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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Part of the Syrian Civil War</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">2012–2013 escalation of the Syrian Civil War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombed_out_vehicles_Aleppo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bombed_out_vehicles_Aleppo.jpg/220px-Bombed_out_vehicles_Aleppo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bombed_out_vehicles_Aleppo.jpg/330px-Bombed_out_vehicles_Aleppo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bombed_out_vehicles_Aleppo.jpg/440px-Bombed_out_vehicles_Aleppo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="658" /></a> For a war map of the current situation, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Syrian_civil_war_detailed_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Syrian civil war detailed map">here</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>21 April 2012 (2012-04-21) – 31 December 2013 (2013-12-31) (1 year, 8 months, 1 week and 3 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a> territories, with minor <a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">spillovers</a> in neighboring countries</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Indecisive</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Republic">Ba'athist Syria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Force_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Defense Force (Syria)">National Defense Force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabiha" title="Shabiha">Shabiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Sha%27bi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaysh al-Sha'bi">Jaysh al-Sha'bi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Abbas_brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Abbas brigade">Al-Abbas brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)">Security agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Public_Security_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Public Security Police">Syrian Police Forces</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Revolutionary Guards</a></li></ul> Allied armed groups: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah"><img alt="Hezbollah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/23px-InfoboxHez.PNG" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/35px-InfoboxHez.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/45px-InfoboxHez.PNG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine_%E2%80%93_General_Command" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command">PFLP–GC</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa%27ib_Ahl_al-Haq" title="Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq">Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq</a><a href="#cite_note-prominent-4">[4]</a></li></ul> Supported by: <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition"><img alt="Syrian opposition" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_the_Islamic_Front_%28Syria%29_%28Black%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Islamic_Front_%28Syria%29_%28Black%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_the_Islamic_Front_%28Syria%29_%28Black%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Islamic_Front_%28Syria%29_%28Black%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_the_Islamic_Front_%28Syria%29_%28Black%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Islamic_Front_%28Syria%29_%28Black%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="299" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Front_(Syria)" title="Islamic Front (Syria)">Islamic Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syrian_Islamic_Front" title="Syrian Islamic Front">SIF</a> & <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Islamic_Liberation_Front" title="Syrian Islamic Liberation Front">SILF</a>)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Al-Liwaa.svg/23px-Al-Liwaa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Al-Liwaa.svg/35px-Al-Liwaa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Al-Liwaa.svg/46px-Al-Liwaa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> Other rebel groups</li></ul> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Supported by:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> </li></ul> </div> <hr /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> and allies:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_Al-Qaeda">[b]</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_al-Qaeda_in_the_Levant_-_al-Nusra_Front.jpg/23px-Flag_of_al-Qaeda_in_the_Levant_-_al-Nusra_Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_al-Qaeda_in_the_Levant_-_al-Nusra_Front.jpg/35px-Flag_of_al-Qaeda_in_the_Levant_-_al-Nusra_Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_al-Qaeda_in_the_Levant_-_al-Nusra_Front.jpg/45px-Flag_of_al-Qaeda_in_the_Levant_-_al-Nusra_Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a><a href="#cite_note-ISW_FSA-14">[14]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq" title="Islamic State of Iraq">Islamic State of Iraq</a> (until 7 April 2013) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and Levant</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> (from 7 April 2013)</td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Rojava.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rojava.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Rojava.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rojava.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Rojava.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rojava.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-disambig" title="Rojava">Rojava</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Supreme_Committee" title="Kurdish Supreme Committee">DBK</a> & <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Movement for a Democratic Society">TEV-DEM</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a> (YPG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">Women's Protection Units</a> (YPJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asayish_(Rojava_cantons)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asayish (Rojava cantons)">Asayish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac Military Council</a> (MFS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutoro" title="Sutoro">Sutoro</a></li></ul> Allied armed groups: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Front" title="Kurdish Front">Kurdish Front</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_Kurdish_Front">[a]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sanadid_Forces" title="Al-Sanadid Forces">Army of Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PKK" class="mw-redirect" title="PKK">PKK</a></li></ul> Supported by: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Iraqi Kurdistan</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> (Commander in Chief) <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Maher_al-Assad" title="Maher al-Assad">Maher al-Assad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>) <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Fahd_Jassem_al-Freij" title="Fahd Jassem al-Freij">Fahd Jassem al-Freij</a> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dawoud_Rajiha" title="Dawoud Rajiha">Dawoud Rajiha</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Assef_Shawkat" title="Assef Shawkat">Assef Shawkat</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Ayyoub" title="Ali Abdullah Ayyoub">Ali Abdullah Ayyoub</a> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Issam_Hallaq" title="Issam Hallaq">Issam Hallaq</a> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ghassan_Jaoudat_Ismail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghassan Jaoudat Ismail">Ghassan Ismail</a> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_al-Shaar" title="Mohammad al-Shaar">Mohammad al-Shaar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)</td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition"><img alt="Syrian opposition" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Asaad" title="Riad al-Asaad">Riad al-Asaad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Idris" title="Salim Idris">Salim Idris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_al-Sheikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa al-Sheikh">Mustafa al-Sheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_Maarouf" title="Jamal Maarouf">Jamal Maarouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahfad_al-Rasul_Brigades" title="Ahfad al-Rasul Brigades">Ziad Haj Obaid</a><a href="#cite_note-ISW-18">[18]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_the_Islamic_Front_%28Syria%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Islamic_Front_%28Syria%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_the_Islamic_Front_%28Syria%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Islamic_Front_%28Syria%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_the_Islamic_Front_%28Syria%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Islamic_Front_%28Syria%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="261" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Front_(Syria)" title="Islamic Front (Syria)">Islamic Front</a> <ul><li>Ahmed Issa al-Sheikh (<a href="/wiki/Suqour_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Suqour al-Sham">Suqour al-Sham</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Islamic_Front-19">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahran_Alloush" title="Zahran Alloush">Zahran Alloush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Islam" title="Jaysh al-Islam">Jaysh al-Islam</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Islamic_Front-19">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Aboud" title="Hassan Aboud">Hassan Aboud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham" title="Ahrar al-Sham">Ahrar al-Sham</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Islamic_Front-19">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qader_Saleh" title="Abdul Qader Saleh">Abdul Qader Saleh</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Tawhid_Brigade" title="Al-Tawhid Brigade">al-Tawhid Brigade</a>)<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li></ul> <hr /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_al-Qaeda_in_the_Levant_-_al-Nusra_Front.jpg/23px-Flag_of_al-Qaeda_in_the_Levant_-_al-Nusra_Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_al-Qaeda_in_the_Levant_-_al-Nusra_Front.jpg/35px-Flag_of_al-Qaeda_in_the_Levant_-_al-Nusra_Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_al-Qaeda_in_the_Levant_-_al-Nusra_Front.jpg/45px-Flag_of_al-Qaeda_in_the_Levant_-_al-Nusra_Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mohammad_al-Julani" title="Abu Mohammad al-Julani">Abu Mohammad al-Julani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action">WIA</a>)<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State"><img alt="Islamic State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria"><img alt="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/23px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/35px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/45px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Salih_Muslim_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Salih Muslim Muhammad">Salih Muslim Muhammad</a> <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria"><img alt="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/23px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/35px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg/45px-De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Sîpan Hemo<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> (YPG) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Alaa Ajabu<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> (Kurdish Front) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flag_of_al-Sanadid_Forces.svg/23px-Flag_of_al-Sanadid_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flag_of_al-Sanadid_Forces.svg/35px-Flag_of_al-Sanadid_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flag_of_al-Sanadid_Forces.svg/45px-Flag_of_al-Sanadid_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Humaydi_Daham_al-Hadi" title="Humaydi Daham al-Hadi">Humaydi Daham al-Hadi</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> (Army of Dignity)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a>: 178,000(by Aug 2013)<a href="#cite_note-SyrianArmy-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)" title="General Intelligence Directorate (Syria)">General Intelligence Directorate</a>: 8,000<a href="#cite_note-SyrianArmy-26">[26]</a> Shabiha: 10,000 fighters<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> National Defense Force: 60,000 soldiers<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Jaysh al-Sha'bi: 50,000 fighters<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> al-Abbas brigade: 10,000 fighters<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Hezbollah: 3,000–5,000<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> fighters Iran: 150<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>–1,500<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> IRGC Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq: 1,000 fighters<a href="#cite_note-prominent-4">[4]</a></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> Free Syrian Army: 40,000<a href="#cite_note-denies_flee-35">[35]</a> – 50,000<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <ul><li>Ahfad al-Rasul Brigades: 7,000–9,000<a href="#cite_note-crisis_armed-38">[38]</a></li></ul> Islamic Front: 45,000<a href="#cite_note-denies_flee-35">[35]</a> – 60,000<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <hr /> Al-Nusra Front: 5,000–7,000<a href="#cite_note-crisis_armed-38">[38]</a> <a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant: 3,000–5,000<a href="#cite_note-crisis_armed-38">[38]</a></td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> People's Protection Units (YPG): 15,000<a href="#cite_note-crisis_armed-38">[38]</a> – 35,000<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Syrian government 15,000<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a>–31,174 soldiers and policemen killed 19,256 militiamen killed 1,000 government officials killed<a href="#cite_note-safepassage-45">[45]</a> 5,000 soldiers and militiamen captured[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Hezbollah 232–250<a href="#cite_note-hardened-46">[46]</a> killed Other non-Syrian Shiite fighters 265 killed<a href="#cite_note-SOHR-47">[47]</a> <ul><li>Iranian IRGC 16 killed<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> 27,746<a href="#cite_note-SOHR-47">[47]</a>–50,930<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> fighters killed<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_Fighters">[c]</a> 979 protesters killed<a href="#cite_note-almost11,500-54">[54]</a> 16,000<a href="#cite_note-SOHR1-55">[55]</a>–46,601<a href="#cite_note-Violations_Documenting_Center-56">[56]</a> opposition fighters and supporters captured</td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> 265+ fighters killed<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <big><div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">120,000 killed overall (September 2013 French estimate)<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> 91,875<a href="#cite_note-Violations_Documenting_Center-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Violations_Documenting_Center1-60">[60]</a>–125,835<a href="#cite_note-SOHR-47">[47]</a> deaths documented by opposition groups December 2013** 165,835 killed overall (December 2013 <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights" title="Syrian Observatory for Human Rights">SOHR</a> estimate)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_SOHR">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-SOHR-47">[47]</a> 760–1,806 <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war#Foreign_civilians_killed" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">foreign civilians</a> killed <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 16 Iraqi soldiers killed<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /></a> 5 Lebanese soldiers killed<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> 3 Turkish servicemen killed<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan"><img alt="Jordan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> 1 Jordanian soldier killed<a href="#cite_note-Jordan_soldier_killed-68">[68]</a> <hr /> 4.5 million (UN, Sep 2013) – 5.1 million (iDMC, Sep 2013) internally <a href="/wiki/Displaced_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Displaced person">displaced</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT5Sep-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-interdisp-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-pbs-71">[71]</a> 3,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Syrian_refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian refugees">refugees</a> (by November 2013)<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> 130,000 missing or detained<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></div></big> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562">a Also part of the FSA, but opposes ISIL & al-Nusra. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562">b The al-Nusra Front and ISIL cooperated with various other rebel groups during this time, while fighting other groups. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562">c Number possibly higher due to the opposition counting rebels that were not defectors as civilians.<a href="#cite_note-morethan13000-74">[74]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562">d Number includes foreign fighters from both sides, as well as foreign civilians</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_cease-fire_period_and_start_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox cease-fire period and start of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_cease-fire_period_and_start_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox cease-fire period and start of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_cease-fire_period_and_start_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox cease-fire period and start of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="UN_ceasefire;_Rebel_advances_(May_2012_–_Dec._2013)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan">UN ceasefire</a>; <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rebel advances</a> (May 2012 – Dec. 2013)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(May_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (May 2012)">3rd Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houla_massacre" title="Houla massacre">Houla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Northern_Homs" title="Siege of Northern Homs">1st Northern Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Haffah" title="Battle of al-Haffah">Al-Haffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qubeir_massacre" title="Al-Qubeir massacre">Al-Qubeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tremseh" title="Battle of Tremseh">Al-Tremseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(June_2012%E2%80%93April_2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2012–April 2013)">3rd Idlib Gov.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(2012)" title="Battle of Damascus (2012)">1st Damascus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18_July_2012_Damascus_bombing" title="18 July 2012 Damascus bombing">Bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">1st Aleppo city</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anadan" title="Battle of Anadan">Anadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Menagh_Air_Base" title="Siege of Menagh Air Base">Menagh Air Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Base_46" title="Siege of Base 46">Base 46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_massacre" title="Khan al-Assal massacre">Khan al-Assal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)">1st Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Canopus_Star" title="Operation Canopus Star">2nd Aleppo offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Syrian Kurdistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rojava%E2%80%93Islamist_conflict" title="Rojava–Islamist conflict">Kurdish–Islamist conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932014)" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2014)">Hasaka campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2012%E2%80%9313)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2012–13)">Ras al-Ayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Yaarubiyah" title="Battle of al-Yaarubiyah">al-Yaarubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Hamis_and_Tell_Brak_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (2013–2014)">Tell Hamis and Tell Brak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2013)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2013)">Tell Abyad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nubl_and_al-Zahraa" title="Siege of Nubl and al-Zahraa">Nubl & Al-Zahraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93October_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–October 2012)">2nd Rif Dimashq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Darayya_massacre" title="Darayya massacre">1st Darayya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Abu_al-Duhur_Airbase" title="Siege of Abu al-Duhur Airbase">Abu al-Duhur Airbase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_Governorate_clashes_(2012%E2%80%932014)" title="Quneitra Governorate clashes (2012–2014)">Quneitra Gov.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (November 2012–February 2013)">3rd Rif Dimashq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk_Camp_(December_2012)" title="Battle of Yarmouk Camp (December 2012)">1st Yarmouk camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">2nd Darayya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Darayya_and_Muadamiyat" title="Siege of Darayya and Muadamiyat">Darayya & Muadamiyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqrab_massacre" title="Aqrab massacre">Aqrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Hama_offensive" title="2012 Hama offensive">1st Hama offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halfaya_massacre_(2012)" title="Halfaya massacre (2012)">Halfaya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Safira" title="Battle of Safira">1st Safira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shaddadi_(2013)" title="Battle of Shaddadi (2013)">Shadadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_offensive" title="Damascus offensive">2nd Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)">1st Raqqa campaign</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2013)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2013)">1st Raqqa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Daraa_offensive" title="2013 Daraa offensive">1st Daraa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(March%E2%80%93August_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (March–August 2013)">4th Rif Dimashq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jdaidet_al-Fadl" title="Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl">Jdaidet al-Fadl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadamon_massacre" title="Tadamon massacre">Tadamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack" title="Ghouta chemical attack">Ghouta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2013)">2nd al-Qusayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr_offensive" title="Al-Qusayr offensive">3rd al-Qusayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eastern_Ghouta" title="Siege of Eastern Ghouta">Eastern Ghouta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Hama_offensive" title="2013 Hama offensive">2nd Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayda_and_Baniyas_massacres" title="Bayda and Baniyas massacres">Bayda and Baniyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Latakia_offensive" title="2013 Latakia offensive">1st Latakia offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maaloula" title="Battle of Maaloula">Ma'loula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadad" title="Battle of Sadad">Sadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September–November 2013)">5th Rif Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qalamoun_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Battle of Qalamoun (2013–2014)">1st Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adra_massacre" title="Adra massacre">Adra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The 2012–2013 escalation of the Syrian Civil War refers to the third phase of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, which gradually escalated from a UN-mediated cease fire attempt during April–May 2012 and deteriorated into radical violence, escalating the conflict level to a full-fledged civil war. Following the <a href="/wiki/Houla_massacre" title="Houla massacre">Houla massacre</a> of 25 May 2012, in which 108 people were summarily executed, and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> (FSA) ultimatum to the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Syrian Ba'athist</a> government, the <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan">ceasefire</a> practically collapsed as the FSA began nationwide offensives against government troops. On 1 June 2012, President <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> vowed to crush the anti-government uprising.<a href="#cite_note-aa0406-75">[75]</a> On 12 June 2012, the UN for the first time officially proclaimed Syria to be in a state of civil war.