <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_captives_by_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Killing of captives by ISIL">killing of captives</a>, amputations, and lashings in a campaign to instill fear. "Forces of the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham have committed torture, murder, acts tantamount to enforced disappearance and forced displacement as part of attacks on the civilian population in Aleppo and Raqqa governorates, amounting to crimes against humanity", said the report from 27 August 2014.<a href="#cite_note-291">[284]</a> ISIS also <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_gay_and_bisexual_men_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of gay and bisexual men by the Islamic State">persecuted gay and bisexual men</a>.<a href="#cite_note-292">[285]</a> Enforced disappearances and arbitrary detentions have also been a feature since the Syrian uprising began.<a href="#cite_note-293">[286]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> report, published in November 2015, stated the Syrian government has forcibly disappeared more than 65,000 people since the beginning of the Syrian civil war.<a href="#cite_note-294">[287]</a> According to a report in May 2016 by the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights" title="Syrian Observatory for Human Rights">Syrian Observatory for Human Rights</a>, at least 60,000 people have been killed since March 2011 through torture or from poor humanitarian conditions in Syrian government prisons.<a href="#cite_note-295">[288]</a> In February 2017, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> published a report which stated the Syrian government murdered an estimated 13,000 persons, mostly civilians, at the <a href="/wiki/Sednaya_Prison" title="Sednaya Prison">Saydnaya military prison</a>. They stated the killings began in 2011 and were still ongoing. Amnesty International described this as a "policy of deliberate extermination" and also stated that "These practices, which amount to war crimes and crimes against humanity, are authorised at the highest levels of the Syrian government".<a href="#cite_note-296">[289]</a> Three months later, the United States State Department stated a <a href="/wiki/Crematorium" title="Crematorium">crematorium</a> had been identified near the prison. According to the U.S., it was being used to burn thousands of bodies of those killed by the government's forces and to cover up evidence of atrocities and war crimes.<a href="#cite_note-297">[290]</a> Amnesty International expressed surprise at the reports about the crematorium, as the photographs used by the U.S. are from 2013 and they did not see them as conclusive, and fugitive government officials have stated that the government buries those its executes in cemeteries on military grounds in Damascus.<a href="#cite_note-298">[291]</a> The Syrian government said the reports were not true. By July 2012, the human rights group <a href="/wiki/Women_Under_Siege" class="mw-redirect" title="Women Under Siege">Women Under Siege</a> had documented over 100 cases of rape and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexual assault</a> during the conflict, with many of these crimes reported to have been perpetrated by the Shabiha and other pro-government militias. Victims included men, women and children, with about 80% of the known victims being women and girls.<a href="#cite_note-299">[292]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] On 11 September 2019, the UN investigators said that air strikes conducted by the U.S.-led coalition in Syria have killed or wounded several civilians, denoting that necessary precautions were not taken leading to potential war crimes.<a href="#cite_note-300">[293]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-11-02_30.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-11-02_30.jpg/220px-Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-11-02_30.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-11-02_30.jpg/330px-Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-11-02_30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-11-02_30.jpg/440px-Rojava_solidarity_demonstration_Berlin_2019-11-02_30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Protest in Berlin, showing image of murdered Syrian-Kurdish politician <a href="/wiki/Hevrin_Khalaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Hevrin Khalaf">Hevrin Khalaf</a></figcaption></figure> In late 2019, as the violence intensified in north-west Syria, thousands of women and children were reportedly kept under "inhumane conditions" in a remote camp, said UN-appointed investigators.<a href="#cite_note-301">[294]</a> In October 2019, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> stated that it had gathered evidence of war crimes and other violations committed by <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Turkey-backed Syrian forces</a> who are said to "have displayed a shameful disregard for civilian life, carrying out serious violations and war crimes, including summary killings and unlawful attacks that have killed and injured civilians".<a href="#cite_note-amnesty1-34">[30]</a> According to a 2020 report by UN-backed investigators into the Syrian civil war, young girls aged nine and above have been raped and inveigled into sexual slavery, while boys have been put through torture and forcefully trained to execute killings in public. Children have been attacked by sharpshooters and lured to be bargaining chips for ransoms.<a href="#cite_note-302">[295]</a> On 6 April 2020, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> published its investigation into the attacks on humanitarian sites in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. The council in its reports said, it had examined six sites of attacks and concluded that the <a href="/wiki/Airstrikes" class="mw-redirect" title="Airstrikes">airstrikes</a> had been carried out by the "Government of Syria and/or its allies." However, the report was criticized for being partial towards <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and not naming it, despite proper evidence. "The refusal to explicitly name Russia as a responsible party working alongside the Syrian government ... is deeply disappointing", the HRW quoted.<a href="#cite_note-303">[296]</a> On 27 April 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Network_for_Human_Rights" title="Syrian Network for Human Rights">Syrian Network for Human Rights</a> reported continuation of multiple crimes in the month of March and April in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. The rights organization billed that Syrian regime decimated 44 civilians, including six children, during the unprecedented times of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>. It also said, Syrian forces held captive 156 people, while committing a minimum of four attacks on vital civilian facilities. The report further recommended that the <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a> impose sanctions on the <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> regime, if it continues to commit human rights violation.<a href="#cite_note-304">[297]</a> On 8 May 2020, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet, raised serious concern that rebel groups, including <a href="/wiki/ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL">ISIL</a> terrorist fighters, may be using the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> pandemic as "an opportunity to re-group and inflict violence in the country".<a href="#cite_note-305">[298]</a> On 21 July 2020, the Syrian government forces carried out an attack and killed two civilians with four Grad rockets in western al-Bab sub-district.<a href="#cite_note-306">[299]</a> On 14 January 2022, in the rebel-held city of Azaz in northwest Syria, a car bomb went off killing one and wounding several bystanders. According to a rescue worker, an improvised explosive device had been housed inside a car and then the car was planted near a local transport office in the city which is close to the Turkish border. In the town of al Bab, a suicide bomb went off wounding three and in the city of Afrin, another suicide bomb went off at a roundabout. All these three bombings happened in a span of hours and minutes from each other.<a href="#cite_note-:0-273">[267]</a> According to Aljazeera, a rocket attack on a northern Syrian town controlled by Turkey-backed opposition fighters killed six civilians and injured more than a dozen others on 21 January 2022. According to the British-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, it was unclear who fired the artillery shells, but the attack came from a region populated by Kurdish fighters and Syrian government forces.<a href="#cite_note-307">[300]</a> After an attack on a Syrian jail on 23 January 2022, over 120 individuals were killed in an ongoing conflict between Kurdish-led troops and ISIL (ISIS) fighters. According to the UK-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, "at least 77 IS members and 39 Kurdish fighters, including internal security forces, prison guards and counter-terrorism forces were killed" in the attack.<a href="#cite_note-308">[301]</a> On 17 December 2023, eight civilians, including a pregnant woman, were killed during bombardments by the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Army">Syrian Arab Army</a> on the town of <a href="/wiki/Darat_Izza" title="Darat Izza">Darat Izza</a>. War monitor SOHR reported that <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">pro-Assad</a> forces deliberately perpetrated a <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacre</a> by "directly targeting residential areas, using artillery shells and rocket launchers".<a href="#cite_note-309">[302]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime_wave">Crime wave</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_hospital.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Aleppo_hospital.PNG/220px-Aleppo_hospital.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Aleppo_hospital.PNG/330px-Aleppo_hospital.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Aleppo_hospital.PNG/440px-Aleppo_hospital.PNG 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>Doctors and medical staff treating injured rebel fighters and civilians in Aleppo</figcaption></figure> As the conflict has expanded across Syria, many cities have been engulfed in a wave of crime as fighting caused the disintegration of much of the civilian state, and many police stations stopped functioning. Rates of theft increased, with criminals looting houses and stores. Rates of kidnappings increased as well. Rebel fighters were seen stealing cars and, in one instance, destroying a restaurant in Aleppo where Syrian soldiers had been seen eating.<a href="#cite_note-310">[303]</a> Local <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Forces_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Defence Forces (Syria)">National Defense Forces</a> commanders often engaged "in <a href="/wiki/War_profiteering" title="War profiteering">war profiteering</a> through protection rackets, looting and organized crime". NDF members were also implicated in "waves of murders, robberies, thefts, kidnappings and extortions throughout government-held parts of Syria since the formation of the organization in 2013", as reported by the Institute for the Study of War.<a href="#cite_note-ISW-311">[304]</a> Criminal networks have been used by both the government and the opposition during the conflict. Facing international sanctions, the Syrian government relied on criminal organizations to smuggle goods and money in and out of the country. The economic downturn caused by the conflict and sanctions also led to lower wages for Shabiha members. In response, some Shabiha members began stealing civilian properties and engaging in kidnappings.<a href="#cite_note-Organized_crime-312">[305]</a> Rebel forces sometimes rely on criminal networks to obtain weapons and supplies. <a href="/wiki/Arms_trafficking" title="Arms trafficking">Black market weapon prices</a> in Syria's neighboring countries have significantly increased since the start of the conflict. To generate funds to purchase arms, some rebel groups have turned towards extortion, theft and kidnapping.<a href="#cite_note-Organized_crime-312">[305]</a> Syria has become the chief location for manufacturing of <a href="/wiki/Captagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Captagon">Captagon</a>, an illegal <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>. Drugs manufactured in Syria have found their way across the Gulf, Jordan and Europe but have at times been intercepted. In January 2022, a Jordanian army officer was shot and killed and three army personnel injured after a shoot out erupted between drug smugglers and the army. The Jordanian army has said that it shot down a drone in 2021 that was being used to smuggle a substantial amount of drugs across the Jordanian border.<a href="#cite_note-313">[306]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epidemics">Epidemics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Syria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Syria">COVID-19 pandemic in Syria</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> has reported that 35% of the country's hospitals are out of service. Fighting makes it impossible to undertake the normal vaccination programs. The displaced refugees may also pose a disease risk to countries to which they have fled.<a href="#cite_note-314">[307]</a> Four hundred thousand civilians were isolated by the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eastern_Ghouta" title="Siege of Eastern Ghouta">Siege of Eastern Ghouta</a> from April 2013 to April 2018, resulting in acutely malnourished children according to the United Nations Special Advisor, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Egeland" title="Jan Egeland">Jan Egeland</a>, who urged the parties for medical evacuations. 55,000 civilians are also isolated in the <a href="/wiki/Rukban" title="Rukban">Rukban</a> refugee camp between Syria and Jordan, where humanitarian relief access is difficult due to the harsh desert conditions. Humanitarian aid reaches the camp only sporadically, sometimes taking three months between shipments.<a href="#cite_note-315">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[309]</a> Formerly rare <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious diseases</a> have spread in rebel-held areas brought on by poor <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> and deteriorating living conditions. The diseases have primarily affected children. These include <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Typhoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoid">typhoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whooping_cough" title="Whooping cough">whooping cough</a> and the disfiguring <a href="/wiki/Skin_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin disease">skin disease</a> <a href="/wiki/Leishmaniasis" title="Leishmaniasis">leishmaniasis</a>. Of particular concern is the contagious and crippling <a href="/wiki/Poliomyelitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Poliomyelitis">Poliomyelitis</a>. As of late 2013 doctors and international public health agencies have reported more than 90 cases. Critics of the government complain that, even before the uprising, it contributed to the spread of disease by purposefully restricting access to <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">vaccination</a>, sanitation and access to hygienic water in "areas considered politically unsympathetic".<a href="#cite_note-Suppressed-317">[310]</a> In June 2020, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> reported that after more than nine years of war, Syria was falling into an even deeper crisis and economic deterioration as a result of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. As of 26 June, a total of 248 people were infected by <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>, out of which nine people died. Restrictions on the importation of medical supplies, limited access to essential equipment, reduced outside support and ongoing attacks on medical facilities left Syria's health infrastructure in peril, and unable to meet the needs of its population. Syrian communities were additionally facing unprecedented levels of <a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_Syria" title="Hunger in Syria">hunger crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-318">[311]</a> In September 2022, the UN representative in Syria reported that several regions in the country were witnessing a <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> outbreak. UN Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator Imran Riza called for an urgent response to contain the outbreak, saying that it posed "a serious threat to people in Syria". The outbreak was linked to the use of contaminated water for growing crops and the reliance of people on unsafe water sources.<a href="#cite_note-319">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humanitarian_aid">Humanitarian aid</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war">Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Airmen_with_the_386th_Expeditionary_Logistics_Readiness_Squadron_load_pallets_of_humanitarian_relief_supplies_onto_a_C-17_Globemaster_III_aircraft_at_an_undisclosed_location_in_Southwest_Asia_June_4,_2013_130604-F-KL201-115.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/U.S._Airmen_with_the_386th_Expeditionary_Logistics_Readiness_Squadron_load_pallets_of_humanitarian_relief_supplies_onto_a_C-17_Globemaster_III_aircraft_at_an_undisclosed_location_in_Southwest_Asia_June_4%2C_2013_130604-F-KL201-115.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/U.S._Airmen_with_the_386th_Expeditionary_Logistics_Readiness_Squadron_load_pallets_of_humanitarian_relief_supplies_onto_a_C-17_Globemaster_III_aircraft_at_an_undisclosed_location_in_Southwest_Asia_June_4%2C_2013_130604-F-KL201-115.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/U.S._Airmen_with_the_386th_Expeditionary_Logistics_Readiness_Squadron_load_pallets_of_humanitarian_relief_supplies_onto_a_C-17_Globemaster_III_aircraft_at_an_undisclosed_location_in_Southwest_Asia_June_4%2C_2013_130604-F-KL201-115.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>U.S. aid to Syrian opposition forces, May 2013</figcaption></figure> The conflict holds the record for the largest sum ever requested by UN agencies for a single humanitarian emergency, $6.5 billion worth of requests of December 2013.<a href="#cite_note-RW_aid_record-320">[313]</a> The international humanitarian response to the conflict in Syria is coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a> (UNOCHA) in accordance with <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly</a> Resolution 46/182.<a href="#cite_note-321">[314]</a> The primary framework for this coordination is the Syria Humanitarian Assistance Response Plan (SHARP) which appealed for US$1.41 billion to meet the humanitarian needs of Syrians affected by the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-322">[315]</a> Official United Nations data on the humanitarian situation and response is available at an official website managed by UNOCHA Syria (Amman).<a href="#cite_note-323">[316]</a> UNICEF is also working alongside these organizations to provide vaccinations and care packages to those in need. Financial information on the response to the SHARP and assistance to refugees and for cross-border operations can be found on UNOCHA's Financial Tracking Service. As of 19 September 2015, the top ten donors to Syria were United States, European Commission, United Kingdom, Kuwait, Germany, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Japan, UAE and Norway.<a href="#cite_note-324">[317]</a> The difficulty of delivering humanitarian aid to people is indicated by the statistics for January 2015: of the estimated 212,000 people during that month who were besieged by government or opposition forces, 304 were reached with food.<a href="#cite_note-UNNC_26Mar2015-325">[318]</a> <a href="/wiki/USAID" class="mw-redirect" title="USAID">USAID</a> and other government agencies in US delivered nearly $385 million of aid items to Syria in 2012 and 2013. The United States has provided food aid, medical supplies, emergency and basic health care, shelter materials, clean water, hygiene education and supplies, and other relief supplies.<a href="#cite_note-326">[319]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Relief" title="Islamic Relief">Islamic Relief</a> has stocked 30 hospitals and sent hundreds of thousands of medical and food parcels.<a href="#cite_note-327">[320]</a> Other countries in the region have also contributed various levels of aid. Iran has been exporting between 500 and 800 tonnes of flour daily to Syria.<a href="#cite_note-328">[321]</a> Israel supplied aid through <a href="/wiki/Operation_Good_Neighbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Good Neighbor">Operation Good Neighbor</a>, providing medical treatment to 750 Syrians in a field hospital located in <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a> where rebels say that 250 of their fighters were treated.<a href="#cite_note-329">[322]</a> Israel established two medical centers inside Syria. Israel also delivered <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">heating fuel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel fuel</a>, seven electric <a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">generators</a>, water pipes, educational materials, <a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">flour</a> for bakeries, baby food, <a href="/wiki/Diaper" title="Diaper">diapers</a>, shoes and clothing. <a href="/wiki/Syrian_refugees_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian refugees in Lebanon">Syrian refugees in Lebanon</a> make up one quarter of <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Lebanon" title="Demographics of Lebanon">Lebanon's population</a>, mostly consisting of women and children.<a href="#cite_note-330">[323]</a> In addition, Russia has said it created six humanitarian aid centers within Syria to support 3000 refugees in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-331">[324]</a> On 9 April 2020, the <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a> dispatched 51 truckloads of humanitarian aid to <a href="/wiki/Idlib" title="Idlib">Idlib</a>. The organization said that the aid would be distributed among civilians stranded in the north-western part of the country.<a href="#cite_note-332">[325]</a> On 30 April 2020, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> condemned the Syrian authorities for their longstanding restriction on the entry of aid supplies.<a href="#cite_note-333">[326]</a> It also demanded the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> to keep pushing the UN to allow medical aid and other essentials to reach Syria via the Iraq border crossing, to prevent the spread of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19</a> in the war-torn nation. The aid supplies, if allowed, will allow the Syrian population to protect themselves from contracting the COVID-19 virus.<a href="#cite_note-334">[327]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2019_UN_cross-border_aid_dispute">2019 UN cross-border aid dispute</h4></div> As of December 2019, a diplomatic dispute is occurring at the UN over re-authorization of cross-border aid for refugees. China and Russia oppose the draft resolution that seeks to re-authorize crossing points in Turkey, Iraq and Jordan; China and Russia, as allies of Assad, seek to close the two crossing points in Iraq and Jordan, and to leave only the two crossing points in Turkey active.<a href="#cite_note-un_refugees-335">[328]</a> The current authorization expired on 10 January 2020.<a href="#cite_note-UN_report_1-2020-336">[329]</a> All of the ten individuals representing the non-permanent members of the Security Council stood in the corridor outside of the chamber speaking to the press to state that all four crossing points are crucial and must be renewed.<a href="#cite_note-un_refugees-335">[328]</a> United Nations official <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lowcock" title="Mark Lowcock">Mark Lowcock</a> is asking the UN to re-authorize cross-border aid to enable aid to continue to reach refugees in Syria. He says there is no other way to deliver the aid that is needed. He noted that four million refugees out of the over eleven million refugees who need assistance are being reached through four specific international crossing points. Lowcock serves as the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary-General_for_Humanitarian_Affairs_and_Emergency_Relief_Coordinator" title="Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator">Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator</a> and the Head of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UN_VOA_12/2019-337">[330]</a> Russia, aided by China's support, has vetoed the resolution to retain all four border crossings. An alternate resolution also did not pass.<a href="#cite_note-338">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[332]</a> The U.S. strongly criticized the vetoes and opposition by Russia and China.<a href="#cite_note-340">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[334]</a> China explained the reason for veto is the concern of "unilateral coercive measures" by certain states causing humanitarian suffering on the Syrian people. It views lifting all unilateral sanctions respecting Syrian sovereignty and for humanitarian reasons is a must.<a href="#cite_note-342">[335]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_impact">Cultural impact</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Syria" title="Tourism in Syria">Tourism in Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_damaged_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of heritage sites damaged during the Syrian civil war">List of heritage sites damaged during the Syrian civil war</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State">Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian civil war in popular culture">Syrian civil war in popular culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_Bel,_Palmyra_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Temple_of_Bel%2C_Palmyra_02.jpg/220px-Temple_of_Bel%2C_Palmyra_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Temple_of_Bel%2C_Palmyra_02.jpg/330px-Temple_of_Bel%2C_Palmyra_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Temple_of_Bel%2C_Palmyra_02.jpg/440px-Temple_of_Bel%2C_Palmyra_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3278" data-file-height="2384" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Bel" title="Temple of Bel">Temple of Bel</a> in Palmyra, which was destroyed by ISIL in August 2015</figcaption></figure> As of March 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syrian_civil_war&action=edit">[update]</a>, the war has affected 290 heritage sites, severely damaged 104, and completely destroyed 24.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] Five of the six UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> in Syria have been damaged.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera-3-17-2015-205">[200]</a> Destruction of antiquities has been caused by <a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">shelling</a>, army entrenchment, and <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">looting</a> at various <a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">tells</a>, museums and monuments.<a href="#cite_note-343">[336]</a> A group called <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Archaeological_Heritage_Under_Threat" title="Syrian Archaeological Heritage Under Threat">Syrian Archaeological Heritage Under Threat</a> is monitoring and recording the destruction in an attempt to create a list of heritage sites damaged during the war and to gain global support for the protection and preservation of <a href="/wiki/Syro-Palestinian_archaeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Palestinian archaeology">Syrian archaeology</a> and architecture.<a href="#cite_note-344">[337]</a> UNESCO listed all six Syria's <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> as endangered but direct assessment of damage is not possible. It is known that the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City of Aleppo">Old City of Aleppo</a> was heavily damaged during battles being fought within the district, while <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers">Krak des Chevaliers</a> suffered minor damage. Illegal digging is said to be a grave danger, and hundreds of Syrian antiquities, including some from Palmyra, appeared in Lebanon. Three archeological museums are known to have been looted; in Raqqa some artifacts seem to have been destroyed by foreign Islamists due to religious objections.<a href="#cite_note-345">[338]</a> In 2014 and 2015, following the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a>, several sites in Syria were destroyed by the group as part of a <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State">deliberate destruction of cultural heritage sites</a>. In Palmyra, the group destroyed many ancient statues, the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Baalshamin" title="Temple of Baalshamin">Temples of Baalshamin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Bel" title="Temple of Bel">Bel</a>, many tombs including the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Elahbel" title="Tower of Elahbel">Tower of Elahbel</a> and part of the <a href="/wiki/Monumental_Arch_of_Palmyra" title="Monumental Arch of Palmyra">Monumental Arch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-346">[339]</a> The 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Castle" title="Palmyra Castle">Palmyra Castle</a> was extensively damaged by retreating militants during the <a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(March_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (March 2016)">Palmyra offensive</a> in March 2016.<a href="#cite_note-347">[340]</a> IS also destroyed ancient statues in <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-348">[341]</a> and a number of churches, including the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Genocide_Memorial_Church,_Der_Zor" title="Armenian Genocide Memorial Church, Der Zor">Armenian Genocide Memorial Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor">Deir ez-Zor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-349">[342]</a> In January 2018 <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Turkish</a> airstrikes seriously damaged an ancient Neo-<a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> temple in Syria's Kurdish-held <a href="/wiki/Afrin_Region" title="Afrin Region">Afrin</a> region. It was built by the <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a> in the first millennium BC.<a href="#cite_note-350">[343]</a> According to a September 2019 report published by the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Network_for_Human_Rights" title="Syrian Network for Human Rights">Syrian Network for Human Rights</a>, more than 120 Christian churches have been destroyed or damaged in Syria since 2011.<a href="#cite_note-351">[344]</a> The war has inspired its own particular artwork, done by Syrians. A late summer 2013 exhibition in London at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=P21_Gallery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P21 Gallery (page does not exist)">P21 Gallery</a> showed some of this work, which had to be smuggled out of Syria.<a href="#cite_note-352">[345]</a> As a result of the war many children's books have been published surrounding themes and stories of Syrian children of war. Some examples of this would be Tomorrow by Nadine Kaadan, My Beautiful Birds by Suzanne del Rizzo, and Nowhere Boy by <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Marsh" title="Katherine Marsh">Katherine Marsh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-353">[346]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_coverage">Media coverage</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Media coverage of the Syrian civil war">Media coverage of the Syrian civil war</a></div> The Syrian civil war is one of the most heavily documented wars in history, despite the extreme dangers that journalists face while in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-354">[347]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ISIL_executions">ISIL executions</h3></div> On 19 August 2014, American journalist <a href="/wiki/James_Foley_(journalist)" title="James Foley (journalist)">James Foley</a> was executed by ISIL, who said it was in retaliation for the United States operations in Iraq. Foley was kidnapped in Syria in November 2012 by <a href="/wiki/Shabiha" title="Shabiha">Shabiha</a> militia.<a href="#cite_note-355">[348]</a> ISIL also threatened to execute <a href="/wiki/Steven_Sotloff" title="Steven Sotloff">Steven Sotloff</a>, who was kidnapped at the Syrian–Turkish border in August 2013.<a href="#cite_note-356">[349]</a> There were reports ISIS captured a Japanese national, two Italian nationals, and a Danish national as well.<a href="#cite_note-357">[350]</a> Sotloff was later executed in September 2014. At least 70 journalists have been killed covering the Syrian war, and more than 80 kidnapped, according to the <a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists" title="Committee to Protect Journalists">Committee to Protect Journalists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-358">[351]</a> On 22 August 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">al-Nusra Front</a> released a video of captured Lebanese soldiers and demanded Hezbollah withdraw from Syria under threat of their execution.<a href="#cite_note-359">[352]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_reactions_and_diplomacy">International reactions and diplomacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">International reactions to the Syrian civil war</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vetoed_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_on_Syria" title="Vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions on Syria">Vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions on Syria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Esther_Brimmer_Speaks_at_Human_Rights_Council_Urgent_Debate_on_Syria_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Esther_Brimmer_Speaks_at_Human_Rights_Council_Urgent_Debate_on_Syria_%283%29.jpg/220px-Esther_Brimmer_Speaks_at_Human_Rights_Council_Urgent_Debate_on_Syria_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Esther_Brimmer_Speaks_at_Human_Rights_Council_Urgent_Debate_on_Syria_%283%29.jpg/330px-Esther_Brimmer_Speaks_at_Human_Rights_Council_Urgent_Debate_on_Syria_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Esther_Brimmer_Speaks_at_Human_Rights_Council_Urgent_Debate_on_Syria_%283%29.jpg/440px-Esther_Brimmer_Speaks_at_Human_Rights_Council_Urgent_Debate_on_Syria_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5154" data-file-height="3330" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Esther_Brimmer" title="Esther Brimmer">Esther Brimmer</a> (U.S.) speaks at a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">United Nations Human Rights Council</a> urgent debate on Syria, February 2012</figcaption></figure> During the early period of the civil war, The <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, the United Nations,<a href="#cite_note-360">[353]</a> and many Western governments quickly condemned the Syrian government's violent response to the protests, and expressed support for the protesters' right to exercise <a href="/wiki/Free_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech">free speech</a>.<a href="#cite_note-361">[354]</a> Initially, many Middle Eastern governments expressed support for Assad, but as the death toll mounted, they switched to a more balanced approach by criticizing violence from both government and protesters. Both the Arab League and the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> suspended Syria's membership. Russia and China vetoed Western-drafted <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> resolutions in 2011 and 2012, which would have threatened the Syrian government with targeted sanctions if it continued military actions against protestors.<a href="#cite_note-362">[355]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_sanctions">Economic sanctions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Caesar_Syria_Civilian_Protection_Act" title="Caesar Syria Civilian Protection Act">Caesar Syria Civilian Protection Act</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93United_States_relations#Economic_sanctions" title="Syria–United States relations">Syria–United States relations § Economic sanctions</a></div> The U.S. Congress has enacted punitive sanctions on the Syrian government for its actions during the Civil War. These sanctions would penalize any entities lending support to the Syrian government, and any companies operating in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-sanctions_mansour-363">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-364">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[359]</a> U.S. President Donald Trump tried to protect the Turkish President Erdogan from the effects of such sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-367">[360]</a> Some activists welcomed this legislation.<a href="#cite_note-368">[361]</a> Some critics contend that these punitive sanctions are likely to backfire or have unintended consequences; they argue that ordinary Syrian people will have fewer economic resources due to these sanctions (and will thus need to rely more the Syrian government and its economic allies and projects), while the sanctions' impact on ruling political elites will be limited.<a href="#cite_note-sanctions_mansour-363">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-369">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[363]</a> Mohammad al-Abdallah, executive director of <a href="/wiki/Syria_Justice_and_Accountability_Centre" title="Syria Justice and Accountability Centre">Syria Justice and Accountability Center</a> (SJAC), said that the sanctions will likely hurt ordinary Syrian people, saying, "it is an almost unsolvable unfeasible equation. If they are imposed, they will indirectly harm the Syrian people, and if they are lifted, they will indirectly revive the Syrian regime;" he attributed the sanctions to "political considerations, as the United States does not have weapons and tools in the Syrian file, and sanctions are its only means."