<a href="#cite_note-bbc12-6-12-76">[76]</a> The conflict began moving into the two largest cities, <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. Following the failure of another ceasefire in October 2012, during the winter of 2012–2013 and early spring of 2013 the rebels continued advances on all fronts. In mid-December 2012, American officials said that the Syrian military began firing <a href="/wiki/Scud" class="mw-redirect" title="Scud">Scud</a> <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missiles</a> at rebel positions in Syria. On 11 January 2013, <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> groups, including the <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">al-Nusra Front</a>, took full control of the <a href="/wiki/Taftanaz" title="Taftanaz">Taftanaz</a> air base in the <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib Governorate</a>, after weeks of fighting. In mid-January 2013, as clashes re-erupted between rebels and Kurdish forces in <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn" title="Ras al-Ayn">Ras al-Ayn</a>, <a href="/wiki/YPG" class="mw-redirect" title="YPG">YPG</a> forces moved to expel government forces from oil-rich areas in the <a href="/wiki/Hasakah_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasakah Governorate">Hasakah Governorate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-main_opposition-77">[77]</a> By 6 March 2013, the rebels had captured the city of <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a>, making it the first provincial capital to be lost by the Assad government. In early April 2013, having expanded into Syria, one of the strongest <a href="/wiki/Jihadist" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist">jihadist</a> insurgent groups, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq" title="Islamic State of Iraq">Islamic State of Iraq</a>, adopted the new name ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah fī 'l-ʿIrāq wa-sh-Shām (الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام), variously translated as "Islamic State of Iraq and <a href="/wiki/Al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Sham">al-Sham</a>",<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Irshaid-78">[78]</a> "Islamic State of Iraq and Syria"<a href="#cite_note-AlArabiya_9-4-2013-79">[79]</a> (both abbreviated as ISIS), or "<a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a>" (abbreviated as ISIL).<a href="#cite_note-ISIS_or_ISIL?_The_debate-80">[80]</a> The rebel advances were finally stopped in April 2013, as the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Army">Syrian Arab Army</a> reorganized and then initiated offensives. On 17 April 2013, government forces breached a <a href="/wiki/First_Siege_of_Wadi_Deif" class="mw-redirect" title="First Siege of Wadi Deif">six-month rebel blockade</a> on the Wadi Deif base near <a href="/wiki/Idlib" title="Idlib">Idlib</a>. Heavy fighting was reported around the town of Babuleen after government troops attempt to secure control of a main highway leading to Aleppo. The break in the siege also allowed government forces to resupply two major military bases in the region which had been relying on sporadic airdrops.<a href="#cite_note-Asaad_break-81">[81]</a> In April 2013, government and <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> forces, who have increasingly become involved in the fighting, launched <a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr_offensive" title="Al-Qusayr offensive">an offensive</a> to capture areas near al-Qusayr. On 21 April, pro-Assad forces captured the towns of Burhaniya, Saqraja and al-Radwaniya near the <a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93Syria_border" title="Lebanon–Syria border">Lebanon–Syria border</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Syria_Qusayr-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Syria_flares-83">[83]</a> From July 2013, the situation became a stalemate, with fighting continuing on all fronts between various factions with numerous casualties, but without major territorial changes. On 28 June 2013, rebel forces captured a major military checkpoint in the southern city of <a href="/wiki/Daraa" title="Daraa">Daraa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Syrian_jets-84">[84]</a> Shortly after, some Syrian rebel groups declared war on the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant which was becoming increasingly dominant. A major advance took place on 6 August 2013, as rebels and ISIL captured <a href="/wiki/Menagh_Military_Airbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Menagh Military Airbase">Menagh Military Airbase</a> after a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Menagh_Air_Base" title="Siege of Menagh Air Base">10-month siege</a>. On 21 August <a href="/wiki/2013_Ghouta_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Ghouta attacks">a chemical attack</a> took place in the <a href="/wiki/Ghouta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghouta">Ghouta</a> region of the Damascus countryside, leading to thousands of casualties and several hundred dead in the opposition-held stronghold. The attack was followed by a military offensive by government forces into the area.<a href="#cite_note-SyriaOffensive-85">[85]</a> The attack, largely attributed to Assad forces, caused the international community to seek the chemical disarmament of the Syrian Army. Late 2013 was marked by increased initiative on the part of the Syrian Army, which led offensives against opposition groups on several fronts. The Syrian Army along with its allies, Hezbollah and the <a href="/wiki/Liwa_Abu_al-Fadhal_al-Abbas" title="Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas">al-Abas brigade</a>, launched an offensive on Damascus and Aleppo in November.<a href="#cite_note-Aleppo_Advance-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-rebel_mobilisation-87">[87]</a> Fighting between Kurdish forces, rebels and al-Nusra front continued in other locations. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Early insurgency phase of the Syrian Civil War">Early insurgency phase of the Syrian Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan">Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan</a></div> On 23 February 2012, the evening before an international "<a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Syria_Group" title="Friends of Syria Group">Friends of Syria</a>" conference organised by the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and the Arab League together appointed <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a> as their envoy to Syria.<a href="#cite_note-bbc,24-2-12-88">[88]</a> 70 nations were present on the conference, Russia and China not among them; Syria called those nations attending "historic enemies of the Arabs".<a href="#cite_note-bbc,24-2-12-88">[88]</a> On 16 March, Kofi Annan submitted a six-point peace plan to the UN <a href="/wiki/Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Council">Security Council</a> (see below), basically asking the Syrian government "to address the legitimate aspirations and concerns of the Syrian people", stop fighting, pullback military concentrations from towns, while simultaneously the Envoy would seek similar commitments from the Syrian opposition and other “elements”.<a href="#cite_note-AlJaz27-3-12-89">[89]</a> On 5 April 2012, Annan told the UN General Assembly that the cease-fire deadline for the Syrian government would be 6 a.m. local time on Tuesday 10 April, and for the rebels 6 a.m. on 12 April.<a href="#cite_note-upi,6-4-12-90">[90]</a> On 12 April 2012, both sides, the Syrian Ba'athist government and rebels of the FSA and some other factions, entered a UN-mediated ceasefire period. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Timeline">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceasefire_attempt_(April–May_2012)">Ceasefire attempt (April–May 2012)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ceasefire attempt (April–May 2012)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SyrianTanks_US_SatelliteImagery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SyrianTanks_US_SatelliteImagery.jpg/220px-SyrianTanks_US_SatelliteImagery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SyrianTanks_US_SatelliteImagery.jpg/330px-SyrianTanks_US_SatelliteImagery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SyrianTanks_US_SatelliteImagery.jpg/440px-SyrianTanks_US_SatelliteImagery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a> tanks during the <a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate_clashes_(2011%E2%80%9313)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daraa Governorate clashes (2011–13)">clashes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate" title="Daraa Governorate">Daraa Governorate</a> in April 2012.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan_peace_plan_for_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kofi Annan peace plan for Syria">Kofi Annan peace plan for Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War_(January%E2%80%93April_2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (January–April 2012)">Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (January–April 2012)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War_(May%E2%80%93August_2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (May–August 2012)">Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (May–August 2012)</a></div> On 14 April 2012, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2042" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2042">UN Security Council meeting adopting Resolution 2042</a> stated that the Envoy (= mr. Annan) assessed that “as of 12 April, the parties appeared to be observing a cessation of fire”.<a href="#cite_note-sc_res_10609-91">[91]</a> The UN-mediated cease fire attempt had eventually turned into a failure, with infractions of the ceasefire by both sides resulting in several dozen casualties. Acknowledging its failure, Annan called for Iran to be "part of the solution", though the country has been excluded from the Friends of Syria initiative.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Houla_massacre" title="Houla massacre">Houla massacre</a> of 25 May 2012, in which 108 people were summarily executed, and the subsequent FSA ultimatum to the Syrian Ba'athist government, the ceasefire practically collapsed, as the FSA began nationwide offensives against government troops. The peace plan practically collapsed by early June and the UN mission was withdrawn from Syria. Annan resigned in frustration on 2 August 2012.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewed_fighting_(June–October_2012)">Renewed fighting (June–October 2012)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Renewed fighting (June–October 2012)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="June">June</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: June">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War_(May%E2%80%93August_2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (May–August 2012)">Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (May–August 2012)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War_(September%E2%80%93December_2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (September–December 2012)">Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (September–December 2012)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(2012)" title="Battle of Damascus (2012)">Battle of Damascus (2012)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93October_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–October 2012)">Rif Dimashq offensive (August–October 2012)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Free_Syrian_Army_Occupied_Area.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Free_Syrian_Army_Occupied_Area.jpg/197px-Free_Syrian_Army_Occupied_Area.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="536" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Free_Syrian_Army_Occupied_Area.jpg/295px-Free_Syrian_Army_Occupied_Area.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Free_Syrian_Army_Occupied_Area.jpg/394px-Free_Syrian_Army_Occupied_Area.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="2231" /></a><figcaption>Areas in western Syria under control of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> and other rebel groups in June 2012 (dark red).</figcaption></figure> On 1 June 2012, President Assad vowed to crush the anti-government uprising.<a href="#cite_note-aa0406-75">[75]</a> On 5 June 2012, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Haffah" title="Battle of al-Haffah">fighting broke out in Haffa</a> and nearby villages in the coastal governorate of <a href="/wiki/Latakia_Governorate" title="Latakia Governorate">Latakia Governorate</a>. Government forces were backed by <a href="/wiki/Helicopter_gunship" class="mw-redirect" title="Helicopter gunship">helicopter gunships</a> in the heaviest clashes in the governorate since the revolt began. Syrian forces seized the territory following days of fighting and shelling.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> On 6 June, 78 civilians were killed in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Qubeir_massacre" title="Al-Qubeir massacre">Al-Qubeir massacre</a>. According to activist sources, government forces started by shelling the village before the <a href="/wiki/Shabiha" title="Shabiha">Shabiha</a> militia moved in.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> UN observers headed to Al-Qubeir in the hope of investigating the massacre, but they were met with a roadblock and small arms fire and were forced to retreat.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> On 12 June 2012, the UN for the first time officially proclaimed Syria to be in a state of civil war.<a href="#cite_note-bbc12-6-12-76">[76]</a> The conflict began moving into the two largest cities, Damascus and Aleppo. In both cities, peaceful protests – including a general strike by Damascus shopkeepers and a small strike in Aleppo were interpreted as indicating that the historical alliance between the government and the business establishment in the large cities had become weak.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> On 22 June, a Turkish <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">F-4 fighter jet</a> was <a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war#F-4_fighter_jet_incident" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">shot down by Syrian government forces</a>, killing both pilots. Syria and Turkey disputed whether the jet had been flying in Syrian or international <a href="/wiki/Airspace" title="Airspace">airspace</a> when it was shot down. Bashar al-Assad publicly apologised for the incident. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="July">July</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: July">edit</a>]</div> By 10 July 2012, rebel forces had captured most of the city of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr,_Syria" title="Al-Qusayr, Syria">Al-Qusayr</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Homs_Governorate" title="Homs Governorate">Homs Governorate</a>, after weeks of fighting.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> By mid-July, rebels had captured the town of <a href="/wiki/Saraqib" title="Saraqib">Saraqib</a>, in Idlib Governorate.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> By 15 July 2012, with fighting spread across the country and 16,000 people killed, the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> declared the conflict a civil war.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Fighting in Damascus intensified, with a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(2012)" title="Battle of Damascus (2012)">major rebel push</a> to take the city.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> On 18 July, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Syria)" title="Ministry of Defense (Syria)">Syrian Defense Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Dawoud_Rajiha" title="Dawoud Rajiha">Dawoud Rajiha</a>, former defense minister <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Turkmani" title="Hasan Turkmani">Hasan Turkmani</a>, and the president's brother-in-law General <a href="/wiki/Assef_Shawkat" title="Assef Shawkat">Assef Shawkat</a> were killed by a <a href="/wiki/July_2012_Damascus_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="July 2012 Damascus bombing">suicide bomb attack</a> in Damascus.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph9408321-102">[102]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Syrian_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian intelligence">Syrian intelligence</a> chief <a href="/wiki/Hisham_Ikhtiyar" title="Hisham Ikhtiyar">Hisham Ikhtiyar</a>, who was injured in the same explosion, later succumbed to his wounds.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Both the FSA and Liwa al-Islam claimed responsibility for the assassination.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_Civil_War_map_(August_15_2012).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28August_15_2012%29.svg/220px-Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28August_15_2012%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28August_15_2012%29.svg/330px-Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28August_15_2012%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28August_15_2012%29.svg/440px-Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28August_15_2012%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Situation in Syria, mid-August 2012</figcaption></figure> In mid-July, rebel forces <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(2012)" title="Battle of Damascus (2012)">attacked Damascus</a> and were repelled over two weeks, although <a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93October_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–October 2012)">fighting still continued in the outskirts</a>. After this, the focus shifted to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2013)">battle for control of Aleppo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> On 25 July, multiple sources reported that the Assad government was using fighter jets to attack rebel positions in Aleppo and Damascus,<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> and on 1 August, UN observers in Syria witnessed government fighter jets firing on rebels in Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In early August, the Syrian Army recaptured Salaheddin district, an important rebel stronghold in Aleppo. In August, the government began using fixed-wing warplanes against the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-Air_War-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-ISW_Air-109">[109]</a> On 19 July, Iraqi officials reported that the FSA had gained control of all four border checkpoints between Syria and Iraq, increasing concerns for the safety of Iraqis trying to escape the violence in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="September">September</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: September">edit</a>]</div> On 6 September 2012 Kurdish activists reported that 21 civilians were killed in the Kurdish neighborhood of Sheikh Maqsud in <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, when the Syrian Army shelled the local mosque and its surroundings. Despite the district being neutral during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012)">Battle of Aleppo</a> and free of government and FSA clashes, local residents believed that the district was shelled as retaliation for sheltering anti-government civilians from other parts of the city. In a statement released shortly after the deaths, the Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG) vowed to retaliate.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> A few days later, Kurdish forces killed 3 soldiers in <a href="/wiki/Afrin,_Syria" title="Afrin, Syria">Afrin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: Efrîn) and captured a number of other government soldiers in <a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayn al-Arab">Ayn al-Arab</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: Kobanî) and <a href="/wiki/Al-Malikiyah" title="Al-Malikiyah">Al-Malikiyah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: Dêrika Hemko) from where they drove the remaining government security forces. It was also reported that the government had begun to arm Arab tribes around <a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a> in preparation for a possible confrontation with Kurdish forces, who still did not completely control the city.<a href="#cite_note-pydkills-112">[112]</a> On 19 September 2012, rebel forces seized a border crossing between Syria and Turkey in <a href="/wiki/Raqqa_Governorate" title="Raqqa Governorate">Raqqa Governorate</a>. It was speculated that this crossing could provide opposition forces with strategic and logistical advantages due to Turkish support of the rebels, whose headquarters subsequently relocated from southern Turkey into northern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> At least 8 government soldiers were killed and 15 wounded by a car bomb in the al-Gharibi district of Qamishli on 30 September 2012. The explosion targeted the Political Security branch.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="October">October</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: October">edit</a>]</div> In October 2012, rebel forces <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarat_al-Numan_(2012)" title="Battle of Maarat al-Numan (2012)">seized control of Maarat al-Numan</a>, a town in Idlib Governorate on the highway linking Damascus with Aleppo<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> and captured <a href="/wiki/Douma,_Syria" title="Douma, Syria">Douma</a>, marking increased influence in <a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_Governorate" title="Rif Dimashq Governorate">Rif Dimashq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Lakhdar Brahimi arranged for a ceasefire during <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a> in late October 2012, but it quickly collapsed.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rebel_offensives_(November_2012_–_April_2013)">Rebel offensives (November 2012 – April 2013)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rebel offensives (November 2012 – April 2013)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War_(September%E2%80%93December_2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (September–December 2012)">Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (September–December 2012)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War_(January%E2%80%93April_2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (January–April 2013)">Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (January–April 2013)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (November 2012–February 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (November 2012–February 2013)</a>, <a href="/wiki/2012_Hama_offensive" title="2012 Hama offensive">2012 Hama offensive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damascus_offensive" title="Damascus offensive">Damascus offensive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shadadeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Shadadeh">Battle of Shadadeh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2013)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2013)">Battle of Raqqa (2013)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FSA_rebels_cleaning_their_AK47s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/FSA_rebels_cleaning_their_AK47s.jpg/220px-FSA_rebels_cleaning_their_AK47s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/FSA_rebels_cleaning_their_AK47s.jpg/330px-FSA_rebels_cleaning_their_AK47s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/FSA_rebels_cleaning_their_AK47s.jpg/440px-FSA_rebels_cleaning_their_AK47s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> fighters clean their weapons during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Battle of Aleppo</a>.</figcaption></figure> After Brahimi's ceasefire agreement ended on 30 October 2012, the Syrian military expanded its bombing campaign in Damascus. The district of Jobar suffered the first bomb hit from a <a href="/wiki/Fighter_jet" class="mw-redirect" title="Fighter jet">fighter jet</a> in Damascus. The following day, Syrian Air Force commander Gen. Abdullah Mahmud al-Khalidi was assassinated by opposition gunmen in the Damascus district of Rukn al-Din.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In early November 2012, rebels made significant gains in northern Syria. The rebel capture of <a href="/wiki/Saraqib" title="Saraqib">Saraqib</a> in Idlib Governorate, which lies on the M5 highway, further isolated Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Due to insufficient anti-aircraft weapons, rebel units attempted to nullify the government's air power by destroying landed helicopters and aircraft on air bases.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> On 3 November, rebels launched an attack on the <a href="/wiki/Taftanaz_air_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Taftanaz air base">Taftanaz air base</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> On 18 November 2012, rebels <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Base_46" title="Siege of Base 46">took control of</a> Base 46 in the <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate" title="Aleppo Governorate">Aleppo Governorate</a>, one of the Syrian Army's largest bases in northern Syria, after weeks of intense fighting. Defected General Mohammed Ahmed al-Faj, who commanded the assault, stated nearly 300 Syrian troops had been killed and 60 had been captured, with rebels seizing large amounts of heavy weapons, including tanks.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> On 22 November, rebels captured the <a href="/wiki/Mayadin" title="Mayadin">Mayadin</a> military base in the country's eastern <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate">Deir ez-Zor Governorate</a>. Activists said this gave the rebels control of much territory east of the base, stretching to the Iraqi border.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> On 29 November, at approximately 10:26 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>, the Syrian Internet and phone service was shut off for two days.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Syrian officials blamed the blackout on terrorists having cut "a main fiber optic cable connecting Damascus to the rest of the world";<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a> in August 2014 claimed that this Internet breakdown had been caused, though unintendedly, by hackers of the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">NSA</a> during an operation to intercept Internet communication in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> In mid-December 2012, American officials said that the Syrian military had fired <a href="/wiki/Scud" class="mw-redirect" title="Scud">Scud</a> ballistic missiles at rebel fighters inside Syria. Reportedly, six Scud missiles were fired at the Sheikh Suleiman base north of Aleppo, occupied by rebel forces. It is unclear whether the Scuds hit the intended target.<a href="#cite_note-Scud_Missiles2-127">[127]</a> The government denied this claim[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>].<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Later that month, a further Scud attack took place near Marea, a town north of Aleppo near the Turkish border, apparently missing its target,<a href="#cite_note-Scud_Missiles2-127">[127]</a> and the FSA penetrated into Latakia Governorate's coast through Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> In late December, rebel forces pushed further into Damascus, taking control of the adjoining <a href="/wiki/Yarmouk,_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarmouk, Damascus">Yarmouk</a> and Palestine refugee camps, pushing out pro-government <a href="/wiki/PFLP-GC" class="mw-redirect" title="PFLP-GC">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command</a> fighters with the help of other factions.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Rebel forces launched <a href="/wiki/2012_Hama_offensive" title="2012 Hama offensive">an offensive</a> in Hama Governorate, later claiming to have forced army regulars to evacuate several towns and bases,<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> and stating that "three-quarters of western rural Hama is under our control."<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Rebels also captured the town of Harem near the Turkish border in Idlib Governorate, after weeks of heavy fighting.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_Civil_War_map_(March_15_2013).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28March_15_2013%29.svg/220px-Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28March_15_2013%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28March_15_2013%29.svg/330px-Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28March_15_2013%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28March_15_2013%29.svg/440px-Syrian_Civil_War_map_%28March_15_2013%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Situation in Syria, mid-March 2013</figcaption></figure> On 11 January 2013, Islamist groups, including al-Nusra Front, took full control of the <a href="/wiki/Taftanaz" title="Taftanaz">Taftanaz</a> air base in the Idlib Governorate, after weeks of fighting. The base had been used by the Syrian military to carry out helicopter raids and deliver supplies. The rebels claimed to have seized helicopters, tanks and rocket launchers, before being forced to withdraw by a government counter-attack. The leader of the al-Nusra Front said the amount of weapons they took was a "game changer".<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> On 11 February, Islamist rebels captured the town of <a href="/wiki/Al-Thawrah" title="Al-Thawrah">Al-Thawrah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Raqqa_Governorate" title="Raqqa Governorate">Raqqa Governorate</a> and the nearby <a href="/wiki/Tabqa_Dam" title="Tabqa Dam">Tabqa Dam</a>, Syria's largest dam and a key source of <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The next day, rebel forces took control of Jarrah air base, located 60 kilometres (37 mi) east of Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> On 14 February, al-Nusra Front fighters took control of Shadadeh, a town in <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate">Al-Hasakah Governorate</a> near the Iraqi border.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> On 20 February 2013, a <a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">car bomb</a> exploded in Damascus near the Ba'ath Syrian Regional Branch headquarters, killing at least 53 people and injuring more than 235.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> No group claimed responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> On 21 February, the FSA in Quasar began shelling Hezbollah positions in Lebanon. Prior to this, Hezbollah had been shelling villages near Quasar from within Lebanon. A 48-hour ultimatum was issued by a FSA commander on 20 February, warning the militant group to stop the attacks.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> On 2 March 2013, intense clashes between rebels and the Syrian Army erupted in the city of Raqqa, with many deaths reported on both sides.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> On the same day, Syrian troops regained several villages near Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> By 3 March, rebels had overrun Raqqa's central prison and freed hundreds of prisoners, according to the SOHR.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> The SOHR also stated that rebel fighters had taken control of most of an <a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Asal_Police_Academy" title="Khan al-Asal Police Academy">Aleppo police academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Asal" title="Khan al-Asal">Khan al-Asal</a>, and that over 200 rebels and government troops had been killed fighting for control of it.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> By 6 March 2013, the rebels had captured the city of Raqqa, effectively making it the first provincial capital to be lost by the Assad government. Residents of Raqqa toppled a bronze statue of his late father Hafez al-Assad in the centre of the city. The rebels also seized two top government officials.<a href="#cite_note-USAToday1-146">[146]</a> On 18 March, the Syrian Air Force attacked rebel positions in Lebanon for the first time, at the Wadi al-Khayl Valley area, near the town of Arsal.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> On 21 March, a suspected suicide bombing in the Iman Mosque in Mazraa district killed as many as 41 people, including the pro-Assad Sunni cleric, Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_al-Buti" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed al-Buti">Mohammed al-Buti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> On 23 March, several rebel groups seized the 38th division air defense base in southern Daraa Governorate near a highway linking Damascus to Jordan.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> On the next day, rebels captured a 25-kilometre (16-mile) strip of land near the Jordanian border, which included the towns of <a href="/wiki/Muzayrib" title="Muzayrib">Muzrib</a>, Abdin, and the al-Rai military checkpoint.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> On 25 March, rebels launched one of their heaviest bombardments of Central Damascus since the revolt began. Mortars reached Umayyad Square, where the Ba'ath Party headquarters, Air Force Intelligence and state television are located.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Tawhid_Brigade_deface_image_of_Bashar_al-Assad_on_the_Hama-Raqqa_road.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Al-Tawhid_Brigade_deface_image_of_Bashar_al-Assad_on_the_Hama-Raqqa_road.png/220px-Al-Tawhid_Brigade_deface_image_of_Bashar_al-Assad_on_the_Hama-Raqqa_road.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Al-Tawhid_Brigade_deface_image_of_Bashar_al-Assad_on_the_Hama-Raqqa_road.png/330px-Al-Tawhid_Brigade_deface_image_of_Bashar_al-Assad_on_the_Hama-Raqqa_road.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Al-Tawhid_Brigade_deface_image_of_Bashar_al-Assad_on_the_Hama-Raqqa_road.png/440px-Al-Tawhid_Brigade_deface_image_of_Bashar_al-Assad_on_the_Hama-Raqqa_road.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Fighters of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Tawhid_Brigade" title="Al-Tawhid Brigade">al-Tawhid Brigade</a> deface an image of President <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> on the road between <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a> on 27 March 2013.</figcaption></figure> On 26 March 2013, near the Syrian town of al-Qusayr, rebel commander Khaled al Hamad, who commanded the Al Farooq al-Mustakilla Brigade and is also known by his nom de guerre Abu Sakkar, ate the heart and liver of a dead soldier and said "I swear to God, you soldiers of Bashar, you dogs, we will eat from your hearts and livers! O heroes of Bab Amr, you slaughter the Alawites and take out their hearts to eat them!" in an apparent attempt to increase sectarianism.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-eating_a_human_heart-153">[153]</a> Video of the event emerged two months later and resulted in considerable outrage, especially from Human Rights Watch which classified the incident as a war crime. According to the BBC, it was one of the most gruesome videos to emerge from the conflict to-date.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> On 29 March, rebels captured the town of <a href="/wiki/Da%27el" title="Da'el">Da'el</a> after fierce fighting. The town is located in <a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate" title="Daraa Governorate">Daraa Governorate</a>, along the highway connecting Damascus to Jordan.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> On 3 April, rebels captured a military base near the city of <a href="/wiki/Daraa" title="Daraa">Daraa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> In mid-January 2013, as clashes re-erupted between rebels and Kurdish forces in Ras al-Ayn, YPG forces moved to expel government forces from oil-rich areas in Hassakeh Province.<a href="#cite_note-main_opposition-77">[77]</a> Clashes broke out from 14 to 19 January<a href="#cite_note-ypg_mabada1-157">[157]</a> between the army and YPG fighters in the Kurdish village of Gir Zîro (Tall Adas), near <a href="/wiki/Al-Maabadah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maabadah">al-Maabadah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: Girkê Legê), where an army battalion of around 200 soldiers had been blockaded<a href="#cite_note-firat_heavier-158">[158]</a> since 9 January.<a href="#cite_note-ypg_mabada1-157">[157]</a> YPG forces claimed to have expelled government after the clashes.<a href="#cite_note-main_opposition-77">[77]</a> One soldier was reportedly killed and another eight injured, while seven were captured (later released<a href="#cite_note-ypg_mabada1-157">[157]</a>) and 27 defected.<a href="#cite_note-firat_heavier-158">[158]</a> Fighting at the oil field near Gir Zîro ended on 21 January, when government forces withdrew after receiving no assistance from Damascus.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> In Rumeilan, directly west of al-Maabadah, another 200 soldiers had been surrounded by YPG forces, and 10 soldiers were reported to have defected.<a href="#cite_note-main_opposition-77">[77]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YPG_fighters_in_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/YPG_fighters_in_2013.jpg/220px-YPG_fighters_in_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/YPG_fighters_in_2013.jpg/330px-YPG_fighters_in_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/YPG_fighters_in_2013.jpg/440px-YPG_fighters_in_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">YPG</a> fighters in 2013</figcaption></figure> From 8 to 11 February 2013,<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> heavy clashes broke out between the YPG and government troops in the PYD/YPG-held district Ashrafiyah where, according to SOHR, at least 3 soldiers and 5 pro-government militiamen were killed. The fighting followed deadly shelling on 31 January on Ashrafiyah, in which 23<a href="#cite_note-5killed27213-161">[161]</a> civilians were killed after FSA units moved into the Kurdish sector of Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> According to its own reports, the YPG lost 7 of its members in the fighting, while also claiming that 48 soldiers were killed and 22 captured,<a href="#cite_note-5killed27213-161">[161]</a> and a further 70<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> injured. In early March, YPG forces established full control of oil fields and installations in north-east Syria after government forces posted there surrendered. Also, YPG assaulted government forces and took control of the towns of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tall_%CA%BFAdas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tall ʿAdas (page does not exist)">Tall ʿAdas</a>, which is adjacent to Rumeilan oil fields, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Qahtaniyah,_Al-Hasakah_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qahtaniyah, Al-Hasakah Governorate">Al-Qahtaniya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: Tirbespî).<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> In April 2013, having expanded into Syria, the group[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify</a>] adopted the name ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah fī 'l-ʿIrāq wa-sh-Shām (الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام). As <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85" class="extiw" title="wikt:الشام">al-Shām</a> is a region often compared with the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">region of Syria</a>, the group's name has been variously translated as "Islamic State of Iraq and <a href="/wiki/Al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Sham">al-Sham</a>",<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Irshaid-78">[78]</a> "Islamic State of Iraq and Syria"<a href="#cite_note-AlArabiya_9-4-2013-79">[79]</a> (both abbreviated as ISIS), or "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant" (abbreviated as ISIL).<a href="#cite_note-ISIS_or_ISIL?_The_debate-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_offensives_(April–June_2013)">Government offensives (April–June 2013)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Government offensives (April–June 2013)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War_(January%E2%80%93April_2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (January–April 2013)">Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (January–April 2013)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War_(from_May_2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (from May 2013)">Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (from May 2013)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr_offensive" title="Al-Qusayr offensive">Al-Qusayr offensive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2013)">Battle of al-Qusayr (2013)</a></div> On 17 April 2013, Ba'athist government forces breached a six-month rebel blockade in Wadi al-Deif, near Idlib. Heavy fighting was reported around the town of Babuleen after government troops attempt to secure control of a main highway leading to Aleppo. The break in the siege also allowed government forces to resupply two major military bases in the region which had been relying on sporadic airdrops.<a href="#cite_note-Asaad_break-81">[81]</a> On 18 April, the FSA took control of Al-Dab'a Air Base near the city of al-Qusayr.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> The base was being used primarily to garrison ground troops. Meanwhile, the Syrian Army re-captured the town of Abel. The SOHR said the loss of the town would hamper rebel movements between al-Qusayr and Homs city. The capture of the airport would have relieved the pressure on the rebels in the area, but their loss of <a href="/wiki/Abil" title="Abil">Abel</a> made the situation more complicated.<a href="#cite_note-seize-166">[166]</a> The same day, rebels reportedly assassinated Ali Ballan, who was a government employee, in the Mazzeh district of Damascus.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> On 21 April, government forces <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jdaidet_al-Fadl" title="Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl">captured the town of Jdaidet al-Fadl</a>, near Damascus.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013_al_Qusayr_Offensive.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/2013_al_Qusayr_Offensive.svg/220px-2013_al_Qusayr_Offensive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/2013_al_Qusayr_Offensive.svg/330px-2013_al_Qusayr_Offensive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/2013_al_Qusayr_Offensive.svg/440px-2013_al_Qusayr_Offensive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1899" data-file-height="1309" /></a><figcaption>The Syrian government and allied <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> forces won a major strategic victory during the <a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr_offensive" title="Al-Qusayr offensive">Al-Qusayr offensive</a>.</figcaption></figure> In April 2013, government and <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> forces launched <a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr_offensive" title="Al-Qusayr offensive">an offensive</a> to capture areas near al-Qusayr. On 21 April, pro-Assad forces captured the towns of Burhaniya, Saqraja and al-Radwaniya near the Lebanese border.<a href="#cite_note-Syria_Qusayr-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Syria_flares-83">[83]</a> By this point, eight villages had fallen to the government offensive in the area.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> On 24 April, after five weeks of fighting, government troops re-took control of the town of Otaiba, east of Damascus, which had been serving as the main arms supply route from Jordan.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Meanwhile, in the north of the country, rebels took control of a position on the edge of the strategic Mennagh Military airbase, on the outskirts of Aleppo. This allowed them to enter the airbase after months of besieging it.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> On 2 May 2013, government forces captured the town of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qisa" title="Al-Qisa">Qaysa</a> in a push north from the city's airport. Troops also retook the Wadi al-Sayeh central district of Homs, driving a wedge between two rebel strongholds.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> SOHR reported <a href="/wiki/Bayda_and_Baniyas_massacres" title="Bayda and Baniyas massacres">a massacre</a> of over 100 people by the Syrian Army in the coastal town of Al Bayda, Baniyas. However, this could not be independently verified due to movement restrictions on the ground.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Yet the multiple video images that residents said they had recorded – particularly of small children, were so shocking that even some government supporters rejected Syrian television's official version of events, that the army had simply "crushed a number of terrorists."<a href="#cite_note-nytimes-174">[174]</a> On 15 June, the Syrian Army captured the Damascus suburb of Ahmadiyeh near the city's airport.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> On 22 June, the Syrian Army captured the rebel stronghold town of <a href="/wiki/Talkalakh" title="Talkalakh">Talkalakh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continued_fighting_(July–October_2013)">Continued fighting (July–October 2013)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Continued fighting (July–October 2013)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War_(May%E2%80%93December_2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (May–December 2013)">Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (May–December 2013)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2013_Syrian_Kurdish%E2%80%93Islamist_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Syrian Kurdish–Islamist conflict">2013 Syrian Kurdish–Islamist conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack" title="Ghouta chemical attack">Ghouta chemical attack</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:People%27s_Defense_Units_defending_Ras_al-Ayn_against_al-Nusra_Front_terrorists_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/People%27s_Defense_Units_defending_Ras_al-Ayn_against_al-Nusra_Front_terrorists_%282%29.jpg/220px-People%27s_Defense_Units_defending_Ras_al-Ayn_against_al-Nusra_Front_terrorists_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/People%27s_Defense_Units_defending_Ras_al-Ayn_against_al-Nusra_Front_terrorists_%282%29.jpg/330px-People%27s_Defense_Units_defending_Ras_al-Ayn_against_al-Nusra_Front_terrorists_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/People%27s_Defense_Units_defending_Ras_al-Ayn_against_al-Nusra_Front_terrorists_%282%29.jpg/440px-People%27s_Defense_Units_defending_Ras_al-Ayn_against_al-Nusra_Front_terrorists_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">YPG</a> fighters <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn">battle</a> <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">mujahideen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn" title="Ras al-Ayn">Ras al-Ayn</a>.</figcaption></figure> On 28 June 2013, rebel forces captured a major military checkpoint in the city of Daraa.<a href="#cite_note-Syrian_jets-84">[84]</a> On 12 July FSA reported that one of its commanders, Kamal Hamami, had been killed by Islamists a day before. The rebels declared that the assassination by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and Levant</a>, was tantamount to a declaration of war.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> On 17 July, FSA forces took control of most of the southern city of <a href="/wiki/Nawa,_Syria" title="Nawa, Syria">Nawa</a> after seizing up to 40 army posts stationed in the city.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> On 18 July, Kurdish YPG forces <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn">secured control</a> of the northern town of <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn" title="Ras al-Ayn">Ras al-Ayn</a>, after days of fighting with the al-Nusra Front.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> In the following three months, continued fighting between Kurdish and mainly jihadist rebel forces led to the capture of two dozen towns and villages in <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate">Hasakah Governorate</a> by Kurdish fighters,<a href="#cite_note-fr-kurdes-chassent-des-jihadistes-182">[182]</a> while the Jihadists made limited gains in Aleppo and Raqqa governorates after they turned on the Kurdish rebel group <a href="/wiki/Jabhat_al-Akrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat al-Akrad">Jabhat al-Akrad</a> over its relationship with the YPG. In Aleppo Governorate, Islamists massacred the Kurds leading to a mass migration of civilians to the town of Afrin.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> On 22 July 2013, FSA fighters seized control of the western Aleppo suburb of <a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Asal" title="Khan al-Asal">Khan al-Asal</a>. The town was the last government stronghold in the western portion of Aleppo Governorate.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> On 25 July, the Syrian Army secured the town of <a href="/wiki/Al-Sukhnah,_Syria" title="Al-Sukhnah, Syria">al-Sukhnah</a>, after expelling the al-Nusra Front.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> On 27 July, after weeks of fighting and bombardment in Homs, the Syrian Army captured the historic <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Mosque" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque">Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque</a>,<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> and two days later, captured the district of Khaldiyeh.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> On 4 August, around 10 rebel brigades, launched <a href="/wiki/2013_Latakia_offensive" title="2013 Latakia offensive">a large-scale offensive</a> on the government stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Latakia_Governorate" title="Latakia Governorate">Latakia Governorate</a>. Initial attacks by 2,000 opposition members seized as many as 12 villages in the mountainous area. Between 4 and 5 August 20 rebels and 32 government soldiers and militiamen had been killed in the clashes. Hundreds of Alawite villagers fled to Latakia. By 5 August, rebel fighters advanced to a position 20 kilometres (12 miles) from Qardaha, the home town of the Assad family.<a href="#cite_note-RegimeRegainsGround-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> However, in mid-August, the military counter-attacked and recaptured all of the territory previously lost to the rebels in the coastal region during the offensive.<a href="#cite_note-serious-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-pushback-191">[191]</a> A Syrian security force source "told AFP the army still had to recapture the Salma region, a strategic area along the border with Turkey."<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> According to a <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> report 190 civilians were killed by rebel forces during the offensive, including at least 67 being executed. Another 200 civilians, primarily women and children, were taken hostage.