<a href="#cite_note-371">[364]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ford_(diplomat)" title="Peter Ford (diplomat)">Peter Ford</a>, the former UK Ambassador to Syria, said "...going forward, we're seeing more economic warfare. It seems that the U.S., having failed to change the regime in Syria by military force or by proxies, is tightening the economic screws and the main reason why the U.S. is keeping hold of the production facilities in eastern Syria. So, the economic situation is becoming more and more serious and dire in Syria and it's a major reason why refugees are not going back."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In June, U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a> announced new economic sanctions on Syria targeting foreign business relations with the Syrian government. Under the <a href="/wiki/Caesar_Syria_Civilian_Protection_Act" title="Caesar Syria Civilian Protection Act">Caesar Act</a>, the latest sanctions were to be imposed on 39 individuals and entities, including <a href="/wiki/Asma_al-Assad" title="Asma al-Assad">Asma al-Assad</a>, wife of Syrian President <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-372">[365]</a> On 17 June 2020, James F. Jeffrey, Special Representative for Syria Engagement, signalled that the <a href="/wiki/UAE" class="mw-redirect" title="UAE">UAE</a> could be hit with sanctions under the Caesar Act if it pushed ahead with normalisation efforts with the Syrian regime.<a href="#cite_note-373">[366]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019_negotiations">2019 negotiations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:20.5em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.3em;">Part of a series on the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syrian civil war</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syrian peace process</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.8em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_reconciliation_flag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Syrian_reconciliation_flag.png/200px-Syrian_reconciliation_flag.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Syrian_reconciliation_flag.png/300px-Syrian_reconciliation_flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Syrian_reconciliation_flag.png/400px-Syrian_reconciliation_flag.png 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="386" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lightsteelblue;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding:0.15em 0 0.2em;"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_peace_plans_for_Syria" title="Arab League peace plans for Syria">Arab League initiative I</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2011</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League initiative II</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2011–12</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War">Churkin peace plan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2012</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan">Kofi Annan peace plan</a> <a href="/wiki/Geneva_I_Conference_on_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva I Conference on Syria">(Geneva I)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2012</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lakhdar_Brahimi_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Lakhdar Brahimi Syrian peace plan">Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2012</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_peace_proposals_on_Syria" title="U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria">U.S.–Russia peace proposal (2013)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2013</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geneva_II_Conference_on_Syria" title="Geneva II Conference on Syria">Geneva II Mideast peace conference</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2014</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Four_committees_initiative" title="Four committees initiative">Staffan de Mistura peace plan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2015</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/2015_Zabadani_cease-fire_agreement" title="2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement">Zabadani agreement</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2015</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syria_peace_talks_in_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria peace talks in Vienna">Vienna talks</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2015</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Peace_Conference_(2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Peace Conference (2016)">Geneva III</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2016</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_peace_proposals_on_Syria" title="U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria">US-Russia ceasefire proposal (2016)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2016</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geneva_peace_talks_on_Syria_(2017)" title="Geneva peace talks on Syria (2017)">Geneva IV</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2017</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/2018_Idlib_demilitarization" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Idlib demilitarization">Idlib demilitarization</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2018</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2019</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2019</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Constitutional_Committee" title="Syrian Constitutional Committee">Syrian Constitutional Committee</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2019</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian-Turkish_normalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian-Turkish normalization">Syrian-Turkish normalization</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2022–24</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lightsteelblue;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Primary concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding:0.15em 0 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria">Bashar Assad presidentship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Syria)" title="Council of Ministers (Syria)">Ba'athist government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Interim_Government" title="Syrian Interim Government">Opposition government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Syria" title="Secularism in Syria">Secularism in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian Civil War">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian refugees">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarian aid during the Syrian Civil War">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian Civil War">Sectarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lightsteelblue;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Secondary concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding:0.15em 0 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Syria" title="Energy in Syria">Electricity supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Syria" title="Water supply and sanitation in Syria">Water supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Syria#Oil" title="Energy in Syria">Control of oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Situation in Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madaya,_Syria" title="Madaya, Syria">Siege of Madaya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lightsteelblue;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">International brokers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding:0.15em 0 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakhdar_Brahimi" title="Lakhdar Brahimi">Peace envoy for Syria</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">UN Office for Coordination of Humanitarian affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_peace_plans_for_Syria" title="Arab League peace plans for Syria">Arab League</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lightsteelblue;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Proposals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding:0.15em 0 0.2em;;padding-top:0.4em;margin-left:1.75em;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalization_of_Syria" title="Federalization of Syria">Federalization of Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Syria%27s_chemical_weapons" title="Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons">Destruction of Chemical Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution</a> amendment: <div class="hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Syria" title="Constitution of Syria">Constitution of Syria</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Syrian_Opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Syrian Opposition">Constitution of Syrian Opposition</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Rojava">Constitution of Rojava</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Zone_(Syria)" title="Safe Zone (Syria)">Safe Zones</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lightsteelblue;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Projects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding:0.15em 0 0.2em;;padding-top:0.4em;margin-left:1.75em;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Syria_Group" title="Friends of Syria Group">Friends of Syria Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_University" title="Free Syrian University">Free Syrian University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_Is_Being_Slaughtered_Silently" title="Raqqa Is Being Slaughtered Silently">Raqqa Is Being Slaughtered Silently</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syrian_peace_process" title="Template:Syrian peace process"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syrian_peace_process" title="Template talk:Syrian peace process"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian_peace_process" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian peace process"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syrian peace process</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_ceasefires" title="Syrian civil war ceasefires">Syrian civil war ceasefires</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Safe_Zone_(Syria)" title="Safe Zone (Syria)">Safe Zone (Syria)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Kerry_Sits_With_Fellow_Foreign_Ministers_Before_Group_Discussion_in_Austria_About_Syria_(22573995626).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Secretary_Kerry_Sits_With_Fellow_Foreign_Ministers_Before_Group_Discussion_in_Austria_About_Syria_%2822573995626%29.jpg/220px-Secretary_Kerry_Sits_With_Fellow_Foreign_Ministers_Before_Group_Discussion_in_Austria_About_Syria_%2822573995626%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Secretary_Kerry_Sits_With_Fellow_Foreign_Ministers_Before_Group_Discussion_in_Austria_About_Syria_%2822573995626%29.jpg/330px-Secretary_Kerry_Sits_With_Fellow_Foreign_Ministers_Before_Group_Discussion_in_Austria_About_Syria_%2822573995626%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Secretary_Kerry_Sits_With_Fellow_Foreign_Ministers_Before_Group_Discussion_in_Austria_About_Syria_%2822573995626%29.jpg/440px-Secretary_Kerry_Sits_With_Fellow_Foreign_Ministers_Before_Group_Discussion_in_Austria_About_Syria_%2822573995626%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4884" data-file-height="3227" /></a><figcaption>Syria peace talks in Vienna, 30 October 2015</figcaption></figure> During the course of the war, there have been several international peace initiatives, undertaken by the Arab League, the United Nations and other actors.<a href="#cite_note-374">[367]</a> The Syrian government has refused efforts to negotiate with what it describes as armed terrorist groups.<a href="#cite_note-375">[368]</a> On 1 February 2016, the UN announced the formal start of the UN-mediated Geneva Syria peace talks<a href="#cite_note-reutersstart-376">[369]</a> that had been agreed on by the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_peace_talks_for_Syria" title="Vienna peace talks for Syria">International Syria Support Group</a> (ISSG) in Vienna. On 3 February 2016, the UN Syria peace mediator suspended the talks.<a href="#cite_note-reuterssuspend-377">[370]</a> On 14 March 2016, Geneva peace talks resumed. The Syrian government stated that discussion of Bashar-al-Assad's presidency "is a red line", however Syria's President Bashar al-Assad said he hoped <a href="/wiki/Geneva_peace_talks_on_Syria_(2016)" title="Geneva peace talks on Syria (2016)">peace talks in Geneva</a> would lead to concrete results, and stressed the need for a political process in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-378">[371]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process#First_round_of_Astana_talks_(January_2017)" title="Syrian peace process">new round of talks</a> between the Syrian government and some groups of Syrian rebels concluded on 24 January 2017 in <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, Kazakhstan, with Russia, Iran and Turkey supporting the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process#Initiation_of_Astana_talks,_and_ceasefire_(December_2016)" title="Syrian peace process">ceasefire agreement</a> brokered in late December 2016.<a href="#cite_note-astanatalks-379">[372]</a> The Astana Process talks was billed by a Russian official as a complement to, rather than replacement, of the United Nations-led Geneva Process talks.<a href="#cite_note-astanatalks-379">[372]</a> On 4 May 2017, at the fourth round of the Astana talks, representatives of Russia, Iran and Turkey signed a memorandum whereby four "<a href="/wiki/De-escalation" title="De-escalation">de-escalation</a> zones" in Syria would be established, effective of 6 May 2017.<a href="#cite_note-380">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-tassdealmay4-381">[374]</a> On 18 September 2019, Russia stated the United States and Syrian rebels were obstructing the evacuation process of a refugee camp in southern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-382">[375]</a> On 28 September 2019, Syria's top diplomat demanded the foreign forces, including that of US and Turkey, to immediately leave the country, saying that the Syrian government holds the right to protect its territory in all possible ways if they remain.<a href="#cite_note-383">[376]</a> President RT Erdogan said Turkey was left with no choice other than going its own way on the Syria 'safe zone' after a deadline to co-jointly establish a "safe zone" with the U.S. in northern Syria expired in September.<a href="#cite_note-384">[377]</a> The U.S. indicated it would withdraw its forces from northern Syria after Turkey warned of incursion in the region that could instigate fighting with American-backed Kurds.<a href="#cite_note-385">[378]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buffer_zone_with_Turkey">Buffer zone with Turkey</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria</a></div> In October 2019, in response to the Turkish offensive, Russia arranged for negotiations between the Syrian government in Damascus and the Kurdish-led forces.<a href="#cite_note-386">[379]</a> Russia also negotiated a renewal of a cease-fire between Kurds and Turkey that was about to expire.<a href="#cite_note-Newsweek_middle_east-387">[380]</a> Russia and Turkey agreed via the <a href="/wiki/Sochi_Agreement_of_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Sochi Agreement of 2019">Sochi Agreement of 2019</a> to set up a <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a>. Syrian President Assad expressed full support for the deal, as various terms of the agreement also applied to the Syrian government.<a href="#cite_note-:2-388">[381]</a><a href="#cite_note-389">[382]</a> The SDF stated that they considered themselves as "Syrian and a part of Syria", adding that they would agree to work with the Syrian Government.<a href="#cite_note-390">[383]</a> The SDF officially announced their support for the deal on 27 October.<a href="#cite_note-:4-169">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-391">[384]</a><a href="#cite_note-392">[385]</a> The agreement reportedly included the following terms:<a href="#cite_note-:2-388">[381]</a><a href="#cite_note-393">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fraser-394">[387]</a><a href="#cite_note-395">[388]</a><a href="#cite_note-396">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-397">[390]</a> <ul><li>A buffer zone would be established in Northern Syria. The zone would be around 30 kilometres (19 mi) deep,<a href="#cite_note-398">[h]</a> stretching from <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphrates River">Euphrates River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tall_Abyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Tall Abyad">Tall Abyad</a> and from <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn" title="Ras al-Ayn">Ras al-Ayn</a> to the Iraq-Syria border, but excluding the town of <a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a>, the Kurds' de facto capital.<a href="#cite_note-399">[391]</a></li> <li>The buffer zone would be controlled jointly by the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Military_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Military Police">Russian Military Police</a>.</li> <li>All <a href="/wiki/YPG" class="mw-redirect" title="YPG">YPG</a> forces, which constitute the majority of the SDF, must withdraw from the buffer zone entirely, along with their weapons, within 150 hours from the announcement of the deal. Their withdrawal would be overseen by Russian Military Police and the Syrian Border Guards, which would then enter the zone.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syrian_Constitutional_Committee">Syrian Constitutional Committee</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Constitutional_Committee" title="Syrian Constitutional Committee">Syrian Constitutional Committee</a></div> In late 2019, a new <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Constitutional_Committee" title="Syrian Constitutional Committee">Syrian Constitutional Committee</a> began operating in order to discuss a new settlement and to draft a new constitution for Syria.<a href="#cite_note-400">[392]</a><a href="#cite_note-Astana_Sabah-401">[393]</a> This committee comprises about 150 members. It includes representatives of the Syrian government, opposition groups and countries serving as guarantors of the process, such as Russia. However, this committee has faced strong opposition from the Assad government. Fifty of the committee members represent the government, and 50 members represent the opposition.<a href="#cite_note-Astana_Sabah-401">[393]</a> Until the Assad government agrees to participate, it is unclear whether the third round of talks will proceed on a firm schedule.<a href="#cite_note-Astana_Sabah-401">[393]</a> In December 2019, the <a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a> held an international conference which condemned any suppression of the Kurds, and called for the self-declared Autonomous Administration in Rojava to be preserved and to be reflected in any new Syrian Constitution. The Kurds are concerned that the independence of their declared <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a> (AANES) in <a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Rojava</a> might be severely curtailed.<a href="#cite_note-402">[394]</a> Rojava officials condemned the fact that they were excluded from the peace talks and stated that "having a couple of Kurds" in the committee did not mean that the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Kurds" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Kurds">Syrian Kurds</a> were properly represented in it.<a href="#cite_note-403">[395]</a> The co-chair of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Council" title="Syrian Democratic Council">Syrian Democratic Council</a> accused <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> of vetoing the representation of Syrian Kurds within the committee.<a href="#cite_note-404">[396]</a> The Kurdish administration also organized demonstrations in front of the UN office in <a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a> to protest their exclusion from the committee.<a href="#cite_note-405">[397]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_League">Arab League</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Syria relations">Saudi Arabia–Syria relations</a></div> On 13 April 2023, Syrian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Faisal_Mekdad" title="Faisal Mekdad">Faisal Mekdad</a> arrived in <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> to meet Saudi foreign minister, Prince <a href="/wiki/Faisal_bin_Farhan_Al_Saud" title="Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud">Faisal bin Farhan</a>. After frayed relations during the Syrian civil war, both nations now seek "a political solution to the Syrian crisis that preserves the unity, security and stability of Syria", according to the Saudi foreign ministry. The high level talks are "facilitating the return of Syrian refugees to their homeland, and securing humanitarian access to the affected areas in Syria". <a href="/wiki/Al-Assad" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Assad">Al-Assad</a> previously visited the UAE, Oman as well as Saudi Arabia. The discussion also included the possible resumption of consular services between the two countries. This is the first visit to Saudi Arabia by a Syrian foreign minister since the onset of the civil war in 2011. The same week all foreign ministers of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> would meet again to discuss the return of Syria to the regional organisation.<a href="#cite_note-406">[398]</a><a href="#cite_note-407">[399]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reconstruction">Reconstruction</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Caesar_Syria_Civilian_Protection_Act" title="Caesar Syria Civilian Protection Act">Caesar Syria Civilian Protection Act</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umayyad-mosque-aleppo-2013.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Umayyad-mosque-aleppo-2013.png/220px-Umayyad-mosque-aleppo-2013.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Umayyad-mosque-aleppo-2013.png/330px-Umayyad-mosque-aleppo-2013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Umayyad-mosque-aleppo-2013.png/440px-Umayyad-mosque-aleppo-2013.png 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Aleppo" title="Great Mosque of Aleppo">Great Mosque of Aleppo</a> in 2013, after destruction of the minaret</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Destroyed_neighborhood_in_Raqqa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Destroyed_neighborhood_in_Raqqa.png/220px-Destroyed_neighborhood_in_Raqqa.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Destroyed_neighborhood_in_Raqqa.png/330px-Destroyed_neighborhood_in_Raqqa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Destroyed_neighborhood_in_Raqqa.png/440px-Destroyed_neighborhood_in_Raqqa.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption>Most of <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a> suffered extensive damage during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">Second Battle of Raqqa</a>.</figcaption></figure> United Nations authorities have estimated that the war in Syria has caused destruction reaching to about $400 billion.<a href="#cite_note-408">[400]</a> <a href="/wiki/SNHR" class="mw-redirect" title="SNHR">SNHR</a> reported in 2017 that the war has rendered around 39% of <a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Syria" title="List of mosques in Syria">Syrian mosques</a> unserviceable for worship. More than 13,500 <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> were destroyed in Syria between 2011 and 2017. Around 1,400 were dismantled by 2013, while 13,000 mosques got demolished between 2013 and 2017.<a href="#cite_note-409">[401]</a> According to a Syrian war monitor, <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">over 120 churches have been damaged or demolished</a> by during the course of Syrian war since 2011; and 60% of these attacks were perpetrated by pro-Assad forces.<a href="#cite_note-410">[402]</a> While the war is still ongoing, Syrian President <a href="/wiki/Bashar_Al-Assad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashar Al-Assad">Bashar Al-Assad</a> said that Syria would be able to rebuild the war-torn country on its own. As of July 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syrian_civil_war&action=edit">[update]</a>, the reconstruction is estimated to cost a minimum of US$400 billion. Assad said he would be able to loan this money from friendly countries, Syrian diaspora and the state treasury.<a href="#cite_note-411">[403]</a> Iran has expressed interest in helping rebuild Syria.<a href="#cite_note-412">[404]</a> One year later this seemed to be materializing, Iran and the Syrian government signed a deal where Iran would help rebuild the Syrian energy grid, which has taken damage to 50% of the grid.<a href="#cite_note-413">[405]</a> International donors have been suggested as one financier of the reconstruction.<a href="#cite_note-414">[406]</a> As of November 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syrian_civil_war&action=edit">[update]</a>, reports emerged that rebuilding efforts had already started. It was reported that the biggest issue facing the rebuilding process is the lack of building material and a need to make sure the resources that do exist are managed efficiently. The rebuilding effort have so far remained at a limited capacity and has often been focused on certain areas of a city, thus ignoring other areas inhabited by disadvantaged people.<a href="#cite_note-415">[407]</a> Various efforts are proceeding to rebuild infrastructure in Syria. Russia says it will spend $500 million to modernize Syria's port of <a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a>. Russia also said it will build a railway to link Syria with the Persian Gulf.<a href="#cite_note-416">[408]</a><a href="#cite_note-417">[409]</a> Russia will also contribute to recovery efforts by the UN.<a href="#cite_note-418">[410]</a> Syria awarded oil exploration contracts to two Russian firms.<a href="#cite_note-419">[411]</a> Syria announced it is in serious dialogue with China to join China's "<a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a>" designed to foster investment in infrastructure in over one-hundred developing nations worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-420">[412]</a><a href="#cite_note-421">[413]</a> On Wednesday 12 January 2022, China and Syria signed a <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding" title="Memorandum of understanding">memorandum of understanding</a> in Damascus. The memorandum was signed by Fadi al-Khalil, the Head of Planning and International Cooperation Commission for the Syrian Side and Feng Biao, the Chinese ambassador in Damascus for the Chinese side. The memorandum sees Syria join the initiative whose aim is to help expand cooperation with China and other partner countries in areas such as trade, technology, capital, human movement and cultural exchange. Among other things, it aims to define the future of this cooperation with partner states.<a href="#cite_note-422">[414]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ambox_globe_Asia_Australia.svg/28px-Ambox_globe_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ambox_globe_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_globe_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ambox_globe_Asia_Australia.svg/56px-Ambox_globe_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Portal:Current events">Current events portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/31px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/47px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/62px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1551" data-file-height="1402" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Middle East">Middle East portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Klepsydra-pt.svg/25px-Klepsydra-pt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Klepsydra-pt.svg/37px-Klepsydra-pt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Klepsydra-pt.svg/50px-Klepsydra-pt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="275" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Modern_history" title="Portal:Modern history">Modern history portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belligerents_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Belligerents in the Syrian civil war">Belligerents in the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Events_within_Syrian_society">Events within Syrian society</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010s_in_Syria_political_history" title="2010s in Syria political history">2010s in Syria political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities and towns during the Syrian civil war">Cities and towns during the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_insurgency" title="Eastern Syria insurgency">Eastern Syria insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline of the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_aspects">Historical aspects</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_chemical_weapons_program" title="Syria chemical weapons program">Syria chemical weapons program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian civil war">Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Syria" title="Terrorism in Syria">Terrorism in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian civil war in popular culture">Syrian civil war in popular culture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lists_and_statistical_records">Lists and statistical records</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualty_recording" title="Casualty recording">Casualty recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_cities_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Control of cities during the Syrian civil war">Control of cities during the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Syrian_defectors" title="List of Syrian defectors">List of Syrian defectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aviation_shootdowns_and_accidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Syrian civil war">List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_in_Syria" title="List of terrorist incidents in Syria">List of terrorist incidents in Syria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_offensives">Specific offensives</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93June_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–June 2015)">Northwestern Syria offensive (April–June 2015)</a> ("Battle of Victory")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk_Camp_(2015)" title="Battle of Yarmouk Camp (2015)">Battle of Yarmouk Camp (2015)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_efforts_and_civil_society_groups">Peace efforts and civil society groups</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_ceasefires" title="Syrian civil war ceasefires">Syrian civil war ceasefires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Council" title="Syrian Democratic Council">Syrian Democratic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_diaspora" title="Syrian diaspora">Syrian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syrian peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Helmets_(Syrian_civil_war)" title="White Helmets (Syrian civil war)">White Helmets (Syrian civil war)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_other_local_conflicts">History of other local conflicts</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_American%E2%80%93Middle_East_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 American–Middle East conflict">2023 American–Middle East conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_uprising_in_Syria" title="Islamist uprising in Syria">Islamist uprising in Syria</a> from 1976 until 1982</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Syria" title="List of wars involving Syria">List of wars involving Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Formed in January 2017 as a merger between <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Ahrar" title="Jaysh al-Ahrar">Jaysh al-Ahrar</a> (a faction of <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham" title="Ahrar al-Sham">Ahrar al-Sham</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Din_Front" title="Ansar al-Din Front">Ansar al-Din Front</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Sunna" title="Jaysh al-Sunna">Jaysh al-Sunna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat Fatah al-Sham">Jabhat Fatah al-Sham</a> (successor of Al-Nusra Front) and <a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Haqq_(Idlib)" title="Liwa al-Haqq (Idlib)">Liwa al-Haqq</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Attributed to multiple sources:<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> 88% of whom were killed by government or Russian forces<a href="#cite_note-SOHR2024-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Sources: <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKassamBecker2023" class="citation journal cs1">Kassam, Kamal; Becker, Maria (16 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpos.2023.1100446">"Syrians of today, Germans of tomorrow: the effect of initial placement on the political interest of Syrian refugees in Germany"</a>. Frontiers in Political Science. 5: 3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpos.2023.1100446">10.3389/fpos.2023.1100446</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2673-3145">2673-3145</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Syrians+of+today%2C+Germans+of+tomorrow%3A+the+effect+of+initial+placement+on+the+political+interest+of+Syrian+refugees+in+Germany&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2023-05-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpos.2023.1100446&rft.issn=2673-3145&rft.aulast=Kassam&rft.aufirst=Kamal&rft.au=Becker%2C+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3389%252Ffpos.2023.1100446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26116868">"Syria: The story of the conflict"</a>. BBC News. 11 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180622052951/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26116868">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria%3A+The+story+of+the+conflict&rft.date=2016-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-26116868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/26/world/middleeast/26syria.html">"Syrian Troops Open Fire on Protestors in Several Cities"</a>. The New York Times. 25 March 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180621011638/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/26/world/middleeast/26syria.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Syrian+Troops+Open+Fire+on+Protestors+in+Several+Cities&rft.date=2011-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F03%2F26%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F26syria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-12749674">"Mid-East unrest: Syrian protests in Damascus and Aleppo"</a>. BBC News. 15 March 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180721134738/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-12749674">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mid-East+unrest%3A+Syrian+protests+in+Damascus+and+Aleppo&rft.date=2011-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-12749674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> The name "Rojava" ("The West") was initially used by the region's <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">PYD</a>-led government, before its usage was dropped in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELister2015154-140">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201989-141">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> Since then, the name is still used by some locals and international observers. </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> Sources:<a href="#cite_note-254">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[256]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> Sources:<a href="#cite_note-275">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[273]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a> Starting from the <a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Syria–Turkey border">Syria–Turkey border</a> and going south into Syria </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_syrian-civil-war-enters-10th-year/6185835.html">"Syrian Civil War Enters 10th Year"</a>. 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BBC News. 15 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240704190001/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35806229">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Why+has+the+Syrian+war+lasted+12+years%3F&rft.date=2016-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-35806229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114081611/https://jusoor.co/en/details/map-of-military-control-across-syria-at-the-end-of-2022-and-the-beginning-of-2023">"Map of military control across Syria at the end of 2022 and the beginning of 2023"</a>. 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GCR2P. 1 December 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalr2p.org/countries/syria/">the original</a> on 28 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GCR2P&rft.atitle=Syria&rft.date=2022-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalr2p.org%2Fcountries%2Fsyria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SOHR2024-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SOHR2024_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SOHR2024_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syriahr.com/en/328044/">"Syrian Revolution 13 years on | Nearly 618,000 persons killed since the onset of the revolution in March 2011"</a>. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 15 March 2024. 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Retrieved 23 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=ISIS+reportedly+massacres+dozens+in+Syrian+village&rft.date=2015-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fisis-kills-40-mabuja-village-central-syria-including-women-children%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/syria-war-became-conflict-between-usa-and-russia-and-iran-a-1115681.html">"Battle for Aleppo: How Syria Became the New Global War"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 April 2017. <q>Syria has become a proxy war between the US and Russia</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Battle+for+Aleppo%3A+How+Syria+Became+the+New+Global+War&rft.date=2016-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fworld%2Fsyria-war-became-conflict-between-usa-and-russia-and-iran-a-1115681.