<a href="#cite_note-hrw-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes2-194">[194]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghouta_massacre1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ghouta_massacre1.JPG/220px-Ghouta_massacre1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ghouta_massacre1.JPG/330px-Ghouta_massacre1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ghouta_massacre1.JPG/440px-Ghouta_massacre1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Victims of the <a href="/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack" title="Ghouta chemical attack">Ghouta chemical attack</a>, which killed hundreds and wounded over three thousand.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a></figcaption></figure> On 6 August 2013, rebels captured <a href="/wiki/Menagh_Military_Airbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Menagh Military Airbase">Menagh Military Airbase</a> after a 10-month siege. The strategic airbase is located on the road between Aleppo city and the Turkish border.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> On 21 August <a href="/wiki/2013_Ghouta_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Ghouta attacks">a chemical attack</a> took place in the Ghouta region of the Damascus countryside, leading to thousands of casualties and several hundred dead in the opposition-held stronghold. The attack was followed by a military offensive by government forces into the area, which had been hotbeds of the opposition.<a href="#cite_note-SyriaOffensive-85">[85]</a> On 24 August, rebels captured the town of <a href="/wiki/Ariha,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariha, Syria">Ariha</a>. However, government forces recaptured Ariha on 3 September.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> On 26 August, rebel forces took over the town of <a href="/wiki/Khanasir" title="Khanasir">Khanasir</a> in Aleppo Governorate which was the government's last supply route for the city of Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> On 8 September 2013, rebels led by the al-Nusra Front <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maaloula" title="Battle of Maaloula">captured the Christian town of Maaloula</a>, 43 kilometres (27 miles) north of Damascus,<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> The Syrian Army launched a counterattack a few days later, recapturing the town.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> On 18 September, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIS) overran the FSA-held town of Azaz in the north. The fighting was the most severe since tensions rose between militant factions in Syria earlier in the year.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> Soon after ISIS captured Azaz, a ceasefire was announced between the rival rebel groups. However, in early October, more fighting erupted in the town.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> On 20 September 2013, Alawite militias including the NDF killed 15 civilians in the Sunni village of <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Hadid" title="Shaykh Hadid">Sheik Hadid</a> in Hama Governorate. The massacre occurred in retaliation for a rebel capture of the village of Jalma, in Hama, which killed five soldiers, along with the seizure of a military checkpoint which killed 16 soldiers and 10 NDF militiamen.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> In mid-September, the military captured the towns of Deir Salman and Shebaa on the outskirts of Damascus. The Army also captured six villages in eastern Homs.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Fighting broke out in those towns again in October.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> On 28 September, rebels seized the Ramtha border post in <a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate" title="Daraa Governorate">Daraa Governorate</a> on the Syria Jordan crossing after fighting which left 26 soldiers dead along with 7 foreign rebel fighters.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> On 3 October, AFP reported that Syria's army re-took the town of <a href="/wiki/Khanasir" title="Khanasir">Khanasir</a>, which is located on a supply route linking central Syria to the city of Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> On 7 October, the Syrian Army managed to reopen the supply route between Aleppo and Khanasir.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> On 9 October 2013, rebels seized the Hajanar guard post on the Jordanian border after a month of fierce fighting. Rebels were now in control of a swath of territory along the border from outside of Daraa to the edge of Golan Heights.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> The same day, Hezbollah and Iraqi Shiite fighters, backed up by artillery, air-strikes and tanks, captured the town of Sheikh Omar, on the southern outskirts of Damascus. Two days later, they also captured the towns of al-Thiabiya and Husseiniya on the southern approaches to Damascus. The capture of the three towns strengthened the government hold on major supply lines and put more pressure on rebels under siege in the Eastern Ghouta area.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> On 14 October, SOHR reported that rebels captured the Resefa and Sinaa districts of <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor">Deir ez-Zor</a> city, as well as Deir ez-Zor's military hospital.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_offensives_(October–December_2013)">Government offensives (October–December 2013)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Government offensives (October–December 2013)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)">Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qalamoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Qalamoun">Battle of Qalamoun</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_offensive_(October_2013).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Aleppo_offensive_%28October_2013%29.svg/250px-Aleppo_offensive_%28October_2013%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Aleppo_offensive_%28October_2013%29.svg/375px-Aleppo_offensive_%28October_2013%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Aleppo_offensive_%28October_2013%29.svg/500px-Aleppo_offensive_%28October_2013%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1207" data-file-height="933" /></a><figcaption>In a <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)">large-scale offensive</a> in late 2013, Syrian government forces made major advances in <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Syrian Arab Army along with its allies, Hezbollah and the <a href="/wiki/Liwa_Abu_al-Fadhal_al-Abbas" title="Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas">al-Abas brigade</a>, launched an offensive on Damascus and Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-Aleppo_Advance-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-rebel_mobilisation-87">[87]</a> On 16 October, AFP reported that Syrian troops recaptured the town of Bweida, south of Damascus. On 17 October, the Syrian government's head of Military Intelligence in <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate">Deir ez-Zor Governorate</a>, Jameh Jameh, was assassinated by rebels in Deir ez-Zor city. SOHR reported that he had been shot by a rebel sniper during a battle with rebel brigades.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> On 24 October, the Syrian Army retook control of the town of Hatetat al-Turkman, located southeast of Damascus, along the Damascus International Airport road.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> On 26 October 2013, Kurdish rebel fighters seized control of the strategic Yarubiya border crossing between Syria and Iraq from al-Nusra in Al Hasakah Governorate.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Elsewhere, in Daraa Governorate, rebel fighters captured the town of <a href="/wiki/Tafas" title="Tafas">Tafas</a> from government forces after weeks of clashes which left scores dead.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> On 1 November, the Syrian Army retook control of the key city of <a href="/wiki/Al-Safira" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Safira">Al-Safira</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> and the next day, the Syrian Army and its allies recaptured the village of Aziziyeh on the northern outskirts of Al-Safira.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> From early to mid-November, Syrian Army forces captured several towns south of Damascus, including Hejeira and Sbeineh. Government forces also recaptured the town of Tel Aran, southeast of Aleppo, and a military base near Aleppo's international airport.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> On 10 November 2013, the Syrian Army had taken full control of "Base 80", near Aleppo's airport.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> According to the SOHR, 63 rebels,<a href="#cite_note-retakes-224">[224]</a> and 32 soldiers were killed during the battle.<a href="#cite_note-retakes-224">[224]</a> One other report put the number of rebels killed between 60 and 80.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Army units were backed-up by Hezbollah fighters and pro-government militias during the assault.<a href="#cite_note-retakes-224">[224]</a> The following day, government forces secured most of the area around the airport.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-reopen-227">[227]</a> On 13 November, government forces captured most of Hejeira.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> Rebels retreated from Hejeira to <a href="/wiki/Al-Hajar_al-Aswad" title="Al-Hajar al-Aswad">Al-Hajar al-Aswad</a>. However, their defenses in besieged districts closer to the heart of Damascus were still reportedly solid.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> On 15 November 2013, the Syrian Army retook control of the city of Tell Hassel near Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> On 18 November, the Syrian troops stormed the town of Babbila.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> On 19 November, government forces took full control of Qara.<a href="#cite_note-mmedia-232">[232]</a> The same day, the Syrian Army captured al-Duwayrinah.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> On 23 November, al-Nusra Front and other Islamist rebels captured the <a href="/wiki/Al-Omar_field" title="Al-Omar field">al-Omar oil field</a>, Syria's largest oil field, in Deir al-Zor Governorate causing the government to rely almost entirely on imported oil.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> On 24 November, rebels captured the towns of Bahariya, Qasimiya, Abbadah, and Deir Salman in Damascus's countryside.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> On 28 November, the Syrian Army recaptured Deir Attiyeh.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> On 2 December 2013, rebels led by the Free Syrian Army recaptured the historic Christian town of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27loula" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'loula">Ma'loula</a>. After the fighting, reports emerged that 12 nuns had been abducted by the rebels. However, the FSA disputes this and said that the nuns had been evacuated to the nearby rebel held town of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Yabrud</a> due to the Army shelling.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> In early December, the Islamic Front seized control of Bab al-Hawa border crossing with Turkey, which had been in hands of FSA.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> The groups also captured warehouses containing equipment delivered by the U.S. In response, the U.S. and Britain said they halted all non-lethal aid to the FSA, fearing that further supplies could fall in hands of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> militants.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> On 9 December, the Army took full control of Nabek,<a href="#cite_note-alabama-242">[242]</a> with fighting continuing in its outskirts.<a href="#cite_note-USAToday1-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Syrian Civil War">Timeline of the Syrian Civil War</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSaeed_Kamali_Dehghan2012" class="citation web cs1">Saeed Kamali Dehghan (28 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/may/28/syria-army-iran-forces">"Syrian army being aided by Iranian forces"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514000621/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/may/28/syria-army-iran-forces">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Syrian+army+being+aided+by+Iranian+forces&rft.date=2012-05-28&rft.au=Saeed+Kamali+Dehghan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2012%2Fmay%2F28%2Fsyria-army-iran-forces&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftari2012" class="citation news cs1">Daftari, Lisa (28 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/world/iranian-general-admits-fighting-every-aspect-of-a-war-in-defending-syrias-assad/">"Iranian general admits 'fighting every aspect of a war' in defending Syria's Assad"</a>. Fox News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151019205745/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/08/28/iranian-general-admits-fighting-every-aspect-war-in-defending-syria-assad/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iranian+general+admits+%27fighting+every+aspect+of+a+war%27+in+defending+Syria%27s+Assad&rft.date=2012-08-28&rft.aulast=Daftari&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2Firanian-general-admits-fighting-every-aspect-of-a-war-in-defending-syrias-assad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/state-dept-official-iranian-soldiers-are-fighting-for-assad-in-syria/2013/05/21/a7c3f4ce-c23e-11e2-914f-a7aba60512a7_story.html">"State Dept. official: Iranian soldiers are fighting for Assad in Syria"</a>. Washington Post. 21 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190524012908/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/state-dept-official-iranian-soldiers-are-fighting-for-assad-in-syria/2013/05/21/a7c3f4ce-c23e-11e2-914f-a7aba60512a7_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=State+Dept.+official%3A+Iranian+soldiers+are+fighting+for+Assad+in+Syria&rft.date=2013-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Fstate-dept-official-iranian-soldiers-are-fighting-for-assad-in-syria%2F2013%2F05%2F21%2Fa7c3f4ce-c23e-11e2-914f-a7aba60512a7_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/26/world/middleeast/syrian-army-and-hezbollah-step-up-raids-on-rebels.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&">"Hezbollah Commits to an All-Out Fight to Save Assad"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria+rebels+clash+with+army%2C+Palestinian+fighters&rft.date=2012-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fcndy%2F2012-10%2F31%2Fcontent_15858497.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-prominent-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prominent_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prominent_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bostonherald.com/news_opinion/international/middle_east/2013/12/prominent_shiite_cleric_backs_fighting_in_syria">"Prominent Shiite cleric backs fighting in Syria"</a>. Boston Herald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010115958/http://www.bostonherald.com/news_opinion/international/middle_east/2013/12/prominent_shiite_cleric_backs_fighting_in_syria">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boston+Herald&rft.atitle=Prominent+Shiite+cleric+backs+fighting+in+Syria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbostonherald.com%2Fnews_opinion%2Finternational%2Fmiddle_east%2F2013%2F12%2Fprominent_shiite_cleric_backs_fighting_in_syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.debka.com/nato-airlifts-libyans-to-rebels-russia-feeds-intel-to-syrian-ruler/">"NATO Airlifts Libyans to Rebels, Russia Feeds Intel to Syrian Ruler - DEBKAfile"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Debkafile&rft.atitle=NATO+Airlifts+Libyans+to+Rebels%2C+Russia+Feeds+Intel+to+Syrian+Ruler+-+DEBKAfile&rft.date=2011-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.debka.com%2Fnato-airlifts-libyans-to-rebels-russia-feeds-intel-to-syrian-ruler%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2013/Nov-22/238668-six-islamist-factions-unite-in-largest-syria-rebel-merger.ashx#axzz2lO4rbT76">"Islamists forge Syria's biggest rebel alliance"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Islamists+forge+Syria%27s+biggest+rebel+alliance&rft.date=2013-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailystar.com.lb%2FNews%2FMiddle-East%2F2013%2FNov-22%2F238668-six-islamist-factions-unite-in-largest-syria-rebel-merger.ashx%23axzz2lO4rbT76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisen,_JamesMazzetti,_MarkSchmidt,_Michael_S.2012" class="citation web cs1">Risen, James; Mazzetti, Mark; Schmidt, Michael S. 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Retrieved 2 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+approved+arms+for+Libya+rebels+fell+into+Jihadis%27+hands&rft.date=2012-12-05&rft.au=Risen%2C+James&rft.au=Mazzetti%2C+Mark&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Michael+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F12%2F06%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fweapons-sent-to-libyan-rebels-with-us-approval-fell-into-islamist-hands.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoula_Khalaf_and_Abigail_Fielding-Smith2013" class="citation news cs1">Roula Khalaf and Abigail Fielding-Smith (17 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/f2d9bbc8-bdbc-11e2-890a-00144feab7de.html#axzz2klonIM7Q">"How Qatar seized control of the Syrian revolution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160902095457/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/f2d9bbc8-bdbc-11e2-890a-00144feab7de.html#axzz2klonIM7Q">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2016. 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Retrieved 1 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=San+Jose+Mercury+News&rft.atitle=Rivalries+complicate+arms+pipeline+to+Syria+rebels&rft.date=2013-06-20&rft.au=El+Deeb%2C+Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercurynews.com%2Fnation-world%2Fci_23504307%2Frivalries-complicate-arms-pipeline-syria-rebels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassan2013" class="citation web cs1">Hassan (1 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/10/01/the_army_of_islam_is_winning_in_syria">"The Army of Islam Is Winning in Syria"</a>. 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Retrieved 22 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Army+of+Islam+Is+Winning+in+Syria&rft.date=2013-10-01&rft.au=Hassan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignpolicy.com%2Farticles%2F2013%2F10%2F01%2Fthe_army_of_islam_is_winning_in_syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Fars_News_Agency" title="Fars News Agency">Fars News Agency</a>, 8 September 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=13920617000433">Ex-Deputy PM: Turkey Supplying Heavy Weaponries to al-Nusra Terrorists in Syria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150628094106/http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=13920617000433">Archived</a> 2015-06-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Vatan_(2002_newspaper)" title="Vatan (2002 newspaper)">Vatan</a>, 8 September 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://haber.gazetevatan.com/turkiye-el-nusraya-agir-silahlar-gonderdi/567519/1/Gundem">'Türkiye El Nusra’ya ağır silahlar gönderdi'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140125115653/http://haber.gazetevatan.com/turkiye-el-nusraya-agir-silahlar-gonderdi/567519/1/Gundem">Archived</a> 2014-01-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/cia-begins-weapons-delivery-to-syrian-rebels/2013/09/11/9fcf2ed8-1b0c-11e3-a628-7e6dde8f889d_story.html">"U.S. weapons reaching Syrian rebels"</a>. 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Retrieved 23 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=U.S.+weapons+reaching+Syrian+rebels&rft.date=2013-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fnational-security%2Fcia-begins-weapons-delivery-to-syrian-rebels%2F2013%2F09%2F11%2F9fcf2ed8-1b0c-11e3-a628-7e6dde8f889d_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISW_FSA-14"><a href="#cite_ref-ISW_FSA_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/The-Free-Syrian-Army-24MAR.pdf">"The Free Syrian Army"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 30 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=New+front+opens+in+Syria+as+rebels+say+al+Qaeda+attack+means+war&rft.date=2013-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-syria-crisis-idUSBRE96B08A20130712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrish2013" class="citation news cs1">Irish, John (13 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131114002747/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/13/us-syria-kurds-idUSBRE9AC14C20131113?irpc=932">"Syrian Kurdish leader claims military gains against Islamists"</a>. Reuters. 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Retrieved 12 April 2017. <q>Muslim said the PYD had received aid, money and weapons from the Iraq-based Kurdistan Democratic Party and Patriotic Union of Kurdistan...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syrian+Kurdish+leader+claims+military+gains+against+Islamists&rft.date=2013-11-13&rft.aulast=Irish&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-syria-kurds-idUSBRE9AC14C20131113%3Firpc%3D932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/25/world/meast/syria-civil-war">"U.N. withdraws staffers as violence rages in Syria"</a>. 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Ncr-iran.org. 3 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130903122129/http://www.ncr-iran.org/en/news/terrorism-fundamentalism/14299-iran-irgc-member-killed-in-syria-buried-in-tehran">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+IRGC+member+killed+in+Syria+buried+in+Tehran&rft.pub=Ncr-iran.org&rft.date=2013-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncr-iran.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fterrorism-fundamentalism%2F14299-iran-irgc-member-killed-in-syria-buried-in-tehran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncr-iran.org/en/news/terrorism-fundamentalism/14327-iran-three-irgc-members-killed-in-syria-fighting-for-assad-regime">"Iran: Three IRGC members killed in Syria fighting for Assad regime"</a>. Ncr-iran.org. 3 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002054142/http://www.ncr-iran.org/en/news/terrorism-fundamentalism/14327-iran-three-irgc-members-killed-in-syria-fighting-for-assad-regime">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+Three+IRGC+members+killed+in+Syria+fighting+for+Assad+regime&rft.pub=Ncr-iran.org&rft.date=2013-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncr-iran.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fterrorism-fundamentalism%2F14327-iran-three-irgc-members-killed-in-syria-fighting-for-assad-regime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/iran-revolutionary-guards-commander-killed-in-syria.aspx?pageID=238&nID=57359&NewsCatID=352">"Iran Revolutionary Guards commander killed in Syria – MIDEAST"</a>. Hürriyet Daily News – LEADING NEWS SOURCE FOR TURKEY AND THE REGION. 4 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010115947/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/iran-revolutionary-guards-commander-killed-in-syria.aspx?pageID=238&nID=57359&NewsCatID=352">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News+%E2%80%93+LEADING+NEWS+SOURCE+FOR+TURKEY+AND+THE+REGION&rft.atitle=Iran+Revolutionary+Guards+commander+killed+in+Syria+%E2%80%93+MIDEAST&rft.date=2013-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Firan-revolutionary-guards-commander-killed-in-syria.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D57359%26NewsCatID%3D352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> With SOHR already stating that the number of government and rebel fatalities is evenly divided <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=293186">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513214927/http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=293186">Archived</a> 2013-05-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and the pro-government fatalities to be an estimated 50,930,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] a higher figure of rebels killed can be estimated to be 50,930 as well. This would be in line with SOHR's estimate that the number of combatant dead being double the documented number.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.facebook.com/syriaohr/posts/368424863265858&sourceid=opera&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130615224003/https://www.facebook.com/syriaohr/posts/368424863265858&sourceid=opera&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8">Archived</a> 2013-06-15 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-almost11,500-54"><a href="#cite_ref-almost11,500_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ansamed.ansa.it/ansamed/en/news/sections/politics/2012/03/19/visualizza_new.html_134589467.html">"Syria: Opposition, almost 11,500 civilians killed"</a>. Ansamed.ansa.it. 3 January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002054619/http://ansamed.ansa.it/ansamed/en/news/sections/politics/2012/03/19/visualizza_new.html_134589467.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria%3A+Opposition%2C+almost+11%2C500+civilians+killed&rft.pub=Ansamed.ansa.it&rft.date=2010-01-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fansamed.ansa.it%2Fansamed%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fsections%2Fpolitics%2F2012%2F03%2F19%2Fvisualizza_new.html_134589467.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SOHR1-55"><a href="#cite_ref-SOHR1_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=456760957765581&set=a.150495128392167.28686.121855461256134&type=1">"Syrian Observatory for Human Rights"</a>. www.facebook.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.facebook.com&rft.atitle=Syrian+Observatory+for+Human+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fphoto.php%3Ffbid%3D456760957765581%26set%3Da.150495128392167.28686.121855461256134%26type%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Violations_Documenting_Center-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Violations_Documenting_Center_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Violations_Documenting_Center_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vdc-sy.org/index.php/en/home">"Violations Documenting Center"</a>. Violations Documenting Center. 1 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130303155835/http://www.vdc-sy.org/index.php/en/home">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Violations+Documenting+Center&rft.pub=Violations+Documenting+Center&rft.date=2013-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vdc-sy.org%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrase2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wrase, Michael (4 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.badische-zeitung.de/nachrichten/ausland/die-arabische-revolution-hat-den-kurden-freiheit-gebracht--70598077.html">"Die arabische Revolution hat den Kurden Freiheit gebracht"</a> (in German). Badische Zeitung. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515140938/http://www.badische-zeitung.de/nachrichten/ausland/die-arabische-revolution-hat-den-kurden-freiheit-gebracht--70598077.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Die+arabische+Revolution+hat+den+Kurden+Freiheit+gebracht&rft.date=2013-04-04&rft.aulast=Wrase&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.badische-zeitung.de%2Fnachrichten%2Fausland%2Fdie-arabische-revolution-hat-den-kurden-freiheit-gebracht--70598077.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> see <a href="/wiki/2013_Syrian_Kurdish%E2%80%93Islamist_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Syrian Kurdish–Islamist conflict">2013 Syrian Kurdish–Islamist conflict</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lse.co.uk/AllNews.asp?code=loegkpgo&headline=France_urges_action_on_Syria_says_120000_dead">France urges action on Syria, says 120,000 dead</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010115947/http://www.lse.co.uk/AllNews.asp?code=loegkpgo&headline=France_urges_action_on_Syria_says_120000_dead">Archived</a> 2017-10-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Wed, 25th Sep 2013 07:21 </li> <li id="cite_note-Violations_Documenting_Center1-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Violations_Documenting_Center1_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vdc-sy.org/index.php/en/otherstatistics">"Violations Documenting Center – other statistics"</a>. Violations Documenting Center. 1 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309091504/http://www.vdc-sy.org/index.php/en/otherstatistics">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Violations+Documenting+Center+%E2%80%93+other+statistics&rft.pub=Violations+Documenting+Center&rft.date=2013-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vdc-sy.org%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Fotherstatistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/74130-iraqi-soldier-killed-by-fire-from-syria">"Iraqi Soldier Killed by Fire from Syria"</a>. Naharnet.com. 3 March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130801024121/http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/74130-iraqi-soldier-killed-by-fire-from-syria">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraqi+Soldier+Killed+by+Fire+from+Syria&rft.pub=Naharnet.com&rft.date=2013-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naharnet.com%2Fstories%2Fen%2F74130-iraqi-soldier-killed-by-fire-from-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeina_Karam2012" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zeina_Karam" title="Zeina Karam">Zeina Karam</a> (17 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://washingtonexaminer.com/syrian-jets-bomb-northern-city-overrun-by-rebels/article/2523370">"Syrian jets bomb northern city overrun by rebels"</a>. Washington Examiner. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928053739/http://washingtonexaminer.com/syrian-jets-bomb-northern-city-overrun-by-rebels/article/2523370">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Examiner&rft.atitle=Syrian+jets+bomb+northern+city+overrun+by+rebels&rft.date=2012-09-17&rft.au=Zeina+Karam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwashingtonexaminer.com%2Fsyrian-jets-bomb-northern-city-overrun-by-rebels%2Farticle%2F2523370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615180738/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/syria-rebels-fire-on-iraq/703066.html">"Syria rebels fire on Iraq border posts, one killed"</a>. Channelnewsasia.com. 9 June 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/syria-rebels-fire-on-iraq/703066.html">the original</a> on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria+rebels+fire+on+Iraq+border+posts%2C+one+killed&rft.pub=Channelnewsasia.com&rft.date=2013-06-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fsyria-rebels-fire-on-iraq%2F703066.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Politics/2013/Feb-02/204737-arsal-ambush-kills-two-lebanese-soldiers-hunting-w.ashx">"Arsal ambush kills two Lebanese soldiers hunting wanted fugitive"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Star_(Lebanon)" title="The Daily Star (Lebanon)">Daily Star</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014225632/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Politics/2013/Feb-02/204737-arsal-ambush-kills-two-lebanese-soldiers-hunting-w.ashx">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Arsal+ambush+kills+two+Lebanese+soldiers+hunting+wanted+fugitive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailystar.com.lb%2FNews%2FPolitics%2F2013%2FFeb-02%2F204737-arsal-ambush-kills-two-lebanese-soldiers-hunting-w.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/29/world/middleeast/syria.html">"Rocket and Gun Attacks Add to Fears That Syria's Strife Is Reaching Lebanon"</a>. The New York Times. 29 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151001033928/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/29/world/middleeast/syria.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rocket+and+Gun+Attacks+Add+to+Fears+That+Syria%27s+Strife+Is+Reaching+Lebanon&rft.date=2013-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F05%2F29%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/07/03/224145.html">"Assad regrets downing of Turkish jet, says won't allow open combat with Ankara"</a>. Al Arabiya. 3 July 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010082927/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/07/03/224145.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Assad+regrets+downing+of+Turkish+jet%2C+says+won%27t+allow+open+combat+with+Ankara&rft.pub=Al+Arabiya&rft.date=2012-07-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Farticles%2F2012%2F07%2F03%2F224145.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=107960">"Turkish police killed in clashes on Syrian border"</a>. Worldbulletin.net. 2 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130915234625/http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=107960">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkish+police+killed+in+clashes+on+Syrian+border&rft.pub=Worldbulletin.net&rft.date=2013-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbulletin.net%2F%3FaType%3Dhaber%26ArticleID%3D107960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jordan_soldier_killed-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Jordan_soldier_killed_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/world/syrias-civil-war-spills-violence-across-borders-into-jordan-lebanon/">"Syria's civil war spills violence across borders into Jordan, Lebanon"</a>. Associated Press. 22 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022140729/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/10/22/jordanian-soldier-killed-in-clash-with-militants-trying-to-slip-into-syria/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+civil+war+spills+violence+across+borders+into+Jordan%2C+Lebanon&rft.date=2012-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2Fsyrias-civil-war-spills-violence-across-borders-into-jordan-lebanon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT5Sep-69"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT5Sep_69-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/09/05/world/middleeast/Syrian-Refugees-in-Lebanon.html?ref=world&pagewanted=all&_r=0">Syrian Refugees in Lebanon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014080251/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/09/05/world/middleeast/Syrian-Refugees-in-Lebanon.html?ref=world&pagewanted=all&_r=0">Archived</a> 2017-10-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," The New York Times, September 5, 2013: UN says: 6.5 million displaced, of whom 2 million fled out of the country </li> <li id="cite_note-interdisp-70"><a href="#cite_ref-interdisp_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internal-displacement.org/countries/syria">"Syria: A full-scale displacement and humanitarian crisis with no solutions in sight"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170616021903/http://www.internal-displacement.org/countries/syria">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria%3A+A+full-scale+displacement+and+humanitarian+crisis+with+no+solutions+in+sight&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internal-displacement.org%2Fcountries%2Fsyria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988">, iDMC, Sep 2013: 5.1 million internally displaced ("forced to flee their homes because their lives were at danger, but did not cross international borders") </li> <li id="cite_note-pbs-71"><a href="#cite_ref-pbs_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/02/syrian-internally-displaced.html">"Dispatch: Syria's Internally Displaced Depend on Handouts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140125102716/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/02/syrian-internally-displaced.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Dispatch%3A+Syria%27s+Internally+Displaced+Depend+on+Handouts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Frundown%2F2013%2F02%2Fsyrian-internally-displaced.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988">, UN, Feb 2013: 2.5 million internally displaced </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2013/11/29/syrian-refugees-top-three-million-mark-un">"Syrian refugees top three million mark: UN"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170812100658/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2013/11/29/syrian-refugees-top-three-million-mark-un">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2017. 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Retrieved 12 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Syrian+Insurgents+Claim+to+Control+Large+Hydropower+Dam&rft.date=2013-02-11&rft.aulast=Saad&rft.aufirst=Hwaida&rft.au=Gladstone%2C+Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F02%2F12%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyrian-insurgents-claim-to-control-large-hydropower-dam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/nowsyrialatestnews/rebels-take-control-of-military-airport-in-north-syria-ngo-says">"Rebels take control of military airport in North Syria, NGO says"</a>. 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Retrieved 31 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria+army+seizes+Jdaidet+al-Fadl+%27killing+dozens%27&rft.date=2013-04-22&rft.au=Sebastian+Usher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-22240540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510082727/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/thomson-reuters/130421/lebanon-border-area-mired-syrian-conflict">"Lebanon border area mired in Syrian conflict"</a>. Global Post. 21 April 2013. 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Retrieved 24 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Assad+Thinks+He%27s+Winning+The+Syrian+War+%E2%80%93+And+He+May+Be+Right&rft.date=2013-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fassad-might-be-winning-the-syrian-war-2013-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-22283746">"Syria clashes destroy ancient Aleppo minaret"</a>. BBC. 24 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191231143354/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-22283746">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria+clashes+destroy+ancient+Aleppo+minaret&rft.date=2013-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-22283746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon,_Erika2013" class="citation news cs1">Solomon, Erika (2 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-idUSBRE9410VP20130502">"Dozens dead as Assad's forces storm coastal village"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130815053539/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/02/us-syria-crisis-idUSBRE9410VP20130502">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Dozens+dead+as+Assad%27s+forces+storm+coastal+village&rft.date=2013-05-02&rft.au=Solomon%2C+Erika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-syria-crisis-idUSBRE9410VP20130502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2013/May-02/215831-up-to-100-feared-dead-in-syrian-massacre-monitoring-group.ashx#axzz2SAjabaj0">"Dozens killed in Syria's Banias: watchdog"</a>. The Daily Star. 2 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706100826/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2013/May-02/215831-up-to-100-feared-dead-in-syrian-massacre-monitoring-group.ashx#axzz2SAjabaj0">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Dozens+killed+in+Syria%27s+Banias%3A+watchdog&rft.date=2013-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailystar.com.lb%2FNews%2FMiddle-East%2F2013%2FMay-02%2F215831-up-to-100-feared-dead-in-syrian-massacre-monitoring-group.ashx%23axzz2SAjabaj0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes-174"><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnardMourtada2013" class="citation news cs1">Barnard, Anne; Mourtada, Hania (15 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/15/world/middleeast/grisly-killings-in-syrian-towns-dim-hopes-for-peace-talks.html">"New York Times, 15 May 2013"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150929134355/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/15/world/middleeast/grisly-killings-in-syrian-towns-dim-hopes-for-peace-talks.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+York+Times%2C+15+May+2013&rft.date=2013-05-15&rft.aulast=Barnard&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.au=Mourtada%2C+Hania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F05%2F15%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fgrisly-killings-in-syrian-towns-dim-hopes-for-peace-talks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/syrian-troops-capture-damascus-suburb-near-airport-135233418.html">"Syrian troops capture Damascus suburb near airport"</a>. 15 June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065108/http://news.yahoo.com/syrian-troops-capture-damascus-suburb-near-airport-135233418.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syrian+troops+capture+Damascus+suburb+near+airport&rft.date=2013-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fsyrian-troops-capture-damascus-suburb-near-airport-135233418.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.startribune.com/syrian-troops-capture-damascus-suburb-near-airport/211673011/">"Syrian troops capture Damascus suburb near airport, days after attack on the facility"</a>. StarTribune. 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Retrieved 7 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=StarTribune&rft.atitle=Syrian+troops+capture+Damascus+suburb+near+airport%2C+days+after+attack+on+the+facility&rft.date=2013-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Fsyrian-troops-capture-damascus-suburb-near-airport%2F211673011%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCockburn2013" class="citation news cs1">Cockburn, Patrick (25 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/tal-kalakh-the-syrian-town-that-lost-the-will-to-fight-8673695.html">"Tal Kalakh: The Syrian town that lost the will to fight – The once rebel stronghold is back in the hands of the Syrian army"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/tal-kalakh-the-syrian-town-that-lost-the-will-to-fight-8673695.html">the original</a> on 1 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Tal+Kalakh%3A+The+Syrian+town+that+lost+the+will+to+fight+%E2%80%93+The+once+rebel+stronghold+is+back+in+the+hands+of+the+Syrian+army&rft.date=2013-06-25&rft.aulast=Cockburn&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Ftal-kalakh-the-syrian-town-that-lost-the-will-to-fight-8673695.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news24.com/World/News/Syria-rebels-lose-border-town-20130626">"Syria rebels lose border town"</a>. News24.com. 26 June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170703174538/http://www.news24.com/World/News/Syria-rebels-lose-border-town-20130626">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria+rebels+lose+border+town&rft.pub=News24.com&rft.date=2013-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2FWorld%2FNews%2FSyria-rebels-lose-border-town-20130626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarouny,_MariamHolmes,_Oliver2013" class="citation news cs1">Karouny, Mariam; Holmes, Oliver (12 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-idUSBRE96B08A20130712">"New front opens in Syria as rebels say al Qaeda attack means war"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130712160904/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/12/us-syria-crisis-idUSBRE96B08A20130712">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=New+front+opens+in+Syria+as+rebels+say+al+Qaeda+attack+means+war&rft.date=2013-07-12&rft.au=Karouny%2C+Mariam&rft.au=Holmes%2C+Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-syria-crisis-idUSBRE96B08A20130712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.aljazeera.com/topic/syria/syria-rebels-seize-parts-deraas-nawa-city">Syria rebels seize parts of Deraa's Nawa city (Blog)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054944/http://blogs.aljazeera.com/topic/syria/syria-rebels-seize-parts-deraas-nawa-city">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Al Jazeera (17 July 2013). </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-turkey-idUSBRE96H0EQ20130718">"Kurds seize town on Syria-Turkey border, Ankara concerned"</a>. Reuters. 18 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151002135524/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/18/us-syria-crisis-turkey-idUSBRE96H0EQ20130718">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Kurds+seize+town+on+Syria-Turkey+border%2C+Ankara+concerned&rft.date=2013-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-syria-crisis-turkey-idUSBRE96H0EQ20130718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fr-kurdes-chassent-des-jihadistes-182"><a href="#cite_ref-fr-kurdes-chassent-des-jihadistes_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lorientlejour.com/article/833671/syrie-les-kurdes-chassent-des-jihadistes-dun-village-du-nord-est.html">"Syrie: les Kurdes chassent des jihadistes d'un village du nord-est"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syrie%3A+les+Kurdes+chassent+des+jihadistes+d%27un+village+du+nord-est&rft.pub=Lorientlejour.com&rft.date=2013-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lorientlejour.com%2Farticle%2F833671%2Fsyrie-les-kurdes-chassent-des-jihadistes-dun-village-du-nord-est.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/08/28/the_civil_war_within_syria_s_civil_war_kurdish_fighters">"The Civil War Within Syria's Civil War"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Civil+War+Within+Syria%27s+Civil+War&rft.date=2013-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2Farticles%2F2013%2F08%2F28%2Fthe_civil_war_within_syria_s_civil_war_kurdish_fighters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/77092/World/Region/Syria-rebels-seize-key-northern-town-NGO.aspx">"Syria rebels seize key northern town: NGO"</a>. Ahram Online. 22 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701185454/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/77092/World/Region/Syria-rebels-seize-key-northern-town-NGO.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ahram+Online&rft.atitle=Syria+rebels+seize+key+northern+town%3A+NGO&rft.date=2013-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.ahram.org.eg%2FNewsContent%2F2%2F8%2F77092%2FWorld%2FRegion%2FSyria-rebels-seize-key-northern-town-NGO.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/398131266961884">Homs province: Activists in the town of... – Syrian Observatory for Human Rights</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160224203924/https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/398131266961884">Archived</a> 2016-02-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Facebook. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/07/27/syrian-troops-capture-historic-mosque-in-homs/2592611/">"Syrian troops capture historic mosque in Homs"</a>. USA Today. 27 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170711224739/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/07/27/syrian-troops-capture-historic-mosque-in-homs/2592611/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Syrian+troops+capture+historic+mosque+in+Homs&rft.date=2013-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2013%2F07%2F27%2Fsyrian-troops-capture-historic-mosque-in-homs%2F2592611%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/07/29/syria_government_forces_take_control_of_strategic_homs_neighbourhood.html">"Syria: Government forces take control of strategic Homs neighbourhood"</a>. Toronto Star. 30 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170820153620/https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/07/29/syria_government_forces_take_control_of_strategic_homs_neighbourhood.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Syria%3A+Government+forces+take+control+of+strategic+Homs+neighbourhood&rft.date=2013-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2013%2F07%2F29%2Fsyria_government_forces_take_control_of_strategic_homs_neighbourhood.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RegimeRegainsGround-188"><a href="#cite_ref-RegimeRegainsGround_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsabel_Nassief2013" class="citation news cs1">Isabel Nassief (22 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/regime-regains-ground">"Regime Regains Ground on the Coast"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328094623/http://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/regime-regains-ground">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Regime+Regains+Ground+on+the+Coast&rft.date=2013-08-22&rft.au=Isabel+Nassief&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.understandingwar.org%2Fbackgrounder%2Fregime-regains-ground&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMroue,_Bassam2013" class="citation news cs1">Mroue, Bassam (5 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150713014126/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/hrw-syrian-missiles-kill-hundreds-civilians">"hrw-syrian-missiles-kill-hundreds-civilians"</a>. Associated Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bigstory.ap.org/article/hrw-syrian-missiles-kill-hundreds-civilians">the original</a> on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=hrw-syrian-missiles-kill-hundreds-civilians&rft.date=2013-08-05&rft.au=Mroue%2C+Bassam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbigstory.ap.org%2Farticle%2Fhrw-syrian-missiles-kill-hundreds-civilians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-serious-190"><a href="#cite_ref-serious_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2013/10/11/world/meast/syria-civil-war/index.html">"Syrian rebel fighters guilty of serious abuses, says Human Rights Watch"</a>. CNN. 11 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170619233032/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/10/11/world/meast/syria-civil-war/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syrian+rebel+fighters+guilty+of+serious+abuses%2C+says+Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2013-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2013%2F10%2F11%2Fworld%2Fmeast%2Fsyria-civil-war%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pushback-191"><a href="#cite_ref-pushback_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2013" class="citation news cs1">Evans, Dominic (19 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-idUSBRE97I0HW20130819">"Assad's forces push back rebels in Syria's Alawite mountains"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924183924/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/19/us-syria-crisis-idUSBRE97I0HW20130819">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Assad%27s+forces+push+back+rebels+in+Syria%27s+Alawite+mountains&rft.date=2013-08-19&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-syria-crisis-idUSBRE97I0HW20130819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20130819-syria-army-recaptures-all-rebel-positions-latakia">"Syria army recaptures all rebel positions in Latakia'"</a>. Agence France-Presse. 