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor2017" class="citation news cs1">O'Connor, Tom (31 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/iran-military-us-get-out-persian-gulf-577231">"Iran's military leader tells U.S. to get out of Persian Gulf"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 April 2017. <q>The Gulf Arab faction, especially Saudi Arabia, has been engaged in a proxy war of regional influence with Iran</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+military+leader+tells+U.S.+to+get+out+of+Persian+Gulf&rft.date=2017-03-31&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Firan-military-us-get-out-persian-gulf-577231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2015-06-09/iran-spends-billions-to-prop-up-assad">"Iran Spends Billions to Prop Up Assad"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Syria+crisis%3A+Incendiary+bomb+victims+%27like+the+walking+dead%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-23892594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defenseworld.net/news/13790/Russia_Delivers_Kornet_Anti_Tank_Guided_Missiles_To_Syria">"Russia Delivers Kornet Anti-Tank Guided Missiles To Syria"</a>. 20 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150824185345/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/13790/Russia_Delivers_Kornet_Anti_Tank_Guided_Missiles_To_Syria">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+Delivers+Kornet+Anti-Tank+Guided+Missiles+To+Syria&rft.date=2015-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenseworld.net%2Fnews%2F13790%2FRussia_Delivers_Kornet_Anti_Tank_Guided_Missiles_To_Syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.sg/syria-rebels-and-tow-missiles-2015-10/">"Saudi Arabia just replenished Syrian rebels with one of the most effective weapons against the Assad regime – Business Insider"</a>. Business Insider. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160215180526/http://www.businessinsider.sg/syria-rebels-and-tow-missiles-2015-10/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+just+replenished+Syrian+rebels+with+one+of+the+most+effective+weapons+against+the+Assad+regime+%E2%80%93+Business+Insider&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.sg%2Fsyria-rebels-and-tow-missiles-2015-10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-janes-20160408-130"><a href="#cite_ref-janes-20160408_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinnieGibson2016" class="citation news cs1">Binnie, Jeremy and Gibson, Neil (8 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161205081205/http://www.janes.com/article/59374/us-arms-shipment-to-syrian-rebels-detailed">"US arms shipment to Syrian rebels detailed"</a>. Jane's Defence Weekly. IHS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.janes.com/article/59374/us-arms-shipment-to-syrian-rebels-detailed">the original</a> on 5 December 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jane%27s+Defence+Weekly&rft.atitle=US+arms+shipment+to+Syrian+rebels+detailed&rft.date=2016-04-08&rft.aulast=Binnie&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Gibson%2C+Neil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.janes.com%2Farticle%2F59374%2Fus-arms-shipment-to-syrian-rebels-detailed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-janes.com-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-janes.com_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-janes.com_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.janes.com/article/71519/iran-says-it-hit-targets-in-syria-with-zolfaghar-ballistic-missiles">"Iran says it hit targets in Syria with Zolfaghar ballistic missiles – Jane's 360"</a>. janes.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170619123538/http://www.janes.com/article/71519/iran-says-it-hit-targets-in-syria-with-zolfaghar-ballistic-missiles">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=janes.com&rft.atitle=Iran+says+it+hit+targets+in+Syria+with+Zolfaghar+ballistic+missiles+%E2%80%93+Jane%27s+360&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.janes.com%2Farticle%2F71519%2Firan-says-it-hit-targets-in-syria-with-zolfaghar-ballistic-missiles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2017/06/18/irans-revolutionary-guard-strikes-syria-for-tehran-attacks.html">"Iran's Revolutionary Guard strikes Syria for Tehran attacks"</a>. CNBC. 18 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170622173300/http://www.cnbc.com/2017/06/18/irans-revolutionary-guard-strikes-syria-for-tehran-attacks.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran%27s+Revolutionary+Guard+strikes+Syria+for+Tehran+attacks&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2017-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2017%2F06%2F18%2Firans-revolutionary-guard-strikes-syria-for-tehran-attacks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2017" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Gili (18 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/iran/1.796422">"Iran Fires at Militants in Syria in First Use of Mid-range Missiles in 30 Years"</a>. Haaretz. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170618203414/http://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/iran/1.796422">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Iran+Fires+at+Militants+in+Syria+in+First+Use+of+Mid-range+Missiles+in+30+Years&rft.date=2017-06-18&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Gili&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fmiddle-east-news%2Firan%2F1.796422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/01/13/germany-syria-war-crimes-trial/">"Syrian intelligence officer is convicted of crimes against humanity, gets life in prison in landmark German trial"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. 14 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Syrian+intelligence+officer+is+convicted+of+crimes+against+humanity%2C+gets+life+in+prison+in+landmark+German+trial.&rft.date=2022-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2F01%2F13%2Fgermany-syria-war-crimes-trial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/feature/2022/01/06/seeking-justice-for-syria/how-an-alleged-intelligence-officer-was-put-on-trial-in-germany">"How an Alleged Syrian Intelligence Officer was Put on Trial in Germany"</a>. 14 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+an+Alleged+Syrian+Intelligence+Officer+was+Put+on+Trial+in+Germany&rft.date=2022-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Ffeature%2F2022%2F01%2F06%2Fseeking-justice-for-syria%2Fhow-an-alleged-intelligence-officer-was-put-on-trial-in-germany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Behari-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Behari_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behari_135-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehari2011" class="citation news cs1">Behari, Elad (23 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/151013">"Syria: Sunnis Threatening to Massacre Minority Alawites"</a>. Arutz Sheva. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120110110322/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/151013">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria%3A+Sunnis+Threatening+to+Massacre+Minority+Alawites&rft.date=2011-12-23&rft.aulast=Behari&rft.aufirst=Elad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelnationalnews.com%2FNews%2FNews.aspx%2F151013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherlock2015" class="citation news cs1">Sherlock, Ruth (7 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/11518232/In-Syrias-war-Alawites-pay-heavy-price-for-loyalty-to-Bashar-al-Assad.html">"In Syria's war, Alawites pay heavy price for loyalty to Bashar al-Assad"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407102223/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/11518232/In-Syrias-war-Alawites-pay-heavy-price-for-loyalty-to-Bashar-al-Assad.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=In+Syria%27s+war%2C+Alawites+pay+heavy+price+for+loyalty+to+Bashar+al-Assad&rft.date=2015-04-07&rft.aulast=Sherlock&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria%2F11518232%2FIn-Syrias-war-Alawites-pay-heavy-price-for-loyalty-to-Bashar-al-Assad.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarouny2013" class="citation news cs1">Karouny, Mariam (14 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-deaths-idUSBRE94D0L420130514">"Syria Death Toll Likely As High As 120,000, Group Says"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131013022620/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/14/us-syria-crisis-deaths-idUSBRE94D0L420130514">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Syria+Death+Toll+Likely+As+High+As+120%2C000%2C+Group+Says&rft.date=2013-05-14&rft.aulast=Karouny&rft.aufirst=Mariam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-syria-crisis-deaths-idUSBRE94D0L420130514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDettmet2013" class="citation news cs1">Dettmet, Jamie (19 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/11/19/syria-s-christians-flee-kidnappings-rape-executions.html">"Syria's Christians Flee Kidnappings, Rape, Executions"</a>. The Daily Beast. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131119224625/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/11/19/syria-s-christians-flee-kidnappings-rape-executions.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+Christians+Flee+Kidnappings%2C+Rape%2C+Executions&rft.date=2013-11-19&rft.aulast=Dettmet&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Farticles%2F2013%2F11%2F19%2Fsyria-s-christians-flee-kidnappings-rape-executions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nelson-defector-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nelson-defector_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nelson-defector_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nelson-defector_139-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2015" class="citation news cs1">Nelson, Lara (18 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/shia-jihad-and-death-syria-s-army-1508759016">"The Shia jihad and the death of Syria's army"</a>. Middle East Eye. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161114052109/http://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/shia-jihad-and-death-syria-s-army-1508759016">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2016. <q>Without the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and Lebanese Hezbollah the army could not stand up. [For example, in "the largest and most important military force for Assad in southern Syria" – Division 9,] Seventy percent of the troops ... are Iranian troops or Lebanese Hezbollah, the rest are shabiha. Only two to three percent are regular Syrian soldiers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Shia+jihad+and+the+death+of+Syria%27s+army&rft.date=2015-11-18&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Lara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fcolumns%2Fshia-jihad-and-death-syria-s-army-1508759016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELister2015154-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELister2015154_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLister2015">Lister (2015)</a>, p. 154. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLister2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201989-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201989_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019">Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019)</a>, p. 89. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/51940fb9-3aff-4e51-bcf8-b1629af00299/-Rojava--no-longer-exists---Northern-Syria--adopted-instead-">"'Rojava' no longer exists, 'Northern Syria' adopted instead"</a>. Kurdistan24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191114141412/https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/51940fb9-3aff-4e51-bcf8-b1629af00299/-rojava--no-longer-exists---northern-syria--adopted-instead-">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kurdistan24&rft.atitle=%27Rojava%27+no+longer+exists%2C+%27Northern+Syria%27+adopted+instead&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kurdistan24.net%2Fen%2Fnews%2F51940fb9-3aff-4e51-bcf8-b1629af00299%2F-Rojava--no-longer-exists---Northern-Syria--adopted-instead-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201911,_95-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg201911,_95_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019">Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019)</a>, pp. 11, 95. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabad2017219,_228-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZabad2017219,_228_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZabad2017">Zabad (2017)</a>, pp. 219, 228. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFZabad2017 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-MiddleEastEye-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MiddleEastEye_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MiddleEastEye_146-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/analysis-kurds-syria-rojava-1925945786">"ANALYSIS: 'This is a new Syria, not a new Kurdistan'"</a>. 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Oakland, CA: PM Press, Kairos. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62963-651-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62963-651-1"><bdi>978-1-62963-651-1</bdi></a>. <q>Afrin was the home to the largest Ezidi minority in Syria.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+the+Mountain+of+the+Kurds&rft.place=Oakland%2C+CA&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=PM+Press%2C+Kairos&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-62963-651-1&rft.aulast=Schmidinger&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019xviii,_66,_200-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019xviii,_66,_200_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019">Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019)</a>, pp. xviii, 66, 200. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFAllsoppvan_Wilgenburg2019 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-marriage-161"><a href="#cite_ref-marriage_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160222111444/http://aranews.net/2016/02/syria-kurds-challenging-traditions-promote-civil-marriage/">"Syria Kurds challenging traditions, promote civil marriage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ARA_News" title="ARA News">ARA News</a>. 20 February 2016. 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Retrieved 13 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syrian+Refugees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyrianrefugees.eu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/national/fears-for-dozens-of-australian-children-in-refugee-camps-in-syria/video/a0faaf3c066348655efc81b476cb269a">"Fears for dozens of Australian children in refugee camps in Syria"</a>. Daily Telegraph. 8 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191008132940/https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/national/fears-for-dozens-of-australian-children-in-refugee-camps-in-syria/video/a0faaf3c066348655efc81b476cb269a">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Fears+for+dozens+of+Australian+children+in+refugee+camps+in+Syria&rft.date=2019-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytelegraph.com.au%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ffears-for-dozens-of-australian-children-in-refugee-camps-in-syria%2Fvideo%2Fa0faaf3c066348655efc81b476cb269a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/act-alliance-call-action-jordan-syria-and-lebanon-18-december-2019">"ACT Alliance Call for Action: Jordan, Syria and Lebanon (18 December 2019) REPORTfrom ACT AlliancePublished on 18 Dec 2019"</a>. 18 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218143247/https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/act-alliance-call-action-jordan-syria-and-lebanon-18-december-2019">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ACT+Alliance+Call+for+Action%3A+Jordan%2C+Syria+and+Lebanon+%2818+December+2019%29+REPORTfrom+ACT+AlliancePublished+on+18+Dec+2019.&rft.date=2019-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Freport%2Fsyrian-arab-republic%2Fact-alliance-call-action-jordan-syria-and-lebanon-18-december-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-washokani-213"><a href="#cite_ref-washokani_213-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anfenglishmobile.com/rojava-syria/winter-threatens-the-idps-in-the-washokani-camp-39991">Winter threatens the IDPs in the Washokani Camp</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191211032029/https://anfenglishmobile.com/rojava-syria/winter-threatens-the-idps-in-the-washokani-camp-39991">Archived</a> 11 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.For the displaced people in northern and eastern Syria, winter is a torture: many set up for those seeking shelter have already collapsed due to rain and wind. Almost all international aid organisations are watching the misery. ANF HESEKÊ Tuesday, 10 Dec 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/12/syria-oil-smuggling-hyena-sdf-deir-ezzor-tankers.html">Residents in northeast Syria brace for winter as oil smugglers thrive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191219144104/https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/12/syria-oil-smuggling-hyena-sdf-deir-ezzor-tankers.html">Archived</a> 19 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Dan Wilkofsky 18 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anfenglishmobile.com/rojava-syria/over-3500-refugees-accommodated-in-the-washokani-camp-39924">Over 3500 refugees accommodated in the Washokani camp</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191211162619/https://anfenglishmobile.com/rojava-syria/over-3500-refugees-accommodated-in-the-washokani-camp-39924">Archived</a> 11 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Washokani camp, set up by the autonomous administration of North-East Syria near Hesekê, now hosts 3566 people who have fled the Turkish occupation troops in Serêkaniyê. ANF HESEKÊ Saturday, 7 Dec 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anfenglishmobile.com/rojava-syria/no-help-for-people-displaced-by-the-turkish-invasion-39771">No help for people displaced by the Turkish invasion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191211162755/https://anfenglishmobile.com/rojava-syria/no-help-for-people-displaced-by-the-turkish-invasion-39771">Archived</a> 11 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. More than 2,500 people now live in the northern Syrian camp Washokani who had to flee due to the Turkish occupation war. No help has arrived from international organisations yet. ANF HESEKE Sunday, 1 Dec 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anfenglishmobile.com/rojava-syria/ignorance-of-aid-organisations-exacerbates-the-situation-of-idps-39283">Ignorance of aid organisations exacerbates the situation of IDPs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191211162618/https://anfenglishmobile.com/rojava-syria/ignorance-of-aid-organisations-exacerbates-the-situation-of-idps-39283">Archived</a> 11 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Hundreds of thousands have fled home due to the attacks of the AKP government and its gangs on Northern Syria. The living conditions of the refugees are being exacerbated by the ignorance of international aid organisations. ANF HESEKE Wednesday, 13 Nov 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBray" class="citation web cs1">Bray, Allison. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.herald.ie/news/fifty-syrian-refugees-promised-the-warmest-of-irish-welcomes-38823817.html">"Fifty Syrian refugees promised the warmest of Irish welcomes"</a>. Herald.ie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191231114213/https://www.herald.ie/news/fifty-syrian-refugees-promised-the-warmest-of-irish-welcomes-38823817.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Herald.ie&rft.atitle=Fifty+Syrian+refugees+promised+the+warmest+of+Irish+welcomes&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=Allison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.herald.ie%2Fnews%2Ffifty-syrian-refugees-promised-the-warmest-of-irish-welcomes-38823817.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria">"Situation Syria Regional Refugee Response"</a>. data2.unhcr.org. Retrieved 17 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data2.unhcr.org&rft.atitle=Situation+Syria+Regional+Refugee+Response&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata2.unhcr.org%2Fen%2Fsituations%2Fsyria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarooq" class="citation web cs1">Farooq, Umar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/12/turkey-news-log-jan-12">"How killing of Syrian refugee marks an alarming trend in Turkey"</a>. aljazeera.com. Retrieved 17 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=How+killing+of+Syrian+refugee+marks+an+alarming+trend+in+Turkey&rft.aulast=Farooq&rft.aufirst=Umar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F1%2F12%2Fturkey-news-log-jan-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChulov2018" class="citation web cs1">Chulov, Martin (26 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/26/10m-syrians-at-risk-of-forfeiting-homes-under-new-property-law">"10m Syrians at risk of forfeiting homes under new property law"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180625021708/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/26/10m-syrians-at-risk-of-forfeiting-homes-under-new-property-law">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=10m+Syrians+at+risk+of+forfeiting+homes+under+new+property+law&rft.date=2018-04-26&rft.aulast=Chulov&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Fapr%2F26%2F10m-syrians-at-risk-of-forfeiting-homes-under-new-property-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/world/syria-wants-its-citizens-in-lebanon-to-return-help-rebuild/">"Syria wants its citizens in Lebanon to return, help rebuild"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>. 4 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180624232804/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2018/06/04/syria-wants-its-citizens-in-lebanon-to-return-help-rebuild.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Syria+wants+its+citizens+in+Lebanon+to+return%2C+help+rebuild&rft.date=2018-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2Fsyria-wants-its-citizens-in-lebanon-to-return-help-rebuild%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNehme2018" class="citation news cs1">Nehme, Dahlia (12 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-property-idUSKBN1OB0H3">"Syrian state seizes opponents' property, rights activists say"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230542/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-property-idUSKBN1OB0H3">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2018 – via reuters.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Syrian+state+seizes+opponents%27+property%2C+rights+activists+say&rft.date=2018-12-12&rft.aulast=Nehme&rft.aufirst=Dahlia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-syria-property-idUSKBN1OB0H3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wsau.com/news/articles/2019/dec/17/erdogan-urges-resettling-of-one-million-refugees-in-northern-syria-peace-zone/967200/?refer-section=world">Erdogan says world cares more about Syria's oil than its children</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200211192144/https://wsau.com/news/articles/2019/dec/17/erdogan-urges-resettling-of-one-million-refugees-in-northern-syria-peace-zone/967200/?refer-section=world">Archived</a> 11 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Tuesday, 17 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/erdogan-urges-resettling-1-million-refugees-northern-syria-191217100317971.html">Erdogan urges resettling of 1 million refugees in northern Syria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191217145212/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/erdogan-urges-resettling-1-million-refugees-northern-syria-191217100317971.html">Archived</a> 17 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Turkish president says formula needed to allow refugees to return on a voluntary basis but in 'short period of time'. </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/migrant-arrivals-in-europe-from-turkey-nearly-double-in-2019/a-51702064">Migrant arrivals in Europe from Turkey nearly double in 2019</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191217170029/https://www.dw.com/en/migrant-arrivals-in-europe-from-turkey-nearly-double-in-2019/a-51702064">Archived</a> 17 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. According to a confidential EU report, 70,000 migrants have crossed from Turkey to the EU this year. The numbers raise questions about whether an EU-Turkey refugee deal is unravelling. </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/policy/international/europe/474863-turkeys-erdogan-calls-for-resettlement-of-1m-refugees-in-northern">Turkish President Erdoğan calls for resettlement of 1M refugees in northern Syria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218020607/https://thehill.com/policy/international/europe/474863-turkeys-erdogan-calls-for-resettlement-of-1m-refugees-in-northern">Archived</a> 18 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BY MARTY JOHNSON – 12/17/19. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/lack-refugee-aid-forced-turkey-syria-operation-erdogan-12191402">Lack of refugee aid forced Turkey into Syria operation: Erdogan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218020301/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/lack-refugee-aid-forced-turkey-syria-operation-erdogan-12191402">Archived</a> 18 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 17 Dec 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailysabah.com/diplomacy/2019/12/17/erdogan-return-of-syrian-refugees-as-crucial-as-fight-against-terrorism">Erdoğan: Return of Syrian refugees as crucial as fight against terrorism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218020459/https://www.dailysabah.com/diplomacy/2019/12/17/erdogan-return-of-syrian-refugees-as-crucial-as-fight-against-terrorism">Archived</a> 18 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_Sabah" title="Daily Sabah">Daily Sabah</a> with AFP, Istanbul, 17 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/12/erdogan-renew-call-safe-zone-syria.html">Erdogan renews call for 'safe zone' support as Syrians return</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218020658/https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/12/erdogan-renew-call-safe-zone-syria.html">Archived</a> 18 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Ayla Jean Yackley 17 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/turkey-says-eu-should-increase-funding-syrian-refugees-beyond-66bn-pledged">Turkey says EU should increase funding of Syrian refugees beyond $6.6bn pledged</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191217170022/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/turkey-says-eu-should-increase-funding-syrian-refugees-beyond-66bn-pledged">Archived</a> 17 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.EU funds support 3.5 million Syrian refugees in Turkey, as Syria's civil war has killed hundreds of thousands and pushed millions from their homes. </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahvalnews.com/migrants/migrant-wave-calls-eu-turkey-deal-question-report">Migrant wave calls EU-Turkey deal into question – report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191217170029/https://ahvalnews.com/migrants/migrant-wave-calls-eu-turkey-deal-question-report">Archived</a> 17 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 17 Dec 2019 The number of migrants crossing from Turkey into Europe doubled in 2019 to 70,000, raising questions about whether the 2016 EU-Turkey migrant deal is still effective, Deutsche Welle reported, citing a confidential EU report. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20191215-turkish-official-says-eu-should-boost-funding-of-syrian-refugees/">Turkish official says EU should boost funding of Syrian refugees</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218020459/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20191215-turkish-official-says-eu-should-boost-funding-of-syrian-refugees/">Archived</a> 18 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 15 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://localnews8.com/news/2020/02/02/children-bearing-the-brunt-of-last-escalation-in-syrian-civil-war/">"Children bearing the brunt of latest escalation in Syrian civil war"</a>. Local News 8. CNN. 2 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200202135150/https://localnews8.com/news/2020/02/02/children-bearing-the-brunt-of-last-escalation-in-syrian-civil-war/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Local+News+8&rft.atitle=Children+bearing+the+brunt+of+latest+escalation+in+Syrian+civil+war&rft.date=2020-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flocalnews8.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F02%2F02%2Fchildren-bearing-the-brunt-of-last-escalation-in-syrian-civil-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unhcr.org/sy/internally-displaced-people">"Internally Displaced People"</a>. UNHCR Syria. 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Retrieved 6 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Yarmouk+update%3A+Nusra%27s+apparent+return+complicates+UNRWA%27s+hopes+for+food+program&rft.date=2014-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miamiherald.com%2F2014%2F03%2F03%2F3971810%2Fyarmouk-update-nusras-apparent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IRIN_removal-289"><a href="#cite_ref-IRIN_removal_289-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyke2015" class="citation news cs1">Dyke, Joe (24 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/report/101781/yarmouk-camp-no-longer-besieged-un-rules">"Yarmouk camp no longer besieged, UN rules"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Humanitarian" title="The New Humanitarian">IRIN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150727021032/http://www.irinnews.org/report/101781/yarmouk-camp-no-longer-besieged-un-rules">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2015. 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The Guardian. 27 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140828220905/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/27/syria-isis-war-crimes-united-nations-un">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Syria+and+Isis+committing+war+crimes%2C+says+UN&rft.date=2014-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Faug%2F27%2Fsyria-isis-war-crimes-united-nations-un&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/isis-gay-punished-death/story?id=39826182">"Under ISIS: Where Being Gay Is Punished by Death"</a>. 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Retrieved 21 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria%3A+13%2C000+secretly+hanged+in+Saydnaya+military+prison+%E2%80%93+shocking+new+report&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org.uk%2Fpress-releases%2Fsyria-13000-secretly-hanged-saydnaya-military-prison-shocking-new-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181219162710/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/us-accuses-syria-of-killing-thousands-of-prisoners-and-burning-the-dead-bodies-in-large-crematorium-outside-damascus/2017/05/15/7cf95c30-3985-11e7-a59b-26e0451a96fd_story.html">"US accuses Syria of killing thousands of prisoners and burning the dead bodies in large crematorium outside Damascus"</a>. The Washington Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/us-accuses-syria-of-killing-thousands-of-prisoners-and-burning-the-dead-bodies-in-large-crematorium-outside-damascus/2017/05/15/7cf95c30-3985-11e7-a59b-26e0451a96fd_story.html">the original</a> on 19 December 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=US+accuses+Syria+of+killing+thousands+of+prisoners+and+burning+the+dead+bodies+in+large+crematorium+outside+Damascus.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fus-accuses-syria-of-killing-thousands-of-prisoners-and-burning-the-dead-bodies-in-large-crematorium-outside-damascus%2F2017%2F05%2F15%2F7cf95c30-3985-11e7-a59b-26e0451a96fd_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2017" class="citation news cs1">Harris, Gardiner (15 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/15/world/middleeast/syria-assad-prison-crematory.html">"Syria Prison Crematory Is Hiding Mass Executions, U.S. Says"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170515221921/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/15/world/middleeast/syria-assad-prison-crematory.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2017. 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Retrieved 17 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Syrian+Crematory+Is+Hiding+Mass+Killings+of+Prisoners%2C+U.S.+Says&rft.date=2017-05-15&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Gardiner&rft.au=Barnard%2C+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F05%2F15%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria-assad-prison-crematory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.womenundersiegeproject.org/blog/entry/the-ultimate-assault-charting-syrias-use-of-rape-to-terrorize-its-people">"The ultimate assault: Charting Syria's use of rape to terrorize its people"</a>. 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Retrieved 7 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=UN+inquiry+stops+short+of+directly+blaming+Russia+over+Idlib+attacks&rft.date=2020-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fapr%2F07%2Fun-inquiry-stops-short-of-directly-blaming-russia-over-idlib-attacks-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/assad-regime-violence-continues-despite-coronavirus/1820593">"Assad regime violence continues despite coronavirus"</a>. Anadolu Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200503043418/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/assad-regime-violence-continues-despite-coronavirus/1820593">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anadolu+Agency&rft.atitle=Assad+regime+violence+continues+despite+coronavirus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Fmiddle-east%2Fassad-regime-violence-continues-despite-coronavirus%2F1820593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/05/1063562">"Syria violence 'a ticking time-bomb that must not be ignored': UN human rights chief"</a>. UN News. 8 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200716185639/https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/05/1063562">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+News&rft.atitle=Syria+violence+%27a+ticking+time-bomb+that+must+not+be+ignored%27%3A+UN+human+rights+chief&rft.date=2020-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.un.org%2Fen%2Fstory%2F2020%2F05%2F1063562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/syria-assad-regime-attack-kills-2-civilians-in-al-bab/1917153">"Syria: Assad regime attack kills 2 civilians in al-Bab"</a>. Anadolu Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200722233813/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/syria-assad-regime-attack-kills-2-civilians-in-al-bab/1917153">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anadolu+Agency&rft.atitle=Syria%3A+Assad+regime+attack+kills+2+civilians+in+al-Bab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsyria-assad-regime-attack-kills-2-civilians-in-al-bab%2F1917153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/21/shelling-on-syrias-afrin-kills-six-civilians-dozens-wounded">"Shelling on Syria's Afrin kills six civilians; dozens wounded"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aljazeera.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Aljazeera.com">Aljazeera.com</a>. 21 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Shelling+on+Syria%27s+Afrin+kills+six+civilians%3B+dozens+wounded&rft.date=2022-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F1%2F21%2Fshelling-on-syrias-afrin-kills-six-civilians-dozens-wounded&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/23/syria-prison-attack-kills-over-120-as-clashes-ongoing-monitor">"Syria prison attack kills more than 100, clashes ongoing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aljazeera.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Aljazeera.com">Aljazeera.com</a>. 23 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Syria+prison+attack+kills+more+than+100%2C+clashes+ongoing&rft.date=2022-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F1%2F23%2Fsyria-prison-attack-kills-over-120-as-clashes-ongoing-monitor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/syria-eight-civilians-killed-syria-army-rebel-bastion">"Eight civilians killed by Syria army in rebel bastion"</a>. Middle East Eye. Retrieved 17 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Eye&rft.atitle=Eight+civilians+killed+by+Syria+army+in+rebel+bastion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fnews%2Fsyria-eight-civilians-killed-syria-army-rebel-bastion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCave2012" class="citation news cs1">Cave, Damein (9 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/10/world/middleeast/crime-wave-engulfs-syria-as-its-cities-reel-from-war.html">"Crime Wave Engulfs Syria as Its Cities Reel From War"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120813235006/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/10/world/middleeast/crime-wave-engulfs-syria-as-its-cities-reel-from-war.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Crime+Wave+Engulfs+Syria+as+Its+Cities+Reel+From+War&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft.aulast=Cave&rft.aufirst=Damein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F08%2F10%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fcrime-wave-engulfs-syria-as-its-cities-reel-from-war.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISW-311"><a href="#cite_ref-ISW_311-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKozak2015" class="citation web cs1">Kozak, Christopher (26 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iswsyria.blogspot.co.uk/2015/05/the-regimes-military-capabilities-part-1.html">"The Regime's Military Capabilities: Part 1"</a>. ISW. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150527120304/http://iswsyria.blogspot.co.uk/2015/05/the-regimes-military-capabilities-part-1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2015. <q>Local NDF commanders often engage in war profiteering through protection rackets, looting, and organized crime. NDF members have been implicated in waves of murders, robberies, thefts, kidnappings, and extortions throughout regime-held parts of Syria since the formation of the organization in 2013.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Regime%27s+Military+Capabilities%3A+Part+1&rft.pub=ISW&rft.date=2015-05-26&rft.aulast=Kozak&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiswsyria.blogspot.co.uk%2F2015%2F05%2Fthe-regimes-military-capabilities-part-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Organized_crime-312">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Organized_crime_312-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Organized_crime_312-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsher" class="citation web cs1">Asher, Berman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.understandingwar.org/article/criminalization-syrian-conflict">"Criminalization of the Syrian Conflict"</a>. Institute for the Study of War. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018102104/http://understandingwar.org/article/criminalization-syrian-conflict">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+the+Study+of+War&rft.atitle=Criminalization+of+the+Syrian+Conflict&rft.aulast=Asher&rft.aufirst=Berman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.understandingwar.org%2Farticle%2Fcriminalization-syrian-conflict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/jordan-army-officer-killed-three-injured-shooting-along-border-with-syria-army-2022-01-16/">"Jordan army officer killed in shooting along border with Syria -army statement"</a>. Reuters. 16 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Jordan+army+officer+killed+in+shooting+along+border+with+Syria+-army+statement&rft.date=2022-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fjordan-army-officer-killed-three-injured-shooting-along-border-with-syria-army-2022-01-16%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-22766084">"WHO warns of Syria disease threat"</a>. BBC. 4 June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180930214050/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-22766084">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=WHO+warns+of+Syria+disease+threat&rft.date=2013-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fhealth-22766084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> United Nations. (9 November 2017). "Syrian conflict has now lasted longer than World War II – UN humanitarian envoy". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=58062">UN News Centre website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171211233433/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=58062">Archived</a> 11 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 10 December 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/rukban-camp-syria-receives-aid-3-months-190207175321262.html">"Rukban camp in Syria receives first aid in three months"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190321014358/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/rukban-camp-syria-receives-aid-3-months-190207175321262.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rukban+camp+in+Syria+receives+first+aid+in+three+months&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F02%2Frukban-camp-syria-receives-aid-3-months-190207175321262.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suppressed-317"><a href="#cite_ref-Suppressed_317-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparrow2014" class="citation journal cs1">Sparrow, Annie (20 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2014/feb/20/syrias-polio-epidemic-suppressed-truth/?insrc=hpma">"Syria's Polio Epidemic: The Suppressed Truth"</a>. New York Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140125214019/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2014/feb/20/syrias-polio-epidemic-suppressed-truth/?insrc=hpma">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014. <q>Even before the uprising, in areas considered politically unsympathetic like Deir Ezzor, the government stopped maintaining sanitation and safe-water services, and began withholding routine immunizations for preventable childhood diseases. Once the war began, the government started ruthless attacks on civilians in opposition-held areas, forcing millions to seek refuge in filthy, crowded, and cold conditions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Review&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+Polio+Epidemic%3A+The+Suppressed+Truth&rft.date=2014-02-20&rft.aulast=Sparrow&rft.aufirst=Annie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F2014%2Ffeb%2F20%2Fsyrias-polio-epidemic-suppressed-truth%2F%3Finsrc%3Dhpma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/06/1067252">"Syrians 'face unprecedented hunger amid impending COVID crisis'"</a>. UN News. 26 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200628084132/https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/06/1067252">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+News&rft.atitle=Syrians+%27face+unprecedented+hunger+amid+impending+COVID+crisis%27&rft.date=2020-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.un.org%2Fen%2Fstory%2F2020%2F06%2F1067252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/cholera-outbreak-syria-poses-serious-threat-un-2022-09-13/">"Cholera outbreak in Syria poses serious threat, U.N. says"</a>. Reuters. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Cholera+outbreak+in+Syria+poses+serious+threat%2C+U.N.+says&rft.date=2022-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fcholera-outbreak-syria-poses-serious-threat-un-2022-09-13%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RW_aid_record-320"><a href="#cite_ref-RW_aid_record_320-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/un-launches-biggest-humanitarian-appeal-fearing-deepening-syrian-crisis">"UN launches biggest humanitarian appeal, fearing deepening of Syrian crisis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ReliefWeb" title="ReliefWeb">ReliefWeb</a>. 16 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201135117/http://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/un-launches-biggest-humanitarian-appeal-fearing-deepening-syrian-crisis">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ReliefWeb&rft.atitle=UN+launches+biggest+humanitarian+appeal%2C+fearing+deepening+of+Syrian+crisis&rft.date=2013-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Freport%2Fsyrian-arab-republic%2Fun-launches-biggest-humanitarian-appeal-fearing-deepening-syrian-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> United Nations General Assembly Resolution 182 session 46 Strengthening of the coordination of humanitarian emergency assistance of the United Nations on 19 December 1991 </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/revised-syria-humanitarian-assistance-response-plan-sharp-january">United Nations, Syria Humanitarian Assistance Response Plan (SHARP)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130916000153/http://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/revised-syria-humanitarian-assistance-response-plan-sharp-january">Archived</a> 16 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224201836/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-election-idUSKCN0SJ05R20151025">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Assad%27s+priority+to+defeat+%27terrorism%27+before+elections%3A+Russian+lawmaker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-syria-election-idUSKCN0SJ05R20151025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reutersstart-376"><a href="#cite_ref-reutersstart_376-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-idUSKCN0VA2OT">"U.N. announces start of Syria peace talks as government troops advance"</a>. Reuters. 1 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201232558/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-idUSKCN0VA2OT">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=U.N.+announces+start+of+Syria+peace+talks+as+government+troops+advance&rft.date=2016-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-syria-idUSKCN0VA2OT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reuterssuspend-377"><a href="#cite_ref-reuterssuspend_377-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-un-idUSKCN0VC2U7">"Envoy suspended Syria talks over Russian escalation: U.N. official"</a>. Reuters. 3 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205005150/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-un-idUSKCN0VC2U7">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Envoy+suspended+Syria+talks+over+Russian+escalation%3A+U.N.+official&rft.date=2016-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-syria-un-idUSKCN0VC2U7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-assad-russia-idUSKCN0WG24T">"Syria's Assad says hopes Geneva talks lead to concrete results: Kremlin"</a>. Reuters. 14 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215045646/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-assad-russia-idUSKCN0WG24T">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+Assad+says+hopes+Geneva+talks+lead+to+concrete+results%3A+Kremlin&rft.date=2016-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-syria-assad-russia-idUSKCN0WG24T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/03/syria-talks-tackle-bashar-al-assad-presidency-160313090906103.html">"Syria talks to tackle Bashar al-Assad's presidency"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315183154/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/03/syria-talks-tackle-bashar-al-assad-presidency-160313090906103.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria+talks+to+tackle+Bashar+al-Assad%27s+presidency&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F03%2Fsyria-talks-tackle-bashar-al-assad-presidency-160313090906103.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-astanatalks-379">^ <a href="#cite_ref-astanatalks_379-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-astanatalks_379-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-russia-idUSKBN15820K">"Russian negotiator positive after 'birth' of Astana Syria"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215042019/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-russia-idUSKBN15820K">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Russian+negotiator+positive+after+%27birth%27+of+Astana+Syria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-syria-russia-idUSKBN15820K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interfax.ru/world/561157">РФ, Турция и Иран подписали меморандум о создании в Сирии зон деэскалации</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170623161919/http://www.interfax.ru/world/561157">Archived</a> 23 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Interfax, 4 May 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-tassdealmay4-381"><a href="#cite_ref-tassdealmay4_381-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tass.com/world/953004">"Russia, Turkey and Iran continue cooperation on de-escalation zones in Syria"</a>. TASS. 23 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170625131708/http://tass.com/world/953004">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia%2C+Turkey+and+Iran+continue+cooperation+on+de-escalation+zones+in+Syria&rft.date=2017-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftass.com%2Fworld%2F953004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jordantimes.com/news/region/russia-accuses-us-syria-rebels-blocking-refugee-evacuation">"Russia accuses US, Syria rebels of blocking refugee evacuation"</a>. Jordan Times. 18 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190919182324/http://jordantimes.com/news/region/russia-accuses-us-syria-rebels-blocking-refugee-evacuation">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jordan+Times&rft.atitle=Russia+accuses+US%2C+Syria+rebels+of+blocking+refugee+evacuation&rft.date=2019-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jordantimes.com%2Fnews%2Fregion%2Frussia-accuses-us-syria-rebels-blocking-refugee-evacuation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatrawy2019" class="citation web cs1">Batrawy, Aya (29 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/6411303/syria-demands-us-turkish-forces-withdraw/">"Syria demands US, Turkish forces withdraw"</a>. Newcastle Herald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190929135050/https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/6411303/syria-demands-us-turkish-forces-withdraw/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newcastle+Herald&rft.atitle=Syria+demands+US%2C+Turkish+forces+withdraw&rft.date=2019-09-29&rft.aulast=Batrawy&rft.aufirst=Aya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newcastleherald.com.au%2Fstory%2F6411303%2Fsyria-demands-us-turkish-forces-withdraw%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahvalnews.com/turkey-defence/turkey-strengthen-efforts-syria-safe-zone-says-security-council">"Turkey to strengthen efforts for Syria safe zone, says Security Council"</a>. Ahval. October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191001135727/https://ahvalnews.com/turkey-defence/turkey-strengthen-efforts-syria-safe-zone-says-security-council">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ahval&rft.atitle=Turkey+to+strengthen+efforts+for+Syria+safe+zone%2C+says+Security+Council&rft.date=2019-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fahvalnews.com%2Fturkey-defence%2Fturkey-strengthen-efforts-syria-safe-zone-says-security-council&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://moneymaven.io/mishtalk/economics/us-avoids-war-with-turkey-as-trump-pulls-troops-out-of-syria-5zYYLH8dQEmrvyZuU5KFbg/">"US Avoids War With Turkey as Trump Pulls Troops Out of Syria"</a>. Mish Talk. 7 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191007142609/https://moneymaven.io/mishtalk/economics/us-avoids-war-with-turkey-as-trump-pulls-troops-out-of-syria-5zYYLH8dQEmrvyZuU5KFbg/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mish+Talk&rft.atitle=US+Avoids+War+With+Turkey+as+Trump+Pulls+Troops+Out+of+Syria&rft.date=2019-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoneymaven.io%2Fmishtalk%2Feconomics%2Fus-avoids-war-with-turkey-as-trump-pulls-troops-out-of-syria-5zYYLH8dQEmrvyZuU5KFbg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/middle-east/russia-calls-turkey-s-invasion-of-north-syria-unacceptable-1.4051499">Russia calls Turkey's invasion of north Syria 'unacceptable.'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191022143750/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/middle-east/russia-calls-turkey-s-invasion-of-north-syria-unacceptable-1.4051499">Archived</a> 22 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Strongest words yet from Assad-supporting Moscow heaps pressure on Ankara. Tue, 15 Oct 2019, Henry Foy, Laura Pitel, Chloe Cornish </li> <li id="cite_note-Newsweek_middle_east-387"><a href="#cite_ref-Newsweek_middle_east_387-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/new-mideast-us-russia-china-1465846">"THE NEW MIDDLE EAST: U.S. MILITARY, RUSSIA'S DIPLOMACY AND CHINA'S MONEY, BY TOM O'CONNOR ON 10/22/19"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>. 22 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191127212746/https://www.newsweek.com/new-mideast-us-russia-china-1465846">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=THE+NEW+MIDDLE+EAST%3A+U.S.+MILITARY%2C+RUSSIA%27S+DIPLOMACY+AND+CHINA%27S+MONEY%2C+BY+TOM+O%27CONNOR+ON+10%2F22%2F19.&rft.date=2019-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fnew-mideast-us-russia-china-1465846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-388">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_388-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_388-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50152235">"Russia deploys troops to Turkey-Syria border"</a>. 23 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191211112121/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50152235">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia+deploys+troops+to+Turkey-Syria+border&rft.date=2019-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-50152235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/22/turkey-and-russia-agree-deal-over-buffer-zone-in-northern-syria">Turkey and Russia agree on deal over buffer zone in northern Syria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214115348/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/22/turkey-and-russia-agree-deal-over-buffer-zone-in-northern-syria">Archived</a> 14 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Erdoğan hails agreement with Putin in which Kurdish fighters will be moved from border area. guardian.com. </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2019/10/23/772557773/kurdish-reaction-to-turkey-russia-deal-to-patrol-northern-syria">"Kurdish Reaction To Turkey-Russia Deal To Patrol Northern Syria"</a>. NPR.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191106112818/https://www.npr.org/2019/10/23/772557773/kurdish-reaction-to-turkey-russia-deal-to-patrol-northern-syria">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Kurdish+Reaction+To+Turkey-Russia+Deal+To+Patrol+Northern+Syria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2019%2F10%2F23%2F772557773%2Fkurdish-reaction-to-turkey-russia-deal-to-patrol-northern-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-391"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_391-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ekurd.net/syrian-kurds-say-pulling-2019-10-28">"Syrian Kurds say pulling out from entire length of Turkey border"</a>. Kurd Net – Ekurd.net Daily News. 28 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191209050826/https://ekurd.net/syrian-kurds-say-pulling-2019-10-28">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kurd+Net+%E2%80%93+Ekurd.net+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Syrian+Kurds+say+pulling+out+from+entire+length+of+Turkey+border&rft.date=2019-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fekurd.net%2Fsyrian-kurds-say-pulling-2019-10-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mondediplo.com/2019/11/02turkey">Turkey and Russia redraw the map in northeast Syria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223160415/https://mondediplo.com/2019/11/02turkey">Archived</a> 23 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. With Operation Peace Spring, Turkey has gained control of part of northeast Syria, creating a buffer zone against Kurdish-led forces where it will be able to settle one million Syrian refugees. The Sochi agreement with Russia confirms Turkey's influence over the border zone, and may allow Assad's government to regain control of land held until now by the Kurds. Nov. 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahimDeYoung" class="citation news cs1">Fahim, Kareem; DeYoung. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/turkeys-erdogan-meets-with-putin-in-russia-to-discuss-syrian-operation/2019/10/22/764abcea-f43f-11e9-b2d2-1f37c9d82dbb_story.html">"Russia and Turkey reach deal to push Kurdish forces out of zone in northern Syria"</a>. Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212022648/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/turkeys-erdogan-meets-with-putin-in-russia-to-discuss-syrian-operation/2019/10/22/764abcea-f43f-11e9-b2d2-1f37c9d82dbb_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Russia+and+Turkey+reach+deal+to+push+Kurdish+forces+out+of+zone+in+northern+Syria&rft.aulast=Fahim&rft.aufirst=Kareem&rft.au=DeYoung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Fturkeys-erdogan-meets-with-putin-in-russia-to-discuss-syrian-operation%2F2019%2F10%2F22%2F764abcea-f43f-11e9-b2d2-1f37c9d82dbb_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fraser-394"><a href="#cite_ref-Fraser_394-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraserIsachenkov" class="citation news cs1">Fraser, Suzan; Isachenkov, Vladimir. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024130353/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/german-defense-minister-proposes-security-zone-for-syria/2019/10/22/19af90b8-f49f-11e9-b2d2-1f37c9d82dbb_story.html">"Russia, Turkey seal power in northeast Syria with new accord"</a>. Washington Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/german-defense-minister-proposes-security-zone-for-syria/2019/10/22/19af90b8-f49f-11e9-b2d2-1f37c9d82dbb_story.html">the original</a> on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Russia%2C+Turkey+seal+power+in+northeast+Syria+with+new+accord&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Suzan&rft.au=Isachenkov%2C+Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fgerman-defense-minister-proposes-security-zone-for-syria%2F2019%2F10%2F22%2F19af90b8-f49f-11e9-b2d2-1f37c9d82dbb_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor2019" class="citation web cs1">O'Connor, Tom O'Connor (23 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/russia-syria-map-troops-deal-turkey-1467252">"Russia shows off new Syria map, sends troops to border after its deal with Turkey"</a>. Newsweek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191125191513/https://www.newsweek.com/russia-syria-map-troops-deal-turkey-1467252">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Russia+shows+off+new+Syria+map%2C+sends+troops+to+border+after+its+deal+with+Turkey&rft.date=2019-10-23&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Tom+O%27Connor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Frussia-syria-map-troops-deal-turkey-1467252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoylu2019" class="citation web cs1">Soylu, Ragıp (22 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/ragipsoylu/status/1186692319703130119">"LATEST — Here is the complete text of Turkish, Russian agreement on Northern Syria, that pushed YPG 30km from Turkish, Syria borderpic.twitter.com/jwiOurbfa3"</a>. @ragipsoylu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191127024059/https://twitter.com/ragipsoylu/status/1186692319703130119">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%40ragipsoylu&rft.atitle=LATEST+%E2%80%94+Here+is+the+complete+text+of+Turkish%2C+Russian+agreement+on+Northern+Syria%2C+that+pushed+YPG+30km+from+Turkish%2C+Syria+borderpic.twitter.com%2FjwiOurbfa3&rft.date=2019-10-22&rft.aulast=Soylu&rft.aufirst=Rag%C4%B1p&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fragipsoylu%2Fstatus%2F1186692319703130119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-397"><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lobelog.com/the-sochi-agreement-and-its-implications/">The Sochi Agreement And Its Implications</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191210185003/https://lobelog.com/the-sochi-agreement-and-its-implications/">Archived</a> 10 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> OCTOBER 25, 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-49963649">"Turkey v Syria's Kurds: The short, medium and long story"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 23 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191028073906/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-49963649">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Turkey+v+Syria%27s+Kurds%3A+The+short%2C+medium+and+long+story&rft.date=2019-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-49963649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> Contains an explanatory map of the buffer zone. </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/30/russia-backed-syria-constitution-talks-begin-in-geneva">Russia-backed Syria constitution talks begin in Geneva</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191226003513/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/30/russia-backed-syria-constitution-talks-begin-in-geneva">Archived</a> 26 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Patrick Wintour, Wed 30 Oct 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-Astana_Sabah-401">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Astana_Sabah_401-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Astana_Sabah_401-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Astana_Sabah_401-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailysabah.com/syrian-crisis/2019/12/10/regime-continues-to-violate-sochi-deal-amid-diplomatic-efforts-for-political-solution-in-syria">Regime continues to violate Sochi deal amid diplomatic efforts for political solution in Syria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191210230504/https://www.dailysabah.com/syrian-crisis/2019/12/10/regime-continues-to-violate-sochi-deal-amid-diplomatic-efforts-for-political-solution-in-syria">Archived</a> 10 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Daily Sabah, Instanbul, 10 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brusselstimes.com/all-news/eu-affairs/84361/eu-condemns-turkey-again-while-sticking-to-its-position-on-the-kurdish-administration-in-north-east-syria/">EU condemns Turkey again while sticking to its position on the Kurdish administration in north-east Syria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218020920/https://www.brusselstimes.com/all-news/eu-affairs/84361/eu-condemns-turkey-again-while-sticking-to-its-position-on-the-kurdish-administration-in-north-east-syria/">Archived</a> 18 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Tuesday, 17 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-403"><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/syrian-kurds-criticise-envoy-committee-190929161609096.html">"Syrian Kurds criticise UN envoy over new committee"</a>. aljazeera.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191030140106/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/syrian-kurds-criticise-envoy-committee-190929161609096.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Syrian+Kurds+criticise+UN+envoy+over+new+committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F09%2Fsyrian-kurds-criticise-envoy-committee-190929161609096.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-404"><a href="#cite_ref-404">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahvalnews.com/syrian-constitutional-committee/turkey-vetoed-inclusion-syrian-kurds-constitutional-committee">"Turkey vetoed inclusion of Syrian Kurds in constitutional committee – official"</a>. Ahval. 2 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191030140104/https://ahvalnews.com/syrian-constitutional-committee/turkey-vetoed-inclusion-syrian-kurds-constitutional-committee">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ahval&rft.atitle=Turkey+vetoed+inclusion+of+Syrian+Kurds+in+constitutional+committee+%E2%80%93+official&rft.date=2019-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fahvalnews.com%2Fsyrian-constitutional-committee%2Fturkey-vetoed-inclusion-syrian-kurds-constitutional-committee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-405"><a href="#cite_ref-405">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20191002-syria-s-kurds-protest-exclusion-from-constitutional-committee">"Syria's Kurds protest exclusion from constitutional committee"</a>. France 24. 2 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191030140106/https://www.france24.com/en/20191002-syria-s-kurds-protest-exclusion-from-constitutional-committee">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria%27s+Kurds+protest+exclusion+from+constitutional+committee&rft.pub=France+24&rft.date=2019-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20191002-syria-s-kurds-protest-exclusion-from-constitutional-committee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/12/syrian-fm-makes-first-visit-to-saudi-arabia-since-2011">Syrian FM makes first visit to Saudi Arabia since 2011</a>", AlJazeera. 13 April 2023. Accessed 13 April 2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-407"><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.com/node/2285821/saudi-arabia">"Saudi Arabia and Syria discuss political solutions to latter’s crises"</a> Arab News. 13 April 2023. 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Retrieved 14 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sanctions+On+Damascus+And+Tehran+Have+Led+To+Serious+Fuel+Shortages+In+Syria&rft.date=2019-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.radiofarda.com%2Fa%2Fsanctions-on-damascus-and-tehran-have-led-to-serious-fuel-shortages-in-syria%2F29880330.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-409"><a href="#cite_ref-409">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCelik2017" class="citation news cs1">Celik, Ersin (1 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170905105402/https://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/over-13500-mosques-destroyed-in-syria-2788861">"Over 13,500 mosques destroyed in Syria"</a>. Yeni Safak. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/over-13500-mosques-destroyed-in-syria-2788861">the original</a> on 5 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yeni+Safak&rft.atitle=Over+13%2C500+mosques+destroyed+in+Syria&rft.date=2017-09-01&rft.aulast=Celik&rft.aufirst=Ersin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yenisafak.com%2Fen%2Fworld%2Fover-13500-mosques-destroyed-in-syria-2788861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-410"><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citynews1130.com/2019/09/09/report-over-120-churches-damaged-war-in-syria-since-2011/">"Report: Over 120 churches damaged war in Syria since 2011"</a>. citynews1130.com. 9 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190921075911/https://www.citynews1130.com/2019/09/09/report-over-120-churches-damaged-war-in-syria-since-2011/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=citynews1130.com&rft.atitle=Report%3A+Over+120+churches+damaged+war+in+Syria+since+2011&rft.date=2019-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citynews1130.com%2F2019%2F09%2F09%2Freport-over-120-churches-damaged-war-in-syria-since-2011%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-411"><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tass.com/world/1010788">"Syrians will reconstruct country after war themselves, Assad says"</a>. Tass. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627192505/http://tass.com/world/1010788">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tass&rft.atitle=Syrians+will+reconstruct+country+after+war+themselves%2C+Assad+says&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftass.com%2Fworld%2F1010788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-412"><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/4535566-iran-criticizes-its-%E2%80%98meager%E2%80%99-share-rebuilding-syria">"Iran Criticizes its 'Meager' Share in Rebuilding of Syria"</a>. Asharq Al Awsat. 9 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asharq+Al+Awsat&rft.atitle=Iran+Criticizes+its+%27Meager%27+Share+in+Rebuilding+of+Syria&rft.date=2023-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aawsat.com%2Farab-world%2F4535566-iran-criticizes-its-%25E2%2580%2598meager%25E2%2580%2599-share-rebuilding-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-413"><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191102122614/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-iran-syria-electricity/iran-strikes-initial-deal-to-rebuild-syrian-power-grid-idUKKBN1XC07L">"Iran strikes initial deal to rebuild Syrian power grid"</a>. Reuters. 2 November 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-iran-syria-electricity/iran-strikes-initial-deal-to-rebuild-syrian-power-grid-idUKKBN1XC07L">the original</a> on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Iran+strikes+initial+deal+to+rebuild+Syrian+power+grid&rft.date=2019-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-iran-syria-electricity%2Firan-strikes-initial-deal-to-rebuild-syrian-power-grid-idUKKBN1XC07L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-414"><a href="#cite_ref-414">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayigh" class="citation web cs1">Sayigh, Yezid. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/06/reconstructing-syria-break-mold-160614080700416.html">"Reconstructing Syria: The need to break the mould"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180625021554/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/06/reconstructing-syria-break-mold-160614080700416.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reconstructing+Syria%3A+The+need+to+break+the+mould&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.aulast=Sayigh&rft.aufirst=Yezid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Fopinion%2F2016%2F06%2Freconstructing-syria-break-mold-160614080700416.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-415"><a href="#cite_ref-415">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citymetric.com/fabric/upon-land-soaked-blood-architects-planning-reconstruction-syria-4298">""Upon land soaked with the blood": on the architects planning the reconstruction of Syria – CityMetric"</a>. citymetric.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223511/https://www.citymetric.com/fabric/upon-land-soaked-blood-architects-planning-reconstruction-syria-4298">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=citymetric.com&rft.atitle=%22Upon+land+soaked+with+the+blood%22%3A+on+the+architects+planning+the+reconstruction+of+Syria+%E2%80%93+CityMetric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citymetric.com%2Ffabric%2Fupon-land-soaked-blood-architects-planning-reconstruction-syria-4298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-416"><a href="#cite_ref-416">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/russia-to-modernize-syria-port-build-railway-across-syria-to-persian-gulf/">Russia to modernize Syria port, build railway across Syria to Persian Gulf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218144315/https://www.timesofisrael.com/russia-to-modernize-syria-port-build-railway-across-syria-to-persian-gulf/">Archived</a> 18 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Major commercial projects could potentially make it easier for Tehran to increase its influence in Israel's northeastern neighbor. </li> <li id="cite_note-417"><a href="#cite_ref-417">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218142152/https://www.reuters.com/article/syria-security-russia-grains/update-1-russia-to-invest-500-mln-in-syrian-port-build-grain-hub-interfax-idUSL8N28R32J">"UPDATE 1-Russia to invest $500 mln in Syrian port, build grain hub -Interfax – Reuters"</a>. Reuters. 18 December 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/syria-security-russia-grains/update-1-russia-to-invest-500-mln-in-syrian-port-build-grain-hub-interfax-idUSL8N28R32J">the original</a> on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=UPDATE+1-Russia+to+invest+%24500+mln+in+Syrian+port%2C+build+grain+hub+-Interfax+%E2%80%93+Reuters&rft.date=2019-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fsyria-security-russia-grains%2Fupdate-1-russia-to-invest-500-mln-in-syrian-port-build-grain-hub-interfax-idUSL8N28R32J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-418"><a href="#cite_ref-418">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218142118/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/12/18/5-russian-syrian-projects-announced-this-week-a68655">"5 Russian-Syrian Projects Announced This Week – The Moscow Times"</a>. 18 December 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/12/18/5-russian-syrian-projects-announced-this-week-a68655">the original</a> on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=5+Russian-Syrian+Projects+Announced+This+Week+%E2%80%93+The+Moscow+Times&rft.date=2019-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2F2019%2F12%2F18%2F5-russian-syrian-projects-announced-this-week-a68655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-419"><a href="#cite_ref-419">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218143018/https://www.oilandgas360.com/syria-hands-oil-exploration-contracts-to-two-russian-firms/">"Syria hands oil exploration contracts to two Russian firms – Oil & Gas 360"</a>. 18 December 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oilandgas360.com/syria-hands-oil-exploration-contracts-to-two-russian-firms/">the original</a> on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria+hands+oil+exploration+contracts+to+two+Russian+firms+%E2%80%93+Oil+%26+Gas+360&rft.date=2019-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oilandgas360.com%2Fsyria-hands-oil-exploration-contracts-to-two-russian-firms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-420"><a href="#cite_ref-420">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnsor2019" class="citation news cs1">Ensor, Josie (17 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191217125043/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/12/16/syria-serious-dialogue-china-joining-belt-road-initiative-says/">"Syria in 'serious dialogue' with China about joining Belt and Road initiative, says Assad"</a>. The Telegraph. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/12/16/syria-serious-dialogue-china-joining-belt-road-initiative-says/">the original</a> on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Syria+in+%27serious+dialogue%27+with+China+about+joining+Belt+and+Road+initiative%2C+says+Assad&rft.date=2019-12-17&rft.aulast=Ensor&rft.aufirst=Josie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2019%2F12%2F16%2Fsyria-serious-dialogue-china-joining-belt-road-initiative-says%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-421"><a href="#cite_ref-421">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.silkroadbriefing.com/news/2019/12/17/syria-reaches-join-chinas-belt-road-initiative/">"Syria Reaches Out To Join China's Belt & Road Initiative, December 17, 2019Posted bySilk Road Briefing"</a>. 17 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218142838/https://www.silkroadbriefing.com/news/2019/12/17/syria-reaches-join-chinas-belt-road-initiative/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria+Reaches+Out+To+Join+China%27s+Belt+%26+Road+Initiative%2C+December+17%2C+2019Posted+bySilk+Road+Briefing.&rft.date=2019-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.silkroadbriefing.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F12%2F17%2Fsyria-reaches-join-chinas-belt-road-initiative%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-422"><a href="#cite_ref-422">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sana.sy/en/?p=260411">"Syria, China sign MoU in framework of Silk Road Economic Belt Initiative"</a>. 