19 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170601104644/http://www.france24.com/en/20130819-syria-army-recaptures-all-rebel-positions-latakia">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria+army+recaptures+all+rebel+positions+in+Latakia%27&rft.date=2013-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20130819-syria-army-recaptures-all-rebel-positions-latakia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hrw-193"><a href="#cite_ref-hrw_193-0">^</a> HRW: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/embargo/node/119645?signature=e2f9f3f7816e1c649b9265b332fc2ec2&suid=6">Executions, Unlawful Killings, and Hostage Taking by Opposition Forces in Latakia Countryside</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016062324/http://www.hrw.org/embargo/node/119645?signature=e2f9f3f7816e1c649b9265b332fc2ec2&suid=6">Archived</a> 16 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes2-194"><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes2_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/11/world/middleeast/syrian-civilians-bore-brunt-of-rebels-fury-report-says.html">"Syrian Civilians Bore Brunt of Rebels' Fury, Report Says"</a>. The New York Times. 11 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928215256/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/11/world/middleeast/syrian-civilians-bore-brunt-of-rebels-fury-report-says.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Syrian+Civilians+Bore+Brunt+of+Rebels%27+Fury%2C+Report+Says&rft.date=2013-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F10%2F11%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyrian-civilians-bore-brunt-of-rebels-fury-report-says.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130826214418/http://www.msf.org/article/syria-thousands-suffering-neurotoxic-symptoms-treated-hospitals-supported-msf">"Syria: Thousands suffering neurotoxic symptoms treated in hospitals supported by MSF"</a>. <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a>. 24 August 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msf.org/article/syria-thousands-suffering-neurotoxic-symptoms-treated-hospitals-supported-msf">the original</a> on 26 August 2013. 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Reuters. 5 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924183618/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/05/us-syria-crisis-airport-idUSBRE97411J20130805">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Syrian+rebels+capture+military+airport+near+Turkey&rft.date=2013-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-syria-crisis-airport-idUSBRE97411J20130805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2013/08/06/FSA-takes-control-of-Menagh-air-base-near-Aleppo.html">"FSA takes control of Menagh air base near Aleppo"</a>. Al Arabiya. 6 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130807213418/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2013/08/06/FSA-takes-control-of-Menagh-air-base-near-Aleppo.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=FSA+takes+control+of+Menagh+air+base+near+Aleppo&rft.date=2013-08-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fen%2FNews%2Fmiddle-east%2F2013%2F08%2F06%2FFSA-takes-control-of-Menagh-air-base-near-Aleppo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/96651-army-retakes-strategic-town-in-northwest-syria">"Army Retakes Strategic Town in Northwest Syria"</a>. Naharnet.com. 3 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010034109/http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/96651-army-retakes-strategic-town-in-northwest-syria">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Army+Retakes+Strategic+Town+in+Northwest+Syria&rft.pub=Naharnet.com&rft.date=2013-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naharnet.com%2Fstories%2Fen%2F96651-army-retakes-strategic-town-in-northwest-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news24.com/World/News/Assad-forces-capture-strategic-Syria-northern-town-20130903">"Assad forces capture strategic Syria northern town"</a>. News24.com. 3 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170627205204/http://www.news24.com/World/News/Assad-forces-capture-strategic-Syria-northern-town-20130903">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Assad+forces+capture+strategic+Syria+northern+town&rft.pub=News24.com&rft.date=2013-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2FWorld%2FNews%2FAssad-forces-capture-strategic-Syria-northern-town-20130903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/2013826124946176888.html">"Syria rebels take control of strategic town"</a>. Al Jazeera. 26 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170605144554/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/2013826124946176888.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria+rebels+take+control+of+strategic+town&rft.date=2013-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2013%2F08%2F2013826124946176888.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamal_Halaby2013" class="citation news cs1">Jamal Halaby (8 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/activists-syrian-rebels-take-christian-village/">"Activists: Syrian rebels take Christian village"</a>. The Seattle Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924115310/http://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/activists-syrian-rebels-take-christian-village/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015. 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The Telegraph. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131009203443/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/10309239/Maaloulas-cathedral-and-churches-empty-of-Christians-as-Syrias-latest-front-line-fight-takes-its-toll.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2013. 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Retrieved 31 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria+Kurdish+fighters+seize+border+post+from+Islamists&rft.date=2013-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-24689025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassem_Mroue2013" class="citation news cs1">Bassem Mroue (25 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/m/story?id=20686002&sid=76">"Syrian Kurds Capture Border Crossing With Iraq"</a>. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129021718/https://abcnews.go.com/m/story?id=20686002&sid=76">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2014. 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Retrieved 24 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Syria+army+seeks+to+reopen+Aleppo+airport%3A+military&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailystar.com.lb%2FNews%2FMiddle-East%2F2013%2FNov-11%2F237517-syria-army-seeks-to-reopen-aleppo-airport-military.ashx%23axzz2kLOt6xon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN_Lucas2013" class="citation web cs1">N Lucas (13 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2013/nov/13/syrian-media-troops-capture-south-damascus-suburb/">"Syrian media: Troops capture south Damascus suburb"</a>. 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Reuters. 19 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131209170814/http://www.trust.org/item/20131119145959-vur9p">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forces+loyal+to+Syria%27s+President+Capture+Raqqa&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2013-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trust.org%2Fitem%2F20131119145959-vur9p&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-oil-idUSBRE9AM03K20131123">"Islamist rebels capture Syria's largest oilfield: activists"</a>. 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Retrieved 30 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Islamist+rebels+capture+Syria%27s+largest+oilfield%3A+activists&rft.date=2013-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-syria-crisis-oil-idUSBRE9AM03K20131123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrquhart2013" class="citation web cs1">Urquhart, Conal (23 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/23/syrian-islamist-rebels-oilfield-assad">"Syrian Islamist rebels claim capture of key oilfield"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131123133811/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/23/syrian-islamist-rebels-oilfield-assad">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Syrian+Islamist+rebels+claim+capture+of+key+oilfield&rft.date=2013-11-23&rft.aulast=Urquhart&rft.aufirst=Conal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fnov%2F23%2Fsyrian-islamist-rebels-oilfield-assad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon2013" class="citation news cs1">Solomon, Erika (24 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140305053031/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/11/24/uk-syria-crisis-damascus-siege-idUKBRE9AN09320131124">"Scores killed as rebels battle to break siege of Damascus suburbs"</a>. Reuters. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-syria-crisis-damascus-siege-idUKBRE9AN09320131124">the original</a> on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Scores+killed+as+rebels+battle+to+break+siege+of+Damascus+suburbs&rft.date=2013-11-24&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Erika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-syria-crisis-damascus-siege-idUKBRE9AN09320131124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/1.560767">"Syrian troops capture town near Lebanon border"</a>. Haaretz. The Associated Press. 28 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617164356/http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/1.560767">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Syrian+troops+capture+town+near+Lebanon+border&rft.date=2013-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east%2F1.560767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2013/Dec-03/239723-rebels-retake-christian-town-of-maaloula.ashx#axzz2mSZNeOZP">"Rebels retake Christian town of Maaloula"</a>. The Daily Star. 3 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203231452/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2013/Dec-03/239723-rebels-retake-christian-town-of-maaloula.ashx#axzz2mSZNeOZP">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Rebels+retake+Christian+town+of+Maaloula&rft.date=2013-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailystar.com.lb%2FNews%2FMiddle-East%2F2013%2FDec-03%2F239723-rebels-retake-christian-town-of-maaloula.ashx%23axzz2mSZNeOZP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/108284-suicide-bomber-kills-four-in-central-damascus">"Suicide Bomber Kills Four in Central Damascus, Abducted Nuns Taken to Yabrud"</a>. Naharnet. 3 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131209113132/http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/108284-suicide-bomber-kills-four-in-central-damascus">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suicide+Bomber+Kills+Four+in+Central+Damascus%2C+Abducted+Nuns+Taken+to+Yabrud&rft.pub=Naharnet&rft.date=2013-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naharnet.com%2Fstories%2Fen%2F108284-suicide-bomber-kills-four-in-central-damascus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2013/Dec-10/240625-syria-islamists-seize-turkey-border-crossing-monitor.ashx">"Syria Islamists seize Turkey border crossing"</a>. The Daily Star. 10 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150515141347/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2013/Dec-10/240625-syria-islamists-seize-turkey-border-crossing-monitor.ashx">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Syria+Islamists+seize+Turkey+border+crossing&rft.date=2013-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailystar.com.lb%2FNews%2FMiddle-East%2F2013%2FDec-10%2F240625-syria-islamists-seize-turkey-border-crossing-monitor.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDave_Boyer2014" class="citation web cs1">Dave Boyer (11 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/dec/11/us-britain-to-halt-non-lethal-aid-to-syria/">"U.S., Britain to halt non-lethal aid to Syrian opposition"</a>. Washington Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140107060749/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/dec/11/us-britain-to-halt-non-lethal-aid-to-syria/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.%2C+Britain+to+halt+non-lethal+aid+to+Syrian+opposition&rft.date=2014-12-11&rft.au=Dave+Boyer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2Fdec%2F11%2Fus-britain-to-halt-non-lethal-aid-to-syria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-alabama-242"><a href="#cite_ref-alabama_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_J._McDonnellNabih_Bulos2013" class="citation news cs1">Patrick J. McDonnell & Nabih Bulos (9 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-syrian-army-seizes-town-20131209-story.html">"Syrian army reportedly seizes third town along key north-south highway"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Beirut, Libanon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151005050859/http://articles.latimes.com/2013/dec/09/world/la-fg-wn-syrian-army-seizes-town-20131209">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Syrian+army+reportedly+seizes+third+town+along+key+north-south+highway&rft.date=2013-12-09&rft.au=Patrick+J.+McDonnell&rft.au=Nabih+Bulos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld%2Fworldnow%2Fla-fg-wn-syrian-army-seizes-town-20131209-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2012%E2%80%932013+escalation+of+the+Syrian+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Syrian_civil_war" style="wide;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syrian_civil_war" title="Template:Syrian civil war"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syrian_civil_war" title="Template talk:Syrian civil war"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian_civil_war" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian civil war"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syrian_civil_war" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Overviews" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overviews</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Main overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-disambig" title="Rojava">Rojava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the Syrian Civil War">Background and causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syrian peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_government_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syrian government reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belligerents_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Belligerents in the Syrian civil war">Belligerents </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_cities_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Control of cities during the Syrian civil war">Cities and towns </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war">Sectarianism and minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)">Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Effects and ongoing concerns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Refugees of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war">Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Phases and processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_revolution" title="Syrian revolution">Syrian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Early insurgency phase of the Syrian civil war">Early insurgency phase</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2012–2013 escalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_ceasefires" title="Syrian civil war ceasefires">Ceasefires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syrian peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">World reaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">International reactions to the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Reactions to the fall of the Assad regime">Reactions to the fall of the Assad regime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Specific groups and countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkish involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention in the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_attacks_on_U.S._bases_in_Iraq_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria">2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Area_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Area in Syria">Kurdish Area in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve">U.S. task force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Agreements and dialogues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian-Turkish_agreement_on_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria">Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AANES%E2%80%93Syria_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="AANES–Syria relations">Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Timeline" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the Syrian Civil War">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_uprising_in_Syria" title="Islamist uprising in Syria">Islamist uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Latakia_protests" title="1999 Latakia protests">Latakia protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Spring" title="Damascus Spring">Damascus Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Qamishli_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Qamishli riots">Qamishli riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">Syrian occupation of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Declaration" title="Damascus Declaration">Damascus Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Human rights in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_in_Syria_political_history" class="mw-redirect" title="2010s in Syria political history">2010s in Syria political history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2011 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2011)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2011)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2011)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_revolution" title="Syrian revolution">Syrian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daraa" title="Siege of Daraa">Siege of Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baniyas" title="Siege of Baniyas">Siege of Baniyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Talkalakh_(May_2011)" title="Siege of Talkalakh (May 2011)">May Talkalakh siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rastan_and_Talbiseh" title="Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh">Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2011_Jisr_ash-Shughur_clashes" title="June 2011 Jisr ash-Shughur clashes">June Jisr ash-Shughur operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hama_(2011)" title="Siege of Hama (2011)">Siege of Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Homs" title="Siege of Homs">Siege of Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_operation" title="Summer 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya operation">Jabal al-Zawiya operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Latakia" title="Siege of Latakia">Siege of Latakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)">Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_clashes_(November_2011%E2%80%93March_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq clashes (November 2011–March 2012)">Rif Dimashq clashes (Nov 2011-Mar 2012)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zabadani_(2012)" title="Battle of Zabadani (2012)">Battle of Zabadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Douma" title="Battle of Douma">Battle of Douma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Daraa Governorate clashes (2011–2013)">Daraa Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(2011)" title="Battle of Rastan (2011)">Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayrat_and_Tiyas_airbase_ambush" title="Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush">Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(September_2011_%E2%80%93_March_2012)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (September 2011 – March 2012)">Idlib Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_massacres" title="December 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya massacres">December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2012 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2012)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2012)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2012)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2012_al-Midan_bombing" title="January 2012 al-Midan bombing">January al-Midan bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(January%E2%80%93February_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (January–February 2012)">Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2012)" title="Battle of Idlib (2012)">First Battle of Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2012)">Battle of al-Qusayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2012_Idlib_Governorate_Operation" title="April 2012 Idlib Governorate Operation">Idlib Governorate operation (Apr)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taftanaz" title="Battle of Taftanaz">Battle of Taftanaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(May_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (May 2012)">May Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houla_massacre" title="Houla massacre">Houla massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Haffah" title="Battle of al-Haffah">Battle of al-Haffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qubeir_massacre" title="Al-Qubeir massacre">Al-Qubeir massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tremseh" title="Battle of Tremseh">Battle of Tremseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(2012)" title="Battle of Damascus (2012)">Battle of Damascus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18_July_2012_Damascus_bombing" title="18 July 2012 Damascus bombing">18 July 2012 Damascus bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Battle of Aleppo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anadan" title="Battle of Anadan">Battle of Anadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Base_46" title="Siege of Base 46">Siege of Base 46</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)">Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93October_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–October 2012)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darayya_massacre" title="Darayya massacre">Darayya massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khirbet_Al-Joz" title="Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz">Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarrat_al-Numan_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maarrat al-Numan (2012)">Battle of Maarrat al-Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Siege of Wadi Deif (2012–2013)">First siege of Wadi Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harem" title="Battle of Harem">Battle of Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (November 2012–February 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012–Feb 2013)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">Battle of Darayya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqrab_massacre" title="Aqrab massacre">Aqrab massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Hama_offensive" title="2012 Hama offensive">Hama offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halfaya_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Halfaya massacre">Halfaya massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">Battle of Darayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_Governorate_clashes_(2012%E2%80%932014)" title="Quneitra Governorate clashes (2012–2014)">Quneitra Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbiseh_bakery_massacre" title="Talbiseh bakery massacre">Talbiseh bakery massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2013 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2013)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–December 2013)">May–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Safira" title="Battle of Safira">Battle of Safira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shaddadi_(2013)" title="Battle of Shaddadi (2013)">Battle of Shadadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_offensive" title="Damascus offensive">Damascus offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)">Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2013)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2013)">Battle of Raqqa (Mar)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Daraa_offensive" title="2013 Daraa offensive">Daraa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(March%E2%80%93August_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (March–August 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Mar–Aug)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jdaidet_al-Fadl" title="Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl">Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack" title="Ghouta chemical attack">Ghouta chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr_offensive" title="Al-Qusayr offensive">Al-Qusayr offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2013)">Battle of al-Qusayr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayda_and_Baniyas_massacres" title="Bayda and Baniyas massacres">Bayda and Baniyas massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Hama_offensive" title="2013 Hama offensive">Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatla_massacre" title="Hatla massacre">Hatla massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_chemical_attack" title="Khan al-Assal chemical attack">Khan al-Assal chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_massacre" title="Khan al-Assal massacre">Khan al-Assal massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adra_massacre" title="Adra massacre">Adra massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2012%E2%80%9313)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2012–13)">Battle of Ras al-Ayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2013)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2013)">Battle of Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September–November 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)">Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Yaarubiyah" title="Battle of al-Yaarubiyah">Battle of al-Yaarubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Hamis_and_Tell_Brak_(December_2013%E2%80%93January_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (December 2013–January 2014)">Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (Dec–Jan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2014 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2014)">Jan–Jul</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2014)">Aug–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">First Inter-rebel conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Markada" title="Battle of Markada">Battle of Markada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(April%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (April–July 2014)">Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morek" title="Battle of Morek">Battle of Morek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93May_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (February–May 2014)">Daraa offensive (Feb–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maan_massacre" title="Maan massacre">Maan massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Otaiba_ambush" title="Al-Otaiba ambush">Al-Otaiba ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Idlib_offensive" title="2014 Idlib offensive">Idlib offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hosn" title="Battle of Hosn">Battle of Hosn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Latakia_offensive" title="2014 Latakia offensive">Latakia Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Malihah" title="Battle of Al-Malihah">Battle of Al-Malihah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Kafr_Zita_chemical_attack" title="2014 Kafr Zita chemical attack">Kafr Zita chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2014)" title="Siege of Wadi Deif (2014)">Second siege of Wadi Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2014)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2014)">Qalamoun offensive (Jun–Aug)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arsal_(2014)" title="Battle of Arsal (2014)">Battle of Arsal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(July_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (July 2014)">First Battle of the Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Eastern_Syria_offensive" title="2014 Eastern Syria offensive">Eastern Syria offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa_Airbase" title="Battle of Tabqa Airbase">Battle of Tabqa Airbase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February–July 2014)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hama_offensive" title="2014 Hama offensive">Hama Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Quneitra_offensive" title="2014 Quneitra offensive">Quneitra offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–November 2014)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">Siege of Kobanî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_school_bombing" title="Homs school bombing">Homs school bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(October_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (October 2014)">Daraa offensive (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Al-Safira_offensive" title="2014 Al-Safira offensive">Al-Safira offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_raid_on_Idlib_city" title="2014 raid on Idlib city">Idlib Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front%E2%80%93SRF/Hazzm_Movement_conflict" title="Al-Nusra Front–SRF/Hazzm Movement conflict">Second Inter-Rebel Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(October%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (October–November 2014)">Second Battle of the Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2014)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2014)">Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(December_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (December 2014)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2015 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2015)">Jan–Jul</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2015)">Aug–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Syrian_Air_Force_An-26_crash" title="2015 Syrian Air Force An-26 crash">Air Force An-26 crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(January_2015)" title="Daraa offensive (January 2015)">Daraa Offensive (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2015 Southern Syria offensive">Southern Syria Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Eastern al-Hasakah offensive">Eastern al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)">Battle of Sarrin (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)">Battle of Sarrin (Jun–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosra_(2015)" title="Battle of Bosra (2015)">Battle of Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Idlib_offensive" title="2015 Idlib offensive">Idlib Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2015)" title="Battle of Idlib (2015)">Second Battle of Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nasib_Border_Crossing" title="Battle of Nasib Border Crossing">Battle of Nasib Border Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk_Camp_(2015)" title="Battle of Yarmouk Camp (2015)">Battle of Yarmouk Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Western al-Hasakah offensive">Western al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(May_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (May 2015)">Palmyra offensive (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Qamishli_bombings" title="2015 Qamishli bombings">Qamishli bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad_offensive" title="Tell Abyad offensive">Tell Abyad offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">Kobanî massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2015)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2015)">Quneitra offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (July–August 2015)">Palmyra offensive (Jul–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September_2015)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September 2015)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (October–November 2015)">Northwestern Syria offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2015)">Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_al-Hawl_offensive" title="2015 al-Hawl offensive">Al-Hawl offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Homs offensive (November–December 2015)">Homs offensive (Nov-Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)">East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Latakia_offensive" title="2015–2016 Latakia offensive">2015–2016 Latakia offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishrin_Dam_offensive" title="Tishrin Dam offensive">Tishrin Dam offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown" title="2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown">Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2016 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2016)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2016)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2016)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2015–2016)">Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2016)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2016)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks#January" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93March_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (February–March 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Feb–Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadi_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)">Al-Shaddadi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Homs_bombings" title="February 2016 Homs bombings">February Homs bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks#February" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Khanasir_offensive" title="2016 Khanasir offensive">Khanasir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2016)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2016)">Battle of Tel Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarrat_al-Numan_(2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maarrat al-Numan (2016)">Battle of Maarrat al-Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2016)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2016)">Battle of Qamishli (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(March%E2%80%93June_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Mar–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(March_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (March 2016)">Palmyra offensive (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2016)">East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (April–May 2016)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Raqqa_offensive" title="Northern Raqqa offensive">Northern Raqqa offensive (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Jableh_and_Tartous_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="May 2016 Jableh and Tartous bombings">May Jableh & Tartous bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(June_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (June 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(June%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (June–October 2016)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Jun–Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive" title="Manbij offensive">Manbij offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokhar_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokhar massacre">Tokhar massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Southern_Aleppo_campaign" title="2016 Southern Aleppo campaign">Southern Aleppo campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Rai_(August_2016)" title="Battle of al-Rai (August 2016)">Battle of al-Rai (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Operation Euphrates Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Aleppo_summer_campaign" title="2016 Aleppo summer campaign">Aleppo summer campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">Western al-Bab offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_September_2016_Syria_bombings" title="5 September 2016 Syria bombings">5 September bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Deir_ez-Zor_air_raid" title="September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid">September Deir ez-Zor air raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Urum_al-Kubra_aid_convoy_attack" title="September 2016 Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack">September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(September%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016)">Aleppo offensive (Sep–Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Dabiq_offensive" title="2016 Dabiq offensive">Dabiq offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)">Western al-Bab offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Shih_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Khan al-Shih offensive (October–November 2016)">Khan al-Shih offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)">Raqqa campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab" title="Battle of al-Bab">Battle of al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)">Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(December_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (December 2016)">Palmyra offensive (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2017 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2017)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2017)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2017)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Barada_offensive_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)">Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2017_Azaz_bombing" title="January 2017 Azaz bombing">January Azaz bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2016%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2016–April 2017)">Desert campaign (Dec 16–Apr 17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(January%E2%80%93March_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (January–March 2017)">Idlib clashes (Jan–Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (January–February 2017)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan–Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (February–June 2017)">Daraa offensive (Feb–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Daraa_offensive_(February_2017)" title="Southwestern Daraa offensive (February 2017)">Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaboun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qaboun offensive (2017)">Qaboun offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(2017)" title="Palmyra offensive (2017)">Palmyra offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2017)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2017)">East Aleppo offensive (Jan–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Damascus_bombings" title="March 2017 Damascus bombings">March Damascus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_al-Jinah_airstrike" title="2017 al-Jinah airstrike">Al-Jinah airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Hama offensive (March–April 2017)">Hama offensive (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa" title="Battle of Tabqa">Battle of Tabqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun_chemical_attack" title="Khan Shaykhun chemical attack">Khan Shaykhun chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike" title="2017 Shayrat missile strike">Shayrat missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Aleppo_suicide_car_bombing" title="2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing">Aleppo bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">April Turkish airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2017)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2017)">East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(May%E2%80%93July_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (May–July 2017)">Desert campaign (May–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskanah_Plains_offensive" title="Maskanah Plains offensive">Maskanah Plains offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hama_offensive_(2017)" title="East Hama offensive (2017)">East Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">Battle of Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (June 2017)">Daraa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Southern_Raqqa_offensive" title="2017 Southern Raqqa offensive">Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Jobar_offensive" title="2017 Jobar offensive">Jobar offensive (Jun–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2017)">Quneitra offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(July_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (July 2017)">Idlib clashes (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Syria_campaign" title="Central Syria campaign">Central campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2017)">Qalamoun (Jul–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%932019)" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17–Mar 18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(September_2017)" title="Hama offensive (September 2017)">Hama offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_campaign_(October_2017%E2%80%93February_2018)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–February 2018)">Northwestern campaign (Oct 17–Feb 18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Idlib_Governorate" title="Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate">Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harasta_(2017%E2%80%932018)" title="Battle of Harasta (2017–2018)">Battle of Harasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_campaign_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017)">Eastern campaign (Sep–Dec)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Euphrates_Crossing_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Euphrates Crossing offensive">Euphrates Crossing offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Mayadin_offensive" title="2017 Mayadin offensive">Mayadin offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (September–November 2017)">Battle of Deir ez-Zor (Sep–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2017 Abu Kamal offensive">Abu Kamal offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Jinn_offensive" title="Beit Jinn offensive">Beit Jinn offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2018 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2018)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2018)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2018)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khasham" title="Battle of Khasham">Battle of Khasham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(February%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Feb–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (January–February 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Jan–Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Liberation_Front%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(March_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (March 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douma_chemical_attack" title="Douma chemical attack">Douma chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria" title="April 2018 missile strikes against Syria">Missile strikes (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Homs_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Northern Homs offensive (April–May 2018)">Northern Homs offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qalamoun_offensive_(April_2018)" title="Eastern Qalamoun offensive (April 2018)">Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (April–May 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate_clashes" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate clashes">Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2018)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2018)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (May–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(June_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (June 2018)">As-Suwayda offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2018 Southern Syria offensive">Southern offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_As-Suwayda_attacks" title="2018 As-Suwayda attacks">As-Suwayda attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (August–November 2018)">As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamishli_clashes_(2018)" title="Qamishli clashes (2018)">Qamishli clashes (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(September_2018)" title="Syria missile strikes (September 2018)">Missile strikes (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian-Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Syrian-Turkish border clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2019 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2019)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2019)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2019)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Manbij_bombing" title="2019 Manbij bombing">Manbij bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghuz_Fawqani" title="Battle of Baghuz Fawqani">Battle of Baghuz Fawqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISIL_insurgency_in_Deir_ez-Zor_(2019)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL insurgency in Deir ez-Zor (2019)">ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%AArik_prison_escape_attempt" title="Dêrik prison escape attempt">Dêrik prison escape attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Tell_Rifaat_clashes" title="2019 Tell Rifaat clashes">Tell Rifaat clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)">Northwestern offensive (Apr–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2019_Syria_bombings" title="June 2019 Syria bombings">June bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hass_refugee_camp_bombing" title="Hass refugee camp bombing">Hass refugee camp bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(August_2019)" title="Syria missile strikes (August 2019)">Missile strikes (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Turkish offensive into northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Barisha raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Syria_bombings" title="November 2019 Syria bombings">November bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Israeli_missile_strikes_in_Syria" title="November 2019 Israeli missile strikes in Syria">Israeli missile strikes (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qah_missile_strike" title="Qah missile strike">Qah missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">Northwestern offensive (Dec 19–Mar 20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">US airstrikes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2020 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2020)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2020)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Syria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Syria">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Afrin_bombing" title="2020 Afrin bombing">Afrin bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(June_2020)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2020)">Idlib Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Kafr_Takharim_airstrike" title="2020 Kafr Takharim airstrike">Kafr-Takharim airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Ayn_Issa_clashes" title="2020–2021 Ayn Issa clashes">Ayn Issa clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Deir_ez-Zor_ambush" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Deir ez-Zor ambush">Deir ez-Zor ambush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2021 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2021)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2021)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Qamishli_and_Al-Hasakah" title="Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah">Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(January_2021)" title="Syria missile strikes (January 2021)">Missile strikes (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">US airstrike (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2021)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2021)">Battle of Qamishli (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">US airstrike (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Daraa_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Daraa clashes">Daraa clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham%E2%80%93Junud_al-Sham_conflict" title="Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict">Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2022 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2022)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2022)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2022)">Battle of al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Ahrar_al-Sham%E2%80%93Levant_Front_clashes" title="2022 Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes">Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Jabal_al-Bishr%C4%AB_clashes" title="2022 Jabal al-Bishrī clashes">Jabal al-Bishrī clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Jarqli_airstrikes" title="2022 Jarqli airstrikes">Jarqli airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_clashes_(October_2022)" title="Northern Aleppo clashes (October 2022)">Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Sword" title="Operation Claw-Sword">Operation Claw-Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_clashes_(December_2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Syria clashes (December 2022–present)">Northwest clashes (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2023 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2023)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2023)">Jan-Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Al-Sukhnah_attack" title="2023 Al-Sukhnah attack">Al-Sukhnah attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Damascus_airstrike" title="2023 Damascus airstrike">Damascus airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hama_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hama attack">Hama attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Northern_Syria_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Northern Syria clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2024 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93October_2024)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–October 2024)">Jan–Oct</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(November_2024%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (November 2024–present)">Nov–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Syrian_opposition_offensives" title="2024 Syrian opposition offensives">Opposition offensives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2024)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2024)">Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2024)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2024)">Battle of Aleppo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Aleppo_University_Hospital_airstrike" title="2024 