12 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria%2C+China+sign+MoU+in+framework+of+Silk+Road+Economic+Belt+Initiative&rft.date=2022-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D260411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordesmanMarkusen2016" class="citation report cs1">Cordesman, Anthony H.; Markusen, Max (23 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/160302_Syria_Iraq_ISIS_III-Syria.pdf">"Part Three: Stability and Conflict in Syria"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/comparative-metrics-isis-and-failed-state-wars-syria-and-iraq-0">The Comparative Metrics of ISIS and 'Failed State Wars' in Syria and Iraq</a> (Report). Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies" title="Center for Strategic and International Studies">Center for Strategic and International Studies</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Comparative+Metrics+of+ISIS+and+%27Failed+State+Wars%27+in+Syria+and+Iraq&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Center+for+Strategic+and+International+Studies&rft.date=2016-03-23&rft.aulast=Cordesman&rft.aufirst=Anthony+H.&rft.au=Markusen%2C+Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcsis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fs3fs-public%2Fpublication%2F160302_Syria_Iraq_ISIS_III-Syria.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinnebusch2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hinnebusch, Raymond (2012). "Syria: From 'Authoritarian Upgrading' to Revolution?". <a href="/wiki/International_Affairs_(journal)" title="International Affairs (journal)">International Affairs</a>. 88 (1): 95–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2346.2012.01059.x">10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01059.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Syria%3A+From+%27Authoritarian+Upgrading%27+to+Revolution%3F&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=95-113&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2346.2012.01059.x&rft.aulast=Hinnebusch&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandis2012" class="citation journal cs1">Landis, Joshua (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4967.2012.00524.x">"The Syrian Uprising of 2011: Why the Asad Regime Is Likely to Survive to 2013"</a>. Middle East Policy. 19 (1): 72–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4967.2012.00524.x">10.1111/j.1475-4967.2012.00524.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Syrian+Uprising+of+2011%3A+Why+the+Asad+Regime+Is+Likely+to+Survive+to+2013&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=72-84&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-4967.2012.00524.x&rft.aulast=Landis&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1475-4967.2012.00524.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalek2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alia_Malek" title="Alia Malek">Malek, Alia</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GnT8sgEACAAJ">The Home That Was Our Country: A Memoir of Syria</a>. <a href="/wiki/PublicAffairs" title="PublicAffairs">PublicAffairs</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56858-532-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56858-532-1"><bdi>978-1-56858-532-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Home+That+Was+Our+Country%3A+A+Memoir+of+Syria&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-56858-532-1&rft.aulast=Malek&rft.aufirst=Alia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGnT8sgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearlman2017" class="citation book cs1">Pearlman, Wendy (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5BoGDQAAQBAJ">We Crossed a Bridge and It Trembled: Voices from Syria</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-265445-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-265445-8"><bdi>978-0-06-265445-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Crossed+a+Bridge+and+It+Trembled%3A+Voices+from+Syria&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-06-265445-8&rft.aulast=Pearlman&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5BoGDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorenson2016" class="citation book cs1">Sorenson, David S. (2016). Syria in Ruins: The Dynamics of the Syrian Civil War. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3837-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3837-8"><bdi>978-1-4408-3837-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria+in+Ruins%3A+The+Dynamics+of+the+Syrian+Civil+War&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-3837-8&rft.aulast=Sorenson&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Dam2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_van_Dam" title="Nikolaos van Dam">van Dam, Nikolaos</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MARsDgAAQBAJ">Destroying a Nation: The Civil War in Syria</a>. I. B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78672-248-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78672-248-5"><bdi>978-1-78672-248-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Destroying+a+Nation%3A+The+Civil+War+in+Syria&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78672-248-5&rft.aulast=van+Dam&rft.aufirst=Nikolaos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMARsDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Syrian civil war at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:_Syrian_civil_war" class="extiw" title="c:Category: Syrian civil war">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Syrian_Civil_War" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Syrian Civil War">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178810" class="extiw" title="d:Q178810">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecowatch.com/syria-another-pipeline-war-1882180532.html">Ecowatch – Syria: Another Pipeline War</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Syrian_civil_war" style="wide;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syrian_civil_war" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syrian civil war</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Overviews" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overviews</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Main overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Rojava</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the Syrian Civil War">Background and causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syrian peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_government_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syrian government reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belligerents_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Belligerents in the Syrian civil war">Belligerents </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_cities_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Control of cities during the Syrian civil war">Cities and towns </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war">Sectarianism and minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)">Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Effects and ongoing concerns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Refugees of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war">Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Phases and processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_revolution" title="Syrian revolution">Syrian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Early insurgency phase of the Syrian civil war">Early insurgency phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="2012–2013 escalation of the Syrian civil war">2012–2013 escalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_ceasefires" title="Syrian civil war ceasefires">Ceasefires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syrian peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">World reaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">International reactions to the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Specific groups and countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkish involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention in the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_attacks_on_U.S._bases_in_Iraq_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria">2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Area_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Area in Syria">Kurdish Area in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve">U.S. task force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Agreements and dialogues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian-Turkish_agreement_on_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria">Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AANES%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="AANES–Syria relations">Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Timeline" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the Syrian Civil War">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_uprising_in_Syria" title="Islamist uprising in Syria">Islamist uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Latakia_protests" title="1999 Latakia protests">Latakia protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Spring" title="Damascus Spring">Damascus Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Qamishli_riots" title="2004 Qamishli riots">Qamishli riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">Syrian occupation of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Declaration" title="Damascus Declaration">Damascus Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Human rights in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_in_Syria_political_history" title="2010s in Syria political history">2010s in Syria political history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2011 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2011)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2011)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2011)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil uprising phase of the Syrian civil war">Syrian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daraa" title="Siege of Daraa">Siege of Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baniyas" title="Siege of Baniyas">Siege of Baniyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Talkalakh_(May_2011)" title="Siege of Talkalakh (May 2011)">May Talkalakh siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rastan_and_Talbiseh" title="Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh">Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2011_Jisr_ash-Shughur_clashes" title="June 2011 Jisr ash-Shughur clashes">June Jisr ash-Shughur operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hama_(2011)" title="Siege of Hama (2011)">Siege of Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Homs" title="Siege of Homs">Siege of Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_operation" title="Summer 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya operation">Jabal al-Zawiya operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Latakia" title="Siege of Latakia">Siege of Latakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)">Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_clashes_(November_2011%E2%80%93March_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq clashes (November 2011–March 2012)">Rif Dimashq clashes (Nov 2011-Mar 2012)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zabadani_(2012)" title="Battle of Zabadani (2012)">Battle of Zabadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Douma" title="Battle of Douma">Battle of Douma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Daraa Governorate clashes (2011–2013)">Daraa Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(2011)" title="Battle of Rastan (2011)">Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayrat_and_Tiyas_airbase_ambush" title="Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush">Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(September_2011_%E2%80%93_March_2012)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (September 2011 – March 2012)">Idlib Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_massacres" title="December 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya massacres">December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2012 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2012)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2012)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2012)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2012_al-Midan_bombing" title="January 2012 al-Midan bombing">January al-Midan bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(January%E2%80%93February_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (January–February 2012)">Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2012)" title="Battle of Idlib (2012)">First Battle of Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2012)">Battle of al-Qusayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2012_Idlib_Governorate_Operation" title="April 2012 Idlib Governorate Operation">Idlib Governorate operation (Apr)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taftanaz" title="Battle of Taftanaz">Battle of Taftanaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(May_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (May 2012)">May Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houla_massacre" title="Houla massacre">Houla massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Haffah" title="Battle of al-Haffah">Battle of al-Haffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qubeir_massacre" title="Al-Qubeir massacre">Al-Qubeir massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tremseh" title="Battle of Tremseh">Battle of Tremseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(2012)" title="Battle of Damascus (2012)">Battle of Damascus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18_July_2012_Damascus_bombing" title="18 July 2012 Damascus bombing">18 July 2012 Damascus bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Battle of Aleppo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anadan" title="Battle of Anadan">Battle of Anadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Base_46" title="Siege of Base 46">Siege of Base 46</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)">Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93October_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–October 2012)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darayya_massacre" title="Darayya massacre">Darayya massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khirbet_Al-Joz" title="Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz">Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarrat_al-Numan_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maarrat al-Numan (2012)">Battle of Maarrat al-Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Siege of Wadi Deif (2012–2013)">First siege of Wadi Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harem" title="Battle of Harem">Battle of Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (November 2012–February 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012–Feb 2013)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">Battle of Darayya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqrab_massacre" title="Aqrab massacre">Aqrab massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Hama_offensive" title="2012 Hama offensive">Hama offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halfaya_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Halfaya massacre">Halfaya massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">Battle of Darayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_Governorate_clashes_(2012%E2%80%932014)" title="Quneitra Governorate clashes (2012–2014)">Quneitra Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbiseh_bakery_massacre" title="Talbiseh bakery massacre">Talbiseh bakery massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2013 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2013)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–December 2013)">May–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Safira" title="Battle of Safira">Battle of Safira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shaddadi_(2013)" title="Battle of Shaddadi (2013)">Battle of Shadadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_offensive_(2013)" title="Damascus offensive (2013)">Damascus offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)">Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2013)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2013)">Battle of Raqqa (Mar)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Daraa_offensive" title="2013 Daraa offensive">Daraa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(March%E2%80%93August_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (March–August 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Mar–Aug)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jdaidet_al-Fadl" title="Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl">Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack" title="Ghouta chemical attack">Ghouta chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr_offensive" title="Al-Qusayr offensive">Al-Qusayr offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2013)">Battle of al-Qusayr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayda_and_Baniyas_massacres" title="Bayda and Baniyas massacres">Bayda and Baniyas massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Hama_offensive" title="2013 Hama offensive">Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatla_massacre" title="Hatla massacre">Hatla massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_chemical_attack" title="Khan al-Assal chemical attack">Khan al-Assal chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_massacre" title="Khan al-Assal massacre">Khan al-Assal massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adra_massacre" title="Adra massacre">Adra massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2012%E2%80%9313)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2012–13)">Battle of Ras al-Ayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2013)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2013)">Battle of Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September–November 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)">Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Yaarubiyah" title="Battle of al-Yaarubiyah">Battle of al-Yaarubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Hamis_and_Tell_Brak_(December_2013%E2%80%93January_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (December 2013–January 2014)">Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (Dec–Jan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2014 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2014)">Jan–Jul</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2014)">Aug–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">First Inter-rebel conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Markada" title="Battle of Markada">Battle of Markada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(April%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (April–July 2014)">Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morek" title="Battle of Morek">Battle of Morek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93May_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (February–May 2014)">Daraa offensive (Feb–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maan_massacre" title="Maan massacre">Maan massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Otaiba_ambush" title="Al-Otaiba ambush">Al-Otaiba ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Idlib_offensive" title="2014 Idlib offensive">Idlib offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hosn" title="Battle of Hosn">Battle of Hosn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Latakia_offensive" title="2014 Latakia offensive">Latakia Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Malihah" title="Battle of Al-Malihah">Battle of Al-Malihah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Kafr_Zita_chemical_attack" title="2014 Kafr Zita chemical attack">Kafr Zita chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2014)" title="Siege of Wadi Deif (2014)">Second siege of Wadi Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2014)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2014)">Qalamoun offensive (Jun–Aug)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arsal_(2014)" title="Battle of Arsal (2014)">Battle of Arsal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(July_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (July 2014)">First Battle of the Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Eastern_Syria_offensive" title="2014 Eastern Syria offensive">Eastern Syria offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa_Airbase" title="Battle of Tabqa Airbase">Battle of Tabqa Airbase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February–July 2014)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hama_offensive" title="2014 Hama offensive">Hama Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Quneitra_offensive" title="2014 Quneitra offensive">Quneitra offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–November 2014)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">Siege of Kobanî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_school_bombing" title="Homs school bombing">Homs school bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(October_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (October 2014)">Daraa offensive (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Al-Safira_offensive" title="2014 Al-Safira offensive">Al-Safira offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_raid_on_Idlib_city" title="2014 raid on Idlib city">Idlib Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front%E2%80%93SRF/Hazzm_Movement_conflict" title="Al-Nusra Front–SRF/Hazzm Movement conflict">Second Inter-Rebel Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(October%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (October–November 2014)">Second Battle of the Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2014)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2014)">Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(December_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (December 2014)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2015 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2015)">Jan–Jul</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2015)">Aug–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Syrian_Air_Force_An-26_crash" title="2015 Syrian Air Force An-26 crash">Air Force An-26 crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(January_2015)" title="Daraa offensive (January 2015)">Daraa Offensive (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2015 Southern Syria offensive">Southern Syria Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Eastern al-Hasakah offensive">Eastern al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)">Battle of Sarrin (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)">Battle of Sarrin (Jun–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosra_(2015)" title="Battle of Bosra (2015)">Battle of Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Idlib_offensive" title="2015 Idlib offensive">Idlib Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2015)" title="Battle of Idlib (2015)">Second Battle of Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nasib_Border_Crossing" title="Battle of Nasib Border Crossing">Battle of Nasib Border Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk_Camp_(2015)" title="Battle of Yarmouk Camp (2015)">Battle of Yarmouk Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Western al-Hasakah offensive">Western al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(May_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (May 2015)">Palmyra offensive (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Qamishli_bombings" title="2015 Qamishli bombings">Qamishli bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad_offensive" title="Tell Abyad offensive">Tell Abyad offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">Kobanî massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2015)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2015)">Quneitra offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (July–August 2015)">Palmyra offensive (Jul–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September_2015)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September 2015)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (October–November 2015)">Northwestern Syria offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2015)">Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_al-Hawl_offensive" title="2015 al-Hawl offensive">Al-Hawl offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Homs offensive (November–December 2015)">Homs offensive (Nov-Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)">East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Latakia_offensive" title="2015–2016 Latakia offensive">2015–2016 Latakia offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishrin_Dam_offensive" title="Tishrin Dam offensive">Tishrin Dam offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown" title="2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown">Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2016 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2016)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2016)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2016)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2015–2016)">Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2016)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2016)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks#January" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93March_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (February–March 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Feb–Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadi_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)">Al-Shaddadi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Homs_bombings" title="February 2016 Homs bombings">February Homs bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks#February" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Khanasir_offensive" title="2016 Khanasir offensive">Khanasir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2016)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2016)">Battle of Tel Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarrat_al-Numan_(2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maarrat al-Numan (2016)">Battle of Maarrat al-Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2016)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2016)">Battle of Qamishli (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(March%E2%80%93June_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Mar–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(March_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (March 2016)">Palmyra offensive (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2016)">East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (April–May 2016)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Raqqa_offensive" title="Northern Raqqa offensive">Northern Raqqa offensive (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Jableh_and_Tartous_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="May 2016 Jableh and Tartous bombings">May Jableh & Tartous bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(June_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (June 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(June%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (June–October 2016)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Jun–Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive" title="Manbij offensive">Manbij offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokhar_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokhar massacre">Tokhar massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Southern_Aleppo_campaign" title="2016 Southern Aleppo campaign">Southern Aleppo campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Rai_(August_2016)" title="Battle of al-Rai (August 2016)">Battle of al-Rai (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Operation Euphrates Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Aleppo_summer_campaign" title="2016 Aleppo summer campaign">Aleppo summer campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">Western al-Bab offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_September_2016_Syria_bombings" title="5 September 2016 Syria bombings">5 September bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Deir_ez-Zor_air_raid" title="September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid">September Deir ez-Zor air raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Urum_al-Kubra_aid_convoy_attack" title="September 2016 Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack">September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(September%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016)">Aleppo offensive (Sep–Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Dabiq_offensive" title="2016 Dabiq offensive">Dabiq offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)">Western al-Bab offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Shih_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Khan al-Shih offensive (October–November 2016)">Khan al-Shih offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)">Raqqa campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab" title="Battle of al-Bab">Battle of al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)">Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(December_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (December 2016)">Palmyra offensive (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2017 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2017)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2017)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2017)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Barada_offensive_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)">Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2017_Azaz_bombing" title="January 2017 Azaz bombing">January Azaz bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2016%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2016–April 2017)">Desert campaign (Dec 16–Apr 17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(January%E2%80%93March_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (January–March 2017)">Idlib clashes (Jan–Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (January–February 2017)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan–Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (February–June 2017)">Daraa offensive (Feb–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Daraa_offensive_(February_2017)" title="Southwestern Daraa offensive (February 2017)">Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaboun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qaboun offensive (2017)">Qaboun offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(2017)" title="Palmyra offensive (2017)">Palmyra offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2017)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2017)">East Aleppo offensive (Jan–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Damascus_bombings" title="March 2017 Damascus bombings">March Damascus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_al-Jinah_airstrike" title="2017 al-Jinah airstrike">Al-Jinah airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Hama offensive (March–April 2017)">Hama offensive (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa" title="Battle of Tabqa">Battle of Tabqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun_chemical_attack" title="Khan Shaykhun chemical attack">Khan Shaykhun chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike" title="2017 Shayrat missile strike">Shayrat missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Aleppo_suicide_car_bombing" title="2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing">Aleppo bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">April Turkish airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2017)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2017)">East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(May%E2%80%93July_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (May–July 2017)">Desert campaign (May–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskanah_Plains_offensive" title="Maskanah Plains offensive">Maskanah Plains offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hama_offensive_(2017)" title="East Hama offensive (2017)">East Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">Battle of Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (June 2017)">Daraa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Southern_Raqqa_offensive" title="2017 Southern Raqqa offensive">Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Jobar_offensive" title="2017 Jobar offensive">Jobar offensive (Jun–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2017)">Quneitra offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(July_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (July 2017)">Idlib clashes (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Syria_campaign" title="Central Syria campaign">Central campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2017)">Qalamoun (Jul–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%932019)" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17–Mar 18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(September_2017)" title="Hama offensive (September 2017)">Hama offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_campaign_(October_2017%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–February 2018)">Northwestern campaign (Oct 17–Feb 18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Idlib_Governorate" title="Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate">Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harasta_(2017%E2%80%932018)" title="Battle of Harasta (2017–2018)">Battle of Harasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_campaign_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017)">Eastern campaign (Sep–Dec)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Euphrates_Crossing_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Euphrates Crossing offensive">Euphrates Crossing offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Mayadin_offensive" title="2017 Mayadin offensive">Mayadin offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (September–November 2017)">Battle of Deir ez-Zor (Sep–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2017 Abu Kamal offensive">Abu Kamal offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Jinn_offensive" title="Beit Jinn offensive">Beit Jinn offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2018 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2018)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2018)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2018)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khasham" title="Battle of Khasham">Battle of Khasham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(February%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Feb–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (January–February 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Jan–Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Liberation_Front%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(March_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (March 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douma_chemical_attack" title="Douma chemical attack">Douma chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria" title="April 2018 missile strikes against Syria">Missile strikes (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Homs_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Northern Homs offensive (April–May 2018)">Northern Homs offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qalamoun_offensive_(April_2018)" title="Eastern Qalamoun offensive (April 2018)">Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (April–May 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate_clashes" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate clashes">Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2018)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2018)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (May–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(June_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (June 2018)">As-Suwayda offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2018 Southern Syria offensive">Southern offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_As-Suwayda_attacks" title="2018 As-Suwayda attacks">As-Suwayda attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (August–November 2018)">As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamishli_clashes_(2018)" title="Qamishli clashes (2018)">Qamishli clashes (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(September_2018)" title="Syria missile strikes (September 2018)">Missile strikes (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian-Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Syrian-Turkish border clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2019 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2019)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2019)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2019)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Manbij_bombing" title="2019 Manbij bombing">Manbij bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghuz_Fawqani" title="Battle of Baghuz Fawqani">Battle of Baghuz Fawqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISIL_insurgency_in_Deir_ez-Zor_(2019)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL insurgency in Deir ez-Zor (2019)">ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%AArik_prison_escape_attempt" title="Dêrik prison escape attempt">Dêrik prison escape attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Tell_Rifaat_clashes" title="2019 Tell Rifaat clashes">Tell Rifaat clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)">Northwestern offensive (Apr–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2019_Syria_bombings" title="June 2019 Syria bombings">June bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hass_refugee_camp_bombing" title="Hass refugee camp bombing">Hass refugee camp bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(August_2019)" title="Syria missile strikes (August 2019)">Missile strikes (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Turkish offensive into northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Barisha raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Syria_bombings" title="November 2019 Syria bombings">November bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Israeli_missile_strikes_in_Syria" title="November 2019 Israeli missile strikes in Syria">Israeli missile strikes (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qah_missile_strike" title="Qah missile strike">Qah missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">Northwestern offensive (Dec 19–Mar 20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">US airstrikes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2020 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2020%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2020–present)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Syria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Syria">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Afrin_bombing" title="2020 Afrin bombing">Afrin bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(June_2020)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2020)">Idlib Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Kafr_Takharim_airstrike" title="2020 Kafr Takharim airstrike">Kafr-Takharim airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Ayn_Issa_clashes" title="2020–2021 Ayn Issa clashes">Ayn Issa clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Deir_ez-Zor_ambush" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Deir ez-Zor ambush">Deir ez-Zor ambush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2021 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2021)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2021)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Qamishli_and_Al-Hasakah" title="Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah">Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(January_2021)" title="Syria missile strikes (January 2021)">Missile strikes (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">US airstrike (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2021)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2021)">Battle of Qamishli (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">US airstrike (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Daraa_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Daraa clashes">Daraa clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham%E2%80%93Junud_al-Sham_conflict" title="Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict">Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2022 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2022)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2022)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2022)">Battle of al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Ahrar_al-Sham%E2%80%93Levant_Front_clashes" title="2022 Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes">Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Jabal_al-Bishr%C4%AB_clashes" title="2022 Jabal al-Bishrī clashes">Jabal al-Bishrī clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Jarqli_airstrikes" title="2022 Jarqli airstrikes">Jarqli airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_clashes_(October_2022)" title="Northern Aleppo clashes (October 2022)">Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Sword" title="Operation Claw-Sword">Operation Claw-Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_clashes_(December_2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Northwestern Syria clashes (December 2022–present)">Northwest clashes (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2023 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2023)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2023)">Jan-Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Al-Sukhnah_attack" title="2023 Al-Sukhnah attack">Al-Sukhnah attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Damascus_airstrike" title="2023 Damascus airstrike">Damascus airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hama_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hama attack">Hama attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Northern_Syria_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Northern Syria clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Syrian_ceasefire_line_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war">Israel and Golan Heights</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="March 2017 Israel–Syria incident">March 2017 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">February 2018 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Iraq_(2014)" title="Timeline of the War in Iraq (2014)">Iraq</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashat_ambush" title="Akashat ambush">Akashat ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_al-Shabah" title="Operation al-Shabah">Operation al-Shabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Iraq_(2014)#April" title="Timeline of the War in Iraq (2014)">April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">Jordanian border incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war#2014" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93Syria_border_clashes" title="Lebanon–Syria border clashes">Lebanese border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sidon_clash" title="2013 Sidon clash">Battle of Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_embassy_bombing_in_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut">Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lebanon_clashes_(2014)" title="North Lebanon clashes (2014)">North Lebanon clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2017)">Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian civil war">Turkey</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clash" title="December 2011 Syrian–Turkish border clash">December 2011 Turkish border clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Turkish_F-4_Phantom_shootdown" title="2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown">2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Syrian–Turkish border clashes">2012 Turkish border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Reyhanl%C4%B1_car_bombings" title="2013 Reyhanlı car bombings">2013 Reyhanlı car bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2014_Turkish_attack_in_Syria" title="January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria">January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Andrei_Karlov" title="Assassination of Andrei Karlov">Assassination of Andrei Karlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Russian_Air_Force_Al-Bab_incident" title="2017 Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident">Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Balyun_airstrikes" title="2020 Balyun airstrikes">2020 Balyun airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Shield" title="Operation Spring Shield">Operation Spring Shield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;">Elsewhere:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Deir_ez-Zor_missile_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Deir ez-Zor missile strike">Deir ez-Zor missile strike</a> (Iran)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Belligerents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Belligerents</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Politics of Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement" title="Arab Socialist Movement">Arab Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Bakdash)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)">Syrian Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Military and militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Resistance" title="Syrian Resistance">Syrian Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine_%E2%80%93_General_Command" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command">PFLP-GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Quds" title="Liwa al-Quds">al-Quds Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Army" title="Palestine Liberation Army">Palestine Liberation Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Iranian involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Fatemiyoun" title="Liwa Fatemiyoun">Liwa Fatemiyoun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian%E2%80%93Syrian_hospital_bombing_campaign" title="Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign">medical facility targeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">military intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Interim_Government" title="Syrian Interim Government">Interim government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_of_Syrian_Revolutionary_and_Opposition_Forces" title="National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces">National Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_Coordination_Committees_of_Syria" title="Local Coordination Committees of Syria">Local Coordination Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Syrian_Revolution" title="Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution">Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coordination_Committee_for_Democratic_Change" title="National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change">National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Revolution_General_Commission" title="Syrian Revolution General Commission">Syrian Revolution General Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Support_Group" title="Syrian Support Group">Syrian Support Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adopt_a_Revolution" title="Adopt a Revolution">Adopt a Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council#Syrian_Patriotic_Group" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian Patriotic Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Opposition militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation" title="National Front for Liberation">National Front for Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Izza" title="Jaysh al-Izza">Army of Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_and_Development_Front" title="Authenticity and Development Front">Authenticity and Development Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Free_Tribes" title="Army of Free Tribes">Army of Free Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Commando_Army" title="Revolutionary Commando Army">Revolutionary Commando Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">Muslim Brotherhood in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Jordanian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Qatari involvement in the Syrian civil war">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Saudi involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Movement for a Democratic Society">DFNS Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Council" title="Kurdish National Council">Kurdish National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Rojava" title="List of political parties in Rojava">Smaller political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">SDF militias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Defense_Units" title="People's Defense Units">People's Protection Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">Women's Protection Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Terror_Units" title="Anti-Terror Units">Anti-Terror Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sanadid_Forces" title="Al-Sanadid Forces">Al-Sanadid Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Revolutionaries" title="Army of Revolutionaries">Army of Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_military_councils" title="Syrian Democratic Forces military councils">SDF military councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac Military Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Thuwar_al-Raqqa" title="Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa">Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Democratic_Brigade" title="Northern Democratic Brigade">Northern Democratic Brigade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Freedom_Battalion" title="International Freedom Battalion">International Freedom Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Resistance_Units" title="Sinjar Resistance Units">Sinjar Resistance Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan_Women%27s_Units" title="Êzîdxan Women's Units">Êzîdxan Women's Units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Military of the Islamic State">Military activity of ISIL</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Barakah_(Islamic_State_administrative_district)" title="Al-Barakah (Islamic State administrative district)">Al-Barakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokumac%C4%B1lar" title="Dokumacılar">Dokumacılar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Army" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid Army">Khalid ibn al-Walid Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_Martyrs_Brigade" title="Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade">Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Muthanna_Movement" title="Islamic Muthanna Movement">Islamic Muthanna Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Jihad" title="Jaysh al-Jihad">Jaysh al-Jihad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Aqsa" title="Jund al-Aqsa">Liwa al-Aqsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_the_One_and_Only" title="Group of the One and Only">Group of the One and Only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Dawud" title="Liwa Dawud">Liwa Dawud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Aqab_al-Islami" title="Liwa Aqab al-Islami">Liwa Aqab al-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katibah_Nusantara" title="Katibah Nusantara">Katibah Nusantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katiba_al-Bittar_al-Libi" title="Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi">Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khansaa_Brigade" title="Al-Khansaa Brigade">Al-Khansaa Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_the_One_and_Only" title="Group of the One and Only">Group of the One and Only</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> and allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat Fatah al-Sham">Jabhat Fatah al-Sham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khorasan_group" title="Khorasan group">Khorasan group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suqour_al-Ezz" title="Suqour al-Ezz">Suqour al-Ezz</a>) <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_Muhammad_in_Bilad_al-Sham" title="Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham">Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham" title="Tahrir al-Sham">Tahrir al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria" title="Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria">Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate" title="Caucasus Emirate">Caucasus Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajnad_al-Kavkaz" title="Ajnad al-Kavkaz">Ajnad al-Kavkaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junud_al-Makhdi" title="Junud al-Makhdi">Junud al-Makhdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouse_the_Believers_Operations_Room" title="Rouse the Believers Operations Room">Rouse the Believers Operations Room</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Tawhid_(Syria)" title="Ansar al-Tawhid (Syria)">Ansar al-Tawhid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Firqat_al-Ghuraba" title="Firqat al-Ghuraba">Firqat al-Ghuraba</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hurras_al-Din" title="Hurras al-Din">Hurras al-Din</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Din_Front" title="Ansar al-Din Front">Ansar al-Din Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Harakat_Sham_al-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakat Sham al-Islam">Harakat Sham al-Islam</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish_al-Haramoun" title="Jaish al-Haramoun">Jaish al-Haramoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Sunna" title="Jaysh al-Sunna">Jaysh al-Sunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Muhajireen_wal-Ansar" title="Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar">Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Green_Battalion" title="Green Battalion">Green Battalion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Shura_Council_(Syria)" title="Mujahideen Shura Council (Syria)">Mujahideen Shura Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malhama_Tactical" title="Malhama Tactical">Malhama Tactical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katibat_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Ansar_al-Furqan_in_Bilad_al_Sham" title="Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham">Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghuraba_al-Sham" title="Ghuraba al-Sham">Ghuraba al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Taliban" title="Pakistani Taliban">Pakistani Taliban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imam_Bukhari_Jamaat" title="Imam Bukhari Jamaat">Imam Bukhari Jamaat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam" title="Fatah al-Islam">Fatah al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirin_wa-Ansar_Alliance" title="Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance">Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liwaa_al-Umma" title="Liwaa al-Umma">Liwaa al-Umma</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammar_Abdulhamid" title="Ammar Abdulhamid">Ammar Abdulhamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Abdallah" title="Ali al-Abdallah">Ali al-Abdallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_al-Aroor" title="Adnan al-Aroor">Adnan al-Aroor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Assad_family" title="Al-Assad family">al-Assad family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maher_al-Assad" title="Maher al-Assad">Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifaat_al-Assad" title="Rifaat al-Assad">Rifaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rami_Makhlouf" title="Rami Makhlouf">Rami Makhlouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_Makhlouf" title="Hafez Makhlouf">Hafez Makhlouf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Asaad" title="Riad al-Asaad">Riad al-Asaad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Bunni" title="Anwar al-Bunni">Anwar al-Bunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahd_Jassem_al-Freij" title="Fahd Jassem al-Freij">Fahd Jassem al-Freij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suheil_al-Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suheil al-Hassan">Suheil al-Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitham_al-Maleh" title="Haitham al-Maleh">Haitham al-Maleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaz_al-Khatib" title="Moaz al-Khatib">Moaz al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_al-Labwani" title="Kamal al-Labwani">Kamal al-Labwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Hamza al-Khateeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_al-Mallohi" title="Tal al-Mallohi">Tal al-Mallohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fida_al-Sayed" title="Fida al-Sayed">Fida al-Sayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Turk" title="Riad al-Turk">Riad al-Turk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Khoja" title="Khaled Khoja">Khaled Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammar_al-Qurabi" title="Ammar al-Qurabi">Ammar al-Qurabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suheir_Atassi" title="Suheir Atassi">Suheir Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Sadreddine_Al-Bayanouni" title="Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni">Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aref_Dalila" title="Aref Dalila">Aref Dalila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farid_Ghadry" title="Farid Ghadry">Farid Ghadry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Ghalioun" title="Burhan Ghalioun">Burhan Ghalioun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razan_Ghazzawi" title="Razan Ghazzawi">Razan Ghazzawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassan_Hitto" title="Ghassan Hitto">Ghassan Hitto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Idris" title="Salim Idris">Salim Idris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randa_Kassis" title="Randa Kassis">Randa Kassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Halim_Khaddam" title="Abdul Halim Khaddam">Abdul Halim Khaddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Kilo" title="Michel Kilo">Michel Kilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassma_Kodmani" title="Bassma Kodmani">Bassma Kodmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Habib_Mahmud" title="Ali Habib Mahmud">Ali Habib Mahmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mahmoud_Othman" title="Ali Mahmoud Othman">Ali Mahmoud Othman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Qashoush" title="Ibrahim Qashoush">Ibrahim Qashoush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoud_Rajiha" title="Dawoud Rajiha">Dawoud Rajiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassin_al-Haj_Saleh" title="Yassin al-Haj Saleh">Yassin al-Haj Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouthaina_Shaaban" title="Bouthaina Shaaban">Bouthaina Shaaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulbaset_Sieda" title="Abdulbaset Sieda">Abdulbaset Sieda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_Seif" title="Riad Seif">Riad Seif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadwa_Souleimane" title="Fadwa Souleimane">Fadwa Souleimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamad_Anas_Haitham_Soueid" title="Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid">Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaser_Tabbara" title="Yaser Tabbara">Yaser Tabbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razan_Zaitouneh" title="Razan Zaitouneh">Razan Zaitouneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rami_Jarrah" title="Rami Jarrah">Rami Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Mustafa" title="Abdurrahman Mustafa">Abdurrahman Mustafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadlallah_al-Haji" title="Fadlallah al-Haji">Fadlallah al-Haji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Syrian_local_elections" title="2011 Syrian local elections">2011 local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2012 Syrian parliamentary election">2012 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2014 Syrian presidential election">2014 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Rojava_local_elections" title="2015 Rojava local elections">2015 Northern local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2016 Syrian parliamentary election">2016 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Rojava_local_elections" title="2017 Rojava local elections">2017 Northern local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Rojava_regional_elections" title="2017 Rojava regional elections">2017 Northern regional elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian_local_elections" title="2018 Syrian local elections">2018 local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Syrian parliamentary election">2020 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2021 Syrian presidential election">2021 presidential election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities and towns during the Syrian civil war">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_chemical_weapons_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_damaged_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of heritage sites damaged during the Syrian civil war">Damaged heritage sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Human rights violations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_demonstrations_and_protests_relating_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International demonstrations and protests relating to the Syrian civil war">International demonstrations and protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">International reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of massacres during the Syrian civil war">Massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war">Sectarianism and minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_the_Golan_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of the Golan Heights">Status of the Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_government_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syrian government reactions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Peace process</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League monitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Syria_Group" title="Friends of Syria Group">Friends of Syria Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan">Kofi Annan peace plan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Supervision_Mission_in_Syria" title="United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria">UN supervision mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhdar_Brahimi_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Lakhdar Brahimi Syrian peace plan">Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_peace_proposals_on_Syria" title="U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria">U.S.–Russia peace proposals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_G8_summit" title="39th G8 summit">39th G8 summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2118" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2118">UN Security Council Resolution 2118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_II_Conference_on_Syria" title="Geneva II Conference on Syria">Geneva II conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Zabadani_cease-fire_agreement" title="2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement">2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_peace_talks_for_Syria" title="Vienna peace talks for Syria">Vienna talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_peace_talks_on_Syria_(2016)" title="Geneva peace talks on Syria (2016)">2016 Geneva talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Idlib demilitarization (2018–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Northern Syria Buffer Zone">First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Constitutional_Committee" title="Syrian Constitutional Committee">Syrian Constitutional Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War crimes trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkerstrafgesetzbuch#Syrian_civil_war" title="Völkerstrafgesetzbuch">Universal jurisdiction trials in Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_mandate" title="Exclusive mandate">Exclusive mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Syrian_National_Council" title="International recognition of the Syrian National Council">International recognition of the Syrian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Files" title="Syria Files">Syria Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Syrian_detainee_report" title="2014 Syrian detainee report">Syrian detainee report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Media coverage of the Syrian civil war">Syrian media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">2015 European migrant crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian civil war in popular culture">Syrian civil war in popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Syrian_civil_war" title="Category:Syrian civil war">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia_Russia–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template:Russia–United States relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template talk:Russia–United States relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russia–United States relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia_Russia–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russia–United States relations">Russia–United States relations</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Russia,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of Russia, Washington, D.C.">Embassy of Russia, Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Russia_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Russia to the United States">Ambassadors of Russia to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ambassador%27s_residence_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Russian ambassador's residence in Washington, D.C.">Russian ambassador's residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Moscow" title="Embassy of the United States, Moscow">Embassy of the United States, Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Russia" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Russia">Ambassadors of the United States to Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaso_House" title="Spaso House">Spaso House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate-General_of_Russia_in_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulate-General of Russia in Houston">Consulate-General of Russia, Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate-General_of_Russia_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulate-General of Russia in New York City">Consulate-General of Russia, New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Hammond_House" title="John Henry Hammond House">John Henry Hammond House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate-General_of_Russia_in_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulate-General of Russia in San Francisco">Consulate-General of Russia, San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmcroft_Estate" title="Elmcroft Estate">Elmcroft Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothrop_Mansion" title="Lothrop Mansion">Lothrop Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Point,_Maryland" title="Pioneer Point, Maryland">Pioneer Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Mission_of_Russia_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Mission of Russia to the United Nations">Permanent Mission of Russia to the United Nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killenworth" title="Killenworth">Killenworth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_European_and_Eurasian_Affairs" title="Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs">Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Russia–United States summits">Diplomacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Provide_Hope" title="Operation Provide Hope">Operation Provide Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Summit_(1998)" title="Moscow Summit (1998)">1998 Moscow Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia_Summit_2001" title="Slovenia Summit 2001">2001 Slovenia Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia_Summit_2005" title="Slovakia Summit 2005">2005 Slovakia Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%2B2_format" title="5+2 format">5+2 format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_reset" title="Russian reset">Russian reset</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obama%E2%80%93Medvedev_Commission" title="Obama–Medvedev Commission">Obama–Medvedev Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_peace_proposals_on_Syria" title="U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria">U.S.–Russia peace proposals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Syria%27s_chemical_weapons" title="Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons">Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_St._Petersburg_raid" title="2017 St. Petersburg raid">2017 St. Petersburg raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2018 Russia–United States summit">2018 Helsinki summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2021 Russia–United States summit">2021 Geneva summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean_Conference" title="Arctic Ocean Conference">Arctic Ocean Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilulissat_Declaration" title="Ilulissat Declaration">Ilulissat Declaration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Initiative_to_Combat_Nuclear_Terrorism" title="Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism">Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore-Chernomyrdin_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission">Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_U.S._Russia_Investment_Fund" title="The U.S. Russia Investment Fund">The U.S. Russia Investment Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_Joint_Commission_on_POW/MIAs" title="U.S.–Russia Joint Commission on POW/MIAs">U.S.–Russia Joint Commission on POW/MIAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow%E2%80%93Washington_hotline" title="Moscow–Washington hotline">Moscow–Washington hotline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Ankara_prisoner_exchange" title="2024 Ankara prisoner exchange">2024 Ankara prisoner exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIMPAC" title="RIMPAC">RIMPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_incident_off_Kildin_Island" title="Submarine incident off Kildin Island">Kildin Island submarine incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_incident_off_Kola_Peninsula" title="Submarine incident off Kola Peninsula">Kola Peninsula submarine incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_rocket_incident" title="Norwegian rocket incident">Norwegian rocket incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Juan_de_Fuca_laser_incident" title="Strait of Juan de Fuca laser incident">Strait of Juan de Fuca laser incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itar-Tass_Russian_News_Agency_v._Russian_Kurier,_Inc." title="Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.">Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_kidnapping_of_Mormon_missionaries_in_Saratov,_Russia" title="1998 kidnapping of Mormon missionaries in Saratov, Russia">Kidnapping of Mormon missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incident_at_Pristina_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Incident at Pristina airport">Pristina airport incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_detainees_at_Guantanamo_Bay" title="List of Russian detainees at Guantanamo Bay">Russian Guantanamo Bay detainees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RM_Broadcasting" title="RM Broadcasting">RM Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegals_Program" title="Illegals Program">Illegals Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Holmes_(CIA)" title="Stephen Holmes (CIA)">Stephen Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Deterrence_Initiative" title="European Deterrence Initiative">European Deterrence Initiative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atlantic_Resolve" title="Operation Atlantic Resolve">Operation Atlantic Resolve</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russian interference in United States elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">2016</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Links_between_Trump_associates_and_Russian_officials" title="Links between Trump associates and Russian officials">Links between Trump associates and Russian officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steele_dossier" title="Steele dossier">Steele dossier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Butina" title="Maria Butina">Maria Butina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2018_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2018 United States elections">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2020_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2024_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2024 United States elections">2024</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_disclosures_of_classified_information" title="Donald Trump's disclosures of classified information">Donald Trump's disclosures of classified information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana_syndrome" title="Havana syndrome">Havana syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zersetzung" title="Zersetzung">Zersetzung</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khasham" title="Battle of Khasham">Battle of Khasham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poisoning_of_Sergei_and_Yulia_Skripal" title="Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal">Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Trevor_Reed" title="Arrest of Trevor Reed">Arrest of Trevor Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_bounty_program" title="Russian bounty program">Russian bounty program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Bout%E2%80%93Brittney_Griner_prisoner_exchange" title="Viktor Bout–Brittney Griner prisoner exchange">Viktor Bout–Brittney Griner prisoner exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Black_Sea_drone_incident" title="2023 Black Sea drone incident">Black Sea drone incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_spies_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War">Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_Pentagon_document_leaks" title="2022–2023 Pentagon document leaks">2022–2023 Pentagon document leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_R_incident" title="Lady R incident">Lady R incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Tenet_Media_investigation" title="2024 Tenet Media investigation">2024 Tenet Media investigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%E2%80%93Vanik_amendment" title="Jackson–Vanik amendment">Jackson–Vanik amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_foreign_agent_law" title="Russian foreign agent law">Russian foreign agent law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnitsky_Act" title="Magnitsky Act">Magnitsky Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dima_Yakovlev_Law" title="Dima Yakovlev Law">Dima Yakovlev Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_List" title="Guantanamo List">Guantanamo List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_Freedom_Support_Act_of_2014" title="Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014">Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_undesirable_organizations_law" title="Russian undesirable organizations law">Russian undesirable organizations law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countering_America%27s_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act" title="Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act">Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defending_Elections_from_Threats_by_Establishing_Redlines_Act" title="Defending Elections from Threats by Establishing Redlines Act">Defending Elections from Threats by Establishing Redlines Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defending_American_Security_from_Kremlin_Aggression_Act" title="Defending American Security from Kremlin Aggression Act">Defending American Security from Kremlin Aggression Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian%E2%80%93Venezuelan_Threat_Mitigation_Act" title="Russian–Venezuelan Threat Mitigation Act">Russian–Venezuelan Threat Mitigation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Force_KleptoCapture" title="Task Force KleptoCapture">Task Force KleptoCapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_14071" title="Executive Order 14071">Executive Order 14071</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/START_II" title="START II">START II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/START_III" title="START III">START III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_%E2%80%93_Russia_mutual_detargeting" title="United States – Russia mutual detargeting">Mutual detargeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megatons_to_Megawatts_Program" title="Megatons to Megawatts Program">Megatons to Megawatts Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Offensive_Reductions_Treaty" title="Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty">Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_START" title="New START">New START</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russian Empire–United States relations">Russian Empire–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO%E2%80%93Russia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO–Russia relations">NATO–Russia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Russia" title="Anti-American sentiment in Russia">Anti-American sentiment in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_legs" title="Bush legs">Bush legs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_on_Global_Interests" title="Center on Global Interests">Center on Global Interests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Russian_Americans" title="Congress of Russian Americans">Congress of Russian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-American_School_of_Moscow" title="Anglo-American School of Moscow">Anglo-American School of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea" title="United States military and prostitution in South Korea">United States military and prostitution in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mission_School_in_New_York" title="Russian Mission School in New York">Russian Mission School in New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Embassy_School_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Russian Embassy School in Washington, D.C.">Russian Embassy School in Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Cultural_Center" title="Russian Cultural Center">Russian Cultural Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Launch_Services" title="International Launch Services">International Launch Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Russia_Foundation" title="U.S. Russia Foundation">U.S. Russia Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_Business_Council" title="U.S.