Aleppo University Hospital airstrike">Aleppo University Hospital airstrike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Syria_offensive_(2024)" title="Southern Syria offensive (2024)">Southern offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_of_Freedom" title="Operation Dawn of Freedom">Operation Dawn of Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Manbij_offensive" title="2024 Manbij offensive">Manbij offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Al-Mustariha_massacre" title="2024 Al-Mustariha massacre">Al-Mustariha strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Kobani_offensive" title="2024 Kobani offensive">Kobani offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Hama_offensive" title="2024 Hama offensive">Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Homs_offensive" title="2024 Homs offensive">Homs offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(2024)" title="Palmyra offensive (2024)">Palmyra offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Damascus" title="Fall of Damascus">Fall of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Fall of the Assad regime">Fall of the Assad regime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Israeli_invasion_of_Syria" title="2024 Israeli invasion of Syria">Israeli invasion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Syrian_ceasefire_line_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war">Israel and Golan Heights</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="March 2017 Israel–Syria incident">March 2017 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">February 2018 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Iraq_(2014)" title="Timeline of the War in Iraq (2014)">Iraq</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashat_ambush" title="Akashat ambush">Akashat ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_al-Shabah" title="Operation al-Shabah">Operation al-Shabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Iraq_(2014)#April" title="Timeline of the War in Iraq (2014)">April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">Jordanian border incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war#2014" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93Syria_border_clashes" title="Lebanon–Syria border clashes">Lebanese border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sidon_clash" title="2013 Sidon clash">Battle of Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_embassy_bombing_in_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut">Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lebanon_clashes_(2014)" title="North Lebanon clashes (2014)">North Lebanon clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2017)">Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian civil war">Turkey</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clash" title="December 2011 Syrian–Turkish border clash">December 2011 Turkish border clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Turkish_F-4_Phantom_shootdown" title="2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown">2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Syrian–Turkish border clashes">2012 Turkish border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Reyhanl%C4%B1_car_bombings" title="2013 Reyhanlı car bombings">2013 Reyhanlı car bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2014_Turkish_attack_in_Syria" title="January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria">January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Andrei_Karlov" title="Assassination of Andrei Karlov">Assassination of Andrei Karlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Russian_Air_Force_Al-Bab_incident" title="2017 Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident">Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Balyun_airstrikes" title="2020 Balyun airstrikes">2020 Balyun airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Shield" title="Operation Spring Shield">Operation Spring Shield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;">Elsewhere:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Deir_ez-Zor_missile_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Deir ez-Zor missile strike">Deir ez-Zor missile strike</a> (Iran)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Belligerents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Belligerents</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Ba'athist regime</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Politics of Ba'athist Syria">Politics of Ba'athist Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement" title="Arab Socialist Movement">Arab Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Bakdash)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)">Syrian Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Military and militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Resistance" title="Syrian Resistance">Syrian Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine_%E2%80%93_General_Command" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command">PFLP-GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Quds" title="Liwa al-Quds">al-Quds Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Army" title="Palestine Liberation Army">Palestine Liberation Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Iranian involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Fatemiyoun" title="Liwa Fatemiyoun">Liwa Fatemiyoun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian%E2%80%93Syrian_hospital_bombing_campaign" title="Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign">medical facility targeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">military intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Interim_Government" title="Syrian Interim Government">Interim government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_of_Syrian_Revolutionary_and_Opposition_Forces" title="National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces">National Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_Coordination_Committees_of_Syria" title="Local Coordination Committees of Syria">Local Coordination Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Syrian_Revolution" title="Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution">Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coordination_Committee_for_Democratic_Change" title="National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change">National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Revolution_General_Commission" title="Syrian Revolution General Commission">Syrian Revolution General Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Support_Group" title="Syrian Support Group">Syrian Support Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adopt_a_Revolution" title="Adopt a Revolution">Adopt a Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council#Syrian_Patriotic_Group" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian Patriotic Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Opposition militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation" title="National Front for Liberation">National Front for Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Izza" title="Jaysh al-Izza">Army of Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_and_Development_Front" title="Authenticity and Development Front">Authenticity and Development Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Free_Tribes" title="Army of Free Tribes">Army of Free Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Commando_Army" title="Revolutionary Commando Army">Revolutionary Commando Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">Muslim Brotherhood in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Jordanian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Qatari involvement in the Syrian civil war">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Saudi involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Movement for a Democratic Society">DFNS Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Council" title="Kurdish National Council">Kurdish National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Rojava" title="List of political parties in Rojava">Smaller political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">SDF militias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Defense_Units" title="People's Defense Units">People's Protection Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">Women's Protection Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Terror_Units" title="Anti-Terror Units">Anti-Terror Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sanadid_Forces" title="Al-Sanadid Forces">Al-Sanadid Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Revolutionaries" title="Army of Revolutionaries">Army of Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_military_councils" title="Syrian Democratic Forces military councils">SDF military councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac Military Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Thuwar_al-Raqqa" title="Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa">Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Democratic_Brigade" title="Northern Democratic Brigade">Northern Democratic Brigade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Freedom_Battalion" title="International Freedom Battalion">International Freedom Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Resistance_Units" title="Sinjar Resistance Units">Sinjar Resistance Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan_Women%27s_Units" title="Êzîdxan Women's Units">Êzîdxan Women's Units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Military of the Islamic State">Military activity of ISIL</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Barakah_(Islamic_State_administrative_district)" title="Al-Barakah (Islamic State administrative district)">Al-Barakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokumac%C4%B1lar" title="Dokumacılar">Dokumacılar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Army" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid Army">Khalid ibn al-Walid Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_Martyrs_Brigade" title="Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade">Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Muthanna_Movement" title="Islamic Muthanna Movement">Islamic Muthanna Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Jihad" title="Jaysh al-Jihad">Jaysh al-Jihad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Aqsa" title="Jund al-Aqsa">Liwa al-Aqsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_the_One_and_Only" title="Group of the One and Only">Group of the One and Only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Dawud" title="Liwa Dawud">Liwa Dawud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Aqab_al-Islami" title="Liwa Aqab al-Islami">Liwa Aqab al-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katibah_Nusantara" title="Katibah Nusantara">Katibah Nusantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katiba_al-Bittar_al-Libi" title="Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi">Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khansaa_Brigade" title="Al-Khansaa Brigade">Al-Khansaa Brigade</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> and allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat Fatah al-Sham">Jabhat Fatah al-Sham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khorasan_group" title="Khorasan group">Khorasan group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suqour_al-Ezz" title="Suqour al-Ezz">Suqour al-Ezz</a>) <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_Muhammad_in_Bilad_al-Sham" title="Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham">Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham" title="Tahrir al-Sham">Tahrir al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria" title="Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria">Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate" title="Caucasus Emirate">Caucasus Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajnad_al-Kavkaz" title="Ajnad al-Kavkaz">Ajnad al-Kavkaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junud_al-Makhdi" title="Junud al-Makhdi">Junud al-Makhdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouse_the_Believers_Operations_Room" title="Rouse the Believers Operations Room">Rouse the Believers Operations Room</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Tawhid_(Syria)" title="Ansar al-Tawhid (Syria)">Ansar al-Tawhid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Firqat_al-Ghuraba" title="Firqat al-Ghuraba">Firqat al-Ghuraba</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hurras_al-Din" title="Hurras al-Din">Hurras al-Din</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Din_Front" title="Ansar al-Din Front">Ansar al-Din Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Harakat_Sham_al-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakat Sham al-Islam">Harakat Sham al-Islam</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish_al-Haramoun" title="Jaish al-Haramoun">Jaish al-Haramoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Sunna" title="Jaysh al-Sunna">Jaysh al-Sunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Muhajireen_wal-Ansar" title="Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar">Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Green_Battalion" title="Green Battalion">Green Battalion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Shura_Council_(Syria)" title="Mujahideen Shura Council (Syria)">Mujahideen Shura Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malhama_Tactical" title="Malhama Tactical">Malhama Tactical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katibat_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katibat_Jabal_al-Islam" title="Katibat Jabal al-Islam">Katibat Jabal al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Ansar_al-Furqan_in_Bilad_al_Sham" title="Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham">Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghuraba_al-Sham" title="Ghuraba al-Sham">Ghuraba al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Taliban" title="Pakistani Taliban">Pakistani Taliban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imam_Bukhari_Jamaat" title="Imam Bukhari Jamaat">Imam Bukhari Jamaat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam" title="Fatah al-Islam">Fatah al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirin_wa-Ansar_Alliance" title="Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance">Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liwaa_al-Umma" title="Liwaa al-Umma">Liwaa al-Umma</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammar_Abdulhamid" title="Ammar Abdulhamid">Ammar Abdulhamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Abdallah" title="Ali al-Abdallah">Ali al-Abdallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_al-Aroor" class="mw-redirect" title="Adnan al-Aroor">Adnan al-Aroor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Assad_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Assad family">al-Assad family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maher_al-Assad" title="Maher al-Assad">Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifaat_al-Assad" title="Rifaat al-Assad">Rifaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rami_Makhlouf" title="Rami Makhlouf">Rami Makhlouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_Makhlouf" title="Hafez Makhlouf">Hafez Makhlouf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Asaad" title="Riad al-Asaad">Riad al-Asaad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Bunni" title="Anwar al-Bunni">Anwar al-Bunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahd_Jassem_al-Freij" title="Fahd Jassem al-Freij">Fahd Jassem al-Freij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suheil_al-Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suheil al-Hassan">Suheil al-Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitham_al-Maleh" title="Haitham al-Maleh">Haitham al-Maleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaz_al-Khatib" title="Moaz al-Khatib">Moaz al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_al-Labwani" title="Kamal al-Labwani">Kamal al-Labwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Hamza al-Khateeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_al-Mallohi" title="Tal al-Mallohi">Tal al-Mallohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fida_al-Sayed" title="Fida al-Sayed">Fida al-Sayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Turk" title="Riad al-Turk">Riad al-Turk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Khoja" title="Khaled Khoja">Khaled Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammar_al-Qurabi" title="Ammar al-Qurabi">Ammar al-Qurabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suheir_Atassi" title="Suheir Atassi">Suheir Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Sadreddine_Al-Bayanouni" title="Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni">Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aref_Dalila" title="Aref Dalila">Aref Dalila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farid_Ghadry" title="Farid Ghadry">Farid Ghadry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Ghalioun" title="Burhan Ghalioun">Burhan Ghalioun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razan_Ghazzawi" title="Razan Ghazzawi">Razan Ghazzawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassan_Hitto" title="Ghassan Hitto">Ghassan Hitto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Idris" title="Salim Idris">Salim Idris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randa_Kassis" title="Randa Kassis">Randa Kassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Halim_Khaddam" title="Abdul Halim Khaddam">Abdul Halim Khaddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Kilo" title="Michel Kilo">Michel Kilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassma_Kodmani" title="Bassma Kodmani">Bassma Kodmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Habib_Mahmud" title="Ali Habib Mahmud">Ali Habib Mahmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mahmoud_Othman" title="Ali Mahmoud Othman">Ali Mahmoud Othman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Qashoush" title="Ibrahim Qashoush">Ibrahim Qashoush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoud_Rajiha" title="Dawoud Rajiha">Dawoud Rajiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassin_al-Haj_Saleh" title="Yassin al-Haj Saleh">Yassin al-Haj Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouthaina_Shaaban" title="Bouthaina Shaaban">Bouthaina Shaaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulbaset_Sieda" title="Abdulbaset Sieda">Abdulbaset Sieda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_Seif" title="Riad Seif">Riad Seif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadwa_Souleimane" title="Fadwa Souleimane">Fadwa Souleimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamad_Anas_Haitham_Soueid" title="Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid">Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaser_Tabbara" title="Yaser Tabbara">Yaser Tabbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razan_Zaitouneh" title="Razan Zaitouneh">Razan Zaitouneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rami_Jarrah" title="Rami Jarrah">Rami Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Mustafa" title="Abdurrahman Mustafa">Abdurrahman Mustafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadlallah_al-Haji" title="Fadlallah al-Haji">Fadlallah al-Haji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Syrian_local_elections" title="2011 Syrian local elections">2011 local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2012 Syrian parliamentary election">2012 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2014 Syrian presidential election">2014 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Rojava_local_elections" title="2015 Rojava local elections">2015 Northern local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2016 Syrian parliamentary election">2016 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Rojava_local_elections" title="2017 Rojava local elections">2017 Northern local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Rojava_regional_elections" title="2017 Rojava regional elections">2017 Northern regional elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian_local_elections" title="2018 Syrian local elections">2018 local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Syrian parliamentary election">2020 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2021 Syrian presidential election">2021 presidential election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities and towns during the Syrian civil war">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_chemical_weapons_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_damaged_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of heritage sites damaged during the Syrian civil war">Damaged heritage sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Human rights violations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_demonstrations_and_protests_relating_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International demonstrations and protests relating to the Syrian civil war">International demonstrations and protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">International reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of massacres during the Syrian civil war">Massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_mass_graves" title="Syrian mass graves">Mass graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war">Sectarianism and minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_the_Golan_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of the Golan Heights">Status of the Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_government_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syrian government reactions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Peace process</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League monitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Syria_Group" title="Friends of Syria Group">Friends of Syria Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan">Kofi Annan peace plan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Supervision_Mission_in_Syria" title="United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria">UN supervision mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhdar_Brahimi_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Lakhdar Brahimi Syrian peace plan">Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_peace_proposals_on_Syria" title="U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria">U.S.–Russia peace proposals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_G8_summit" title="39th G8 summit">39th G8 summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2118" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2118">UN Security Council Resolution 2118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_II_Conference_on_Syria" title="Geneva II Conference on Syria">Geneva II conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Zabadani_cease-fire_agreement" title="2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement">2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_peace_talks_for_Syria" title="Vienna peace talks for Syria">Vienna talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_peace_talks_on_Syria_(2016)" title="Geneva peace talks on Syria (2016)">2016 Geneva talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Idlib demilitarization (2018–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Northern Syria Buffer Zone">First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Constitutional_Committee" title="Syrian Constitutional Committee">Syrian Constitutional Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Investigations/legal cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Investigations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_International_Commission_of_Inquiry_on_the_Syrian_Arab_Republic" title="Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic">International Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_to_Investigate_Alleged_Uses_of_Chemical_Weapons_in_the_Syrian_Arab_Republic" title="United Nations Mission to Investigate Alleged Uses of Chemical Weapons in the Syrian Arab Republic">Chemical weapons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecution_of_Syrian_civil_war_criminals" title="Prosecution of Syrian civil war criminals">War crimes cases</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkerstrafgesetzbuch#Syrian_civil_war,_2017–present" title="Völkerstrafgesetzbuch">Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Netherlands_v._Syrian_Arab_Republic" title="Canada and the Netherlands v. Syrian Arab Republic">Canada + Netherlands vs Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_mandate" title="Exclusive mandate">Exclusive mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Syrian_National_Council" title="International recognition of the Syrian National Council">International recognition of the Syrian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Files" title="Syria Files">Syria Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Syrian_detainee_report" title="2014 Syrian detainee report">Syrian detainee report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Media coverage of the Syrian civil war">Syrian media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">2015 European migrant crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_in_popular_culture" title="Syrian civil war in popular culture">Syrian civil war in popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Syrian_civil_war" title="Category:Syrian civil war">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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