–Russia Business Council">U.S.–Russia Business Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_US%E2%80%93Russia_Forum" title="Stanford US–Russia Forum">Stanford US–Russia Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Europe-America_500" title="Space Flight Europe-America 500">Space Flight Europe-America 500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic" title="Territorial claims in the Arctic">Territorial claims in the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Game" title="New Great Game">New Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_One_Inch_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Not One Inch (book)">Not One Inch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Russia–United States relations">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–Saudi_Arabia_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Saudi_Arabia&#124;link=Saudi_Arabia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Template:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Template talk:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–Saudi_Arabia_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Saudi_Arabia&#124;link=Saudi_Arabia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia relations">Iran–Saudi Arabia relations</a> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Iran_to_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of ambassadors of Iran to Saudi Arabia">Ambassadors of Iran to Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia,_Tehran" title="Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Tehran">Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Saudi_Arabia_to_Iran" title="List of ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to Iran">Ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Qatif_Uprising" title="1979 Qatif Uprising">1979 Qatif Uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_June_5,_1984" title="Action of June 5, 1984">Action of June 5, 1984</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_diplomatic_conflict" title="Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict">Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" title="Qatar diplomatic crisis">Qatar diplomatic crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_Bahrain" title="Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain">Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Bahrain" title="Insurgency in Bahrain">insurgency in Bahrain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Libyan civil war (2011)">2011 Libyan civil war</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Iranian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Saudi involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance" title="Axis of Resistance">Axis of Resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">Iranian intervention in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency" title="Houthi insurgency">Houthi insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Scorched_Earth" title="Operation Scorched Earth">Operation Scorched Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blow_to_the_Head" title="Operation Blow to the Head">Operation Blow to the Head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Yemeni revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war" title="Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war">Saudi-led intervention in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabian_conflict" title="Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict">Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">Houthi takeover in Yemen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">Second Libyan civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iran_clashes_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Iran clashes (2016–present)">Western Iran clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">1987 Mecca incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khobar_Towers_bombing" title="Khobar Towers bombing">Khobar Towers bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Saudi_Arabian_protests" title="2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests">2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution" title="2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution">2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Nimr_al-Nimr" title="Execution of Nimr al-Nimr">Execution of Nimr al-Nimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_attack_on_the_Saudi_diplomatic_missions_in_Iran" title="2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran">2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution" title="2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution">2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Mina_stampede" title="2015 Mina stampede">2015 Mina stampede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Lebanon%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_dispute" title="2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute">2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932020_Qatif_unrest" title="2017–2020 Qatif unrest">2017–2020 Qatif unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Riyadh_missile_strike" title="2018 Riyadh missile strike">2018 Riyadh missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Security_Construct" title="International Maritime Security Construct">International Maritime Security Construct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2231" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231">United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Afif_attack" title="2019 Afif attack">2019 Afif attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abha_International_Airport_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Abha International Airport attacks">Abha International Airport attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abqaiq%E2%80%93Khurais_attack" title="Abqaiq–Khurais attack">Abqaiq–Khurais attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Iranian relations with <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">GCC</a> member states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bahrain–Iran relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kuwait_relations" title="Iran–Kuwait relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Oman_relations" title="Iran–Oman relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Iran–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Iran–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_football_rivalry" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia football rivalry">Iran–Saudi Arabia football rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Arab League–Iran relations">Arab League–Iran relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2019_Warsaw_Conference" title="February 2019 Warsaw Conference">Warsaw Middle East conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_military_action_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to military action against Iran">Opposition to military action against Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Military_Counter_Terrorism_Coalition" title="Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition">Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mojahedin_Organization_of_Iran" title="People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran">People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_International" title="Iran International">Iran International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunni relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia">Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations">Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template:Iran–United States relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template talk:Iran–United States relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran–United States relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iran–United States relations">Iran–United States relations</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Iran,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C.">Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Iran_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Iran to the United States">Ambassadors of Iran to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Tehran" title="Embassy of the United States, Tehran">Embassy of the United States, Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Iran" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Iran">Ambassadors of the United States to Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interests_Section_of_Iran_in_the_United_States" title="Interests Section of Iran in the United States">Interests Section of Iran in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate-General_of_the_United_States,_Tabriz" title="Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz">Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Near_Eastern_Affairs" title="Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs">Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_Claims_Tribunal" title="Iran–United States Claims Tribunal">Iran–United States Claims Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Directorate" title="Iranian Directorate">Iranian Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Syria_Policy_and_Operations_Group" title="Iran Syria Policy and Operations Group">Iran Syria Policy and Operations Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Corridor" title="Persian Corridor">Persian Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_Command" title="Persian Gulf Command">Persian Gulf Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_the_Iranian_oil_industry" title="Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry">Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Abadan_Crisis" title="Timeline of the Abadan Crisis">Abadan Crisis Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity,_Economic_Relations_and_Consular_Rights" title="Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights">Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_Delawar" title="Exercise Delawar">Exercise Delawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Dark_Gene" title="Project Dark Gene">Project Dark Gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_of_Stability_(speech)" title="Island of Stability (speech)">Island of Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad%27s_letter_to_George_W._Bush" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_between_Barack_Obama_and_Ali_Khamenei" title="Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei">Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_conversation_between_Barack_Obama_and_Hassan_Rouhani" title="Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani">Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negotiations_leading_to_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Negotiations leading to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Plan of Action">Joint Plan of Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_nuclear_deal_framework" title="Iran nuclear deal framework">Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Reactions to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Criticism of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Aftermath of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">U.S. withdrawal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">United States support for Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgeton_incident" title="Bridgeton incident">Bridgeton incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655" title="Iran Air Flight 655">Iran Air Flight 655</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Ajr" title="Iran Ajr">Iran Ajr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Staunch" title="Operation Staunch">Operation Staunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eager_Glacier" title="Operation Eager Glacier">Operation Eager Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Earnest_Will" title="Operation Earnest Will">Operation Earnest Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Prime_Chance" title="Operation Prime Chance">Operation Prime Chance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Nimble_Archer" title="Operation Nimble Archer">Operation Nimble Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Praying_Mantis" title="Operation Praying Mantis">Operation Praying Mantis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran">Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2019_Warsaw_Conference" title="February 2019 Warsaw Conference">February 2019 Warsaw Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Security_Construct" title="International Maritime Security Construct">International Maritime Security Construct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani" title="Assassination of Qasem Soleimani">Assassination of Qasem Soleimani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani" title="Reactions to the assassination of Qasem Soleimani">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_revenge_scenarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteen revenge scenarios">Thirteen revenge scenarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_threat_for_the_destruction_of_Iranian_cultural_sites" title="Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites">Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Martyr_Soleimani" title="Operation Martyr Soleimani">Operation Martyr Soleimani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Camp_Taji_attacks" title="2020 Camp Taji attacks">2020 Camp Taji attacks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations_after_1979" title="Iran–United States relations after 1979">Incidents after 1979</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Paul_R._Shaffer_and_John_H._Turner" title="Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner">Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Iranian_hostage_crisis" title="Timeline of the Iranian hostage crisis">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe_Conference" title="Guadeloupe Conference">Guadeloupe Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Credible_Sport" title="Operation Credible Sport">Operation Credible Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw" title="Operation Eagle Claw">Operation Eagle Claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Caper" title="Canadian Caper">Canadian Caper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter%27s_engagement_with_Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini">Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_October_Surprise_theory" title="1980 October Surprise theory">1980 October Surprise theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis_negotiations" title="Iran hostage crisis negotiations">Negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_Accords" title="Algiers Accords">Algiers Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_can%27t_do_a_damn_thing_against_us" title="America can't do a damn thing against us">America can't do a damn thing against us</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombings" title="1983 Beirut barracks bombings">Beirut barracks bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khobar_Towers_bombing" title="Khobar Towers bombing">Khobar Towers bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Franklin_espionage_scandal" title="Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal">Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Robert_Levinson" title="Disappearance of Robert Levinson">Disappearance of Robert Levinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_kill_or_capture_strategy_in_Iraq" title="United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq">United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_raid_on_the_Iranian_Liaison_Office_in_Erbil" title="United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil">United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Jalal_Sharafi" title="Kidnapping of Jalal Sharafi">Kidnapping of Jalal Sharafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Iran%E2%80%93United_States_naval_dispute" title="2008 Iran–United States naval dispute">2008 Naval dispute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Monkey" title="Filipino Monkey">Filipino Monkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Cassandra" title="Project Cassandra">Project Cassandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%932011_detention_of_American_hikers_by_Iran" title="2009–2011 detention of American hikers by Iran">Detention of American hikers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contents_of_the_United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak_(Iran)" title="Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (Iran)">United States diplomatic cables leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Strait_of_Hormuz_dispute" title="2011–2012 Strait of Hormuz dispute">Strait of Hormuz dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93U.S._RQ-170_incident" title="Iran–U.S. RQ-170 incident">RQ-170 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Maersk_Tigris" title="MV Maersk Tigris">MV Maersk Tigris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_U.S.%E2%80%93Iran_naval_incident" title="2016 U.S.–Iran naval incident">2016 Naval incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program of Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Timeline of the nuclear program of Iran">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P5%2B1" title="P5+1">P5+1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Merlin" title="Operation Merlin">Operation Merlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charming_Kitten" title="Charming Kitten">Charming Kitten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuxnet" title="Stuxnet">Stuxnet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Hossein_Alikhani" title="Kidnapping of Hossein Alikhani">Kidnapping of Hossein Alikhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou" title="Extradition case of Meng Wanzhou">Arrest of Meng Wanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Iranian_students_at_US_airports" title="Deportation of Iranian students at US airports">Deportation of Iranian students at US airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Iranian_shoot-down_of_American_drone" title="2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone">2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_K-1_Air_Base_attack" title="2019 K-1 Air Base attack">2019 K-1 Air Base attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_United_States_embassy_in_Baghdad" title="Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad">Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Iran_explosions" title="2020 Iran explosions">2020 Iran explosions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Erbil_rocket_attacks" title="2021 Erbil rocket attacks">2021 Erbil rocket attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Natanz_incident" title="2021 Natanz incident">2021 Natanz incident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaked_Mohammad_Javad_Zarif_audiotape" title="Leaked Mohammad Javad Zarif audiotape">Leaked Mohammad Javad Zarif audiotape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2021_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident">July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2021_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident">August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_U.S.%E2%80%93Iran_naval_incident" title="2021 U.S.–Iran naval incident">2021 U.S.–Iran naval incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Erbil_missile_attacks" title="2022 Erbil missile attacks">2022 Erbil missile attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2023_Northeastern_Syria_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="March 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes">2023 Northeastern Syria clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Rajan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez Rajan">Seizure of Suez Rajan and St Nikolas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_U.S._bases_in_Iraq,_Jordan,_and_Syria_(2023%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–present)">Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Erbil_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Erbil attack">2024 Erbil attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_22_drone_attack" title="Tower 22 drone attack">Tower 22 drone attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_interference_in_the_2024_United_States_elections" title="Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections">Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">Legislation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_Iran" title="United States sanctions against Iran">United States sanctions against Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_pressure_campaign" title="Maximum pressure campaign">Maximum pressure campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12170" title="Executive Order 12170">Executive Order 12170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12172" title="Executive Order 12172">Executive Order 12172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13769" title="Executive Order 13769">Executive Order 13769</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_Executive_Order_13769" title="Reactions to Executive Order 13769">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_travel_ban" title="Trump travel ban">Trump travel ban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13780" title="Executive Order 13780">Executive Order 13780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13876" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Order 13876">Executive Order 13876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_Libya_Sanctions_Act" title="Iran and Libya Sanctions Act">Iran and Libya Sanctions Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Nonproliferation_Act_of_2000" title="Iran Nonproliferation Act of 2000">Iran Nonproliferation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran,_North_Korea,_Syria_Nonproliferation_Act" title="Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act">Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Freedom_and_Support_Act" title="Iran Freedom and Support Act">Iran Freedom and Support Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Sanctions_Enhancement_Act_of_2007" title="Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act of 2007">Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyl%E2%80%93Lieberman_Amendment" title="Kyl–Lieberman Amendment">Kyl–Lieberman Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Iran_Sanctions,_Accountability,_and_Divestment_Act_of_2010" title="Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010">Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Freedom_and_Counter-Proliferation_Act" title="Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act">Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Law_113-100" title="Public Law 113-100">Public Law 113-100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Nuclear_Agreement_Review_Act_of_2015" title="Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015">Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countering_America%27s_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act" title="Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act">Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dames_%26_Moore_v._Regan" title="Dames & Moore v. Regan">Dames & Moore v. Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Diplomatic_and_Consular_Staff_in_Tehran" title="United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran">United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Platforms_case" title="Oil Platforms case">Oil Platforms case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Banki" title="United States v. Banki">United States v. Banki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Markazi_v._Peterson" title="Bank Markazi v. Peterson">Bank Markazi v. Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certain_Iranian_Assets" title="Certain Iranian Assets">Certain Iranian Assets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubin_v._Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran">Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alleged_Violations_of_the_1955_Treaty_of_Amity_(Iran_v._United_States)" title="Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity (Iran v. United States)">Alleged violations of Treaty of Amity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Groups and individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Action_Group" title="Iran Action Group">Iran Action Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93America_Society" title="Iran–America Society">Iran–America Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Students_Association_in_the_United_States" title="Iranian Students Association in the United States">Iranian Students Association in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_American_Council" title="National Iranian American Council">National Iranian American Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_American_Communities" title="Organization of Iranian American Communities">Organization of Iranian American Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Against_Nuclear_Iran" title="United Against Nuclear Iran">United Against Nuclear Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farashgard" title="Farashgard">Farashgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jundallah_(Iran)" title="Jundallah (Iran)">Jundallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Assembly_of_Iran" title="Kingdom Assembly of Iran">Kingdom Assembly of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council of Iran">National Council of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Resistance_of_Iran" title="National Council of Resistance of Iran">National Council of Resistance of Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mojahedin_Organization_of_Iran" title="People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran">People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Abrams" title="Elliott Abrams">Elliott Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baskerville" title="Howard Baskerville">Howard Baskerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Fallon" title="William J. Fallon">William J. Fallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Hook" title="Brian Hook">Brian Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Macmanus" title="Joseph Macmanus">Joseph Macmanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Malley" title="Robert Malley">Robert Malley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Mull" title="Stephen D. Mull">Stephen D. Mull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_David_Rabhan" title="Erwin David Rabhan">Erwin David Rabhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Rezaian" title="Jason Rezaian">Jason Rezaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Ritter" title="Scott Ritter">Scott Ritter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Wadsworth" title="Craig Wadsworth">Craig Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_R._White_(U.S._veteran)" title="Michael R. White (U.S. veteran)">Michael R. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxana_Saberi" title="Roxana Saberi">Roxana Saberi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeed_Abedini" title="Saeed Abedini">Saeed Abedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeid_Aboutaleb" title="Saeid Aboutaleb">Saeid Aboutaleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahram_Amiri" title="Shahram Amiri">Shahram Amiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirous_Asgari" title="Sirous Asgari">Sirous Asgari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Reza_Banki" title="Mahmoud Reza Banki">Mahmoud Reza Banki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haleh_Esfandiari" title="Haleh Esfandiari">Haleh Esfandiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Mirza_Hekmati" title="Amir Mirza Hekmati">Amir Mirza Hekmati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezedin_Abdel_Aziz_Khalil" title="Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil">Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrzad_Mirgholikhan" title="Shahrzad Mirgholikhan">Shahrzad Mirgholikhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hosseini_(showman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Hosseini (showman)">Mohammad Hosseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esha_Momeni" title="Esha Momeni">Esha Momeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammad Mosaddegh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baquer_Namazi" title="Baquer Namazi">Baquer Namazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamak_Namazi" title="Siamak Namazi">Siamak Namazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahar_Nowrouzzadeh" title="Sahar Nowrouzzadeh">Sahar Nowrouzzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Pahlavi,_Crown_Prince_of_Iran" title="Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran">Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noor_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Noor Pahlavi">Noor Pahlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trita_Parsi" title="Trita Parsi">Trita Parsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryam_Rajavi" title="Maryam Rajavi">Maryam Rajavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolreza_Shahlaei" title="Abdolreza Shahlaei">Abdolreza Shahlaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shakeri" title="Ali Shakeri">Ali Shakeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoud_Soleimani" title="Masoud Soleimani">Masoud Soleimani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morad_Tahbaz" title="Morad Tahbaz">Morad Tahbaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kian_Tajbakhsh" title="Kian Tajbakhsh">Kian Tajbakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karan_Vafadari" title="Karan Vafadari">Karan Vafadari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiyue_Wang" title="Xiyue Wang">Xiyue Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizar_Zakka" title="Nizar Zakka">Nizar Zakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_detainees_at_Guantanamo_Bay" title="List of Iranian detainees at Guantanamo Bay">Iranian Guantanamo Bay detainees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Majid_Muhammed" title="Abdul Majid Muhammed">Abdul Majid Muhammed</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v_Iran_(1998_FIFA_World_Cup)" title="United States v Iran (1998 FIFA World Cup)">1998 FIFA World Cup match</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_relations_between_Iran_and_the_United_States" title="Academic relations between Iran and the United States">Academic relations between Iran and the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Islam_(term)" title="American Islam (term)">American Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Iran" title="Anti-American sentiment in Iran">Anti-American sentiment in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Iran" title="CIA activities in Iran">CIA activities in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_copyright_relations" title="Iran–United States copyright relations">Copyright relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_to_America" title="Death to America">Death to America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_containment" title="Dual containment">Dual containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Satan" title="Great Satan">Great Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Hollywoodism" title="International Conference on Hollywoodism">International Conference on Hollywoodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_frozen_assets" title="Iranian frozen assets">Iranian frozen assets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_military_action_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to military action against Iran">Opposition to military action against Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_enemy_is_here,_they_are_lying_that_it_is_America" title="Our enemy is here, they are lying that it is America">Our enemy is here, they are lying that it is America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_(U.S._list)" title="State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list)">State Sponsor of Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="United States and state-sponsored terrorism">United States and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/650_Fifth_Avenue" title="650 Fifth Avenue">650 Fifth Avenue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Foundation" title="Alavi Foundation">Alavi Foundation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alborz_High_School" title="Alborz High School">Alborz High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Iranian_Studies" title="American Institute of Iranian Studies">American Institute of Iranian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_School_of_Isfahan" title="American School of Isfahan">American School of Isfahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_School,_Tehran" title="Community School, Tehran">Community School, Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damavand_College" title="Damavand College">Damavand College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Bethel_School" title="Iran Bethel School">Iran Bethel School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranzamin_School" title="Iranzamin School">Iranzamin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Church,_Tehran" title="Saint Peter Church, Tehran">Saint Peter Church, Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_American_School" title="Tehran American School">Tehran American School</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bomb_Iran" title="Bomb Iran">Bomb Iran</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_(book)" title="Overthrow (book)">Overthrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_for_the_Faint_of_Heart" title="Not for the Faint of Heart">Not for the Faint of Heart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Iran–United States relations">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iran–Israel_proxy_conflict" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Template:Iran–Israel proxy conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Template talk:Iran–Israel proxy conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran–Israel proxy conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iran–Israel_proxy_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Iran–Israel relations">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_support_for_Iran_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_war" title="Israeli support for Iran during the Iran–Iraq war">Iran–Iraq war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_arrest_of_Iranian_Jews" title="1999 arrest of Iranian Jews">1999 arrest of Iranian Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2024_Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="2024 Iran–Israel conflict">2024 Iran–Israel conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_airstrike_on_the_Iranian_consulate_in_Damascus" title="Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus">Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Israeli_airstrike_on_the_Iranian_consulate_in_Damascus" title="International reactions to the Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus">reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_seizure_of_the_MSC_Aries" title="Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries">Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries</a></li> <li>Iranian strikes on Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2024_Iranian_strikes_against_Israel" title="April 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel">April 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2024_Iranian_strikes_against_Israel" title="October 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel">October 2024</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israeli strikes on Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2024_Israeli_strikes_on_Iran" title="April 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran">April 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2024_Israeli_strikes_on_Iran" title="October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran">October 2024</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_retaliation_leak" title="Israeli retaliation leak">intelligence leak</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Hezbollah–Israel conflict">Hezbollah–Israel conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Lebanese_conflict" title="Israeli–Lebanese conflict">Israeli–Lebanese conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_(1985%E2%80%932000)" title="South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)">South Lebanon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_kidnapping_of_Iranian_diplomats" title="1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats">1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abbas_al-Musawi" title="Assassination of Abbas al-Musawi">Assassination of Abbas al-Musawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Buenos_Aires_Israeli_embassy_bombing" title="1992 Buenos Aires Israeli embassy bombing">1992 Buenos Aires Israeli embassy bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMIA_bombing" title="AMIA bombing">AMIA bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000%E2%80%932006_Shebaa_Farms_conflict" title="2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict">2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Hezbollah_cross-border_raid" title="2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid">2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Hezbollah_cross-border_raid" title="2005 Hezbollah cross-border raid">2005 Hezbollah cross-border raid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Imad_Mughniyeh" title="Assassination of Imad Mughniyeh">Assassination of Imad Mughniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_prisoner_exchange" title="2008 Israel–Hezbollah prisoner exchange">2008 Israel–Hezbollah prisoner exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Hezbollah_plot_in_Egypt" title="2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt">2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francop_Affair" title="Francop Affair">Francop Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2015_Shebaa_Farms_incident" title="January 2015 Shebaa Farms incident">January 2015 Shebaa Farms incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northern_Shield" title="Operation Northern Shield">Operation Northern Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Beirut_drone_crash" title="2019 Beirut drone crash">2019 Beirut drone crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Lebanon_shellings" title="2023 Israel–Lebanon shellings">2023 Israel–Lebanon shellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Fuad_Shukr" title="Assassination of Fuad Shukr">Assassination of Fuad Shukr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Lebanon_electronic_device_attacks" title="2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks">2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_September_2024_Beirut_attack" title="20 September 2024 Beirut attack">20 September 2024 Beirut attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2024_Israeli_attacks_against_Lebanon" title="September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon">September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Hezbollah_headquarters_strike" title="2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike">2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Hashem_Safieddine" title="Assassination of Hashem Safieddine">Assassination of Hashem Safieddine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_projectile_attacks_from_Lebanon_on_Israel_and_the_Golan_Heights" title="List of projectile attacks from Lebanon on Israel and the Golan Heights">Projectile attacks from Lebanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karine_A_affair" title="Karine A affair">Karine A affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Affair" title="Victoria Affair">Victoria Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Full_Disclosure" title="Operation Full Disclosure">Operation Full Disclosure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War (2008–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_War" title="2014 Gaza War">2014 Gaza War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh">Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2013_Rif_Dimashq_airstrike" title="January 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrike">January 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2013_Rif_Dimashq_airstrikes" title="May 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrikes">May 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2014_Rif_Dimashq_airstrikes" title="December 2014 Rif Dimashq airstrikes">December 2014 Rif Dimashq airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2015_Mazraat_Amal_incident" title="January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident">January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(May%E2%80%93June_2015)" title="Qalamoun offensive (May–June 2015)">Qalamoun offensive (May–June 2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="March 2017 Israel–Syria incident">March 2017 Israel–Syria incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">February 2018 Israel–Syria incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">Operation House of Cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(September_2018)" title="Syria missile strikes (September 2018)">September 2018 Syria missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(August_2019)" title="Syria missile strikes (August 2019)">August 2019 Syria missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Israeli_missile_strikes_in_Syria" title="November 2019 Israeli missile strikes in Syria">November 2019 Syria missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(January_2021)" title="Syria missile strikes (January 2021)">January 2021 Syria airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Damascus_airstrike" title="2023 Damascus airstrike">2023 Damascus airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Syrian_ceasefire_line_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war">Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Outside_the_Box" title="Operation Outside the Box">Operation Outside the Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Sudan_airstrikes" title="2009 Sudan airstrikes">2009 Sudan airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_attacks_on_Israeli_diplomats" title="2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats">2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Bangkok_bombings" title="2012 Bangkok bombings">2012 Bangkok bombings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Cyprus_terrorist_plot" title="2012 Cyprus terrorist plot">2012 Cyprus terrorist plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Burgas_bus_bombing" title="2012 Burgas bus bombing">2012 Burgas bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_Military_Industrial_Complex" title="Yarmouk Military Industrial Complex">Yarmouk munitions factory explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Israeli_airstrikes_in_Iraq" title="2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq">2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Erbil_missile_attacks" title="2022 Erbil missile attacks">2022 Erbil missile attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Istanbul_terror_plot" title="2022 Istanbul terror plot">2022 Istanbul terror plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Iranian_missile_strikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria">2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_July_2024_Israeli_attack_on_Yemen" title="20 July 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen">20 July 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program of Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Iranian_nuclear_scientists" title="Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists">Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardeshir_Hosseinpour" title="Ardeshir Hosseinpour">Ardeshir Hosseinpour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massoud_Ali-Mohammadi" title="Massoud Ali-Mohammadi">Massoud Ali-Mohammadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majid_Shahriari" title="Majid Shahriari">Majid Shahriari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydoon_Abbasi" title="Fereydoon Abbasi">Fereydoon Abbasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Ahmadi_Roshan" title="Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan">Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Fakhrizadeh" title="Mohsen Fakhrizadeh">Mohsen Fakhrizadeh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMAD_Project" title="AMAD Project">AMAD Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mossad_infiltration_of_Iranian_nuclear_archive" title="Mossad infiltration of Iranian nuclear archive">Mossad infiltration of Iranian nuclear archive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bid_Kaneh_explosion" title="Bid Kaneh explosion">Bid Kaneh explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuxnet" title="Stuxnet">Stuxnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Iran_explosions" title="2020 Iran explosions">2020 Iran explosions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Natanz_incident" title="2021 Natanz incident">2021 Natanz incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Iran_drone_attacks" title="2023 Iran drone attacks">2023 Iran drone attacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia_and_the_Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Hamas_relations" title="Russia–Hamas relations">Russia–Hamas relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Reza_Djalali" title="Ahmad Reza Djalali">Ahmad Reza Djalali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance" title="Axis of Resistance">Axis of Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2019_Warsaw_Conference" title="February 2019 Warsaw Conference">Warsaw Middle East conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mojahedin_Organization_of_Iran" title="People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran">People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Satan" title="Little Satan">Little Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_and_Israel" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_on_military_action_against_Iran" title="Views on military action against Iran">Views on military action against Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran and state-sponsored terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_support_for_Hamas" title="Iranian support for Hamas">Iranian support for Hamas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Israel and state-sponsored terrorism">Israel and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quds_Day" title="Quds Day">Quds Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_X2" title="Prisoner X2">Prisoner X2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_(TV_series)" title="Tehran (TV series)">Tehran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Category:Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Category:Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iran–Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Template:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Template talk:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iran–Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia relations">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Qatif_Uprising" title="1979 Qatif Uprising">1979 Qatif Uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_June_5,_1984" title="Action of June 5, 1984">Action of June 5, 1984</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_diplomatic_conflict" title="Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict">Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" title="Qatar diplomatic crisis">Qatar diplomatic crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_Bahrain" title="Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain">Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Bahrain" title="Insurgency in Bahrain">insurgency in Bahrain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan civil war">First Libyan civil war</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Iranian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance" title="Axis of Resistance">Axis of Resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">Iranian intervention in Iraq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency" title="Houthi insurgency">Houthi insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Scorched_Earth" title="Operation Scorched Earth">Operation Scorched Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blow_to_the_Head" title="Operation Blow to the Head">Operation Blow to the Head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Yemeni revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian%E2%80%93led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen">Saudi-led intervention in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabian_conflict" title="Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict">Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">Houthi takeover in Yemen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">Second Libyan civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iran_clashes_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Iran clashes (2016–present)">Western Iran clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">1987 Mecca incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khobar_Towers_bombing" title="Khobar Towers bombing">Khobar Towers bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Saudi_Arabian_protests" title="2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests">2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution" title="2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution">2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Nimr_al-Nimr" title="Execution of Nimr al-Nimr">Execution of Nimr al-Nimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_attack_on_the_Saudi_diplomatic_missions_in_Iran" title="2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran">2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution" title="2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution">2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Mina_stampede" title="2015 Mina stampede">2015 Mina stampede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Lebanon%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_dispute" title="2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute">2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932020_Qatif_unrest" title="2017–2020 Qatif unrest">2017–2020 Qatif unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Riyadh_missile_strike" title="2018 Riyadh missile strike">2018 Riyadh missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Security_Construct" title="International Maritime Security Construct">International Maritime Security Construct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2231" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231">United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Afif_attack" title="2019 Afif attack">2019 Afif attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abha_International_Airport_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Abha International Airport attacks">Abha International Airport attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abqaiq%E2%80%93Khurais_attack" title="Abqaiq–Khurais attack">Abqaiq–Khurais attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iranian relations with <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">GCC</a> member states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bahrain–Iran relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kuwait_relations" title="Iran–Kuwait relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Oman_relations" title="Iran–Oman relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Iran–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Iran–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Arab League–Iran relations">Arab League–Iran relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran">Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2019_Warsaw_Conference" title="February 2019 Warsaw Conference">Warsaw Middle East conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_military_action_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to military action against Iran">Opposition to military action against Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Military_Counter_Terrorism_Coalition" title="Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition">Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Mujahedin of Iran">People's Mujahedin of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_International" title="Iran International">Iran International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunni relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia">Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_East_conflicts" title="Template:Middle East conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_East_conflicts" title="Template talk:Middle East conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_East_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle East conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">List of modern conflicts in the Middle East</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern theatre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon starvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Unification of Saudi Arabia">Unification of Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simko_Shikak_revolt_(1918%E2%80%931922)" title="Simko Shikak revolt (1918–1922)">Simko Shikak revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">1919 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">Anglo-Turkish War</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jazeera_Front_(Anglo-Turkish_War,_1918%E2%80%931923)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Jazeera Front (Anglo-Turkish War, 1918–1923) (page does not exist)">Al-Jazeera Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolts_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence">Revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United States during the Turkish War of Independence">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts">Mahmud Barzanji revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adwan_Rebellion" title="Adwan Rebellion">Adwan Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">Great Syrian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Said_rebellion" title="Sheikh Said rebellion">Sheikh Said rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ararat_rebellion" title="Ararat rebellion">Ararat rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani_revolt" title="Ahmed Barzani revolt">Ahmed Barzani revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi%E2%80%93Yemeni_War_(1934)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)">Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goharshad_Mosque_rebellion" title="Goharshad Mosque rebellion">Goharshad Mosque rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935%E2%80%931936_Iraqi_Shia_revolts" title="1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts">1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Yazidi_revolt" title="1935 Yazidi revolt">1935 Yazidi revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dersim_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dersim rebellion">Dersim rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Italian bombing of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied invasion of Iraq">Allied invasion of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Barzani_revolt" title="1943 Barzani revolt">1943 Barzani revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Waziri_coup" title="Al-Waziri coup">Al-Waziri coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">1967 Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">1973 Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni%E2%80%93Adenese_clan_violence" title="Yemeni–Adenese clan violence">Yemeni–Adenese clan violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">1958 Iraqi revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar Rebellion">Dhofar Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">Mar. 1963 Syrian coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Hama_riot" title="1964 Hama riot">1964 Hama riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September in Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite War of 1972">Yemenite War of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Shatt_al-Arab_conflict" title="1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict">Shatt al-Arab clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence_in_Turkey_(1976%E2%80%931980)" title="Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)">Political violence in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_uprising_in_Syria" title="Islamist uprising in Syria">Islamist uprising in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1977 Shia uprising in Iraq">1977 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1979" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite War of 1979">Yemenite War of 1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution">Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Qatif_Uprising" title="1979 Qatif Uprising">1979 Qatif Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979%E2%80%931980_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq">1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict">Kurdish–Turkish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)">Turkey–PKK conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Egyptian_conscripts_riot" title="1986 Egyptian conscripts riot">1986 Egyptian conscripts riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Damascus_bombings" title="1986 Damascus bombings">1986 Damascus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Sharjawi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt">1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">Mecca massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nidal_Organization_internal_executions" title="Abu Nidal Organization internal executions">Abu Nidal's executions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War (1990–1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">1991 Iraqi uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Egypt" title="Terrorism in Egypt">Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(1994)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Civil War (1994)">Yemeni Civil War (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War" title="Iraqi Kurdish Civil War">Iraqi Kurdish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Terrorism in Saudi Arabia">Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_bombing_of_Iraq" title="1998 bombing of Iraq">Operation Desert Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1999 Shia uprising in Iraq">1999 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_insurgency" title="Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency">Balochi insurgency in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Qamishli_riots" title="2004 Qamishli riots">2004 Qamishli riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi insurgency in Yemen">Houthi insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_conflict" title="Fatah–Hamas conflict">Fatah–Hamas conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_insurgency" title="South Yemen insurgency">South Yemen insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">Egyptian Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_terrorism_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of terrorism in Egypt (2013–present)">Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkish involvement in Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Syrian War spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war (2014–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Beirut_clashes" title="2021 Beirut clashes">2021 Beirut clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis" title="Red Sea crisis">Red Sea crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>This list includes <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178810#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1041651422">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2012001320">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph877036&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007517204905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syrian_civil_war&oldid=1258088471">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syrian_civil_war&oldid=1258088471</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Syrian_civil_war" title="Category:Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2010s_in_Syria" title="Category:2010s in Syria">2010s in Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2020s_in_Syria" title="Category:2020s in Syria">2020s in Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2010s_civil_wars" title="Category:2010s civil wars">2010s civil wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2020s_civil_wars" title="Category:2020s civil wars">2020s civil wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Civil_wars_of_the_21st_century" title="Category:Civil wars of the 21st century">Civil wars of the 21st century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_Winter_in_Syria" title="Category:Arab Winter in Syria">Arab Winter in Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Syria" title="Category:Politics of Syria">Politics of Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protests_in_Syria" title="Category:Protests in Syria">Protests in Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rebellions_in_Syria" title="Category:Rebellions in Syria">Rebellions in Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_operations_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Category:Military operations of the Syrian civil war">Military operations of the Syrian civil war</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geopolitical_rivalry" title="Category:Geopolitical rivalry">Geopolitical rivalry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Proxy_wars" title="Category:Proxy wars">Proxy wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-based_civil_wars" title="Category:Religion-based civil wars">Religion-based civil wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-based_wars" title="Category:Religion-based wars">Religion-based wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Civil_wars_involving_the_states_and_peoples_of_Asia" title="Category:Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Asia">Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Category:Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Syria" title="Category:Wars involving Syria">Wars involving Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Egypt" title="Category:Wars involving Egypt">Wars involving Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_France" title="Category:Wars involving France">Wars involving France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Hezbollah" title="Category:Wars involving Hezbollah">Wars involving Hezbollah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Iran" title="Category:Wars involving Iran">Wars involving Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Iraq" title="Category:Wars involving Iraq">Wars involving Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Israel" title="Category:Wars involving Israel">Wars involving Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Jordan" title="Category:Wars involving Jordan">Wars involving Jordan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Qatar" title="Category:Wars involving Qatar">Wars involving Qatar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Russia" title="Category:Wars involving Russia">Wars involving Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Saudi_Arabia" title="Category:Wars involving Saudi Arabia">Wars involving Saudi Arabia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Wars involving the United Kingdom">Wars involving the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_United_States" title="Category:Wars involving the United States">Wars involving the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Turkey" title="Category:Wars involving Turkey">Wars involving Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" title="Category:Wars involving the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Wars involving the 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2,\n [\"CITEREFCelik2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChang2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChulov2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChulov2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChulov2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorder2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCordesmanMarkusen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCumming-Bruce2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDearden2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDebusmann2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDettmet2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDewanMcGann2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyke2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEklundTheisenBaumannForø_Tollefsen2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnders2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEndre_Szénási\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnsor2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFahim2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFahimDeYoung\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarooq\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFountain2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraserIsachenkov\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerberBrincat2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGleick2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlynn2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolovnina2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrisBarnard2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayrumyan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeller2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinnebusch2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbrahim2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIde2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIn_der_MaurStaal2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJAMEY_KEATEN2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJongerden2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKais2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarasapan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarouny2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKassamBecker2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKelleyMohtadiCaneSeager2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalafAbigail_Fielding_Smith2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKozak2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKüçükÖzselçuk2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandis2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaub2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaura_Smith-Spark2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLombardo2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoveluck2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLundgren2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLutkefend_SchneiderTheresa_Tobias2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajumdar2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalek2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMansour2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartina_Nosakhare2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMa’oz2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonnell2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDowall2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKernan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcgregor-Wood2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMemmott2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMosendz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaquin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNebehay2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNehme2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNichols2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNickisch2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connor2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connor2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOrensteinRomer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearlman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPelley2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeralta2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReganMackintosh2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoseShabanianWilder2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaber_AllamSalah_Ashraf2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaidRaslanSabbagh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSayigh\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidinger2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelbyDahiFröhlichHulme2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSengupta2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShahvisi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShamaileh2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherlock2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSorenson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoylu2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSparrow2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStackJ._David_Goodman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuleiman2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTodd2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVohra2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiss2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitlock2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYacoubian2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFlbreiseth2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Dam2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Wilgenburg2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŞimşekJongerden2018\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"As of\"] = 6,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Ba'athism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Bashar al-Assad series\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Campaignbox Syrian civil war\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 148,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 164,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 3,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 5,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 20,\n [\"Human toll of Syrian Civil War\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Iran–Israel proxy conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Iran–Saudi Arabia relations\"] = 1,\n [\"Iran–United States relations\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 38,\n [\"Middle East conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-sock\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Russia–United States relations\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 13,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 11,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 1,\n [\"Syrian civil war\"] = 1,\n [\"Syrian civil war infobox\"] = 1,\n [\"Syrian peace process\"] = 1,\n [\"Update\"] = 1,\n [\"Update inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 40,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","560","20.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","420","15.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","260","9.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","180","6.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","140","5.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","4.5"],["type","80","3.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","3.0"],["\u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","2.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::formatDate","40","1.5"],["[others]","740","27.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-b49cm","timestamp":"20241124053336","ttl":584791,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Syrian civil war","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Syrian_civil_war","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q178810","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q178810","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2011-02-03T23:29:58Z","dateModified":"2024-11-18T02:16:35Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b4\/Destroyed_neighborhood_in_Raqqa.png","headline":"ongoing multi-sided civil war in Syria since 2011"}</script> </body> </html>